INDEX

Abayev, V. I., deer as totemic animal, 32 Asherah, 221-22; in Qudshu form, 222,225. Afanasevo culture, 14-15, 17; cultural re­ See also Goddesses mains, 113-15; related to Okunev and Ashurbanapal, and Ishtar cult, 220 Yamna cultures, 114; stock dependency, Astarte, in Ras Shamra texts, 220. See also 113-14. See also Minusinsk stones Goddesses Ak-Alakh, 25, 78 Axjutinsky, deer image, 55 Ak-Mechet, deer image, 23-24, 55. See also Deer image Barburgazy, deer images, 141-42. See also Alagou, , 76 Deer image, identification of gender Alba, as first shaman, 201-2. See also Ket, Bashadar, coffin, 11; regalia, 60 mythology Baykal Neolithic, at Angara River sites, 93- Aldi-Bel' culture, 5 94, 95; at Lena River sites, 94-95; at Ale!. See Cults, of alel Tom' River sites, 92-93; at sites within Alizones, 7 the Y enisey drainage, 95-96. See also Alty-Katyndoi, 54 Karakol, Petroglyphs, Turochak Aluchaideng, hoard and crown ornament, Bears, as animal helper, 174; and Ket sha­ 56-57, 75-76 man robe, 183; as Mangi, 195. See also Anahita, identity, source, 223,224; in Yuezhi Cults, bears, religion, 217-18. See also Goddesses, Berel, 60 Birds, in Ket mythology, 178-79. See also Anal, in association with Athirat, 221, 225. Mythology, Shamanism See also Goddesses Bird-women, petroglyphic images at Chuluut , 16-17; infiltration into Gol and Kalbak-Tash, 102, 105, 112-13. Siberia, 38, 138, 140; and wheeled vehi­ See also Chuluut Gol, Goddesses, Kalbak­ cles, 135-36. See also Timber-grave Tash, Petroglyphs, Aeneolithic and early culture, Wheeled vehicles Angara River, petroglyphic sites, 93-94 Boats, in petroglyphic imagery, 92. See Animal Mother, and bear cult, 185; as deer­ also Elk images mother, 47, as elk or reindeer-woman, Bobrov, V. V., origins of deer image, 29-30 192-93, 196-97; at roots of turu, 193, Bokam, fire-mother, in Ket culture, 186. 194; and shaman's drum, 176; and sha­ See also Cults, of hearth fire man's robe, 210; in Siberian ethnogra­ Bovine image, female aspect of, 112; at phy and art, 244-45; in Siberian myth, Karakol, 103; on Znamenka stone, 109- 196; and Tree of Life or World Tree, 47, 10. See also Bull cult, Goddesses: Near 178 Eastern, Znamenka stone Animal predation, images of, 11-12. See Bronze Age, in , 20; in South Si­ also Scytho-Siberian art, Symbolic Sys­ beria, 19. See also Andronovo culture, tems Karasuk culture, Petroglyphs: Bronze Animal style, 10, 30, 31. See also Scytho­ Age, and specific sites Siberian art, Zoomorphic imagery, and Bronze technology, 16-17. See also spe­ specific sites cific cultures and sites Anthropomorphic imagery, of Aeneolithic Buga, in Evenk cosmology, 190-91. See and early Bronze Age, 97-107; of Bronze also Evenk, mythology Age, 117-25 Bugady, in Evenk cosmology, 191-92, 212- Artamonov, M. I., on Near Eastern origins 13. See also Evenk, mythology of deer image, 28-29 Bull cult, at Karakol, 101; at Mongolian Arzhan, burial, 9, 10, 40-41; indicators of sites, 102; and Znamenka stone, 109-10. ranking, 41; and sources of Scytho-Si­ See also Solar cult berian art, 157; zoomorphic imagery, Burials, interment, 8-9; of females, in Tim­ 24-25, 58. See also Feline imagery, ber-grave and Andronovocultures, 129- Scytho-Siberian art 30; indicators ofranking, 40-44; rituals, 264 INDEX

10-12; self-immolation, sacrifice, 9; as nificance of, 32-34; within symbolic sign of patriarchal culture, 39-40. See systems, 26; transformations of, 234- also specific cultures, sites 35, 238, 246; at Yalbak-Tash, 141-42; zoomorphic references of, 26. See also Callipidae, 7 Petroglyphs, Bronze Age, Deer stones, Camonica Valley. See Central Europe Scytho-Siberian art, Shamanism, Sym­ Central Europe, anthropomorphic monoliths, bolic systems 159-60; Lagundo stone, 160; wheeled Deer masks, significance of, at Pazyryk, 36 vehicle imagery in Central Europe, 130- Deer stones, 20-21; anthropomorphic refer­ 31 ences, 14 7, 150-151; chronology and . See Wheeled vehicles dating, 152-53, 158; in ChuyaRiverbasin, Chernikov, S. S., on Central Asian origins 150-51; and cosmic stag, 154; at of deer image, 31 Gurvanbulag, 152; from lvolga, 143-44; Chertomlyk, burial ritual, 9; deer images, interpretations of, 28,144, 147-48, 153- 24; female images, 78-79, 164-65; head­ 58, 238; with khereksurcomplexes, 146- dress and crown, 78-79, 80 47; in Mongolia and Transbaykal, 142- Chiliktin, deer images, 24; and origins of 48; from Sayan-Altay region, 148-153; deer image, 31 and shamanism, 154; with slab graves, Chlenova, N. L., eastern origins 145; and solar cults, 154; and viricentrism, of deerimage, 30-31. See also Cimmerian 44-45. See also specific sites stelae, Deer stones, interpretations of, Dokh, as first shaman, 201-2, 203. See also Karasuk culture, , stone im­ Ket, mythology ages, Wheeled vehicles, interpretative Dunne mushunin, "mistress of the clan lands." strategies See Shamanism, shingkelevun Chuluut Go!, Bronze Age petroglyphs, 119; "bird-women" images, 102, 105, 113; Early , 5, 13-14, 21. See also Scytho­ frontal images, 102; wheeled vehicles, Siberian art, and specific sites 133,136,137,138. See a1soPetroglyphs Elk, as Old World moose, 26; as sun symbol, Cimmerian stelae, 158-60 30. See also Evenk, mythology, Kheglen, Cosmic Tree, and Evenk shaman's drum, Shamanism 193. See also Animal Mother, Mythol­ Elk images, from Baykal Neolithic sites, ogy, Shamanism, Tree of Life 92-97; with boats, 94-95; overlaid by Cults, 179-90; of ale!, among Ket, 186; of cattle, 95-96. See also Baykal Neolithic, ancestors, 187-88; of bears, 115, 182- Animal Mother 83, 185; female aspects of, 184-87; of Enlil, as consort of Ninhursag, 219 hearth fire, 186-89; of clan lineages, Ereshkigal, 219 181-82, 188-89; of household spirits, Es, and Khales, 200, 201-2, 203. See also 186-87; of kaigus', among Ket, 185; of Khosedam, Mythology, Ket mountains, 180-82, of oho, 181; of riv­ Ethnography, of Siberia, methodological ers, among Ket, 185; and shamanism, issues, 171-73 179-80;ofsun, 184 Evenk, cults of, 182-83, 188-90; mythology of, 190-92, 194-96; origins of, 190. See Dalangash, 101 also Buga, Bugady, Cults, Kheglen, Deer, as cosmic stag, 32; replaced by horse, Shamanism, Shingkelevun 34, 36; as solar animal and warrior sym­ bol, 37. See also Deer images, Deer Feline images, from Arzhan and related sites, stones, Shamanism 50-51, 157; definition of, 32. See also Deer-cattle, syncretic images, 119 specific sites Deer goddess, forms of, 214-15 Deer images, deer with bird-headed antler Gilgamesh, with reference to Ishtar, 220 tines, 55-56; characterized as elk, 26, Goddesses, bird-headed forms, 223-24; bird 230-31; and goddess cult, 241; identifi­ and snake references, 226; Near Eastern cation of gender, 141-42, 152, 157, 169; goddesses, 218-223. See also Animal interpretations of, 39-40; origins of, 28- Mother, Deer goddess, specific goddesses 31; characterized as reindeer, 237; and Goddess cults, 223-24, 236; and male sym­ rivers, 231; and shamanism, 45-46; within bols, 45, 225-26; in Scytho-Siberian Scytho-Siberian art, 22-26; solar sig- culture, 239-41; in Siberian ethnogra-