ESF Forward Look Technological Breakthroughs for Scientifi c Progress (TECHBREAK) European Science Foundation (ESF) Forward Looks The European Science Foundation (ESF) was Forward Looks enable Europe’s scientific community, established in 1974 to provide a common platform in interaction with policy makers, to develop medium- for its Member Organisations to advance European to long-term views and analyses of future research research collaboration and explore new directions for developments with the aim of defining research research. It is an independent organisation, owned by agendas at national and European level. Forward 66 Member Organisations, which are research funding Looks are driven by ESF’s Member Organisations organisations, research performing organisations and, by extension, the European research community. and academies from 29 countries. ESF promotes Quality assurance mechanisms, based on peer review collaboration in research itself, in funding of research where appropriate, are applied at every stage of the and in science activities at the European level. development and delivery of a Forward Look to ensure Currently ESF is reducing its research programmes its quality and impact. while developing new activities to serve the science community, including peer review and evaluation www.esf.org/flooks services. www.esf.org TECHBREAK Scientific Committee • Dr Martin Cullum, ESO, Germany (retired) • Professor Colin Cunningham, STFC, United Kingdom • Dr Paul Kamoun, Thalès Alenia Space, France • Dr Jean-Jacques Tortora, EUROSPACE, France • Professor Jean-Pierre Swings, University of Liège and ESSC Chairman, Belgium
Editors • Dr Emmanouil Detsis, ESF Science Officer • Dr Jean-Claude Worms, ESF Head of Science Support Office
Contacts • Dr Emmanouil Detsis, ESF Science Officer • Ms Johanne Martinez-Schmitt, ESF Administrative Coordinator Tel: +33 (0)3 88 76 71 51 / 71 84 Email: [email protected] / [email protected]
www.esf.org/techbreak
Cover pictures and illustrations pages 20, 23, 24, 27, 28: Tino, www.tinoland.com
ISBN: 978-2-36873-009-6 Contents
Foreword 3
Executive Summary 5
1 Introduction 9 1.1 Objectives 10
2 TECHBREAK Activity 11 2.1 TECHBREAK inputs 12 2.2 ESA interviews 13 2.3 Thematic workshops 15 2.4 Space needs and challenges 16 2.5 Expert interviews 16
3 Overwhelming Drivers 19 3.1 Reduce mass, maintain stiffness 21 3.2 Build a spacecraft and space missions that can last 50 years 21 3.3 Deploy a 30m+ telescope into space (assembling, deploying, self-supporting, positioning, maintaining) 25 3.4 Autonomous geophysical survey of planets 26 3.5 Enable humans to stay in space for more than two years (Mars mission) 29
4 European Key Enabling Technologies 30 4.1 Technologies that have not been included 31 4.2 Technology assessment in TECHBREAK 31
5 Nanotechnology 33 5.1 Nanophononics 33 5.2 Surface plasmon resonance 35 5.3 Nanoantennas 36 5.4 Nanostructured surfaces 36 5.5 Nanoparticles for water purification 37 5.6 Conclusion 37 5.7 Section references 38
6 Advanced Materials 40 6.1 Advanced structural and functional materials 40 6.2 2D materials 42 6.3 Topological insulators 43 6.4 Ferromagnetic and superconducting materials 44 6.5 Nanoenergetic materials 44 6.6 Carbon nanotubes (CNT) 44 6.7 Boron nitride nanotubes 45 6.8 Transparent electrodes 45 6.9 Biomimetic design 46 6.10 3D printing 47 6.11 Active structures 50 6.12 Multiscale modelling 51 6.13 Conclusions 52 6.14 Section references 52 7 Photonics and Metamaterials Research 56 7.1 Photonics on a chip 58 7.2 Photonic crystal fibres 58 7.3 Micro-resonators 59 7.4 Astrophotonics 60 7.5 Metamaterials 62 7.6 Conclusions 65 7.7 Section references 66
8 Micro and Nano Electronics 69 8.1 Advanced Random Access Memory Elements 69 8.2 Organic light-emitting diodes 70 8.3 Organic photovoltaics 71 8.4 Fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI) 71 8.5 Silicon 3D 72 8.6 Flexible electronics 72 8.7 Cryoelectronics 73 8.8 Smart networks 73 8.9 Biological monitoring systems 74 8.10 Robotics – Truly autonomous agents 75 8.11 Conclusions 77 8.12 Section references 77
9 Biotechnology and Medicine 79 9.1 Biological and environmental sensors 80 9.2 Human stress factors 81 9.3 Torpor and hibernation 81 9.4 Nanomedicine 82 9.5 Synthetic life 82 9.6 Conclusion 83 9.7 Section references 84
10 Conclusions 86
Appendix A – techbreak interviewees 90
Appendix B – Technologies arranged by community interest 93
Appendix C – Overwhelming Drivers Mapping 97
Appendix D – Contact Points for European technology platforms 99 Photonics21 99 Advanced Materials 99 Micro- and Nano-electronics 100 Nanotechnology 100 Biotechnology 101 Information and Communication Technologies 101
Appendix E – TECHBREAK workshop participants 103
References 107
List of Acronyms 116 The European Science conEuropean was The (ESF) Foundation various technological and scientific areas outside scientific and technological various Key Enabling Technologies Enabling Key (KETs) chosen was as European experts and institutions with knowledge knowledge with institutions and experts European Look” project called ‘TECHBREAK’ was initiated initiated was ‘TECHBREAK’ project called Look” l l l Foreword ing the development the ing horizon for technology each exercise. It not was prepared of result this the is to non-space the in sector. “Forward Ajoint ESF-ESA novel 2030-2050 the space in missions timeframe, domain. The report does this by identifying the by identifying this The does report domain. ment of such breakthrough technologies to enable technologies ment of breakthrough such of the domain. The European European The Union’s domain. of the concept of technological breakthroughs for space originating for space originating breakthroughs technological end at oftacted the 2009 to conduct aforesight to inform on and flag up the main developments in the main up flag on and to inform a guide through this technological search. technological this through a guide form of the key in points, some providing entry and syner through related partnerships to identify and were to Itsgoals forecast develop the aresult. as of matter delicate the addressing for ESA, activity level Science Policy Advisory Committee (HISPAC) Committee level Advisory Science Policy space may that hold space the promise for in use serve as a definitive guide for very specific technolo specific for guide very adefinitive as serve current status of research for each domain, assert of research for domain, status each current gies to be developed for future space missions, but space togies bedeveloped missions, for future gies with non-space with gies specialists. This report to ESA’s to report This High- and Director General - - - - - We firmly hope that these Overwhelming Drivers theseOverwhelming that Wehope firmly will be used throughout ESA’s throughout be used Directorates awill as novel categorisation of concepts programme and ment goals. This is the main focus of TECHBREAK. TECHBREAK. of focus the main is This ment goals. missions and related technological maturation. related and missions technological that can be transposed into technological develop into technological betransposed can that useful red thread to guide the reflexion about future future reflexion about the red to guide thread useful around the concept of “Overwhelming Drivers” for concept the around of “Overwhelming space long-term research exploration, and i.e. goals cific to the space area led to focus the discussion discussion thearea the spaceto cific led to focus The of identification problems and solutions spe ESF Chief Executive Chief ESF Chair, European Space Sciences Committee Chair, Sciences Space European Committee Scientific Chair, TECHBREAK Mr Martin Hynes Martin Mr Dr Martin Cullum Martin Dr Professor Jean-Pierre Swings - -
Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 3 exercise was focused outside the traditional space exercise outside traditional focused the was foresight this forsearch in sources of technology ‘non-space’ sector, reason the is why which the developed are the advanced that technologies in in in be spacespinning- could breakthroughs scientific leadership. and ness thereby competitive losing developing field, a fast mayobsolete in have technologies ESA with to deal aresult, As technologies. based on untried new and are that proposals to penalising leads matically auto thus new technologies, with associated risks projectinto the process, coupled selection the with avoidance and procedure built is analysis risk that The delayed. being new missions in given budgets, of frame the in result, which overruns schedule and cost in results manner a timely available in nology to tech make failure selected, are missions When keyare criteria for selection. level and ofity maturity where feasibil mechanisms, transparent established selected are under that space missions candidate thefromtheopment of needs identified mostly are devel work that for means technology plans which development forcess driven, technology user is could. not do happen they frequently as as breakthroughs and that evolutionis gradual The is phases. result proven, competitive in for of fear losing assessment not are space that yet technologies fully regarding too is often self-censorshipfollowed: is often applied a conservativestrated that approach to technology of decades spaceof past the research demon has However,new for tools scientists. experience the andof new fields provides research sophisticated developmentthe of innovative opens technologies science, ‘mainstream’ in as space well sciences,In as l l l Executive Summary A way of removing blocking factors and enabling A way factors enabling and of removing blocking Agency’s SpaceEuropean The end-to-end pro ------‘TECHBREAK’ was initiated as a result. The ESF ESF The aresult. as initiated was ‘TECHBREAK’ Forward project a joint Look and ESF-ESA called communities. space non-space between and partnerships and tions of developing interac aim the with technologies, the space domain. The report does this by identify this The does report spacethe domain. hold outside promise in for ‘space’ might use that areas scientific and technological various ments in develop the main prepared up flag on and to inform Rather, it space developedwas missions. for future be should technologies exact on which tive guide is defini notas a report this to serve of The goal 1. objectives the of: with connections, erage these ESF, and created was by ESA to lev funded equally project, space sector.European TECHBREAK The the connected with well ESF, of the very is umbrella operates the (ESSC), which under Committee Space Sciences European the Furthermore, scape. land scientific European of the part integral an 40 is years and last for the disciplines across all scientists European with beenhas collaborating tacted in 2009 to conduct this foresight 2009 activity, to in conducttacted this 5. 4. 3. 2. The European Science Foundationcon European was The Science Advisory Committee. Advisory Science to ESA’smitted High-level Director and General Look to report besub Forward a final Preparing space non-space and domains; Foreseeing evolution the in technologies of the timeframe; enable novel 2030-2050 the in space missions to achievementthe ofbreakthroughs scientific development the Forecasting for of technologies non-space with gies specialists; syner schemes through partnership Identifying tives; objec scientific Taking stock of breakthrough ------
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Reduce that can last 50 years 50 last can that 4. Autonomous geophysical survey of space into telescope a30m+ Deploy 3. planets are analysed in the various sections of the report. of sections the various the in analysed are that non-space technologies available from solutions acodifi with along report, the cationpotential of Th ese the in driversfidetail in described are ve provided by ESA. use for potential mation where available. infor- assessment framework and literature funding and/or interviews research TECHBREAK from the perception on the experts of the primarily based Th community. of the size the areassessments ese as well as breakthrough next to the time expected of whenterms the possible, in described, were also level. 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TECHBREAK ofsis the present and abrief synop toinputs TECHBREAK initial the on expand sections The following report. most prominentforTECHBREAK the technologies the order research, in to identify bibliographical with further, expanded and shops catalogued was disciplines. ous development and transfer on across technology vari different,viewpoints often as several, as well fields fields. those makers in policy and institutions ers, invitationstoworkshops, prominent research with thematic in organising used was classification This Figure 1. interviews provided several insights to the KET provided KET to the interviews several insights These researchers areas. those who active are in European prominent with interviews to-one one- undertook team TECHBREAK the areas, The output from the interviews and theand work The interviews fromoutputthe KET several theworkshops various in After Relationship between key enabling technologies - - - - 11 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 12 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Figure 2. 1. even EU: and the by ESA, report presented is here be considered should and be defithe of report. part the main in ned beneficant t. will Enabling Key e Technologies Th key fiinnovators those in be of signifiwould elds - players main and the and ESA between strong ties Th of Horizon 2020 funding. bulk of the erefore, target be the would and future the in able funding receive should base, consider-developing industrial Th already have ose technologies strong a key or a Security). 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new mechanisms? improvementsand future for suggestions further be morecould deeply exploited? you Do have industry of experience European and potential innovation the More generally, you do think lead to innovativedevelopments?could scientific about have but thought entists not necessarily identified ideas/cross-domain topicsthatsci recent in have and years, domains your youIn energy, etc? automobile, healthcare, e.g., ESA, become involved with partnerships in should thatthink sectors there specific youAre cannot support? alone ESA that R&D private to co-fund entities, and public with partnerships e.g., through, ESA to become view your of importance strategic in foresight KETs exercise? of these should Which by concerns this the addressed capture quately set of KETs ade can you this Do that believe USA)? the in (cf. ofuration technologies DARPA model the we have appropriate the Europe in for tools mat operational systems? Do toadvanced fully stages The second step includes the selection of thethe secondThe selection of includes step applied by criteria finally are the Furthermore, ------13 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 14 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) to operation it can easily take 10 take The longto years. operation easily it can time: development Long factors wereas: identified These norm. the from being missions breakthrough andmission aprevent space tors influence do that there Nevertheless, arenumerousexample. fac Explorer (GOCE)Circulation a prime is mission The and Gravity cepts. FieldSteady-State Ocean con and technologies showcases of breakthrough there have be considered can that been missions as not happen inaccurate, considered was partly Calls. between vary which constraints, schedule and budgetary imposed to the innovation linked is technological ratiobest ‘science-return per euro’, level the of and at the aim Calls considered, ESA the Board). All approved and are discussed Programme by the (which who have Call of the not rules observed the those to privilege but it obviously beunfair would required Calls, by as proposals the their in aspect who have those than properly considered cost the strongerreturns scientific claim sive can missions proposing expen rejected: are such those cost limit to proposers way are that above when missions the aspect fairness ofan also Thereis cost estimates. in margins large requires adding which risk, high and along development means coupled: alow time TRL fact twoin elementsare These Calls. by set the limits and/or abovefor toocost low estimates the TRL thinking is less constrained. the For way system. of applications, scientific the of capabilities the in constraints real accommodate the order in to put proposals forward, the servative in facto payload bede GNNS for aviation, might more focused is a on that as applications, such nity commu exceptions. Auser there always are course, Of proposal submissions. the consideration during levels not do come into objectives. TRL Normally, scientific striveence to formulate demanding teams payload area. the in generalrequired at least innovation strong in is and achievement requirements system of amust the is technologies’, lessare ‘frontier but nonetheless the that towards technologies maymissions bedriving thethat sometimes is reason This risk. their mise to tends look for solutions mini those that industry solutions may bepossible obviously and technical To A activities. Phase 0and different achieve these, the requirements system of the elaborated during choice The selectedthe mission. is made basis on implement the will that consortium industrial projects has a very long time span. From span. projects long time inception avery has There are, of course, proposals that arethat Thereare, rejected proposals of course, Despite aversion risk the sci the of industry, The view that technological breakthroughs do breakthroughs that technological view The The development The of space con ------time frame might create impression the might the that frame time Not sufficient new needs: subcontractors. distributed of lesser number more teams, collocated e.g., throughs, break technology be more to suited encouraging the project would of organising structure flexible Amore leadcost overruns. would to and delays this to go back to reconsider decisionssince difficult very it is been passed, has Once amilestone A,B,C,D). development of the milestone each process (Phase at frozen gradually are associated technology the and The project of success amission. the baseline ordersation in needsto to be rather guarantee rigid of costs space projects. The project high the organi ofOrganisation space projects: untested. is which technology a new breakthrough possible) bepreferable would development to the of of off-the-shelf use the technologies as close as (or that mean would This have tofailure beminimised. risks/costs so the space projects of high, very are costs: High completed. is project beperceived might old when as the initiated was project the time at the a breakthrough was which atechnology as not are technologies cutting-edge, Misestimating the maturity level of the technology level technology of the maturity the Misestimating dropped was out. LMC the UK, the support in and scientific strongrelevancepolitical high its very questionable. quite ExoMars mission the Despite in implementation atimely made which maturity nical to concerns serious related to atoo low level of tech assessment gave rise or A TRL present on Mars. life that past with mayassociated be molecules specific todetect techniques measurement biotechnology University. Cranfield and supposed It was to utilise University atposed by the scientists of Leicester prowas Marker Life Chip (LMC)instrument The ofor totraces present past detect was on Mars. life objectives scientific example: one an main ofas the ExoMars serve missionmanagement The can of risk. are notimplemented often closely is therelated to missions reason breakthrough the that Ultimately, way. timely acceptable level for project implementation a in an them to nologies often not is adequate to bring effort investment R&D limited. also is technologies new with to experiment therefore opportunity the Few missions: developments. technology tal be science operatedIncremental incremen can with different thefrom past of needs ficiently projects. project of needs the besuf the be developed, should TRL level and cost overruns are tightly linked. linked. level tightly are cost overruns and TRL The costs of developing and launching andlaunching The developingcosts of The number of missions is limited; limited; missionsis The of number in low TRL emerging tech emerging low in TRL Forto anew technology This is related with is with related This ------workshops were organised: BIOT. and PHEP of number five A total NAMI, ADVM, i.e., workshops domains, at four least in thematic intention to was organise The original 2.3 entities. competent to delegated appropriately is applications relevance having for effort space R&D of European management providedsituation, technical the that lead changing to agame eventually Europe might sector in industrial R&D the ment to supporting commit investment. political A more sustainable of a good return ensure to from really ideal far is development area of the advancedin technology ESA-EUstate current The of tions. relationships space applica strongrelevancehaving for future results substantial to effort R&D EU significant deemed mostthedrive current effective the way to management approachis not ‘hands-off’ a lean with along themes R&D technical strategic of definition The sole exploited. and optimised bebetter could try indus innovation sectors. The European of potential investmentstofrom the benefitin other larger much TechnologiesEnabling seen positively, was order in technology. new the of aware users possibilities to many the of make the effort an and push oftoday aresult are atechnology area of propulsion). applications many Nevertheless, of the (examples any them in in be given, e.g., can TRL adequate without afield reaching in pursued areroutes that parallel many therisk also Thereis sions not are there (at when required. TRL) right the needed to- implement mis the actually technologies the riskthat developments, the technological with of possible under-sampling the directions risks approach push atechnology bepursued, could that there a are that prioriing (e.g., GSTP). in Under consider conditions, these aspects by industrial-political due to conditioning are made even effective less efforts Sometimes ited. too lim resources far are the devotedand to this have of number toA vast disciplines beaddressed, expensive. is R&D very Space technology efforts. for a solution to come from R&D broad be difficult it for poses might of space technologies missions, out. sought is ogy either delayed is mission technol orthe asubstitute lead as would to cost overruns manner atimely 6 in 4to TRL level to the push from TRL inability or the with the EU R&D efforts in the various Key various the in efforts EU R&D the with The possible collaboration in the R&D effort effort R&D the in possible The collaboration Despite major the maturation the obstacle that Thematic workshops Thematic countless R&D activities activities R&D countless ------• • • • • • of December 2012): as Detsis WormsJean-Claude Emmanouil Dr and (Dr supported by ESF individuals, following of the project. of the It composed is lifetime the during times six met Committee Scientific TECHBREAK above, events to the the detailed addition In mentioned providedwith that identification first the were technologies presentations, several interesting workshop the foresightcore exercise. During of this of five definition the was Committee Scientific the led in discussions the outcomeworkshopfromfromandthis The main 3. 2. 1. particular: were not Energy and covered event. at that Photonicsogy, propulsion advanced and materials. of nanotechnology, fields biotechnol the in experts (3), staff (2). ESA and ESF wereparticipants The Committee Scientific TECHBREAK the including workshop This brought together 13 participants 2.3.1 E. Appendix in be found can workshops TECHBREAK the in participants of all KETs. Alist European in several experts committee, TECHBREAK from the apart included, ticipants par The report. meeting input TECHBREAK to the on 31October 2013, order in to finalise Brussels, in organised was Meeting’ a‘Review Finally, • • • • & ESSC Chairman, BE) Chairman, & ESSC Professor Jean-Pierre (University of Swings Liège Jean-JacquesDr Tortora (EUROSPACE, FR) FR) Space, Alenia (Thalès Kamoun Paul Dr UK) (STFC, Cunningham Professor Colin retired) DE, (ESO, Cullum Martin Dr – 15 attendees. Photonics workshop 27 (Barcelona, 2013) March 2012)February –13 attendees. 22-23 workshopMulti-thematic (Brussels, 27-28 September 2011) –10 attendees. workshop thematic Advanced Materials (Obernai, KETs. 2010) various in experts –27 with attendees, 29-30 Kick-offNovember conference (Brussels, representatives. EC and ESF ESA, together and brought activity the of start before official the workshop work and took this on plan; place goals decide and workshopScoping activity the to frame Interdisciplinary workshops. Interdisciplinary communities; specific to target by ESA calls Future dedicated forspaceSpin-in technologies the sector; Several generic issues were discussed, and in in and genericSeveral were issues discussed, Multi-thematic workshop Multi-thematic highlights Overwhelming Drivers at the the at - - 15 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 16 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. below. listed as space missions, for future interestareas transformedofpotential into specific thematicADVM workshop,andthe refined ther at space relevance. of terms their in ranked to create sub-areas nological aseriesof matrices, tech then mappedandagainst bedefined ideally should andchallenges The needs domains. these in offeredpotential by non-space technologies critical spacerelation of the sector to in the challenges and the needs on defining focus should foresight activity this that was discussions The conclusionthose of 2.4 technologies. the key enabling in fields interesting the identified and TECHBREAK for levelgranularity first of the exercise This produced results. ground-breaking have to that produce areas potential the KET the mind-mappingexercise The isolated of section 2. beginning the at defined fields eight tor, the using Table 1)interest the specific of spaceto potential sec (see sub-domains a mind-mapping of technology (Table domains KET 1).interesting solutions suggested with together workshop, multi-thematic TECHBREAK the in defined initially as Drivers, Overwhelming 1. Space Table 8. 7. 6. 9. 10. abilities Compensation forunderused storage Limited spaceforsupply conditions Tear andwearduetoharsh Longevity inspace Problem
Systems longevity/self-repairing capacity longevity/self-repairing Systems Propulsion Miniaturisation structures Large Search for life for Search powersolar conversion for supply: maximum reach atheoretical Energy fur thenwere andchallenges These space needs kick-offthe at discussions The conference ledto Sample collection and handling handling and Sample collection New environments/bioengineering Communication Cryogenics Space needs and challenges and needs Space (e.g., physicalactivity, gravity, biorhythms,magneticfields),moodenhancers ‘enviromimetics’ –drugswhichmimicenvironmental stimulionmetabolism/physiology and foodwebs closed loopsforair, water, remediation andwasterecycling; engineered agro-ecosystems horticulture, fermentation,tissueengineering); diagnostics), pharmaceuticals,pesticides.Bioproduction offeed,food(aquaculture, DNA synthesisandcell-free protein production, tissueengineering)e.g.,forprobes (analytics, Generic (micro)fabrication technologies,fabricationondemand:e.g.,syntheticbiology; template strategy:inspaceproductionRapid turnover ondemand;microreactor technology;DNAas construction, remote moduleexchange process sensorsandremote control, process simulationandmodelling,modular Frequent control, maintenanceandrepair: non-destructivematerialanalysis,miniaturised 50 yearsoveralllifetime?Orinspacewithoutreturntoearth? Solution - - - solutions led to focus the discussion around the con the around solutions discussion led the to focus to be considered. sub-fields technological of the identification the fuelled and scenario, term mission long for particular that space challenges and needs Table depicted are that in the new became These 1. problems solutions and main of selection four to the a. 2.5.1 Appendix A). in befound can details provided (thewas contact to and 20 experts names list of questions The following late discussion. the in order tostimu time, Drivers for first used the was space the sector. The concepttheOverwhelming of be relevant to potentially could that areas logical techno the in opinion expert order to their gauge in one-to-oneresearchers in Europe interviews, in leading engaged committee TECHBREAK the the thematicconclusion the workshops,of After 2.5 (cf. section 3). development into technological transposed goals be can that long term goals exploration, i.e., and Drivers’ for space researchcept of ‘Overwhelming concerning the identification of problems identification the and concerning c. b. The discussion and analysis of this specific case led specific this of analysis and discussion The
Finally, and most importantly, the discussion discussion the most importantly, and Finally, tor? perhaps spaceand to are not the sec known they role havethat to important play potential an the field your in technologies niche there any Are you foresee? that technologies changing’ 10 next years? the years? there ‘game- any In Are 5 next the be in developmentsimportant will field(s), your In the most what think do you research interest activities? and of your you pleaseCan provide summary ashort Expert interviews Expert Interview question list - - - - tain their health, which is the ultimate goal. goal. ultimate the is which health, their tain order in conditions of to and extreme stress main subject is to when man support systems life and from habitat to habitataspects design atmospheres need stressedthe toroadmap that integrate many exploration THESEUS funded theFP7 by plified exemis approach. This across-disciplinary tois use grants. research funding in factor most significant the becoming quickly is research of value the proposal societal ofimpact the to and applicability the Furthermore, activities. pace of the increase research further and maintain way predominant bethe to will collaborations (international) large It ageneral trend the is that landscape research the of Structure paragraphs. following the given is in interviews from the extracted points of main the A synthesis most tobelieved appropriate bethe fields. for their experts the that researchvarious communities the and about ways ESA of between collaboration themselves presented. are where report, technologies the TECHBREAK the chapters of following the exercise beseen in can this output of Themain technologies. these with daily working world by experts the indicated class as technologies, breakthrough cation of potential providedalso It researchidentifi effort. European forefront at are the that areas tosearch the of the technology TECHBREAK the helped focus experts additional conductedwith interviews The 2.5.2 d. h. g. f. e.
Another significant trend in many research fields trend in many fields research significant Another inquire designed to also wereinterviews The space projects?European researchers field(s) your in involved to get in ways most for be the interesting would What field? your in How? beused could that level international adaptable at and the models research and fields? communities do to reach Space out Agency to European new should what technologies, of breakthrough ‘spin-in’ and identification the Regarding relevance? the rate you (refer document) to accompanying Driver for Space Overwhelming specific any ing field(s), your In thefor potential solv what is to next? we should talk else Whom we beawaretives should that of? thereAreany major field?initia your in research decades next the beprominent in will that nies field(s)?your institutions/compatheare Which to decades come be shaped the in in Europe will of research in landscape the How you do think Interview synthesis Interview
Are there good good there Are ? How would would How ? ------Several options requestSeveral were the for presented, with Motivation for technology development by themselves. not would beable to sustain SMEs that throughs support break thus and domains other attract can Conversely, circle. ate avirtuous space the domain and cre domains generatein other spin-offs also will Developmentsnate space the domain them. in to appropriately butkey technologies fails dissemi projects. Europemasters large accompaniment in framework (sanction)a critical framework to the of therefore, from must, pass entity. ESA funding gle have acompetitive advantage. will Europe more the becombined, can ofent maturity stages differ The differentmore at technologies countries. agreements between centres though international shared resources centresof create large and with Thereis a theincreaseneed to key directions. role of number orderasmall investin to strongly forces needed is from laboratories industries and competitiveRegroupinga sufficiently position. of toEuropeprojects fostertant to flagship to bring in the energy, medical and information technol information and energy, the medical in that have of spin-off Examples models worked well models spin-off successful of examples Existing • include: options Other original). most (if the not researchers for motivation prominent the most being funding andsustainable significant • • applied to space. research if of impact their potential the with or conditions, space-related with iar boundary before, most non-space researchers not are famil improve mentioned applications. As grant their have could might that space this application, as incentive for researchers the to work on research respect space to the sector. Thatcreate an would bewith could impact what that document them get involved could researchersESA help and with new problem.researcher the to tackle appropriate the of task gathering the to manage be able should They field. own their whatdoes in who well very know they and right own their in exist disciplines scientific The various them. problem-solving specific and totasks funding laboratories (non-space)Identify allocate and horizon. ration serve to foster cooperation despite long matu the would prize years; 20 the go to marketonly within will that a programme motivated in to part take non-spaceand not is sectors. Non-space industry to rewardPrizes cooperation best space between The resulting projects might be too forbig might a sin projects The resulting thatimpor is it is means effectively this What ------17 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 18 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) exclusively by large companies. large by exclusively be done what can and done by SMEs be usefully precisely what could to identify analysis important of peoplegroups afew dozen so orthere an SMEs is small in Niche bekept must technologies alive Niche technologies regard. role that in amajor, DARPA playing not leading, with if the most prominent USA, the example possibly is in The Europe. in missing are programmes maturation level These technology of right to performance. the developments, order in ogy to technology get the of to programme accompany kind technol another risk. ment develop bearers technology of the the agencies as development programme technology the leaves That only programmes. on the and itself ence policy sci the be integrated should in Risks budget. and order in timeline to besecured must keep up with Secondly, risk. scientific programmes undefined represents an breakthrough’ a ‘potential and risk assessable bear only can industry ate to so.First, do twoare options probablyfirst the notmost appropri The programmes. and technology programmes tific scien industry, risks: these bear potentially can that anddelays). players (financial threemain There are risks high correlated is level with technology High development technology in management Risk Besançon. in industry watch-making the with system a similar In theredevelop technology. France aspecific was to institute an invest in partners several industrial model, Swiss CSEM the for In several years. exist way, goesits own partner but common laboratories each mature, is programme when the and partners industrial all with programmes ernment launches gov the Japanese the model, In companies. and create of number which patents alarge institutes, Fraunhofer the be within found can domain ogy early stages of development. What is missing is of development. stages missing early is What Most technology programmes are focused on focused are programmes Most technology ------GOCE able to fly at very low altitude. ablealtitude. low toGOCE fly at very orbit of in designing intricacies or the satellite what to it put takes aGalileo understand necessarily geoid doesn’t Earth accurate extremely latest, the possiblebest route or even aresearcher who uses the order navigation in to display identify car the opaque everyday to user. the consulting Adriver processes and happensaway is that in structure Even space infra design. everyday interactionwith or eitherdue to perception, areas, distance logical spin-in space to the sector.tial may that poten offer technologies to identify trying whenissue important an is obviously This facing. general are in space the industry and particular in problems what the ESA that are explain actually (non-space), experts and scientists how was to European with shops communications other and work various the encounteredcommittee during problems TECHBREAK the One main that of the l l l DriversOverwhelming 3. idea, from a KET field into theinto space field domain. from aKET idea, aspin-in in result might that stimulus thought’ for ‘food the at providing aimed utilisation and definition Their space non-space and experts. gap between knowledge the for bridging utilised team TECHBREAK the tool that munication drivers These thewere com technologies. helpful foridentification potential of the astimulant as space operations acted for and non-space experts space to the environmentbrief introduction and a as served driversalso The space capabilities. order in to beable in to generate breakthroughs improvementswhere technological needed are driversareas space. These representthe main Drivers’ for of five‘Overwhelming definition the was outcomes ofOne main TECHBREAK of the Space is often quite cut off othercut off fromSpace techno often quite is - - - - - technological maturation. technological and missions related future reflexion about to guide red thread sation of concepts programme useful and ESA’sthroughout Directorates anovel as categori space. for driver mentioned overwhelming an as explicitly For advanced reasons, propulsion these not has been c. a. either: was it for in-space and space propulsion (launch included), propulsion of significance sion’. obvious the Despite driver, ‘Advanced there a sixth was Initially, Propul technological fields and scientific other from solutions looked-for the to introduction an Table 2: these five Overwhelming Drivers could be usedDrivers be could fiveOverwhelming these b. 5 4 3 2 1
The following drivers were identified: The following Beyond this goal, however, goal, Beyond this it that believed is most technologies. of the forefront the in is development of the ESA of ordertion necessary, in connections; to the make informa to have industrial the accessDifficult to or areas; KET with connections identify away such to readily as in the issue the complexitiesframe of to Difficult two years (Marsmission) Enable humanstostayinspaceformore than Autonomous geophysicalsurveyofplanets deploying, self-supporting,positioning,maintaining) Deploy a30m+telescopeintospace(assembling, that canlast50 years Build aspacecraftandspacemissions Reduce mass,maintainstiffness Overwhelming Drivers The Overwhelming Drivers for space (ODs) that serve as as serve that (ODs) space for Drivers Overwhelming The - - - 19 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 20 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) The Golden Apples of the Sun the of Apples The Golden Twice 22: Bradbury, Ray hundred pounds.” weighed less than nine who aman met I never blood. their in earth the of iron the all with along shuffl men most ing stand Icouldn’t so other, or fl to born were way one y, fi always “I we gured stiffness maintain mass, Reduce 1: Driver Overwhelming Table 3. technologies. available to tions alater chapter in be used to solu map potential will and solutionsthe potential codifies column third The table. following the be Driverseen in can ing mass. dry percentagethe spacecraft of a significant the cables forof accounts mass The links. wireless cables other, or even or lighter with optical materials cabling current orreplacing completely eliminating by aspacecraft, in of weight cabling by the reducing Improvementsmass. be accomplished also would in despite potential reductions stiffness, their tain to beable to main for structures such important is It and masts. asbooms such spacecraftstructures thearelarge targets Primary spacecraftof the bus. order in to reduceweight technologies overall the budget. mass to the adds also which for shielding, radiation also needed is material bulk Heavy priate stiffness. the appro by having instruments for scientific the provide also astable platform but they that weight, light therefore they are not that only important It place. is in instruments the rolethe of holding ofand budget a spacecraft servetion of mass the fore goal. acritical there of weight spacecraftis the Reducing future. the in near change be significant there will that technology, launcher there nocurrent is indication desired orbit. vehicle and on the Given depending cost order on the total to the of 5,000 –20,000$, contributes Every kilogram cost too is high. launch coreThe problem of accessto the space that is 3.1 Efficiency are heavy Radiation shields are heavy Electrical cables are heavy Structural materials Problem The problems stemming from this Overwhelm fromthis The problemsstemming The goal would be to identify materials and materials be to identify would The goal por account for a significant Space structures Reduce mass, maintain stiffness mass, Reduce Reduce mass, maintain stiffness Overwhelming Driver problematic areas and potential solutions potential and areas problematic Driver Overwhelming stiffness maintain mass, Reduce solutions gains (improved techniques,newmaterials,etc.)andisnotrelevant tootherpotential This isagenericsolutionthatindicatesthedecrease ofsystemmassduetoefficiency Identify noveltechniquesforradiationshielding Identify novelmaterialsforshielding ‘Print’ cablesonthestructure itself Eliminate cables Replace cablingmaterialswithlighterones Lightweight, activestructures New structuraldesignsthatuselessmaterials Replace materialswithnew, lightermaterialswithsimilarorbetterperformance Potential Solution ------designed lifetime of 25 years). lifetime designed instru that fact The (forcomparable length ESO’s example, VLT had a of expectations lifetime with telescopes build are For based ground example, instruments. based to self-repair. and/or design ability redundant the able with and need space reli systems to be durable, achieve this, order In to over spans. long time very be utilised can asset the that to demand it logical is missions, some space of the associated with costs high very the years).20 with The secondfinancial: is reason around of operationstimeline a has nominal craft for New 36operating Horizons the space years and (for Voyager example, timeline mission been 1has along such to establish be necessary it might system, outerreason to for operational: the is solar missions first The scale. time reasons for this main are two requirementunreasonable There for aspacecraft. excess of not in 50 be an years might A lifetime spacecraft need to operatetime. forof long periods Space environment environment which a harsh is in years 50 last can that missions 3.2 ticular for spacecraft operating outside the for spacecraftoutsideprotected operating ticular in par and radiation, temperatureare fluctuations upgrades. software of exception possible the with mission, offor duration the the frozen is technology the since ventive maintenance, space (outer upgrades in any missions), solar pre is disallow will that profile observatory, a mission with in a space based issue Themain lifetime. instrument ofissue technology be replacedments the can raises ground on the It must be noted that this is in contrast to ground in is It benoted must this that Main sources of ‘wear and tear’ of sources a spacecraft tear’ of and ‘wear Main Build a spacecraft and space space and Build a spacecraft obsolescence higher than that of that than higher obsolescence OD1.8 OD1.7 OD1.6 OD1.5 OD1.4 OD1.3 OD1.2 OD1.1 Code - - - - - 21 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 22 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Table 4. are debris large Whilst orbit that debris Earth. the instead. areused low-volatility and oils lubricant coatings and Solid rapid loss. mass significant in result will vapour pressure high their space, since not in used are lubricants traditional aconsequenceAs of this, layers and plastic coatings. oxide affects particularly loss Mass for sensitive or surfaces. electronic optical be hazardous evaporated can the which material, deposition the of is issue fromproblem this arising direct period of operation.The most significant loss over mass may in a result which sublimation, or outgassing experience materials low, structural environment operating extremely is the pressure in ambient of the space. Since vacuum the in operating instruments. the environmentan payloadoperating the offer for and order in to protect necessary are gradients perature and tem fluctuations high the withstand can that shadow. otherin the and Materials sunlight in being temperaturedue to one gradients side high ate with or even oper temperature significantly the increases that sunlight cold conditions orextremely direct often operate under spacecraft can the its lifetime during over Additionally, time. accumulates which unavoidable embrittlement, and in degradation ing result materials, and electronics as well as tissues for biological space deadly are in cosmic radiation and constantly.Solar charged particles with craft (the space cosmicrays the wind)and deluge solar radiation magnetosphere. Solar Earth area of the sources Improved energy Fuel storage Mechanical failures mass loss Degradation, erosion, Radiation cycling Temperature Problem Another source of structural damage is the space the is damage source of structural Another problem for significant spacecraft is Another Build a spacecraft/space missions that can last 50 years Overwhelming Driver problematic areas and potential solutions potential and areas problematic Driver Overwhelming years 50 last can that missions aspacecraft/space Build duction systemsinorder toreduce weightorsizeboth tion ofsolarcells),butwillalsorequire advancesintheefficiency ofexistingpowerpro- only thecapabilitytoprevent/repair degradationfortheinvolvedsystems(i.e.,degrada- Being abletoprovide energy foralongperiod oftimeisaproblem that willrequire not store hydrogen for longperiodoftimes.Onesolutionwouldbethedevelopment of apolymertankto The storageofhydrogen ismademore efficient. Hydrogen isextremely difficult tostore Modelling andacceleratedlifetests Self-healing mechanisms,automatedrepairs, designredundancy Automatic repair ofdamagedmaterial.Self-healingmaterialsandstructures are needed protection forlongerperiodsoftime Novel shieldingtechniquesthatdon’t rely onbulkmaterialshieldingandcanprovide Advanced thermalcontrol Materials thatcanwithstandhightemperature gradients Potential Solution - - - - the spacecraft, taking into account the long timeline timeline theinto long account taking spacecraft, the of behaviour testthe to and beabletant to simulate materials. and to instruments replace damaged ability or the space in to repair ability the conditions, harsh the mentioned withstand problems: can that materials system. afunctional to maintain to self-repair mayin order be necessary, The ability or temperature necessarily. fluctuations damage connection to radiation a direct without tems, prolonged due to toare the beexpected - of sys use failures ate, even it if were space.Mechanical not in degradation. to significant leading erosion surfaces, of significant in atoms results that and spacecraft oxygen the between collision causes atmosphere attenuatedthe presence Earth’s of the Orbit (LEO), ForLowEarth in spacecraft damage. significant cause can particles velocities, even tiny orbital high due to the collisions high-velocity the Given spacecraft. the impact that debris small flux of to craft thereavoidthem, is a significant be given space can to the tracked commands and timescales into the designing phase. designing into the timescales be able must factorto long such software simulation and of aspacecraft accurately ageing the to simulate need techniques to evolvetesting order in to be able Laboratory in space. decades after craft ofiour the to be able behav it to important the is model years, to is have goal the that 50 lasts If aspacecraft frame. areasonable time cost and so within doing and Fifty years is a long time for a machine to oper fortime amachine is a long years Fifty Finally, and perhaps and it impor is Finally, most crucially, threeThereare ways to circumventaforethe OD2.8 OD2.7 OD2.6 OD2.5 OD2.4 OD2.3 OD2.2 OD2.1 Code ------I, Robot I, Asimov, Isaac vanished so quickly.” they how “You wonder said. she them,” at back looking you’re when “Not time.” long “is a Ihackneyed, years,” “Fifty years 50 last can that missions space and a spacecraft Build 2: Driver Overwhelming unsterilised particle released. for range size unacceptable and tolerable acceptable, of Representation 12. Figure 23 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 24 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Where the Wasteland Ends Theodore Roszak, the telescope.” and microscope the for poems loveliest her of composes“Nature some into space telescope a 30m+ Deploy 3: Driver Overwhelming
Table 5. rely onand active control to provide mechanisms the in spaceunfolded or be inflated would that mirror approach aflexible betonation. Another use could desti oncereach their they aligned and unfolded then and be packed rocket the can inside fairing that mirror segments finished with astructure use wayis to traditional space.telescope The large in novel diameter, in need techniques to bedeveloped. of 30m+ amirror With condition. optimal in tain main into and space transport to construct, difficult very are mirrors Large fairing. the availablein ume vol limited due to the space be achallenge, would a30m telescope in putting vehicles, launch planned tures/observatories and current the space. Using in struc large very operating and require building also will space missions secrets cosmos, of future the Chile. Telescope, Large to be Extremely located in also namedEuropean Chile) aptly or the even 40m, with of 25mror Telescope diameter (Giant Magellan in to designed reach a mir instruments future with (10m) Telescopio Gran the and (10.4m)], Canarias [the 10m range the in are diameter Keck telescopes mirrors telescopes based ground utilising largest becomescurrent The available. technology enabling the as telescopes, bigger there atrend is of building for telescopes, based ground Especially Earth. on the space or in based are of they whether plex, regardless com and large are Telescopes instruments their and maintaining) positioning, self-supporting, deploying, into (assembling, space 3.3 Detectors mirrors inspace Maintenance oflarge mirrors inspace Assembly oflarge Problem Thereare several conceivable waysa of creating order to questIn to the for continue the answers Deploy a 30m+ telescope Deploy telescope a30m+ Deploy a 30m+ telescope into space Overwhelming Driver problematic areas and potential solutions potential and areas problematic Driver Overwhelming space into telescope a30m+ Deploy Advanced interferometers ofultra-compactdimensions(nanotechnology) mass andsizeofspaceinstruments Plasmonic opticalsystemsandastrophotonics instrument conceptstoreduce both the visible ranges,toenablesimple, low spectralresolution 2D imaging Energy sensitivedetectors withminimumcoolingrequirements, particularly intheIRand Advanced coatingmaterialstoprevent degradation Technologies formaintainingtheopticalsurfacequalityoflarge mirrors inspace Robotic systemsforthemaintenanceofstructures inspace Novel packaginganddeploymenttechniquesbasedonbiological or Robotic systemsfortheassemblyofstructures inspace netic forces ing mightbeachievedbyutilisingotherforces tomaintainposition,suchasferromag- and lasermetrology forfinepositioncontrol andprecise formationflying.Formationfly- Formation flyingofparts(nosupportstructure). Technologies suchasmicro-thrusters launch Flexible orfoldablemirror andsupportstructure, tocircumvent volumerestrictions on Potential Solution ------especially so since the requirements the so since for astronomi especially challenging, nevertheless is structure alarge such align. and cheaper to manufacture easier is and which be of much length longer focal mirror can the thatprimary telescopeis free flying advantage of a detectors’. the longer than A further to be tends of mirrors lifetime the detectors, since from the mirror observatories main tothe ‘decouple’ theenable spacewould based deorbited. That ability ones parked requiredbe launchedand defunct as and could New instruments self-contained instruments. several free-flying between switch telescope could The interesting. extremely therefore is free-flying are telescopeinstrument and the concept which ing in of atelescope.Aformation fly life the throughout at be exchanged intervals be needed might these and would instruments Several science-specific. very are the hand, other on instruments, ancillary The taken. independent science of the largely under is function space telescopes. current with as passivelyscale on alarge accurate ily but not necessar scale, on asmall smooth to bevery need will surface mirror The figure. required optical instrument may be difficult due to the large dynamic dynamic large the due to may bedifficult instrument an within mirror deformations primary of the scale need to be‘adaptive’,generally large the correcting will instruments be advantageous:would although Probably performance. process a two-tier limited to achieve diffraction be necessary still optics will be no (slow) atmospheric turbulence, will active basedtelescopes. ground Even there large though superior it to to if is remain at visible wavelengths even limited spacetelescope bediffraction must in for precision. extreme Alarge call instruments cal Maintaining the shape and accurate control shapeaccurate the and of Maintaining aspace telescope complex, is its Although ganisms OD3.10 OD3.9 OD3.8 OD3.7 OD3.6 OD3.5 OD3.3 OD3.2 OD3.1 Code OD3.4 - - - - 25 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 26 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Autonomous geophysical survey of planets Overwhelming Driver problematic areas and potential solutions potential and areas problematic Driver Overwhelming planets of survey geophysical Autonomous 6. Table management. risk and the general problemis This levels. of cost undesired to complex ofto risk cost increaseas and the failure but not so or sample analysis, sample collection drilling, as such tasks form one or more individual Probes becomplex should to beable enough to per be less prone would mission to failure. catastrophic the and hitherto area to beinvestigatedlarger than a much allow could cate cooperate and This locally. probesbut or communi ‘nanobots’ specialised that region, be to deploy could number of a simplerlarge complexlarge probe to used explore is limited avery philosophy, asingle mission current the which in alternative to An need to be operated parallel. in that aplethora of instruments sion carry would - mis Any planetary output. scientific the maximise possible order as in to tasks many tois performas challenge the bodies, For system to solar missions of planets survey 3.4 planets. of extra-solar for imaging the importance beof paramount will scattering optical low bemore For serious. instance, will etc. oxygen, due to bombardment of micro meteorites, atomic scattering surface in increase an telescopes, based space be forless severe should ground in ing than mirror coatthe of loss of the reflectivity Although solution. deformations probably would be a more optimal scale careof small takes that pled instrument to an cou wavefront deformations scale large correct to active primary an Atelescope with required. range cal mirror in space is also an important aspect. aspect. important an space also is in mirror cal Swarms ofsensors autonomous parts cooperating, spacecraft with Segmented instruments volume of Minimise mass/ Problem Maintaining the surface quality of an opti of an quality surface the Maintaining Autonomous geophysical Mass fabricationofspecialisedmicro/nano bots Advanced datatransfersystemdevelopmentforcommunicationbetween segments same The issueofcompact/miniaturisedinstruments,similartoOD3.8– OD3.10,r Artificial intelligencesystemstocoordinate theparts Miniaturisation ofantennas Compact/miniaturised instruments,similartoOD3.8–OD3.10 Novel ‘packaging’techniquestoincrease utilitypervolumeofinstruments Similar issueasOD1.1-OD1.5 Reduce themassofinstruments,inorder tobeablehavemore instrumentsonboard. Potential Solution - - - - - advanced packaging and using more compact using and advanced packaging resources, be achievedmight sharing by volume. This and/or mass away such to decreasements as their in combine and instru advanced the materials using avenues beexplored. can that previous to the driver, main there two are Similarly probes to the simple, routine themselves. tasks the leaving to concentrateists tasks, important on the special Earth-bound the controlmission allow and from to necessity everything do the alleviate would performed and byplanned eachprobe. Automation that have tasks of number decided, to be nificant in a sig result would This surface. planetary on the orbitplace over either in or period of time, alarge take missionthe will operations area, a significant a relatively of number order probes, large in to cover for reason. Even another arenecessary systems with semi-autonomous or Autonomous distances. large at to operate efficiently missions from and these safely autonomy degree of local thereforehigh is required A imply long delays. Earth with telecommunications and environments, unknown in operating are that for probes especially mission, entire of the tualities nano-bots, relatively cheapnano-bots, to fabricate en masse or micro- specialised and cooperating of redundant, process beto aswarm replace would robots the with the in step final The required are for this. methods and communication Intelligence Artificial sensors, collectively. and Advances in perform individually beable would to part cooperation. Each in act that probe parts many the split in beto actually would Thesecondhelp weight. reduce solution total the also would techniques Novel construction antenna levels. performance have that similar instruments The first is to minimise the mass of themass of the probe minimise isfirst to The even the foresee cannot all planning Mission emains the OD4.7 OD4.6 OD3.10 OD3.8- OD4.5 OD4.4 OD4.3 OD4.2 OD4.1 Code . - - - - Carl Sagan Carl known.” be incredible is waiting to “Somewhere, something planets of survey Autonomous geophysical 4: Driver Overwhelming 27 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 28 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) we spread into space.” space.” into spread we thousand years, unless next the survive will race human the think don’t “I years two than more for space in to stay humans Enable 5: Driver Overwhelming Stephen Hawking Stephen Table 7. http://www.theseus-eu.org/ 2. nated ESF. by the research roadmap coordi THESEUS EC-funded, weissues refer reader the recently to the published, For integrated approach amore detailed on these contact for longhabitat intervals. external without isolated an advanced ways with oftion managing needlong duration conjunc to be investigated in isolation for in of performing aspects psychological the Finally, flight. necessities other in and oxygen produces products water,waste and food, all almost that system recycles a suggesting affordable, and be also robust systemshould support either.life The gravity, radiation) isolation, understood not are well space (no in for along of time such working aspects and physiological need to The bedeveloped. medical space. years in astronauts may have to spend of several periods to trip Mars, a potential as such missions, extended endeavour beyondlenge For for future any LEO. beamajor chal will mission offor duration the the but healthy,nauts alive not only motivated alert and astro Keeping problems missions. over unmanned introduces additional many space flight Human mission) (Mars years two than for more in space 3.5 missions for longduration Life Support Systems well being care forastronauts’ Long-duration on humanbody Zero-g effects to astronauts Radiation damage Problem Novel ways to protect astronauts from radiation Enable humans to stay humans Enable Enable humans to stay in space for more than two years Overwhelming Driver problematic areas and potential solutions potential and areas problematic Driver Overwhelming years two than more for space in stay to humans Enable 2 servicing) through 3Dprintingorchemicalsynthesis,etc. Technologies allowingthemanufacture ofparts/materialsinsitu(spares, modifications, provide asignificantadvanceinthisfield Water andairrecycling. Advancedfiltersandcatalystsbasedonnano-engineeringcould In situproduction ofnutrition Hibernation Stress reduction bacterial population specially treated surfacesorbyusingmutatedbacterialstrainsthatmaintainahealthy concentrations represent totheastronauts. Thiscouldbeachievedeitherbyusing Technologies forcontrol ofbacteria,toavoid/eliminatethedangerslarge bacterial Advanced telemedicineandtelesurgery equipmentforemergencies would notimpedethecrew intheirduties Nano sensorsforthecontinualmonitoringofbodilyfunctionsand theenvir nanomedicine or basedonnewconcepts),inspired from biologicalprocesses (bio-mimetic)and drugs caneitherbearesult ofnovelwaystotreat thehumanbody(RNAregulation Technologies tomanufacture drugsandotherchemicals insitu(i.e.,vitamins).These Simulation ofgravitybytechnicalmeans(i.e.,centrifuges) muscle andbonemassreduction Advanced countermeasure drugs,tocounteracttheeffects ofweightlessnesssuchas New drugsforradiationtreatment orradiationpoisoningprevention Identify noveltechniquesforradiationshielding(similartoOD1) Identify novelmaterialsforshielding(similartoOD1) Potential Solution - - - - onment that OD5.10 OD5.9 OD5.8 OD5.7 OD5.6 OD5.5 OD5.4 OD5.3 OD5.2 OD5.1 OD1.7 OD1.6 Code 29 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 30 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) nanotechnologies, advanced materials, biotech materials, advanced nanotechnologies, photonics,and micro- nanoelectronics, of fields the in notably technologies, enabling key tified iden all in activities innovation and research “…The first develop applications from basic research: age. of our challenges social contribution KETson the major to their the and focus Horizon 2020programme, (H2020) also will framework The production. new industrial as well forago to forefront Europe beat the of research as decade as a strong it as was today The need remains researchdevelopment and KETs. the in by funding (FP7,Programme 2007 – 2013) need, reflectedthis 2002).Commission seventh The Framework (European Europe in Technologies Enabling Key needvarious advance, the and to invest in, it underlined which in 2002, in communication trial new services. products and enable field butto create most every cases they in don’t They a offer solution complete technological not definition, by 2011). Commission (European is, Chains A KET Value European strategic the underpin they and arethe core at innovative They of change. products to structural induce potential the and integration atrend towards convergence,with technology areas across technology many cutting sectorial, trans- and relevance, multidisciplinary systemic employment.are They of skilled highly and ture capital expendi high integrated innovation cycles, research development and high intensity, rapid and capitalintensive associatedand with technologies Technologies Enabling Key (KETs) knowledge are l l l TechnologiesEnabling KeyEuropean 4. how important the KETs are and the drive to KETs drive the how the and are important The framework language makes it quite clear clear makes it quite frameworkThe language - indus presentedCommission an European The work programmes will support support will programmes work a sector oriented a sector technology - - - . with technology readiness levels spanning from the levels spanning readiness technology with whole the address will Activities also space as drivers such strategic other and advanced nology, a) KETs the of havedefinition slightly: changed the report, TECHBREAK ofFor the purpose the 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 2010): Commission are(European Commission European areas focus support the of KETs to all the including challenges, tosocietal nologies tech enabling of key contribution on the focus In mercialisation. take-up com and order industrial in to facilitate under productand validation ects proj demonstrator and lines pilot larger-scale for provided be therefore will support dedicated levels, readiness technology For higher duction. the low end highest to the b) to create unforeseenadvances new markets. and of combinations potential ofthe different
Advanced Manufacturing technologies Manufacturing Advanced Biotechnology nanoelectronics and Micro Photonics Materials Advanced Nanotechnology The ‘Photonics’ KET now specifically includes KET now‘Photonics’ The specifically and appropriate report; for of subject matter the the were they applications, as more and technologies now medical includes KET ‘Biotechnology’ the developments field; the in of interesting bulk due to the metamaterials by the defined as areas keyThe technology
(including those of larger scale for technology for technology scale of larger those (including support cross-cutting cross-cutting
addition, addition, manufacturing and processing, processing, and manufacturing levels preceding mass pro mass levels preceding there will be a strong a strong be will there industrial conditions) conditions) industrial KET KET innovation chain chain innovation actions, actions, identified…” . It will . It will KETs KETs given given - - - - • • are: areas technologies/technological These topics explicitly. relevant the sponsored with ESA projects deal that or technologies there are context of KET eral the –FTAP), Panel covered are Advisory gen the in outrecently by carried ESA’s Future Technologies development technology (namelying exercise the regard either covered to reports ESA, other in have sectors. These technologies technologies been relevant technologies/ severalreport highly omits other works, however, tion with TECHBREAK the order for space. In to avoid interesting up as repeti were areas flagged several technological interviews, workshops expert and TECHBREAK the During have notincluded been 4.1 therefore is high. programmes to fairly ESA pull prospects technology the and forand collaboration andsupport funding receiveKETs significant will European the as obvious, is areas these in throughs break aware and of trends current of being the KETs.importance European The the sector, within developments technological space to the esting most inter the to identify tried has TECHBREAK c) Microalgae Artificial muscles
KET has been merged with the ‘Advanced the been merged has with KET technologies’ ‘Advanced the Manufacturing Materials’ KET. Materials’ Technologies that - - - - - • • • • can be shown to workcan a relevant in or simulated that technologies/applications/materials to refers laboratory. be demonstrated the can in C Level BrefersLevel applications and to that technologies laboratory. the in demonstrations principle’ ‘first have that had technologies including concept level, atheoretical/ in still are that nologies or materials Arefers level.Level readiness to tech technology novel as novel well technologies. as with materials order in deal to create can been added, that asystem have (MRL) Level system Readiness Manufacturing encountered, componentsof disciplines of the range wide to the Due systems. forare terrestrial thetechnologies since part, qualification space the excluding adapted description TRLs, of from the the been has system The (TRL). Level Readiness known versionthea simplified well of Technology follows have been encountered TECHBREAK in that assessment technologies the The various of in TECHBREAK 4.2 • • • Solar concentration technologies concentration Solar Integrated photonics sensors and for gyroscopes wafers large for GaN Photon entanglement directly on chip. on directly entanglement Photon detectors IR Fibre lasers clock synchronisation and metrology communication, quantum for sources Photonic The system contains four levels that indicate the indicate that levels four system contains The Technology assessment Credit: iStockphoto. Credit: services. and products new create to field Technologies enable every Enabling Key 3. Figure - 31 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 32 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Table 10. mation where available. infor assessment framework and literature funding and/or interviews research TECHBREAK from the perception on the expert of the primarily are based kept is assessments simple generic. The and again, once scale, The community. of the size the as well as breakthrough next to the time expected ofterms the when possible, in bedescribed, also will sections ing Tablebe seen in 8. system can TECHBREAK The commercialisation. close to, achieved, or has very is that technology Level level, D,final refersenvironment. The to a Table 9. Table 8. hot topic robust interest niche area Interest intheTechnology long term medium term short term Technology Development Horizon Level D Level C Level B Level A TTAS The technologies to be described in the follow in described to be The technologies Technology development horizon description TECHBREAK Technology Assessment System (TTAS) System Assessment Technology TECHBREAK Interest in the Technology explanation of colour codes colour of explanation Technology the in Interest relevant environment. environment orthatisavailablecommercially. Abilitytoproduce asysteminproduction Working system:Representative modelorprototype systemwhichistestedinarelevant environment. of components.Capabilitytoproduce prototype componentsinaproduction relevant tested inasimulatedenvironment. Examplesinclude‘highfidelity’laboratoryintegration components are integratedwithreasonably realistic supportingelementssotheycanbe Prototype: Fidelityofbreadboard technologyincreases significantly. Thebasictechnological the materialcanbeproduced inalaboratoryenvironment. include integrationofadhochardware inthelaboratory. Formaterials,thislevelindicatesthat will worktogether. Thisisrelatively ‘lowfidelity’compared withtheeventualsystem.Examples Laboratory prototype: Basictechnologicalcomponentsare integratedtoestablishthatthey technique, from pure theoretical workto‘proof ofconcept’experiments. the technology. Thislevelencompassesthe‘firstprinciples’ofeithertechnology, materialor and laboratorystudiestophysicallyvalidatetheanalyticalpredictions ofseparateelements on future applicationsofthetechnology, analyticstudiesandsimulationsoffirstprinciples, Concept: Thislevelincludes:paperstudiesofatechnology’s basicproperties, speculations Description significant funding,verylarge communityorinterest the communityislarge, healthyinterest inthetopic niche technologyarea, smallresearch community Explanation 10 years than more in expected breakthrough 5-10 years next the in breakthrough 5years next the in breakthrough Expectations - - (non-space) TRL 6 (non-space) TRL 5 TRL 4 TRL 1-3 TRL equivalent and ion beam milling, that took place at the nanometer scale. nanometer the at place took that milling, beam ion and deposition film thin as such processes, semiconductor to referred term The 1970s. the in professor aJapanese Taniguchi, Norio By 3. theresince productsincorporate are many that nano- nanoscale. atmatter the of report involve manipulation the TECHBREAK have that the technologies of the in been included all Almost of all. perhapsis most fundamental the KETs, the this all Of to nanoscale. interact at the ity the abil or fields and technological scientific many field but scientific more anenabler of a distinct therefore is not applications.Nanotechnology and new physicsthe order in to develop new capabilities study, takethat of and advantage model fields tific the led has creation to level. This ofscien many new scale. length this at matter manipulating and modelling, measuring, imaging, involves nanotechnology technology, and engineering, science, nanoscale Encompassing applications. novel enable phenomena unique where 100and nanometres, 1 approximately between dimensions at of matter trol today.seeing whatis are we emerge. would This of technology anew world atomic at matter scale, the successfully learned to manipulate humanity been if evident that later, coined was ‘nanotechnology’ term the Although offer. might scale small extremely of the of mastery what the possibilities the grasped ofplenty room bottom” at 1959, the in he had already that “thereis indicated first Feynman Richard When Accurately calculating a market figure is difficult, difficult, is amarket figure calculating Accurately potential. technological due to its immense large Richard Feynman Richard is of plenty the“There roombottom” at l l l Nanotechnology 5. Classical physics breaks down at the nanoscale physics nanoscale at breaks down the Classical “ states that: nanotechnology of The definition EU The world interest in nanotechnology is very very is worldThe nanotechnology interest in Nanotechnology the is understanding and con ” 3 it has long long it has of of - - - year and it is forecasted to grow substantially for the for the it forecasted and is year to grow substantially research development and €per exceeds 10 billion Worldwide rate on largest. the is growth spending (2011) Commission European the report], annual the KETs worldwide [table of all smallest the 1of is nology market of size nanotech the Even though domains. of other parts but as measured are enhancements and guide the acoustic or elastic oscillations in the the in oscillations or elastic acoustic the guide and control of nanophononicsunderstand, The goal is to 5.1.1 transformation. and generation noise therefore is and of information heart at the and science the of fluctuations underpins transfer heat since management though, thermal area than Nanophononics research a more is extensive subject lattice) level. nanoscale at the crystal the atoms in (expressedheat transport vibrations of as the 2007). of of study Nanophononics field the is Pokatilov Nika and (Balandin, of asolid lattice atomic the as such lattice, crystal arigid in ring Phonons of modes vibration occur quantised are 5.1 when itsections appropriate. is following the in bedescribed will nanomaterials, for example, KETs, other as, with nanotechnology for most KETs other of the developments well. as foundation the is nanotechnology before, mentioned (Cientifica2011). Ltd2011; Commission European As rate (~16%) per year growth 2015€ in high avery and 27 around amarket size billion with well, years as next a role in future space missions. Combinations of space missions. a role future in may that developments play nanotechnology in This section highlights some technological some technological highlights section This Nanophononics Nanophononics-enhanced materials Nanophononics-enhanced - - 33 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 34 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) materials (NANOICT consortium 2011). consortium (NANOICT materials phononics improvement the is of thermoelectric application potential ofconductors. nano Another and insulators thermal much better as serve can rial mate nanophononics-enhanced Advanced methods. nanofabrication and devices based nanotechnology development play amajor future role the of in ics will nanophonon Thus, devices. nano of integration and plays a major also role packaging lattice in crystal the control of anddynamical management level. Thermal consumption nanoscale at energy the understanding in important extremely Nanophononics also are processing. signal and on-chipdevices on sensors, direct applications find can which lattice, crystal scale). (exaggerated lattice λ wavelength of Aphonon 4. Figure -NANOTECHNOLOGY technologies interesting 11.Table Space Technology Area enhanced materials Nanophononic- optomechanics Cavity modulation Photothermal emitters Nanoantennas asIR surfaces Nanostructured detectors/sensors Nanoantennas for biosensing resonance: Surface plasmon monitoring resonance: radiation Surface plasmon water purification Nanoparticles for Credit: Florian Marquardt. Florian Credit: Tech Level Level A Level A Level A Level A Level B Level A Level B Level A Level A , travelling through a crystal acrystal through , travelling Development Horizon long term medium term long term long term short term long term short term medium term long term - - - level has been an established field for centuries, the field for established centuries, level been an has Finally, potential nanophononics potential Finally, applications can mechanics. imposed by quantum limits mental funda the near sensitive cryogenics, sensors and for be used extremely produce can that transducers forces order in to driving mutual vibrations as cal and mechani light use is to goal study. main The under structure on the depending or GHz range, MHz the vibrations in mechanical the with range, IR the tend to bein far sources thus Light vibrations. mechanical and of optical coupling the ics’ addresses or, ‘cavity optomechan it more as is known, widely interactionsthe of of study phononThe and photons 5.1.2 some level noted atis with atheoretical exceptions. nanophononics current of the work all almost result, a As level. European at a fragmented research efforts of the consolidation level, the more administrative phenomena at a related and, linear to heat transport non and treatmenta robust for theoretical quantum developing heat oflations of the flow at nanoscales, development the at present of simu accurate still is the field andof issuefocus The main born discipline. a newly is of heat nanoscale study at the transfer materials enhanced Nanophononic- Area Technology Interest robust interest robust interest niche area robust interest hot topic robust interest hot topic robust interest robust interest Despite the fact that heat transfer at the macro heat at the that Despite transfer fact the Cavity optomechanics Level A Level Tech Use thermoelectrics conductors, thermal insulators, cryogenics, detectors structure monitoring thermal management control bacterial/microbial spectroscopy optics, detectors, monitoring sampling, health thermal monitoring life support long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest OD OD2.2 OD2.1, OD3.9 OD3.8, OD2.6 OD2.2 OD2.1, OD5.7 OD3.10 OD3.9, OD3.8, OD5.5 OD5.2, OD3.8 OD5.9 - - - - the natural frequency of surface electrons oscillating electrons oscillating frequency of surface natural the (photons) frequency of when light the lished matches The estab is resonance condition by incident light. stimulated or liquid asolid of electrons in oscillation plasmon resonanceSurface (SPR) collective the is 5.2 2011). research consortium (NANOICT on heat transport focused as cross-discipline as well related fields, ICT heatnoise and in dissipation problems, mainly of research consolidation advised has to common somewhat research the community fragmented and is strong, Nanophononics while Europe, research in 5.1.4 level. at theoretical remains far research the so and high quite is task of the plexity 2011). consortium (NANOICT materials The com need without of materials physical the contact with and/orinhomogeneous heatthrough layer flowsing monitorin accurately useful be can method This properties. and structure material to investigate the seek photothermal techniques a medium, through propagating pulse of athermal radiation backscatter the By monitoring to modulation. photothermal rise wavesA combination of photonics thermal and gives 5.1.3 2013) Dholakia and Mazilu 2011; Zhu 2013; and consortium Li Arita, Safavi-Naeini 2011; and NANOICT Alegre Chan, detector low at extreme temperatures (Meystre 2013; the order in to maintain structures, by nanowire flow the of phonons manipulate detectors could Nanophononics-enhanced temperatures. low very need detectors sensors that and to operatebe in in modulation Photothermal Area Technology optomechanics Cavity Area Technology Supérieure) Department), Yves (École Normale Guldner Photonics and Optics Mourey (LETI, Bruno Centre atResearch Southampton University), Entry points: Entry Outlook Photothermal modulation Surface plasmon resonance plasmon Surface Nikolay Zheludev (Optoelectronics (Optoelectronics Zheludev Nikolay Level A Level Tech Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development medium term Horizon Development niche area Interest interest robust Interest - - - using metal nanoparticles as plasmonic sensors. The plasmonic The sensors. as nanoparticles metal using whyis of anumber research groups have to turned This detect. to however, difficult beextremely will, (www.plasmobio.eu)]. Plasmobio project 2012; 2013 Escobedo European etal. and Desfours platforms [see, sensing lab-on-chip forand example, micro-instruments bio-sensing integrated providing are concentrated Current research efforts tions. on interac of molecular forbiology analysis real-time example. for Microbalance, Crystal Quartz as free such detection of label- methods classical than better magnitude orders many is detection of SPR of for molecular and acceleration. sensitivity temperatureThe fields, or particles), radiation tromagnetic electromagnetic phenomenaenvironmental (elec radiation as such of avariety but also substances, biological and cal presence the not concentration only and of chemi to of detect readout methods, avariety oped using SPR detectors period, haveintervening been devel the In years ago. 20 more molecules than detecting force restoring the of positive nuclei. against concept 2012). for droplet etal. (Desfours biosensing (USradiation patent 8242446 B2), another as well as THz and IR far sensor for detecting micromechanical (2008)et al. concept the describe of a bolometric demonstrated University by the Hastanin of Liège. spectra. absorption SPR the in changes through biomolecules single of binding the detect can that nanoparticles smaller much use scheme can that detecting photo-thermal 2012) Orrit University and Paulo (Zijlstra, a uses at Leiden nique developed colleagues by and Orrit A tech events. molecule single to measure difficult sensitivecopy.is very but technique still is it This dark-field to is use micros - nanoparticles single of SPR shifts most of common measuring method biosensing resonance: plasmon Surface monitoring radiation resonance: plasmon Surface Area Technology University Eindhoven/Philips) University University of Liège), (Technical Menno Prins Entry points: Entry The effect of a single molecule on an SPR film an SPR on molecule single effect ofaThe and medicine SPR extensivelybeen in used has label-freeas a used SPRofmethod first was A novel been recently has of sensing SPR use in Serge Habraken (Hololab, Habraken Serge Level B Level A Level Tech short term medium term Horizon Development hot topic interest robust Interest - - - - - 35 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 36 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) techniques become available. available. become techniques once required manufacturing the nano-circuits, plasmonic of creating possibility theoretical the with processing data and communications tum applications gearedthe aremostly towards quan and researchconcepts. far so young field It avery is or lab yet-to-be-realised are the strated in theoretical 1. as: applications, such potential (2012) many highlights and The Hechtrecent from Huang Biagioni, review andpossible many are field applicationsenvisaged. growing research fast is a This regime. IR and cal opti the in light order in to manipulate on surfaces relatively new development nanostructures to is use A precision nanoantennas. be viewed as high can with thelight flow of influence that Nanostructures 5.3 Nanoantenna technologies have technologies Nanoantenna demon been only 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
Highly-sensitive spectroscopy,Highly-sensitive where nano the been transferred to the facet of an optical fibre, optical facet ofbeen to transferred an the has For of array tion. nanoantennas an example, investiga under ofnano-object emission the provide excitation andantennas enhanced relation with nanophononics research. nanophononics with relation strongcor very has application of nanoantennas (Schuller, Taubner Brongersma and 2009). This emitters IR as used are monic nanostructures whereplas- fields, thermal Efficient of radiation 2002). Faleev Bergman (Stockman, and the temporalexcitation profile the of ing pulse by manipulat fields near nanoantenna enhanced control of hot coherently spots of localisation the it beentennas: it has shown that possible is to nanoan with optics nonlinear and Ultrafast 2010). absorber perfect (Liuto create etal. infrared an coupled arrays based afibrefacet with wereused resonances. Nanoantenna particle on localised are sensors: sensors These based antenna Optical al. efficiency 2010).(Cao cell et have been solar proposed to enhance ameans as nanostructures Semiconductor based sensors. IR haveenhancements in for been used along time plasmonic photovoltaics: Antenna-based 2005). Orrit and rates emission (Lounis enhanced and patterns emission optimise polarisation, defined photon well- single sources with to construct been proposed has ters: model atheoretical Nanoantenna-based single-photon super emit 2003).(Levene etal. of DNA activity polymerase dynamics molecule observation of and single forused illumination Nanoantennas ------rial. rial. mate the on properties desired multiple implement to but fabrication also scalable methods to use only It been demonstratedhas it that now is possible not 2002) but recent developments have this. changed andGobrecht Heyderman niques available(Schift, tech due to the high quite was nanostructuring 2012). cost of the Jiang (Liu and designs Initially, biomimetic using especially displays, electronic as be used can that surfaces of self-cleaning designing avenuesOne main of the of research interest the is ones. existing already the properties or enhance to new ‘acquire’ material the allow surface material embedded or etched on a structures Nanoscale 5.4 Nanostructured glass surface. surface. glass Figure 5. Nanostructured a by through reactive surface ion etching glass have beenfabricated theThe nanostructures on nanomask. layer,ametallic on aglass through tures Nanoantennas Area Technology Entry point: Entry A recent fabrication the example of is nanostruc Nanostructured surfaces Nanostructured Brigitte Attal-Tretout Brigitte (ONERA) Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development Credit: ICFO Credit: interest robust Interest - - - from the drinking water and studies of nanopar water studies and drinking from the nanoparticles of the retentionticles, recycling and treatment to is prevent par of the aggregation the for water of nanomaterials One challenges of the 1. include: lights related the Someand commercial products. high for used are water that treatmentable nanomaterials (2008) etal. Li treatments. avail many catalogued developing resistance of traditional pathogens to the the tackle as well as products to humans infectant - dis harmful order in tonano-treatments, eliminate water with treatments of drinking chemical tional purify that can system effective so far,products but, an of commercial part treatment)rial actually are and treatment of water (antimicrobial antibacte and Various have ing. the nanoparticles in been used water it make for suitable and drink to purify ameans as haveNanomaterials been discussed for water purification 5.5 missions. environment manned long duration in alow-bacteria controlling and role maintaining in beenvisagedto play can a surfaces nanostructured electronics, consumer in applications obvious the from Apart resistant. resistant or bacterial/virus fingerprint arethat surfaces in applications finds (self-cleaning).latter property The surface on their to resistant are depositions and behaviour philic either hydrophobiclow display haze, or hydro havethat anti-reflective enhanced behaviour, very 2013). etal. (Infante scale industrial be controlledimplemented it and can thus on an not does require lithography, face nanostructuring 11). (Figure developed The sur annealing thermal films metal (<10thickness)nm subjected to rapid ultrathin formed is which by dewetting nanomask, 4. 3. 2. is considerable interest in substituting conven considerableis substituting interest in surfaces Nanostructured Area Technology Entry point: point: Entry ZnO for bed filters and mouthwash. for ZnO bed filters TiO of surfaces for coating Silver nanoparticles molecules biological bioabsorber as other forChitosan and bacteria surfaces the glass production of allows This Nanoparticles Nanoparticles dirty 2
for UV/solar disinfection for water water not has been produced. There Valerio (ICFO Pruneri Barcelona) Level B Level Tech short term Horizon Development hot topic Interest ------decades for Europe. The main factors for this slow factors this for fordecades The main Europe. past the predicted was in that scale on the rialise fromthe benefits nano revolutionare yet to mate have lab, been socioeconomic demonstrated the in materials and products ‘nanotechnology-enhanced’ new many It to benoted has even that though 5.6 treatment the of and recycledsystems water. have support closed loop application life in potential might This to bedetermined. waterimpure still is and or waste water. interaction The of nanoparticles or relatively pure clean havemost studies utilised far,So on effects humans. their and toxicity ticles’ Nanotechnology 2012) and the sector will continue 2012)Nanotechnology sector will the and InnovationTechnology Platform and on Integrating European €(NANOfutures to reach 3trillion estimated is materials and services products, World industries) Market(all Size of nano-enhanced continue The to increase. will conclude funding that decade forsectorpredictions for following the the the and increasing are to fruition nanotechnology theof potential to bring efforts the Nevertheless, • 2012): Nanotechnology on Platform Innovation and Integrating Technology European adoption and tion (NANOfutures are produc laboratory fromto industrial the transition • • • purification for water Nanoparticles Area Technology University, of Chemistry) School Entry point: Entry materialised in the past. the in materialised not has that EU framework, something the within collaboration supranational and multidisciplinary broad a require would very effort an Such time. our of economic and Grand Challenges social to the of research innovation nano and focus Inadequate issues; transfer and technology innovationtion, financing standardisa safety, regulation, sectors, namely: common are for that high-tech Broad challenges initiatives; research and clusters countries, over dispersed many vate spending public and pri with Dispersion of fragmentation efforts and of nano-enabled products; commercialisation basic research successful and between effect, death’ of known ‘valley The well Conclusion John Errington (Newcastle (Newcastle Errington John Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - - 37 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 38 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) that deal in nanotechnologies and is amarket is leader and nanotechnologies in deal that companies large and SMEs researchous institutions, Germany, is hostsnumer which nanotechnology in by The country most advanced country. European presence varies industry and research funding ogy nanotechnol although nanotechnology for budget asignificant Europehas everyone else. spending (with creation the Russia of RusNano) out are and China research development, and USA, the levels for nanotechnology funding the Regarding 5.6.2 2007)(Foresight Institute Nanotech roadmap 5: a technology Productive nanosystems, 2011) Association Europe (Nanophotonics report foresight Nanophotonics 4: Network 2008) of Excellence (PhOREMOST nanophotonics Emerging 3: (USA perspective) Hersam 2011) and 2020 (Roco, Mirkin needs in for societal research directions 2: Nanotechnology optics (MONA 2008) consortium and for nanotechnology Roadmap 1: European nanotechnology enabled fields 5.6.1 new productspublic. to the bring can that ucts given of to prod innovation commercialisation and be work Consequently, programmes. emphasis will frame funding the in needs or challenges societal of the evident is highlighting fromresearch, the as from basic research to shift application-driven will future. continue forimmediate the trend will this and countries Asian doneproduction in being is ofand/orduction nanomaterial Most of devices. the pro of industrial that is behind lagging is Europe One area where well. products as nanotechnology in market the leader Europeas toprogramme establish Horizon 2020 Framework the with made being is effort asignificant and nanotechnology research in to grow leaders 2025. past the in amongst is Europe nanotechnologies on afocus with Networks Industrial and Research European of Examples 12. Table EPSD BIONANOSENSE PLASMON- POLATOM Psi-k2 Association Nanophotonics Europe Photonics21 Name It is expected that the focus of development focus the that It expected is Roadmaps on nanotechnology and Nanotechnology institutions in Europe institutions Nanotechnology Exploring thePhysicsofSmallDevices Nanobiophotonics New Approaches toBiochemicalSensingwithPlasmonic nanoscience Common perspectivesforcoldatoms,semiconductorpolaritonsand Advanced Conceptsinab-initioSimulationsofMaterials science andtechnologyintheemerging area ofnanophotonics An independent,not-for-profit, legalorganisation topromote European European level Photonics21 represents photonicsresearch &innovationprioritiesat Description/Area ------nanotubes within the framework of the Alliance framework Alliance of the the within nanotubes application on the of and carbon nanoparticles of special layers, design on the multifunctional ing joint on solution the of questions regardfocusing is The network of institutes Association. Fraunhofer Max-Planck-Society of the tutes Helmholtz the and Ltd2011). Cientifica Technologiezentrumproducts GmbH (VDI 2011; related nanotechnology of implementation mercial Japan for and USA com the behind third It ranks products. basic industry research and between ance nano-related many sectors, in www.nano-map.de. here: found be can enterprises and institutes nano-based German all for amap, of form the in index, excellent An 4. P. Yu, W.Cao, Z. L., A.P. Fan, Vasudev, White, J.S. Hecht. 2012. B. P., and Huang Biagioni, J.-S. Nika. Pokatilov E.P. D.L. and A.A., Balandin, 2013. Dholakia. K. and Y., Mazilu M. Arita, 5.7 past. the in successful quite have off spin capabilities been their and institutes the of Fraunhofer Nanotechnology.structure The 4885/75/2/024402. doi:10.1088/0034- (2) 8): (February 024402. (Great Britain) 75 Society Physical Physics. in Progress on Reports Science. Materials Physics; Nanoscale and Mesoscale Optics; Radiation.” for Infrared Visible and “Nanoantennas doi:10.1166/jno.2007.201. Optoelectronics and Nanostructures.” Hetero- in and “Phonon2007. Engineering doi:10.1038/ncomms3374. Nature Communications a Trapped Vacuum.” in Microgyroscope of “Laser-Induced Cooling Rotation and Notable research institutions include the insti the include Notable research institutions
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Paris. . . . 39 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 40 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) promise increased functionalities. promise increased functionalities. there that some are Nevertheless, new materials pioneers. the been amongst has spacethe industry support, advanced and structural coatings thermal field of the in environment of outer space. Especially need hostile that the to beperformed tasks in the of duenature to the advanced of users materials, and cost mass savings. offer significant can techniques advanced design with new materials combination the since of better promising, quite are space to for explore. design vast engineers The results opened has up a design, ciples, biomimetic as such prin design different coupled attempts to utilise with trend, complex This designs. for manufacturing techniques of ‘3D commercialisation printing’ wide nothas happened yet. have been demonstratedlaboratories past the in in that nanomaterials the with materials of ‘normal’ photonics,sors, biomedicine) replacement but awide sen fields electronics, (integrated certain in reality production a properties. is Mass of nanomaterials level (nanoscale)molecular to have novel or improved altered a on have that materials are been artificially nano-assembled materials and Nanomaterials als. materi when comparedperformance to ‘normal’ enhanced have significant of offering potential the created laboratories the being are that in materials boosted research New, novel into materials. exotic advancement the is has of nanotechnology, which sector. of this activities spread R&D the interest in there a wide is thus and advanced materials utilises tech sector new applications. Every high allow erties new prop with new technology,materials as enabling research development facto and Materials de is Edison Thomas “To of invent,junk.” apile and you need agood imagination l l l Advanced Materials 6. The space industry has long been has theone most of industry The space development the the is field in significant Another recentdevelopments One most of significant, the an an - - - - - fied topics in all three areas, which will be expanded expanded be will which areas, three all fied topicsin identi has state physics TECHBREAK theory, etc. solid modelling, and designing CAD simulations, 5. http://www.eumat.eu/ 5. for space. significance beof particular can that field the some developments expected of the within highlight (EuMaT 2012).will section The following EuMaT the in development and rials roadmaps to are be found processes. manufacturing and design the efficiency of improving the and als materi at producing lighter aimed is expected, as etc.). development, Much ongoing of the electrical, mechanical, oftions properties (such thermal, as or properties, combina unmatched hitherto with provide can that materials alloys or metal-ceramic are metal-metal alloys These composite materials. to advanced nanoengineered from common alloys composite all materials: includesarea ones. This ing improvement the as well as or combination of exist theencompasses development This of materials new processes of sectors. many industrial the underpin been intensive materials these since antiquity, since has materials structural and on functional Research materials functional 6.1 sections. following the upon in simulations and theory, which includes software software theory,includes and which simulations c) and materials; for manufacturing techniques a) creation b) of new materials; creation of new There are three main areas in materials R&D: R&D: in materials areas threeThereare main Details of the state-of the-art for ofnew state-of many mate the the-art Details Advanced structural and 5 Strategic Research Agenda report Agenda StrategicResearch - - - - - others. others. carbide and graphite, silicon alumina, as such tion, composi varied with and etc., particles, whiskers, fibres, as such forms, and amounts various in phase reinforced embedded, an with matrix metallic composed arematerials ofMMCs a continuous (MMCs) Composites Matrix Metal Table 13. structures Active control of Multiscale modelling 3D printingofmolecules 3D printingoflenses 3D printingoffuelcells components 3D printingof 3D printingofcircuits production/ 3Dprinting Large scalegenerative Biomimetic design Biomimetic databases hydrogen storage Boron nitrideNTs : insulators Boron nitrideNTs : delivery Boron nitrideNTs :drug structural materials Boron nitrideNTs : CNTs Nanoenergetic materials materials superconducting Ferromagnetic and Topological insulators 2D materials materials Advanced construction Technology Area Space interesting technologies - Advanced materials -Advanced technologies interesting Space Level A Level A Level A Level A Level B Level B Level B Level A Level B Level B Level A Level B Level A Level A Level B Level C Level A Level A Level A varied Tech Level medium term medium term short term long term medium term short term medium term long term medium term short term long term long term long term long term medium term medium term long term long term long term medium term Horizon Development - robust interest robust interest robust interest niche area robust interest hot topic hot topic hot topic robust interest robust interest niche area robust interest niche area niche area hot topic niche area niche area robust interest hot topic robust interest Interest • as: such of anumber pated fields, in • The development of new light metal based, fibre developmentThe based, metal light of new recycling methods development the as well of as effective MMCs light other and cost reductionthe of aluminium Improvement of production processes to achieve In the coming five years, advances are antici fiveare advances coming years, the In mirrors stiffness, control oflarge reduce mass,maintain simulations, tests synthesis chemical andpharmaceutical of sensors production ofrobotic swarm efficient batteries/fuelcells repairs, spares of sensors production ofrobotic swarm techniques advanced fabrication lightweight structures robotics, sensors lightweight structures, hydrogen storage thermal protection drug delivery new structuralmaterial carriers lightweight materials,drug efficient propulsion detectors devices optoelectronics, memory treatments, solarcells nanomedicine, anti-bacterial sensors, detectors, materials new lightweight,durable Use OD3.5 OD1.2, OD2.6 OD5.4 OD4.7 OD2.8 OD1.8, OD2.5 OD4.7 OD1.4 OD1.2, OD4.2 OD1.2, OD1.2 OD2.7 OD2.1 OD5.4 OD1.1 OD1.1 OD1.8 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD5.4 OD5.7, OD3.9, OD3.7 OD2.2, OD2.1, OD1.8, OD1.1, OD - 41 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 42 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) • • • • • alloys that exhibit good characteristics of both characteristics good exhibit that alloys (or metal–ceramic polymer)FGMs essentially are Functional Materials Graded (FGMs) • • at a include:aims 10 horizon year The main • include: field (EuMaT2012) of research this priorities in Highlights etc. systems), temperature furnaces, high (braking concentrators), (solar automobiles eration nowpower solar for include materials gen these reactors New markets vehicles. space and re-entry nuclear in use found haveenvironments and initially have hotrials for been designed working extremely fibres. These embeddedmate ceramic with matrix, CMCs consist of aceramic to MMCs, Similar CompositesCeramic Matrix (CMCs) • 10-15 next the years include: development of the roadmap for Some highlights • • • • • • Modelling for lifetime behaviourof CMCs for lifetime Modelling treatment of thermal Optimisation analysis Use damage of non-destructive compositions and structures suspensions for developmentCeramic of tailored Decrease cost of of fibres the carbon bases. data properties material reliable of Development Development for protection. oxidation of coatings environments radiation for suitable (joining), materials other CMC with integration 1400 than temperature higher ing applicationsresistant CMCs for at a work turbine creepDevelopment and damage of oxidation, ponent production. processes for com MMC Rapid manufacturing MMCs nanostructured cost-effective of Development conditions for demanding databases properties material Completion of standardised alloys. ferrous Development on based of MMCs, resistant wear tions condi service for demanding databases property creationapplications the and of reliable material industrial properties for final and microstructure of processing, Improvements modelling the in components MMC processes ofapplication of rapid manufacturing the and loaded MMCs operations of highly ishing improvementfin The strategies for of machining 300 200- in applications for composites reinforced engines, electric vehicles, etc. vehicles, electric engines, o C range for automotiveC range applications as such o C ------worlds: higher fracture resistance and being able being resistance and fracture worlds: higher nology levels and development levels and nology horizons. the to give tech of any accurate evaluation difficult sector, of itGiven size this extremely is large the • include: a 10researchThe priorities horizon year with • • • • fiveinclude:orities fornext the years (aerospace, nuclear energy, etc.) The research pri temperature environments high applications in for is materials these interest in industrial main Consequently temperatures. the high to withstand ease of processability and functionalisation make make functionalisation and ofease processability graphene. with work their for Manchester of Novoselov Konstantin and Geim University at the 2010 Physics in Nobelawarded was Prize to Andre The strength. mechanical excellent and stability conductivity, electronic good thermal high as such to its exceptional physical properties, owing interest, tremendous researchit attention attracted and has University 2004) the lated of in in Manchester and It arelatively is pattern. (it new material iso first was hexagonal a regular in of atoms carbon arranged layer sheet single Graphene dimensional, a two is undoubtedly, graphene. is, material 2D most famous one of atom. only The athickness having sheet, layer asingle in arranged are that materials are implies, name Two their as materials, dimensional 6.2 • • • materials construction Advanced Area Technology Entry point: point: Entry sation for better mechanical performance sation mechanical for better organi hierarchical with Production of materials graded materials Nano-scale FGMs of processing Improved Fully hierarchical materials. hierarchical Fully (atomic to macro scale) modelling range Full coatings tured protocols and for nanostruc Methods gradedand alloys. titanium on coatings nanostructured High-performance resistance tion oxida at better targeted coatings Nanostructured The promising properties together with the properties together with promising The 2D materials 2D Michal Basista (KMM-VIN) Basista Michal cation and appli- on material Depending Tech Level medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest ------partner in the Graphene Flagship consortium). Flagship Graphene the in partner http://www.graphene-flagship.eu/GF/index.php 6. nano spintronics and as applications, such potential have graphene, materials numerous these with As production methods. sible their as to produce well as are now that pos- materials new 2D the review of all (2013) etal. Butler germanane. and silicene gives a have materials New 2D been produced, as such properties. different with all materials, thick hedral possible to atom produce or few-atomsingle poly ment of graphene it production became techniques, advance graphene.the With than other materials research 2D received interest has in rekindled has (2013). Boccaccini and Chavez-Valdez, in befound deposition can Shaffer review forduction electrophoretic graphene using Novoselovin (2012). etal. A fabrication pro and a roadmap for graphene development befound can Areview of applications and future. the in results 2013). more many and deliveries 2011; (Pumera Mao etal. drug coatings, antibacterial therapy,as diagnostics, 2010)et al. world such medical to the applications in photonics optics and 2011), (Bonaccorso cells, solar 2011), 2011; et al. Pumera sensors etal. (Huang Kim (Tassinelectronics 2010;2012; Schwierz et al. K. researchedactively numerous, are from post-silicon toThe area watch. grapheneapplications of arethat an it makes definitely phene research attained has Union Graphene European to the the Flagship. from € grant award by the of a 1 billion highlighted graphene of importance The sensors. is forEurope and energy photonic clean and electronic as devices, of applications, such range been explored a wide in have derivatives its and graphene Importantly, als. materi of functional incorporation into avariety for candidates graphene ideal materials based lattice. agraphene on Figure 6. is a field that is expected to produce significant thatexpected to is produce afield is significant The attention (and funding) that graphene that attentionThe (and funding) attention this and Given level the of funding thatgra funding andexceptionalThe attention Artistic view of a nanometer size quantum dot, dot, quantum size ananometer of view Artistic Credit: University of Manchester. of University Credit: (ESF is a is (ESF 6 ------6.3 2013). (Liu etal. nanotubes carbon normal than bestiffer can that atom chain, carbon stiff durable and produce extremely can an on computer of atoms simulations), carbon strands (based theory of atoms. In along line essentially are which production on the materials, of 1D theorising researchers have dimensions, ‘reduced’ now started storage. energy and later), phononics discussed (to be insulators topological photonics, electronics, tors 2011). (Kong Cui and Topological insulators conductors photodetectransparent wideband and grapheneas replacements for applications as such serve might They synthesis. solvothermal and tion vapour deposi chemical as such cost techniques low with relatively easily bemanufactured might materials such semiconductor Additionally, devices. power interest it of to consumptionis and potential low and mobility exceptional transport materials insulating gives topologically surface metallic the from optoelectronics. The absence of backscattering spintronicsapplications (computer in memory) and have that insulators been proposedical are so far state researchers. solid amongst popular becoming but it quickly is itsinfancy in 2007)]. 2007observed (Königal. et in is field The (2004) Zhang Nagaosa and Murakami, was in and physics proposed [a first was insulator topological torsstate in solid arelatively are new field study of (Mooreby impurities 2010). Topological insula insensitive are to scattering surface on this elling aretravthat electrons The to its orbital momentum. oriented is electron spin the perpendicular surface, metallic On that states. conducting contains surface its interior but in its insulator behaves an rial like 2011). (Kong Cui vacuum the and mate with Thus, or materials insulating other with boundary their states electronic presenttors have that at metallic Topological or semiconduc are insulators insulators Entry points: Entry 2D materials Area Technology Barcelona) (ICFO Pruneri Valerio Department), Physics andResearch (Thales Dolfi Technology, Daniel Centre atResearch Southampton University), The main The main (theoretical) applications for topolog As a result of the success of materials with with of success of materials the aresult As Topological insulators Nikolay Zheludev (Optoelectronics (Optoelectronics Zheludev Nikolay Level A Tech Level long term Horizon Development hot topic Interest ------43 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 44 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) netism are generally considered or generally are competing netism such as UGe as such the technology has a10+ has horizon. year technology the 2012).is a areaandrelatively Cirillo This new and (Attanasio materials based on hybrid structured photon detectors single superconducting, fast, command. thermal of only instead electric superconductors,grated with however, for the allow Ferromagnetic inte of spins. materials alignment from superconductivity the results entation while ori spin anti-parallel an in electron attraction with opposite phenomena. Ferromagnetism associated is RuSr as such behaviour of the rare materials mimic and netism ferromag superconductivity and both exhibit that materials. of different or laminates alternate material of another structure molecular the within atoms as such of one ‘trapped’ material materials of range integrated a wide describes and used also is exclusive. The term ‘nanocomposites’ ered mutually beconsid would normally properties that exhibit that production ofthe integrated nanomaterials allows theintegration nanoscale on The of materials materials superconducting 6.4 universities. subjectChinese ofin the are amajor research effort ducting materials and supercon- Ferromagnetic Technology, Physics Department) Supérieure) Entry point: Entry Area Technology point: Entry insulators Topological Area Technology These materials can haveultra can in materials These applications materials contains of materials One class such Ferromagnetic and and Ferromagnetic command of the superconducting material material superconducting of the command Daniel Dolfi (Thales Research and Research (Thales Dolfi Daniel Yves (École Normale Guldner 2 2 GdCu . Superconductivity and ferromag. Superconductivity and Level A Level Tech Level A Level Tech 2 O 8 or heavy fermion materials or fermionmaterials heavy long term Horizon Development long term Horizon Development niche area Interest interest robust Interest ------where this was not was possiblewhere before, under this as such environments combustion in to allow nanomaterials have been introducednano-coatings to reactive 2008).et al. water-repellent special Additionally, (Umbrajkar strength ity, low porosity structural and reactiv to of achieve combined high characteristics consolidated be readily can that Milling Reactive Arrested by prepared powders nanocomposite tive for creation reac the is of energetic nanomaterials device]. pyrotechnic anew CuO as and onenergetic based Al nanowire Chou (2010)and for adescription of anew nano- Ang [see, pyrotechnics and for Zhang, example, investigatedrocket for solid being are propellant often easier phasetion is to control. The materials igni the properties and have mechanical better output reaction, of the thermal the in increase an nano-powders. offer These nano-explosives mixed (explosives).tion form of come the they in Usually reac output of energy athermal the of increasing for purpose the nanostructures with been enhanced have that are substances Nanoenergetic materials 6.5 mass of aluminium and the strength of steel’. strength the and of aluminium mass ‘the combining for space the potential industry, haveto develop. materials such great Nevertheless, time take will andcost-effective limited solutionis today, would, provide material cations where a this of hydrogen; quantities to large etc. adsorb ability the having marker biological molecules; and for chemical carrier excellent an to hot being acids; resistant extremely densities; being current electrical (>1lus to conduct high terapascal); ability the having Young’s known CNTs high avery modu are: having unique Some of the properties of fields. scientific and industrial many transform will that materials have nanotubes Carbon beenportrayed often as 6.6 explosives. and propergols improved offer will solid These materials Canada. 2013). etal. water (Collins Entry point: Entry materials Nanoenergetic Area Technology An alternative process to mixing nano-powders alternative process to mixing An As with many new materials, the range of appli range the new many materials, with As and USA the Most research ofin based is the Carbon nanotubes (CNT) Carbon nanotubes (CNT) Nanoenergetic materials Nanoenergetic Brigitte Attal-Tretout Brigitte (ONERA) Level C Level Tech medium term Horizon Development niche area Interest ------7. www.inno-cnt.de 7. samples for of BNNT availability the limited has This chemicals. or dangerous instrumentation cial temperatures (>1300 growth high excessively of that CNTs, requiring than tougher of BNNTs much are syntheses the that is situation major the ofreasons BNNTs.that for Among this on CNTs activities aremuch than more popular Yap and Lee (Wang, of TPa 1.2 2010). aYoung’s with modulus on Earth, nanomaterials BNNTs strongest lightweight are the nanotubes. carbon stable than chemically and more thermally of ~5.5 bandgap awide lators with eV. BNNTs are acid or insu boron BNNTs trioxide. electrical are from boric therefore is and produced synthetically nature notgen is atoms. Boron in found nitride (BN) numbers of of consists boron equal nitro and composites. Boron nitride structural tifunctional (BNNTs) forcreation serve the of mul also can to CNTs, boron nanotubes nitride Similarly 6.7 report. TECHBREAK the elsewhere in Drivers mentioned as Overwhelming to the bility materials’, it a much has broader of range applica ‘advanced under section this in listed is technology CNT Although available to and manufacturers. becomes more understood technology widely this 5–10 take years before it will products, few niche from a But apart industry”. of German growth and the competitiveness to is crucial which field logical innovative forces additional a”mobilising techno in of purpose the with Research of and Education sponsored is and Federal by Ministry the strategy government’s German of the part is high-tech CNT to produce or wish products on based Inno. it. ogy technol Bayermaterials) developing are CNT that (including industry and from academia institutions inno.CNT, innovation alliance, aCNT established has example, government, technology.German The for CNT ise formed to develop collaborations commercial and Entry points: points: Entry CNTs Area Technology Physics Department) Physics andResearch (Thales Dolfi Technology, Daniel Despite their extraordinary property, research extraordinary Despite their governments national Several Europe have in Boron nitride nanotubes 7 which comprises which about 100 German Michal Basista (KMM-VIN), (KMM-VIN), Basista Michal Level B Level Tech medium term Horizon Development o C), spe involving hot topic Interest ------living cells have been cells performed. living reaction on the of BNNTs studies with only so far and though infancy inits 2013). al. still is Thefield for sensors nanotransducers biomedical (Ciofani et as well as topical treatment and of diseases, delivery for drug nanocarriers as both domain, medical the 2010). forhave years (Wang ceramics al. et in been used excess of 1000in survive can they that CNTs show atthan elevated Results temperatures. BNNTs stability have chemical binding. a higher for stronger hydrogen nanotubes between the and moment a dipole induce bonds because ionic B–N are preferableThey CNTs to for hydrogenstorage 3.1). (cf. stiffness OD1, section maintaining while ordercomposites in to reduce ceramics, and mass tions. applica properties and of their study experimental (Hecht, Hu and Irvin 2011).(Hecht, Hu Irvin and damaged it easily is nature, due to itsceramic and (ITO).oxide scarce supply Unfortunately, in is ITO tin indium was electrodes for these material popular thefar, most Thus electronics. consumer in used extensively are technologies these as high, extremely is forelectrodes transparent demand the Naturally, cells. solar and OLEDs of touch screens, LCDs, Transparent component essential an are electrodes 6.8 Tecnologia). di Italiano (Istituto Micro-BioRobotics at SSSA Centre contact the for is potential Another (2013). etal. Siria in Néel indicated (CNRS) as Université Lyon), Bernard Claude Institut Lyon Matière / Lumière in (CNRS Institut contacts are: European Some potential other Entry point: Entry delivery NTs: drug Boron nitride storage NTs: hydrogen Boron nitride materials NTs: structural Boron nitride NTs: insulators Boron nitride Area Technology BNNTs may also haveBNNTs may applications also potential in BNNTs serve for reinforcement can of polymeric Transparent electrodes Brigitte Attal-Tretout Brigitte (ONERA) Level A Level A Level A Level B Level Tech long term long term long term long term Horizon Development o C and they they C and niche area niche area niche area interest robust Interest - 45 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 46 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) design is closely tied to the abilities and limitations limitations and abilities to tied the closely is design Traditionally, less mass. lightweight thus structure, less with loads mechanical expected the maintain that can design, adifferent or use materials, weight new, with either replacepaths; light materials the possible thereFor two are non-active structures, to space central endeavours. is mass Reducing 6.9 cations. worldEurope and due to its wide commercial appli in screens. field Thereextensiveis this research on touch and cells solar in particularly and tronics (2012)]. (2013);ple, Pruneri (2013); Ghosh etal. Chen etal. [see, new capabilities demonstrating forand exam the production techniques continues on refining demonstrated has research and its superiority ogy far, So notechnol specific nanowires. and grids metal transparent CNTs, graphene ultrathin and of choice: electrode ment transparent the of as ITO replacement to be the electrodes of yet. ITO polymer not has allowed low and ciency durability low Unfortunately, cost. their low effi particularly Polymer advantages, offer many electrodes devices. forused mobile phones, photovoltaics other and from ITO are conducting polymers that are widely widely are polymers that from conducting are ITO the rear of the car (heads-up display function). function). display (heads-up car the of rear the Figure 7. Eindhoven) Centre, (TNO-Holst Schoo Herman and Entry point: Entry electrodes Transparent Area Technology The most common transparent electrodes apart The transparentelectrodes most apart common This technology has many applications in elec in many applicationshas technology This for Therearereplace several candidates other Biomimetic design Biomimetic Ultra Thin Metal Film, used for projecting the view from from view the projecting for used Film, Metal Thin Ultra Valerio (ICFO Pruneri Barcelona) Level B Level Tech short term Horizon Development Credit: ICFO Credit: hot topic Interest ------techniques, can add stiffness to a structure but also also but tostructure a stiffness add can techniques, produced easily is by cut-and-paste which structure, design. engineering into amanufacturable design a biological translating of difficulty of the because largely value acuriosity more than had little 2013). Up to now, concepts design have biomimetic Szema 2005; (Lee and methods Marco etal. two or acombination of the structures of certain design the to optimise methods selection based on natural optimisation and genetic algorithms by exploiting 2013)] al. et (Rodriguez or walls to vertical ‘stick’ way [i.e.,tapesontion based adhesion the geckos evolved organisms. natural of highly design on the based is that adesign is hand, other on the design, Biomimetic methods. manufacturing and grammes (Computer-Aidedof CAD modern Design) pro saving without change of material), wheel hubs change car without saving turbine wind offshore(48% of an weight structure supporting the projects, including of engineering been already applied to a process number has This design. engineering (‘evolved’) to reach afinal and optimised simplified then is design biological Theselected load cases. the to examine techniques (Computer-Aided CAE using analysed Engineering) desired of component. the thenare These tionality func the most fit forms closely that plankton the find database theto screening of firstly consists process design The mass. structural minimum with evolved loads to physical resist environmental large havemicroscopic, exoskeletal these organisms all Engineering. Structure – Evolutional Light ELiSE process as known is conventional This using methods. manufactured be can than design engineering it into an ing’ ‘evolv and design abiological novel way of taking problemhaven by this developing a addressed has space. in tures for attribute struc important an is self-damping Good characteristics. damping better and nances fewer has also reso stiffness, adding while which, have contrast, in design a more fractal structures, frequency. Biological spatial honeycomb’s regular the duevibrational to to resonance peaks often leads conventional engineering designs. A honeycomb A designs. engineering conventional 90,000 different forms of plankton. Although Although 90,000 forms of plankton. different solu the adopting either by forms, directly two come solutionadaptation biological of can in the problem. The engineering solutionsthose to an or applying of transferring aim the world, with havesystems solved problems real various the in way the those and of systems biological tionality Biological structures are more irregular than than are more irregular structures Biological func the of field study of the is Biomimetics AWI’s starting point is a catalogue of over acatalogue point is AWI’s starting Alfred Institute (AWI)Wegener The Bremerin ------• • horizon): term (long 2007). Madden 2004; 2006; Hugues and Delcomyn Rochel Martinez, (Chu 2012; architectures al. et or communication techniques sensing locomotion, for either ration, robotics oftinspi- systems for biological mimic en 2013). Balazs (Kuksenokand Additionally, design solutions beadoptedbiomimetic could for habitat Thus, spacecraft. manned as well as organisms micro- for certain importance ofissue paramount components. compressiveand structural solutions diff and timaterial erentiated use of tensile mul- including structures, ofcomplexity lightweight increased structural to allow expected are methods solutions to specifi c problems. fabrication New tailor and to be used optimise can that databases creation the ofcomputational allow power, it will in gains the grows. Combined with organisms and designs natural regarding of catalogued information (2013). etal. Maier seen in be can method of the outline An saving). weight (50% cast (20% orthopaedic an and saving), weight spaces within a hostile environment. Th a hostile spaces within an is is spacecraftand of protectedthegrowth is design 3D-lightweight structures structures 3D-lightweight generic or generation mathematic Increasingly of mance (FEA – FEM plus computer –FEM power) (FEA mance Th e more perfor- rapidassessment structure of Th include design expectations of e biomimetic of design biological A common characteristic fi biomimetics the As amount the growing, eldis Credit: AWI. Credit: &Co. ltd. Saarlouis Stadco for procedure ELiSE the using offshore platform, designed Figure 9. AWI Credit: platform). off-shore an of base the case, this (in hand at problem mechanical the to referenced is solution best the v) and optimised further and elaborated is model the iv) abstracted, are archetypes and methods construction the iii) analysed, are problem given the of cases load The ii) problem, given the to functions similar have that structures for screened are organisms Planktonic i) right): to left (from Figure 8. Bionic B-Pillar for for B-Pillar Bionic EliSE procedure procedure EliSE of the parts to be produced. With recent to beproduced. With advances in parts of the severely that design the restrict limitations facturing Th designs. conventional engineering ereare manu- more invariably are designs complexBiological than • futuristic promises of creating anything with a push a push with promises anything of creating futuristic for been around decades) has technique the and novelty process, the factor (even the turing though project). ADMMS project (e.g., NASA’snology ESA’sand AMAZE tech- the promote to programmes development own who have NASA and their launched ESA by both Th fast. progressing quite is and is was recognised potential future enormous has that technology a is this rather small, currently are printing by 3D components the produced Although design. metic complement forms a natural to biomi- printing 3D 6.10 technology. production manufacturing and Th as a 3Dprinting with deals section e following gap to seems beclosing. this techniques, printing 3D • • Entry point: point: Entry design Biomimetic databases Biomimetic Area Technology Institute) Eff ective aregenerativethat production methods vidual technical solution. technical vidual products to products adapted specifi to the indi- c Adaptation produced, from ‘one-size-fi mass ts-all’ moulding tion effi injec- as such methods than production cient precipitationto silica of diatoms) aremore that (in analogy materials resilient of highly casting cold- e.g., production methods, Energy-saving etc. lithography, stereo- sintering, laser current much than faster Th e manufac-recent additive in advancements printing 3D Christian Hamm (Alfred Wegener Level B Level B Level Tech medium term short term Horizon Development interest robust interest robust Interest 47 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 48 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 1. method: manufacturing main the as adoption printing wide of 3D the inhibit today that USA. the strongeris in movement consumer printing 3D the Nevertheless, 2004). al. et 2007; Beaman al. et sities (Eklund univer and companies European in be found can some and most of advanced the techniques printing Corp).systems 3D led research Europe has the in 3D and stock market the (STRATASYS in publicly major trade as that companies well products as available to start-ups promise novel new that and increase of venture there been an capital has U.S., the in especially andaspress a lately result, nificant internet. fromthefreely fordownload available files CAD (Fab@home, printer system), 3D with 2 syringe forafford ~2,000 € a whohome can byists printer now is availableto private printing 3D hob public. of the imagination of captured the abutton, has 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
Additive manufacturing has also attracted sig attracted also has manufacturing Additive Most vendors have that aclosed architecture printers. 3D of proliferation the commercialin rolebut plays a significant usually rectly, for issue not is R&D an which object properties of cor the an calculate and not beable to design asimplewill shapes, user geometrical complex the Given software. mercial com in optimisation topology when performing intoaccount Today, taken is elasticity linear only be. should not are robust they plex as systems as of stresses properties com and calculating and fordesigning capabilities software current the Furthermore, well. function to order in operators printers of number require 3D skilled A large machines. products produced different with of identical geometry and quality in variations There product. significant are final same the produce consistently printersModern cannot aone-piecemore than object. it makes impossiblewhich to produce anything manufacturing, multi-material to use Inability you one print object or one million. if regardless same, price the per object remains number of The to the objects. according duction reduces that cost of the proyet forprinting 3D law expensive. quite are Thereis scaling no als cost of production, input the since materiHigh applications). medical for cells biological and cases certain in of liquids rare exception the with some and metals, plastics (mainly of number input materials limited A very some issues facing still nevertheless is Industry 3D printers lack hardware3D reliability. even to days one print object. intensiveTime hoursor take production. It can ------deposition for technology. Printers high-temperature directed energy thatuse systems companies offer four and are based on powder technology bed fusion systems Most field. the advanced in highly are nies compa European printing. 3D feed as in materials (Wohlers for2012). flight parts various qualifying benotedmust aerospace that actively are companies 2013). (Metzger etal. speculation Neverthelessit level high very remains exploitation butand this newsystemexploration spacecraft forto build solar situ in of tion a great to save technique by costs utilisa and on fuel considered is as printing 3D phase. scenario ceptual con the far, in thus space is, in techniques printing massive adoption3D ofdiscussion regarding The 10. shape) is not able to be used in the process. the in used be to able not shape) is the on powder of (depending 30-80% since thing, good is a This 8. development in actively are (Wohlersmetals 2012). other and 625 718. and Aerospace-grade aluminium nickel-based and super-alloys Inconel as such alloys, AlSi as such aluminium tool steels, steels, chrome, stainless Ti-6Al-4V.alloy cobalt– are used metals Other aerospace and titanium applicationsmedical the is ratio. have printers 30%-40% a polymer whereas waste powder be recycled, metal can unused of the all For printers, waste. is metal methods traditional advantage over adefinitive has where printing 3D or cavities. One point channels internal with ucts production the of as lowsuch volume, complex prod preferred is where method cases 3D special are the There of finish. volume,processes cost or quality in casting and machining compete traditional with deposition (Wohlers energy directed 2012). net (LENS) shaping from Optomec example of an is (SLM) from Renishaw. engineered technique Laser melting selectiveprocess laser the from and EOS (DMLS) sintering laser metal direct the are systems 2009). Rosen and of Examples powder bed fusion Bourell (Leu, Europe in designed only are materials printing systems. Among the most popular for most popular the Among systems. printing 9.
The last decade has seen the rise of metal source the rise of metal seen decade has last The prohibits researchers changing the process the toprohibits researchers changing Many types of metals are available on metal availableon are metal of metals types Many are weaker than traditional methods. traditional weakerare than process produces sintering the objects that since especially limited, also is of models Usability its shape geometry. and printer understand a 3D needs. their suit At present, 3D printed metal processesAt present, printed metal cannot 3D trivial to scan an item in such a way itemsuch to make as in an to scan trivial it issue; not is an is models of CAD Availability 10 Mg and 6061T6, and Mg gold dental and jewellery materials on the Moon asteroids on the and materials 8 - - - - 9. http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page 9. scale required are small for that ultra-efficient, etries produce often complex can the geom printing 3D or batteries. cells fuel productionthe small of very 2009). (Leu etal. units not need additional will and structure of the part be can itself circuit the as lead to volume savings, development product. Thatof the potentially could be printed butcontours on the can circuits tional tradi like of Texas. function The printed circuits University the and Laboratories National Sandia by oftion production circuits printed of electronic 3D future. the of sensors for in aswarm parts optical situ forin the be utilised perhaps could way but technology the this escope in for atel alens or amirror possible to manufacture it be that would applications. It doubtful is limited 2012) Kasuga and but lens (Yanaka, with Kira ing yet. Thereare to some exist efforts produce a work not does lensesor mirrors to optical print accuracy the to have, although ability attractive extremely an as been discussed lenseshas of optical printing 3D • • 2011): (Leontiou includes development Cutting-edge 2009). compositionand (Leu etal. point-to-pointand control properties of materials nitride), composites, continuous filament minium situ filters, etc.),dispersion in or (diffraction materials gradient optics integrated polymers, temperature development fabrication, high- affordable after of polymer resins with improved part time stability improved stability polymer resins with time part stereolithography polymers, (SLA)self-healing novel including with materials experimenting • • • tures to serve as blood vessels to as serve tures struc tube production assisted thin of very Laser be printed printer itself. by the components from made is plastic which can that printer form RepRap, the of3D the in machine, assembly) firstself-replicating needs The (still from anylon mostly derivedClothes, material travel atof speeds up per hour to 100 miles meters of can two and Itdrone. a wingspan has 3Dprinted aerial first theentirely SULSA, The New York’s Institute French Culinary Universitywith collaboration dents at in Cornell for, developed blueprint by calls stu digital the to form whatever design intricate out syringe via be poured pumped intohead a print then can and which softer foods, works that printer A food with One interesting developmentOne interesting demonstra the is Another potential application of 3D printing is is application printing of potential 3D Another is industry the printing, polymer Regarding sensors, self-assembled single crystals (e.g., alu crystals self-assembled sensors, single production of many small production of small many 9 ------new materials are made available. Extreme preci Extreme available. are made new materials if especially 3Dprinting, from benefit significantly out end damaged. product the being with devices, other any procedure to insert printing ductors). impossible to the pause far, So it almost is con as serve (which traces printed will metal with 2012). etal. (Kitson robust producing reliable and reactorsmaterials inexpensive using a few hours, just in syntheses ‘reactionware’ devices for fluidic chemical turised 2012)(Symes al. et or production by of the minia laboratories synthetic accessibleneering to typical engi from chemical techniques platform makes that discovery automatedchemical reconfigurable and anovelvia approach, creates which acost-effective, analysis, reactionware and synthesis for chemical atUrbana-Champaign. of Illinois University University the from by and Harvard ateam sand, of of agrain size the micro-batteries of lithium-ion power Arecent sources. production the example was this-4d-printing-is-on-the-way/ http://3dprintingindustry.com/2013/02/27/are-you-ready-for- 13. dimension-printing-4-d http://www.rdmag.com/news/2013/10/grant-opens-new- 12. UchZI0r7Ens 11. http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2013/02/10.htm#. batteries http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2013/06/printing-tiny-10. desired outcome.to the conform to shape its of transformation a undergo thefactors of mentionedinfluence above,will it due to the printed, is Oncematerial the a design. element time to the adding shapes properties, and initial their change forces will or external other temperature, water light, contact with in that als materi various of feature combining extra the horizon. the appearance on an made has printing 4D evolving, impact. to capture its ficult dif still is it while mayareas, benefit many other time. a100 demonstrating fold printing tres, decrease in to down 100 just nanome ranging sizes feature with companyGerman Nanoscribeproduced structures improving. Recently, the are drastically techniques the for been years and around has sion sketching techniques that combine polymer based systems combine systems based that polymer techniques provide afor boost printing will materials smart Finally, the micro and nano world will probably world nano micro and the will Finally, of domain the in its way found also printing 3D It is expected that the growing demand for demand growing the that It expected is As the functionalities of 3D printing continue printing of 3D functionalities the As 11
3D printing is an enabling technology that that technology enabling an is printing 3D 12,13 Similar to 3D printing, but having but having printing, to 3D Similar
10 ------49 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 50 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) more suitable for closed-loop applications. Both Both applications. closed-loop for more suitable hysteresis showdevices therefore are ahigher and of fi the direction to the according Piezo eld applied. or contract whereas applied, expand piezo devices when a voltage expand is only devices trostrictive Thdiff main e that elec- is two between the erence devices. electrostrictive and ments piezoelectric are redundancy. allow and be fail-safe need have to bereliable, low power consumption, therefore correction mechanisms Active structure hence not level. is at advantageous asystem always and of risk failure the increases also mechanisms vibrations. structural to damp actively ability the is control of structures active advantage of fast additional An system. the elsewhere in shape amechanism or form by using error in an correcting and shape structure of the achieve ‘stiffthat the ness’ by actively controlling alternative approach adaptive to is use structures increased Young’s An with or both. als modulus, materi- using mass, the either increasing implied traditionally has structures stiff very Making 6.11 Institute), Lee Cronin (GlasgowInstitute), Cronin Lee University) Entry points: Entry fuel cells 3D printingof molecules 3D printingof lenses 3D printingof circuits 3D printingof components 3D printingof printing production/ 3D generative Large scale Area Technology Potential solutions that meet all these require- these Potential solutions meet that all additional aspace environment,In adding Active structures Christian Hamm (Alfred Wegener Level B Level A Level A Level B Level B Level A Level Tech medium term short term long term medium term short term long term Horizon Development interest robust interest robust niche area hot topic hot topic hot topic Interest structures arepiezo fistructures sand- typically are bres,which 2009). etal. 2009;2012; Gonté Bastaits etal. for for example, active control et al. (Dai of mirrors several groups and have these, with experimented ment applications or actuators adaptive mirror extensively for of are used fi devices types align- ne support plate. CFRP sandwich the in mounted support isostatic its on Optics Figure 11. (polymer) produced commonly are and either by (ceramic) either are PZT used materials or PDVF conduction Th sheath. core external and ducting e ficomposites (AFC) coaxial and a con- with bres have been developed for piezo fi bres: active bre fi fi to manufacture. cult problemthis but besignifi would dif- more cantly ited on opposite sides fi of the bre would overcome fiextruded depos- directly the electrodes with bres or rectangular Square obvious disadvantage. an is aspace environment, in required which, stress the applied voltage therefore is to achieve necessary fielectric the epoxy.in higher eldis A lost much layer, epoxy most ofapplied thin the a very with fi PZT the than permittivity trical bres. us, even Th piezo fi the encapsulate bres a has much lowerelec- and to attach used epoxy the drawbackthat the ites convenient are but suff to manufacture from er Suchpiezo-fibonded structure. to the bre compos- fl two between wiched be that can electrodes exible An interesting variant for active control variant of interesting An Th approachestwothat main are ereessentially Si-PZT Bimorph segment mirror prototype for Adaptive Adaptive for prototype mirror segment Bimorph Si-PZT Credit: ESA-GSTP-BIALOM Credit: Laboratory, University of Liège of University Laboratory, surface. surface. refl the and wires ecting the and the control scale, on actuator individual an of electrode fi PZT Actuator gold a lm, right: to left From prototype. Figure 10. Credit: Active Structures Structures Active Credit: A Bimorph Mirror Mirror ABimorph to the change in scale (Elliott 2011). approach This (Elliott scale in change to the due character theoretical their in dissimilar always, but often, are not which timescales, and length or at more two techniques different of modelling long timescales. in on materials effects the study and time in sures need long expo the to simulate space, there also is operationalenvironments like For demanding scale. macro the as well as nanoscale the both simulate need the to with have changed, simulations also the of conditions The boundary methods. software traditional with be ofsimulated what can limits the pushing is complexity in increase an functionality, in increase the Alongside non-engineered materials. normal, the than characteristics ter or more useful composite have and which ceramics bet materials new metals, provided with engineers and scientists haveand nanotechnology in materials The advances 6.12 example. for a30m+ space telescope, when constructing arise will that issues forthere great is solving potential developmenttechnological be necessary, would Although Finland. in Germany, in VTT institutes Fraunhofer Netherlands, the in TNO as ries such researchcontrol national laborato several large in 1997. by DARPA in funded was on AFC 2011). work Brunner and Melnykowycz The original 2005; et al. 2006; 2002; Bowen Brunner et al. al. et (Williams etc. vibration and monitoring, stress turbines, wind and machines in vibration damping forused active avionics control the industry, in fibresare Piezo sensors. currently and actuators in areused fibres)methods Both lar or by spinning. cost to circu in similar them (making extrusion Technology Dept., Chalmers University) Chalmers Technology Dept., Manufacturing and (Materials Rigdahl Mikael (Fraunhofer ISC),Research), Brunner Bernhard Federal Laboratories Testing for Material & (Swiss University Brunner J. of Bath), Andreas Dept., Engineering Bowen (Mechanical Centre, UniversityResearch of Liege), Chris Libre Serge Habraken Bruxelles), de (Applied Entry points: Entry of structures Active control Area Technology Multiscale modelling entails the application the entails modelling Multiscale interestTherein active growing seems to be a Multiscale modelling Multiscale André Preumont (Université (Université Preumont André Level A Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - - - been done yet. nothas aspacecraft, as such complicated structure, macrolevel nano the the and levelbetween for a combination atrue although nanomaterials, for modelling multiscale perform oped can that have devel beentools already software Successful 1. 2011):be (Elliott have that numerousof the techniques emerged can microscopic the Applications levelwith simulations. of structures Element Analysis Finite traditional link to is eventually One goals of the simulations. computational power to such available perform of increase the the as well as materials, engineered aforementioneddue to the from new demands community materials the in attraction gained has with this topic. this with (EuMaT technologies and 2012)materials deals engineering advanced for Platform Technology sectors. Working Group industrial 1ofEuropean the 4. 3. 2. Institute) Entry point: Entry modelling Multiscale Area Technology When KMM-VIN was approached, was one of KMM-VIN their When research tasks. some in involvement subsequent and mulation problem in for KMM-VIN with engaged are research partners centres. Strategic European groups from different modelling and terisation charac processing, projects materials involving work research multi-partner groups initiate and joint research of of their programmes the a part research problemsas consortia for KMM-VIN suggest to industry, linked or directly industry from often partners, Strategic space transport. also includes which work group, Transport’ for ‘Materials the in partners strategic miss over 50 research they groups’ collaborations, despite involvedcomments that was being in There is significant interest in this field from all field this from in interest Thereis significant algorithms for nanostructures. for algorithms biomimetic Novel using fabrication methods ceramics behaviourin fracture of large Studies alloys and properties of of the nanometals Studies nuclearpower plants particularly metals, in damage and radiation diffusion of the Studies Christian Hamm (Alfred Wegener Level A Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - 51 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 52 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Flagship programme GRAPHENE is a 10 is year, 1 bil GRAPHENE programme Flagship graphene. on working tion reputa of international scientists as well as GDR, played previous of the amajor activities role the in who have partners French, Canadian and European graphene. and group nanotubes The together brings research on networktion (GDRI) cross-linking group (GDR 3217) coordina international an and from its members. services cational edu and provide consultancy also coordination, can KMM-VIN of materials. real of microstructure the micro computed Tomography (micro-CT) imaging composites using infiltrated and ceramic-matrix metal-matrix, processes in fracture and damage effective of properties the of materials, modelling numerical and analysis the includes this particular, In materials. a broad of range advanced structural out research development and carry Europe that on in ciation members industry and from academia 70 a ofis collaboration members almost asso and It (KMM-VIN). Materials Multifunctional based on Knowledge- Institute Virtual European the is 3. 2. 1. on: groups focus that ing The is platform comprised testing. of seven work and production, optimisation from design, ucts, prod of cycle industrial life elements full of the all involves platform technology European EuMat The in Europe and programmes Advanced Materials platforms to (EuMaT increase 2012). going need the only is forand advanced materials employment and future the growth in European drivepoised also to are technologies The emerging to representestimated 20% of around EU’s GDP. are manufacturing and processing extraction, future. the in Europein Today,role a significant play will There is that doubtno advanced materials 6.13 applications’ (GNT) group research anational is One of the contributing organisations to this study study to this organisations One contributing of the 7. 6. 5. 4.
Materials for energy Materials multiscale and Modelling Finally, as mentioned as Finally, before, European the ‘GrapheneThe science Nanotubes: and and Biomaterials. technologies communication and for Information Materials materials functional and structural Knowledge-based for functional and multifunctional applications materials nanostructured and Nanomaterials Lifecycle, impacts and risks and impacts Lifecycle, Conclusions ------Brunner, A.J., M. Barbezat, Ch. Huber P.H. and Ch. Barbezat, M. A.J., Brunner, Cain Stevens, M.G. R. Nelson, L.J. Bowen, C.R., T.Bonaccorso, A.C. and Sun, F., Hasan Z. D. Bergman, T.L. Atwood, C. J.J., Beaman, and Mokrani B. Rodrigues, G. R., Bastaits, “Quasiparticle 2012. Cirillo. C. and C. Attanasio, 6.14 17 European countries (www.graphene-flagship.eu). in groups research industrial and 76 academic coordinates Figure 12. 2014. closedproposals on 5February for call first The 17 EU countries. spans and partners comprisedis industrial 14 of 61 partners, academic The consortium growth. fostering while Europe, in laboratories revolutionise and industries to society relatedand layered from academic the materials graphene to take aims that initiative €funded lion 14. http://www.graphenecall.esf.org/ 14. Structures Monitoring.” and Materials Health Structural Applications in Sensing and for Actuating Composites Fibers from Made Piezoelectric of Active Potential Fiber “The Flüeler. 2005. doi:10.1007/s10832-006-9862-8. 269. 16 (4) of Electroceramics Journal 263– (July): Active Fibre and Actuators Composites.” for Piezoelectric Electrodes Interdigitated of “Optimisation 2006. Stewart. M. and nphoton.2010.186. (9) 31): (August 611–622. doi:10.1038/ Optoelectronics.” 2010.Ferrari. “Graphene Photonics and USA. Maryland, Baltimore, Report Panel Centre Evaluation Technology Development and Research Europe.” World in Manufacturing “Additive/Subtractive 2004. D. Rosen. and Hollister S. Bourell, doi:10.2514/1.44041. Dynamics Control.” and Segmented Dynamics Mirrors: Large “Active Preumont. 2009. A. of Optics doi:10.1088/0953-8984/24/8/083201. Journal of Physics Institute an Matter: Condensed ferromagnet of Bilayers.” Physics. Journal Superconductor/ in Mechanisms Relaxation Section references Section The GRAPHENE flagship, The Graphene Flagship Flagship Graphene The flagship, GRAPHENE The 24 (8) 24 29): (February 083201. 32 (6) (November): 1795–1803. Journal of Guidance, Control, and and Control, of Guidance, Journal 38 (5) 38 (June): 561–567. Nature Photonics Nature
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Quebec , 273–278. . www. 55 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 56 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) length scale of the external stimulus, designed in in designed stimulus, external of the scale length the than smaller blocks, building nanostructured consists of structure Their itself. material of the properties not natural and the structure designed artificially properties from their their acquire that (MMs), of materials of metamaterials a new ‘breed’ field the is of materials, structuring direct the allow advancement the that of techniques nano through underway. well is circuit first thephotonic commercialise successfully to first race to bethe developed industrial actively the and yet been produced, photonic/electronic hybrids are pure Evenhave photonic circuits though silicon. not of limitations not by is the bound that electronics Moore’,‘Beyond alternative to modern an providing offer photonica way that is to circuits go future, the for importance one, due important to The most its applications. technological novel several ways has to grow even further. more it expected and is cant, 10% that per annum before, of photonics market the growth signifi is applicationsand (Photonics21 2011). mentioned As from 20% to 45% sector on the ranging depending theshare worldof market, asignificant has Europe impactedfrom photonics development). directly are worldwide for photonics (not sectors that counting € give of amarketCurrent 300 estimates size billion backAge’. bone the are ‘Information modern of the and industry Communication and Information the fibres optical have and Lasers transformedcations. appli in market but terms not in also only industries, Photonics one is most of rapidly growing the Niven Larry mirror. “Neverat a” laser a fire l l l Research Photonics Metamaterials and 7. Another important breakthrough, made possible made breakthrough, important Another in light to andproduce manipulate The ability - - available materials. materials. available naturally with heatand not are flows that attainable responses to light distinct awaysuch to exhibit as of them will doubtless be restricted to optical and and be restricted to doubtless optical of will them yet to Most beexplored. photonicmany functions thereare But stars. guide artificial making and noisesuppression, interferometry, filtering, port, centration of researchers public photonics. in Saclay plateau conon the poisedlargest is to bethe 2012). photonics the al. Europe, research cluster In semiconductor process2012 a standard (Assefaet in with bemanufactured can that chip electronic and optical integrated fully viable commercially a strate demonto first the was IBM CMOS technologies. it projected is beyond tostandard offer capabilities competitive of areas development research, as and areais intensely theone most of This hardening). (cost, areas radiation many in size, gains with tant impor is which itself integration it the is instrument, a compact space.having More in electronics than sensors. as well as photonics electronics, in and development appear, influencing will technologies changing game based metamaterial significant that it expected is nanophotonics nanoelectronics, and into penetration of expected nanomechanics the with and, experiencing rapid is field The growth world. modern the in capabilities technological ful one is most of power the carrier information as photon the electron of with the substitution the and materials with of interaction light the ulate particular towards integration of photonics and and photonics of integration towards particular The combination of increased ability to manip The combinationincreased of ability To- trans photonics date, for been used has light in of potential, Integrated photonics full is - - - - - advances are expected in frequency metrology with with frequency metrology in advances expected are major Other adaptive forming. and processing beam signal missions, interplanetary for communications in laser formation, flying satellites between tances - measurement laser dis ofspace include the missions arrays. detector CCD conventional obstacle at presentshape on and of size pixels the is evolutionthat But have amajor been taken. already in first steps or The on asubstrate. medium abulk in embedded are when whole instruments atime ages envis - The community infrared. mid and UV the in applications powerful find photonic will materials that but there signs are wavelengths, infrared near Table 14. Technology Area Photonics onchip fibres Photonic crystal packaging component Aerogel photonic Sapphire PCFs Microresonators Nanocrystals Photonic lantern Photonic lantern coronagraph Vector vortex metamaterials Infrared Metasurfaces Interferometer Pupil Remapping metamaterials reconfigurable addressable Fast randomly surfaces Frequency selective photosensitivity Plasmonic enhanced surfaces Frequency selective metamaterials Negative index Phase changefilms lenses Planar reconfigurable separation Plasmonic colour Applications of photonics proposed for future future for proposed photonics of Applications Space interesting technologies in the area of photonics and metamaterials and photonics of area the in technologies interesting Space Tech Level Level C Level C Level C Level C Level A Level A Level B Level C Level A Level A Level B Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Horizon Development short term medium term medium term long term medium term long term medium term medium term long term long term medium term medium term medium term medium term long term long term long term long term long term Interest hot topic robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest hot topic robust interest hot topic robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest field so a repetition would be unnecessary. unnecessary. field so a be repetition would aware quite is developments of the ESA the that in the fact is due to application. This nologies their and tech of laser that pointed is omission particularly ‘photonics’, A it impossible is to cover everything. scopethe immense term theof Due to research field. developments photonics metamaterials the and in some instances. in systems of optical limit fraction It may evenmaterials. be possible to beat dif the of negative-refractive-index theory of the realisation come from the advances will further that expected it is future, into the further Looking circuits. cal frequency combslaser integrated into compact opti The following sections will highlight some new highlight will sections The following Use communications radiation protection, resilience sensors, radiation thermal protection thermal management spectroscopy sensors spectroscopy detectors temperature cycling sensors inteferometry sensors anddetectors communications, detectors, sensors antenna design, sensors, detectors temperature cycling detectors radiation protection sensors sensors OD OD4.3, OD4.6 OD3.8, OD3.9, OD1.4, OD1.6, OD3.9 OD1.3, OD1.6, OD2.1 OD2.1 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD2.2 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD3.9, OD4.4 OD3.9 OD3.9, OD4.4 OD3.9 OD1.6 OD3.9 OD3.9 - - - 57 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 58 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Table 15. 2. 1. technologies: severalmajor into photonic crystallised has devices fabrication of scale problematic. wafer Commercial still is chip silicon onto a single amplification and generation light not since has chip been achieved, 2010). optics on a integrating Unfortunately, fully 2007; al. et Liu Kimerling and (Kirchain tions connec bandwidth of required space high and interference, consumption low per volume energy ponents multiple: are to resistance electromagnetic of com ofchip electrons for the communication photonsinsteadusing The of appeal bottleneck. elements one is solution elegant to the oftion all interconnectson-chip integra and optical Using ‘bulky’. still is method this Nevertheless, wires. of electric someyears limitations toof bypass the no power-dissipation with wires, penalty. exceed those electrical of significantly that footprint capacities to information deliver per multiplexing wavelength-division have on rely to will on-chip integration processors. optical Effective smaller for demands the interconnectthe decreases with of line-width the as increases wires of metal time power the response consumption and Furthermore, of circuit. performance the the hinders that neck’ effectively an creates ‘electron bottle This wires. nents resistive not,due to has the of metal nature compo the interconnects between electrical the over but of performance years, the the steadily elements logic been improving has individual the on computersand The sensors. speed cost and of bottleneck interconnect the solve to effort the One most of active the research today is areas 7.1 4. 3. Good thermo-opticeffect Good electro-optic effect Good couplingtofibres Low propagation loss Material Capability Compatibility withelectronics Small footprint Light generation/regeneration Good electro-absorption effect Photonics achip on Nonlinear crystals: LiNbO crystals: Nonlinear III-V semiconductors: InP, GaAs Dielectrics: Silica, Silicon Nitride Nitride Silicon Silica, Dielectrics: (SOI) (SOI) Element on semiconductors: Insulator Silicon forFibre optics have successfully been used Capabilities of materials used for optical components, adapted from Capmany (2013); VLC Photonics (2012). (2013); Photonics VLC Capmany from adapted components, optical for used materials of Capabilities 3
SOI X X X - - - - - operate much better in radiation rich operateenvironments. rich radiation in much better creation of could compact solid-state that chips and the allow on III-V and silicon It compound. will of integration photonics on full to bethe expected (2011),al. Capmany (2013). (2010), al. et Liu in found (2011), Alamo del et Lai components optical grated as be chip on the can inte oncomponents specific be that can of a circuit enormous of research amount devoted to Details it. achieved (Capmany 2013).an with vast, is Thefield platform sacri without asingle gration in Table be seen in can technologies of these 15. advantages and capabilities example ofA current the OFs. The main difference between PCFs difference between and nor OFs. Themain even novel when compared abilities to traditional improvements 1996substantial offer in they or and systems. over geometry the pre-existing on andflexibility in sensitivity offeredan advantage technology. OFs Communications and Information of base arevolution the broadwas the field in of development The fi of optical 2 7. overall system performance has not has yet performance been system overall University), Photonics) José Capmany (VLC (Southampton Zheludev Nikolay Barcelona), Pierre (IPAG), Kern Valerio (ICFO Pruneri (MINATEC), Semeria (CEA), Marie-Noëlle Vellou Technology, Daniel Physics Department), Entry points: Entry on chip Photonics Area Technology SiO Each technology has speci has technology Each The majordevelopment decadeisthe for next Photonic crystal fibres Photonic(PCFs) crystal weredeveloped Photonic crystal fibres fibres Photonic crystal X X X 2 /Si Si Daniel Dolfi (Thales Research and Research (Thales Dolfi Daniel 3 N Level C Level Tech 4 X X X X /SiO 2 short term Horizon Development lnP/GaAs bres (OFs) 1960s the in fi X X X X X c strengths but inte c strengths hot topic Interest LiNbO X X fi cing cing 3 - - - to use optical fibres optical made toout use of sapphire, amaterial problem this is One approachperatures. to tackling melt tem used at those normally are that materials temperature the environments, since for high ture manufac to difficult fibresareextremely Optical 2.1 7. Germany). and UK the in are (specialists structures diverse original with fibres to optical leading area of photonic crystals key the atInnovation 10 expected in is years scale (2012) Birks and (2012). Lopez-Amo Pinto and and reviews of Knight the Wadsworth, in be found can 2009). wave etal. (Xiao travelling on the anywithout losses (albeit aloss of flexibility), with thermal resilience additional with fibres the vides pro This from them. air the aerogel, eliminating fibre. optical the in Scattering Brillouin Stimulated modewithout powers single laser in much higher transmit can advantage of PCFs they that Another is werethat fibre classic notdesign. available with offers techniques novelsensing ability This uids. liq gases or various thefibre with to fill possibility of PCFs2012). novel the is additional ability An Lopez-Amo fibreand the holes (Pinto in air of the the andshape spacing is achieved by varying This ways arenot fibres. that achievable by traditional in and birefringence fraction filling air dispersion, mode shape, non linearity, spectrum, transmission gap. band photonic thethe PCF by in confined is light cladding, and the coreof theboundary reflection at of internal instead OF that, is normal and PCF ence between 2011;differ Capmany 2013).al. fundamental The et 2011; 2010; Lai waveguides (Liu etal. Alamo del compositionsglass as varying spatially fibres utilise whereas traditional inside, light the order to guide fibre ofin the whole the length go through that holes PCFs air relymaterial. on arranged closely from OFs asingle constructed are PCFS mal that is Entry point: point: Entry of Bath) of University Materials, Photonic and Photonics crystal fibres Photonic packaging component photonic Aerogel Area Technology A list of all the applications the of PCFs sensors in of all A list in fibres be the embedded can Additionally, fibre the to tune PCFs possibility the offer Sapphire Photonic Crystal Fibres Crystal Photonic Sapphire William Wadsworth (Centre Wadsworth for William Level C Level C Level Tech medium term medium term Horizon Development interest robust interest robust Interest
- - - - - frequency or time are needed. are frequency or time precision whereanywhere high measurements of spectroscopy and orhave metrology in uses found combs were generated mode locked via and lasers Traditionally, spacedevenly narrow frequency lines. of discrete, consisting a broademit spectrum Frequency combs coherent are sources that light 7.3 (Pfeiffenberger2010; 2012). al. et Dragic (>1000 temperature environments high very in to function arethatin sensors applications required find can propagation. good optical Sapphire PCFs as well as properties chemical and mechanical excellent has point(~2045 melting ahigh with is around 2 m (Photran LLC). 2m(Photran around is fibres sapphire available commercially for length maximum The 15. combsquency on based mode-locked that and lasers fre than smaller are frequency combs they that is orspheres, micro-disks. micro-rings micro-toroids, shapes as micro- such symmetrical beof various can they and or crystals glass silicon, micro-resonators silica, out be made of can fused The interface. dielectric of perimeter the the around internal reflection by light total tors confine that resona Mode’ Gallery ‘Whispering so-called the of micro-resonators classes most important the are factor (Q. resonance One quality ofversion high in frequency con emerged parametric has uses that principle generation comb frequency optical new A fingerprinting. molecular and gases, ultracold precision include that spectroscopy, atomic clocks, of topics range new awide applications and in bilities capa measurement unprecedented enabling is comb frequency optical form an that lines spectral sharp 2011) Diddams and (Kippenberg,tions Holzwarth interac and itsintensity enhances volume and small a in micro-resonatoroptical light laser traps the that help the of acompact achieved is with version, this process frequency con optical of parametric linear non the continuous wave utilising source and laser approach to produce a afrequency comb. By using Entry point: point: Entry Sapphire PCFs Area Technology The main advantage of micro-resonators main The as adifferent A relatively uses new technique Micro-resonators o C), albeit with some length restrictions some length C), with albeit Michal Basista (KMM-VIN) Basista Michal Level C Level Tech long term Horizon Development o C). Sapphire also interest robust Interest 15 ------
59 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 60 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) detection of specific gases in planetary exploration. in planetary gases of specific detection find efficient applications for also could filtering reduce payloadPrecision restrictions. selective space to in instruments tobe used enable smaller could technologies for same space the telescopes, obviously are not needed techniques these Although problem wavelengths. at infrared near a particular generated are by atmospheric that absorption lines to filters remove contamination and spectral noise and suppressionOH turbulence, of out effects the atmosphere:of the adaptive optics for cancelling astronomy based ground for are effects removing the for applications interesting most the of Some fibres. multiple through modes it propagatesthat single as so light by manipulating minimum theoretical the to of instruments mass reduce and size can the that object spectroscopy) to new of modes spectrometers (multi- parallel out in to be carried targets many –from of spectroscopy newa range capabilities of enable They industry. oped forcommunications the 2012).devel are based on devices technology These todevices astronomy Kern (Bland-Hawthorn and guiding application the ofemerged light through Astrophotonics arelativelythat is has new field 7.4 2011).et al. (Kippenbergrepetition ranges rates wavelength and for applications be used require special high that can they combs, frequency conventional for replacement not are a envisaged as they although and phase development in resonator frequency combs still are 2011). (Kippenbergtelecommunication etal. Micro- 2011). (Kippenberg al. et CMOS technology to standard fabrication similar techniques chip, with same the combine resonator the can on waveguide they and as 2013).2012; Wang et al. morealso are compact, They atomic (Schliesser, Picquéand clocks Hänsch and spectroscopy as such infra-red, the applications in alternativeviable a offer for especially They range. have can they arepetition above rate well 10GHz the spectrograph calibrations, quantum optics and and optics quantum calibrations, spectrograph Entry point: point: Entry resonators Micro- Area Technology Bath) of University Materials, Photonic and Photonics Possible applications include: astronomical astronomical include: applications Possible Astrophotonics William Wadsworth (Centre Wadsworth for William Level A Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - could be integrated with photonics be integratedcould with spectrometers that solid-state lanterns prospectopen the of fully 2011) al. (Thomsonet techniques now ufacturing 2005). on advancedman New routes, laser relying (Leon-Saval etal. field fibre photonic-crystal borrowed techniques onstrated from using the paperof its resemblance lantern. to aChinese a ‘photonic as because known lantern’ – so called adevice to use it necessary is light, multimode power of photonic concepts full the for processing or ArrayedWaveguide (AWGs). Gratings To exploit components, (FBGs) Fibre as Gratings such Bragg power of photonic not full possible the to harness loweffective different pathsangles), (ray and is it the fibre,folmodes this propagates through light As fibres. becoupledmultimode only to efficiently it can case, this In modes. posed of multiplespatial be com will longer star of point-like, the image the resolved fact object in is the noif optics by and the atmosphere, an by optics, or distorted is imaging However, mode. spatial Gaussian the if damental star) approximated beclosely fun can by asingle apoint source object (e.g., imaged, a perfectly If 7.4.1 ment. ment. aberrations misalign causedby segmented mirror spectroscopy or ofwhen sources, there extended are space for in be important also could devices these atmospheric Nevertheless, conditions. with varies where Point the ground, Spread (PSF) Function on the useful beparticularly will they envisaged is modefibres, it intosingle of light coupling optical telescopes. therefore be invaluablebigger when combined with 2012). would technology This Allington-Smith and resolution) e.g., (Harris equal, being parameters be independentwould telescope of other (all the size astronomy,based spectrometer of size the the since spectrometersSuch revolutionise could ground limit. spectrometers diffraction at the operating integrated multimode detectorsand to fully make Entry Points: Entry lantern Photonic Area Technology of Edinburgh) of ATC, University (UK Cunningham Bath), Colin of University Materials, Photonic and Photonics The first lantern was photonicdem The prototype Because the photonic lanterns allow the efficient the photonic the allow Because lanterns Photonic lantern Photonic William Wadsworth (Centre Wadsworth for William Level B Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest ------laboration (Rodenas et al. 2012).laboration etal. (Rodenas aUK-Germany-Francedemonstrated through col now has techniques recently inscription beenlaser combiners pupil remappers and ultrafast using beam infrared formid creating technology the at 300ets 10 at Kis around Importantly, microns. exoplan ofblackbody of emission the earth-like of peak detection biomarkers, the because but also direct enables which region, ‘fingerprint’ molecular so-called the contains infrared mid the that fact the movedriven This 2012) is by al. infrared. mid to the (as infrared Jovanovic demonstratednear was in et techniques) move must ferometric imaging from the characterisation. and ery spaceof at a giant telescope exoplanet aimed discov one as mode beused could space, and work in well the caused atmosphere,by also fluctuations it would due to ground to phase on its low the use sensitivity for advantages has technique 2012). the al. While Telescope Australian (Jovanovic et Anglo on the recently has been demonstrated infrared, near the trometer. in operating of Aprototype asystem, such fed into aspec then are that ofarray apertures sub ordertelescope pupil in to form a non-redundant totion fabricate of arrays waveguides to remap the inscrip laser of ultrafast use the feasible, through to become is now technique starting This system. solar our in to those similar separations from stars massive at and planets warm young, image directly onography, to capability unique the it exhibit would conventional beachievedmuch cor is lessthan can contrast that the interferometry. Although aperture 1986): etal. phase sparse (Baldwin closure years ago proposed was that atechnique nearly thirty using be separation reducedcan λ/D to angular This ture. telescope aper Dthe where and wavelength the λis IWA) at 3λ/D, Working star and planet of Angle, the separation (or Inner angular on the limitations exhibit raphy host from star the to block light the projects. Conventional coronog use that techniques telescope spacefor ground and many based future of observations exoplanetsakey objective are Direct 7.4.2 Entry Point: Entry interferometer remapping Pupil Area Technology University of Edinburgh) of University In the future, pupil remapping (and future, the inter other In Pupil remapping interferometer Pupil remapping Colin Cunningham (UK ATC, (UK Cunningham Colin Level B Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest ------demands of astronomical instrumentation. Early Early instrumentation. of astronomical demands responseover increasing in to decade the past the has field emerged burgeoning photonics. This and of astronomy interface at the Astrophotonics lies 7.4.4 2010).Mawet etal. 360 over afull throughput high maintaining while angles, working inner contrast small at very to reach high its ability new-generation coronagraphs in its interest and lies advanced most the of one is coronagraph vortex The outvortex made of asubwavelength grating. tested on VLT/NACO. The AGPM an optical is been produced has and infrared mid the graph in Groove Phase Mask(AGPM) Annular An corona 7.4.3 al. 2012).al. beyond wavelengths 2500nminfrared et (Rodenas out and to mid at wavelengths, ultraviolet limit ing scatter its reach Rayleigh to down the extending astronomy, infrared near in now is new capabilities createdalready that has Astrophotonics, afield 1. include: successes 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Centre, University of Liège) Entry Point: Point: Entry coronagraph Vector vortex Area Technology
graphs and adaptive optics systems. graphs adaptive and optics systems. vortex corono optical polymersin crystal Liquid rection upper the atmospherein for adaptive optics cor stars mode area fibres Large to generateartificial spectrographs astronomical waveguides to miniaturise Planar light multimode using iour mode behav single Photonic allow that lanterns photons background unwanted tosuppress gratings Ultra-broadband fibreBragg nearbytroscopy stars around toplanets detect Frequency precision combs for ultra-high spec interferometry stellar in spaced from telescopeswidely combine signals waveguides to three-dimensional and Planar Field Outlook coronagraph Vector vortex Serge Habraken (Applied Research o fi Level C Level Tech eld of view (Delacroix et al. 2013; al. et (Delacroix ofeld view medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest ------61 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 62 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) rial (Zheludev and Kivshar 2012). (Zheludev Kivshar and rial new properties mate for the bring nanostructures where the paradigm metamaterial contrast to the in new functionalities, bring nanostructures the concept introduce the and of ‘metadevices’, where arein active photonics a devices These research very 2013). etal. photonics optoelectronics and (Kildishev are projecteddevices These to revolutionise nano lower losses. significant and operational bandwidths cost-efficientare have increasedmanufacture, to that devices is to producescale The chip goal niques. tech for advanced switching allow and designs enable creation the of novel will smart metallics, inter oxides and conducting transparent as such negative permittivity), real exhibit that materials (metals or metal-like plasmonic materials tuneable of made are low-loss, that for metasurfaces materials of new building studies The photonicin systems. be cost-effective integratefabricateandto easier to can they as production utilisation and of MMs falls 2013). etal. (Kildishev detection light and system storage, quantum data sensing, imaging, for super-resolution beutilised can Metasurfaces MMs. 3D the‘traditional’ than properties different for new physics allows and reduced dimensionality This 2Dsurface. on a flat, light concept, controlling photonics planar on based are the metasurfaces layered desired to functionality, achieve the MMs multi- application on relies bulk, MM Whereas arecent developmentsurfaces, research. MM in to produce meta be utilised can Metamaterials 7.5.1 2013). etal. (Kildishev plasmonic materials as serve could nitrides and borides germanides, silicides, as such intermetallics visible range, the In range. infrared near the in rial have shown aplasmonic promise mate as gallium or aluminium oxide doped with zinc oxide and tin For indium example, nitrides. metal transition and ics [notably (TCOs)] oxides conducting transparent ceram inorganic as such materials include materials 2013). Shalaev and Boltasseva (Kildishev, nano-optics and systems information quantum in applications find also can MMs refractive index. negative with of a material construction the and tion nanometer-scale with resolu imaging are MMs with Some novel of the applications possible became that wave, applications. other heat and radio, transfer micro in (MMs)optical, use Metamaterials find 7.5 Metasurface can help overcome can Metasurface some pitof the The most promising classes of new classes plasmonic The most promising Metamaterials Metasurfaces ------
ultrathin HMSs also offer straightforward device offerstraightforward also HMSs ultrathin and to compensate. relatively are Planar that easy losses have small compatible typically would and bechip- would HMSs such because counterparts advantages 3D important offertheir over could that (HMSs) metasurfaces hyperbolic anisotropic highly HMMs. in enhanced be efficiently of states (PDOS); radiativesity decay the can thus, photonic proportional to is the emitters den light The decay radiative range. broadrate for spectral a of states for density photons the within enhance can its dispersion to become HMMs ing hyperbolic. encounters anisotropy, extreme - caus light HMMs, In directions. other the in dielectric and direction one in metallic are host, adielectric embedded in wires layers metal or using dielectric and metal of made alternating (HMMs), usually are which metamaterials hyperbolic anisotropic Highly 2 7.5. metamaterials-for-emission-phase-control http://sbirsource.com/sbir/awards/142233-infrared-16. or earthshine. sun from tocapacity the selectivelyreject heat loading absorption directed the orbit in using and satellite mounted on a while emissivity high maintain can that surface emission adirectional testing and ing Laboratories, National Phasefor Control’, Emission awarded to Sandia Force Metamaterials US Air contractthe ‘Infrared beseen in can metamaterials with management mal 2013). al. et Atopical example of ther (Kildishev imaging and detection sensing, surveillance, as for applications many such essential is heat, which efficient control allows the also over flow of HMSs frequencies enabled is that infrared of byband mid over of radiation emitters abroad thermal the near-field and Engineering radiation transport. heat broadbandvide control over PDOS. the pro also would HMSs fabrication integration. and HMSs also enables the engineering of thermal of thermal enables engineering the also HMSs Metasurfaces Area Technology metamaterials Infrared Area Technology There is ongoing effort to develop quasi-2D quasi-2D develop to effort ongoing is There The enhancement in the providedPDOS in enhancement The by Infrared metamaterials Level A Level Tech Level A Level Tech 16 with the purpose of design purpose the with long term Horizon Development long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest interest robust Interest - - - - switching response excitation. to It optical oper-switching transition-based phase broadband exceptionally shows and an silica mirror-like with interface compositeperature-driven forms a metamaterial fi2006). al. et lm (Krasavin and tem- isoptically Th aluminium network of into the an of domains lium penetration of gal- fabricated by grain-boundary It plasmonics. was optics and nonlinear linear fi rst phase-change nanocomposite material for non- 2012). (Zheludev Kivshar and crystals electro-optical expensive and bulk exploiting ventional technology a competitive clearly is which advantage over con- operate metadevices can such cases at low voltages, oft thin, in In many subwavelength, en metadevices. deep modulation achieving is modulation optical to electro- bring can technology metamaterial that Th change. contrast transmission advantage main e high- providing non-volatileperform switching, Th also and can as modulators serve can devices ese afew microwatts of power. only consuming lengths, of range wave- telecommunication optical the in Metadevices have been fabricated operate that modulators. as serve also can Metamaterials reconfigurable metamaterials 7.5.4 materials. shielding Th this in erepotential is eld develop to radiation fi for and low 2011).range frequencies Zhang (Liu and narrow 2008), waves al. et (Landy within albeit components magnetic and of incidentelectric EM absorb the individually can elements which terial metama- to design possibility from the stemming absorbers, perfect as act related that is to materials application of interesting metamaterials Another 7.5.3 Southampton. of University Credit: Figure 13. fi lms Phase change Area Technology A recent example of the was a device such Fast randomly addressable Phase change fi change Phase lms Matamaterial showing magnetic induced transparency. transparency. induced magnetic showing Matamaterial Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest at optical flat optical uence of about1.5 mJ cm ~20% refl exhibits and spectrum change ectivity ates visible from to near-infrared the of the part 100-ns 2012). (Zheludev Kivshar response and time reconfi gurable metamaterial. Figure 14. and the angle) of the electromagnetic wave striking wave angle) the electromagnetic ofand the striking frequency ofthe operation (or even polarisation the coeffi dependentcan be on surfaces cients these for screen. Tha metallic andrefl transmission e ection in apertures beperiodic or shapes, can geometrical specifi elements with of arrays metallic periodic c 2D Frequency be either planar can selective surfaces radome and (i.e., elements). antenna frequency range response the to afi to determine spacing cell and xed geometry their on relied that metamaterials quency of fi capabilities the extending paradigm, fre-xed Frequency (FSS) arelative are selective surfaces new 7.5.5 area of metamaterials. development most important the constitute the in probablynifi will and decade the next in cant results 2012).rable absorbers Kivshar (Zheludev and laser satu- and limiters optical processing, ultrafast data terahertz-rateapplications all-optical as such Thmedia. groundbreaking erearepotential many offmaterials andnonlinear fastest the ersbrightest meta- with nonlinearities of ultrafast Enhancement metamaterials reconfi gurable addressable Fast randomly Area Technology Tharea is of toexpected is produce research sig- Frequency selective surfaces Scanning electron micrograph picture of a thermal athermal of picture micrograph electron Scanning Level A Level Tech Credit: University of Southampton. of University Credit: medium term Horizon Development –2 with sub- with hot topic Interest 63 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 64 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) This is another important application for HMSs as as important applicationanotherHMSs foris This [see (2008) Liu and Zhang references and therein]. have been produced for frequencies optical well as producedroutinely for microwave frequencies and nowProposed can 1990s, be the materials in these have that – materials a negative refraction index. (NIMs) of metamaterials Negative Media Index use the possiblewith is made This ventional lenses. of con limit circumventionthe diffraction of the applications is metamaterials of) property known most (and the One most of exciting the arguably 7.5.7 2011).al. demonstrated for500 the – 700 region nm (Gan et recently has been and trapping’ ‘Rainbow as known is applications biosensorseffect and on achip. This switching telecommunications, devices, voltaic photo integrated components, nanophotonic in application have can which significant metamaterial a inside velocity broadband of the light controlling to translates in practice at room temperature. This to ‘store’ tial photons solid-state structures inside thepoten offer graded metamaterials Adiabatically 7.5.6 2011). al. et (Inoue filters colour the way open visiblefor new film aluminium the in plasmafrequency. nanostructures its Periodic high excitation plasmons of due to visible-range surface theenables film aluminium process, of the the ity the simplic to In addition beendeveloped. has film aluminium of arrays subwavelength an holesing in A filterrecent examplefilters. compris - of a colour 2010). and Shen (Rashid profiles 2011) filtering or unique al. et (Ranga designs for antenna gain lead to higher wave Novel can at others. designs transmission FSS frequencies allow and for certain stop-bands ate as oper can of FSS incidence. angle or the material the separation Plasmonic colour Area Technology sensors, detectors) surfaces (antennas, Frequency selective cycling) (temperature selective surfaces Frequency Technology Area Metamaterials can also be used as new colour as be used also can Metamaterials Negative index metamaterials Plasmonic colour separation Level A Level Tech Level A Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development medium term long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest interest robust interest robust Interest - - - - - (Zhang and Liu 2008). Liu and (Zhang lens object the the near possible with still are tions applica Practical be projected field. can far into the image the although thesuperlens, field near of the in the superlens field thatobject be must or is hyperlens 2013). etal. (Kildishev case 3D the previously for was proposed which realised and ing, hyperlens for super-resolution asurface as well, imag Southampton of University Credit: Figure 15. owing in particular to its promising optical proper optical to its promising particular in owing photonic interest large in applications attracted has 2013). etal. (Kildishev infrared mid the sensors in chemical ultrasensitive efficient be an could way to produce metasurfaces Thus, changes. intensity of detection small the than more sensitive substantially be can shifts of angular and detection The reflection refraction. anomalous the of angle the in ashift into changes environmental local the transform can Metasurfaces even further. sensitivity increase one can metasurfaces, With ing. used for be efficient sens- thus can and significantly photosensitivity increase can Plasmonic structures photosensitivity 7.5.8 object. of field near the the in being without therefore and waves, evanescent without resolution (Rogers 2013) Zheludev and provides and super- imaging on based super-oscillatory is new technique 2012). al. (Rogerset This limit diffraction the beating still close sample, to while of lens the extremely the approaches do not that rely so much position on the metamaterials Negative index Area Technology The chief limitation of present designs of the far theof far present limitation of designs chief The Graphene, mentioned previous as the chapter, in Researchers now are able to demonstrate different Plasmonic enhanced Negative Chiral Index Metamaterial. Metamaterial. Index Chiral Negative Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - and reconfigured for different for wavelengths. reconfigured and bechanged lens can same the and range to UV IR 2013). et al. The (Kildishev concept forscalable is concentrators light micrometre-scale and tives objec ultrathin couplers, nanophotonic including fabricationchip or fibre-embeddeddevices, optical used be for photonic on- can They devices. future elements easy-to-tune for as serve can Metalenses micrometre-scale areas. small, within wavelengths at different separate light spatially lensescan Such 2013; Roy,(Ni etal. Nikolaenko Rogers 2013). and 2.5 as short range as visible wavelength mm)the in length (with a focal of light focusing extra-strong (V-shapednas sheet) ametal for slotsin used was on complementarybased nanoanten Babinet (2 radius) in nm) metalens, small mm very and (30 thin laboratory. the onstrated extremely in An The concept been dem has of recently ‘metalens’ 7.5.9 2013).et al. large-area UV/visible applications (Akhavan sensing hold great promise skins for nanocrystal enhanced region. Plasmonically were optical the observed in improvements Broadband device. metamaterials a CdTe monolayer incorporated on a nanocrystal of on depositedcase plasmonic silver nanoparticles was demonstrated recently sensitivity.the This for broadband their increase and evenmance further perfor their enhance can plasmonic nanostructures of NCs over with and Coupling costs areas. large of at substrate, reduced type any to integrate with easy are solution and processability, they ability (NCs). tun bandgap to their Due nanocrystals synthesised area of photodetection chemically is 2013). etal. (Zhang region the photoconductive of in 8.61 gain, high tor significantly been demonstrated has with Recently, a pure monolayer graphene photodetec photodetectors. graphene-based monolayer pure on led has to several studies which range, wavelength over to absorb light a broad its ability especially ties, lenses reconfigurable Planar Area Technology photosensitivity enhanced Plasmonic Area Technology Another promising area of development promising Another the in Planar reconfigurable Planarlenses reconfigurable Level A Level Tech Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest hot topic Interest
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Consortiums that combine technology makers and makers and combine that technology Consortiums ment, favoured is nanophotonics by the community. areasof some fortargeteddevelop definition the telecommunications. space, of study, astronomy, as such imaging, medical field their as light sciences applications use and that the impact also drivewill output. This a USB plugas inputand fibrein optical an photonics with devices, integrated very seems to be in thus market future output cable. The commercial one thin only use and thick a millimetre only are cards SIM acoin. than smaller is camera, the including day. Everything, maker, chip largest produces 500,000 per cameras For (STM), STMicroelectronics example, Europe’s telephony. mobile for micro-detectors in opments Thereare devel huge marketdevice forfuture. the telecommunication poised are tion the to drive integra photonics of applications commercial The 7.6 Metamaterials for improving solar energy harvest energy for improving solar Metamaterials one challenges. ofgrand solving the help in can that application’ killer the for‘ultimate are field looking theand in not researchershas beenyet, identified world a real This application formetadevices. the the search for researchongoing is field materials (2011). Zheludev recent the be in found review can from materials 2012). for field of the meta Kivshar Atimeline and (Zheludev automobiles or phones mobile as of products such consumer ‘Photonics Inside’ level at the but also systems, telecommunication tonics to notin compete electronics only with pho allow robust reliable will metadevices and Once fabrication have the issues with, been dealt 2013). al. et photonic grate (Kildishev in devices have and easier to them inte made metamaterials haveurfaces improved of issues on performance The new generation- of metas manufacturing. in difficulty cost and high is prominent limitation microelectronicsapplication.ics and The most muchholds promise optoelectronfor advancing that active research field avery is Metamaterial 7.5.10 2011). Wegener and (Soukoulis candidates prime are for novel diagnostics or metamaterials medical ing University of Southampton) of University (OptoelectronicsZheludev Centre, Research Entry point (forEntry metamaterials): A hybrid approach to funding development, A hybrid approach with to funding One of the main characteristics of the meta of the characteristics One main of the Conclusions Metamaterials outlook Metamaterials Nikolay Nikolay ------65 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 66 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) coming decade. These are: These decade. coming on for focus the photonicsmajor that areas will four the Hersam 2011) and highlighted has Mirkin workshopA European–USA on photonics (Roco, 7.6.1 photonics space. research in and for metamaterials be vital would information that and photonics to the community not clear very aware space the oflem sector well but that is it is prob environment. It asimple is but fundamental radiation space ahigh and in behaviour of glass workshop the was TECHBREAK the during used was example that non-spacethe An people use. can that ‘spacelate the into alanguage obvious’ facts There- is a trans need engineers. to and scientists notfor is case be other obvious the butmight this involvedthose space the sector, in problems the of space applications For constraints what are. the space environment therefore and not do understand not are aware of what happensthe community in photonics the in most experts ofsector that the is from photonics of spaceor to technology use the interview). TECHBREAK Zheludev, (MONA go to Asia 2008; consortium Nikolay will 80%It that expected is of photonics the business front of research demonstration and of concepts. laboratoriesEuropean moment at the fore are at the despite that fact the Asia, belocated in orare will (Photonics21 technologies of these 2011).cialisation commer the in stall but technologies will promising in many result will effort of R&D fragmentation the that then devoted of effort amount to is It it. natural enormous an covering sectors with many vast, and is field The aroundEurope. arethat happening efforts research various integrate to the coordinateand akey technology, more as order be done must tial in development. technology the gaps of any the present bridges collaboration the in end since have users past, the worked in well quite metamaterials and photonics for networks and Platforms 16. Table European OpticalSociety Metamorphose VI Association Nanophotonics Europe Photonics21 Name In order for photonics to realise their full poten order full In for photonics their to realise A problem that arises when considering adoption A problem when considering arises that It be noted must most foundries of that the Future developments in field the Academic andIndustrybody Metamaterials Virtual InstituteforArtificialElectromagnetic Materialsand nanophotonics European scienceandtechnologyintheemerging area of An independent,not-for-profit, legalorganisation topromote priorities atEuropean level Photonics21 represents photonicsresearch &innovation Description/Area - - - - 4. 3. 2. 1. terials research. The European research community community research European research.The terials forefront the in is Europe of photonics metama and 2 7.6. decade. next the in goals towards these bemade will progress significant that It expected is Bland-Hawthorn, J. and P. and J. “Molding Bland-Hawthorn, 2012. Kern. MackayC.D. Haniff, C.A. J.E., Baldwin, W. Shank, Khater, E. Green, S. M. S., Assefa, H.V. and Mutlugun Gungor, E. K. S., Akhavan, 7.7 Table depicted are platforms that in ogy 16. technol and research associations various networks, the in represented are centres research prominent The level. platformsatmost anational mirror as Photonics21 Technology European Platform well as the through interacting and established well is cations for appli detection biomedical molecule Single visible range operate the that in Metamaterials chip All-optical the Flow of Light: Photonics Astronomy.” Flow ofthe in Light: doi:10.1038/320595a0. Nature Imaging.” Optical High-Resolution in P.J.and Warner. 1986. Phase “Closure IEDM.2012.6479162. doi:10.1109/ IEEE. Meeting 33.8.1–33.8.3. , Devices Electron 2012 International In Applications.” Communications Optical Photonics Technology for 25Gbps WDM “A 2012. CMOS Integrated Nano- al. 90nm et Kamlapurkar S. Reinholm, C. Kiewra, 4484/24/15/155201. (15)24 19): (April 155201. doi:10.1088/0957- Nanotechnology Monolayers.” Nanocrystal of 2013. “PlasmonicLight-SensitiveDemir. Skins duction. systems proforenergy photosynthetic Artificial Section references Section Major European institutes European Major 320 (6063) 320 17): (April 595–597. Professional Organisation Virtual Institute Association European Technology Platform Type
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(July 17): (July 4 that can potentially also be applied to space systems. beapplied to space systems. also potentially can that electronicssector,major the new in technologies imaging). (computing, processing (telecom) information to transmission from of componentship information the industry forfuture. the capabilities in growth the to sustain breakthroughs the necessary offer components, will optical with coupled advances, nanotechnology platform pursued and is on single of functions compact solid-state and components. 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This convergence electronic–photonic by determined The following sections will highlight somethe of highlight will sections The following be will of components future The technology of productreducing methods traditional The - - - - or flows through them; the informationstoredis the them; through or flows charges electrical of the mation by manipulation elements not do store infor generations of RAM Transfer Torque respectively). These new RAM, Spin and (magnetoresistiveor STT-RAMs RAM m-RAM consumption byto using decrease energy alot consume of and energy.lisecond It possible is elements refreshed are mil every Traditional RAM Elements Memory 8.1 17. http://www.everspin.com/ onto current layer. the polarised less uses SST-RAM fromthe momentum angular transferring field by of amagnetic thepolarisation electrons influence torquewhere transfer of spin the effect, polarised native RAM. to normal MOTOROLA aspin-off of from EVERSPIN, (m-RAM density not does have requiredgeneration the of m-RAM non sensitive However to radiation. current the to them make on airplanes used already is m-RAM thefirstpresent fields The generationinplates. of magnetic combination on the two ofdepends the that aproperty cell, of resistance the the measuring read is Information by polarities. the manipulating written by Informationis polarities. to different be set whereas polarity, plates other the can ticular a par with One magnetised, plate permanently is elements. of their properties magnetic of the by manipulation instead ence the polarisation of plates, taking advantage of taking plates, polarisation ence the ferromagnetic plates, separated insulator. by an consists of The cell cell. m-RAM ofresistance an STT-RAM uses polarised electronsto influ polarised uses STT-RAM electrical the work by measuring M-RAMs Advanced Random Access Access Random Advanced 17 ) in order) in for it to be aviable alter - - - - - 69 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 70 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) for magnetic RAM storage. RAM for magnetic 2011). Commission (European to Russia technology the to transfer order in Russia, in labs R&D and plans facturing manu incentives to companies install to European recent the technology, example with of RUSNANO this on The thein capitalising rest of world fast is interview). TECHBREAK Fert, few years (Albert computers general personal next implanted in the in is projectedapplications.STT-RAM The new to be level to the fromof pure pass R&D research can of memory, so the Grenoble type developing this is same. power the remains reading the while m-RAM than forcurrent writing Table 17. Wolf et al. (2010)Wolf et al. for a review of new techniques elements. See RAM traditional protection than it offers that is radiation better much STT-RAM CROCUS The incompany S-RAM. and d-RAM seek to replace will which commercialisation, STT-RAM Area Technology Truly autonomousagents systems Biological monitoring Smart networks Flexible electronics Cryoelectronics Silicium 3d (FD-SOI) Fully depletedSOI Organic photovoltaics OLEDs STT-RAM Technology Area Entry Point: Entry One of the biggest advantages of m-Ram and and advantages ofOne m-Ram biggest of the The new generationcloseis to STT-RAM of Micro/nano electronics space relevant technologies Albert Fert (Laboratory III-V) Albert Level C Level Tech Level A Level A Level B Level B Level A Level D Level D Level B Level C Level C Tech Level short term Horizon Development medium term medium term short term medium term long term short term short term medium term medium term short term Horizon Development hot topic Interest - robust interest robust interest hot topic hot topic niche area hot topic hot topic hot topic hot topic hot topic Interest • freedom. design limitless almost production offers and costs reduces This beprinted. can they that advantage in haveanother big OLEDs dark. up after light that windows or transparent walls as such can, nology 50-90%that create can no tech other and effects by use energy lighting-related cut could OLEDs emitters. surface essentially are OLEDs sources, point are that LEDs Unlike signage. and lighting elements. rare-Earth no contain OLEDS that advantage is strategic and tal environmen subtractive technology. An rather than additive an using i.e., back illumination, requiring low LEDs) and power not than faster due to their ity, have response(1000 they fast time avery times qual good fromimage a very screens. Apart display for phone mobile producing technology standard (OLEDs), diodes haveemitting become the form light- the of organic in electronics, Organic 8.2 • • for transparent electrodes electrodes transparent for oxide Provide a low-cost tin alternatives to indium of process foils steps for OLED number the minimise that Develop designs device foils and plastic on flexible metal areaOLEDs of processing large robust, Enable the The immediate aims of ongoing research are of research to:ongoing aims immediate The In the future, OLEDs are set to set are revolutionise OLEDs future, the In Organic light-emitting diodes diodes light-emitting Organic paradigms new exploration advanced formationflight, self-healing spacecraft, crew monitoring robotic swarm monitoring bio-sensors, stress sensors electronics performance increase in miniaturisation, power andlowcost integrated circuits, low solar cells illumination radiation protection Use OD4.5, OD4.7 OD3.5, OD2.5, OD5.5 OD4.5 OD5.5 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD4.7, OD4.3 OD5.5, OD3.1, OD4.7 OD1.1, OD5.11 OD1.7 OD - - - cation on space missions. appli to issue beinvestigated for future important of OPVslifetime The in a spaceenvironment an is • • goals: space. in unrolled and launch for up rolled be simply can OPV an compensate for areduced efficiency. Additionally, area can acontinuous alarger process that in means to OPVsprint The ability or wind. gravity without solutionspace provide could in these interesting an for applications, based ground somewhatare fragile these Whilst microns. 20 as on thin substrates as OPVspracticable. Experimental have been produced OPVslow mass. on 100 micron very substratesare have thus substrates and very produced thin on very OPVs flat-panel,cells. be solar can inorganic than much less expensive to manufacture potentially are and lightweight flexible, bemade can They market. proposition attractive an them make for solar the OPVsthatcounterparts, advantages offermany silicon traditional their than energy converting less efficient at currently groups involved. While of number active increasing an with research area, photovoltaicsOrganic (OPV) emerging a fast is 8.3 crew habitat architecture. management and in thereforeadvanceduse can find OLEDs needs. low very energy and longer lifetimes light, pleasant lower cost of ownership, greater more versatility, with is enableto applicationsTheend goal OLED • • Entry Point: Entry OLEDs Area Technology Schoo (TNO-Holst Centre, (TNO-Holst Schoo Eindhoven) Technology, Physics Department) Herman and to 10-12% to five three next years) the in current efficiencies from ing world record of 6.7% To improve power the conversion efficiency- (rais OLEDs at very low at very cost. OLEDs area large reproducible, and yield high making To develop improved new and for technologies processes To investigate degradation improve and lifetime out-coupling. light and top configurations bottom emission and Optimise Current research into OPVs at several aimed is Organic photovoltaics Organic Daniel Dolfi (Thales Research and Research (Thales Dolfi Daniel Level C Level Tech medium term Horizon Development hot topic Interest - ultrathin layer of silicon, on top layer oxide. of ofaburied silicon, ultrathin It fabrication on an relies the of transistors. in lised beyond. node and technology nm 28 production and for the design to chip changes sale not one does approach require that whole –ideally need the alternative for creating and an life tery off, bat even current reducing when turned ‘leak’ transistors CMOS electronics. portable of needs to power meet processing and the consumption inability by the constrained makers increasingly are CMOS technology. But today chip bulk using built For most decades microprocessor have chips been on insulator (FD-SOI) 8.4 in very sensitive very detectors. in 2013).been demonstrated (Miyoshi etal. has technology FD-SOI x-raypixel detector utilising 2013). etal. (Batude fabrication The of a monolithic production the of integrated 3D chips facilitate can technology FD-SOI Additionally, grated circuits. inte over performance even ‘traditional’ enhancing or maintaining while for integrated the circuits, consumption lower energy namely devices, mobile areaof the it offersas major in enhancements years, coming the in amarketmake breakthrough poisedis to technology This CMOS. bulk normal temperatures lower operating chip the make than thus substrate to and the channel from the leakage (Cauchy 2010). well as Andrieu and circuits FD-SOI be applied CMOS to can for bulk designs optimised and CMOS techniques integration) standard with the compatible are cesses in (albeit more challenging pro manufacturing the and from silicon charges the ter there since control no gates, are logical of the low power producinglow and offer bet noise. They operate that transistors with of ultrathin realisation depleted). (it charges any fully is not carry layer does silicon thin the that the fact is due to This lower transistors. normal power with operating than noise excellent characteristics, with be ultrathin layer on thetop can silicon of transistors built The Centre, Eindhoven) Entry Point: Point: Entry photovoltaics Organic Area Technology Fully Depleted SOI is a technology which is uti is which Depleted SOI atechnology is Fully The technology can find potential applications can The technology reduce electron drastically transistors FD-SOI the for the possibility offers technology This Fully depleted silicon silicon Fully depleted Herman Schoo (TNO-Holst (TNO-Holst Schoo Herman Level B Level Tech medium term Horizon Development hot topic Interest ------71 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 72 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) efforts for creating flexible displays and wearable flexible for creating efforts wafers not are stretchable or bendable. Research silicon Normal flexible. electronics of making that explore, to path adifferent there also is Nevertheless, smaller. things are concentratedefforts on making major the research of electronics, field the In 8.6 of 4cm asurface with designed front end silicon ever 3D biggest the is and at IBM is processedFE-I4, latter, The called electronics. front sensors for and hard end technologies both cm (3.4 distance) necessitatedbeam new radiation proton the pointwith interaction to the proximity sensor. experiment detector The ATLAS existing anew layeralready as the inside to beinserted going issensor 2014. This to in comeexpected on line (LHC), Hadron Collider detector ofLarge the ATLAS sensor for 3D integrated the a 3D silicon closer are to commercial availability. they theless never promise; optics-on-chip that improvements grated may electronics the not offer overwhelming 2013). inte 2008; Chakrabarty 3D and Lee et al. (Knickerbocker techniques and CMOS materials improved offering fromtraditional performance promise integratedto that continue electronics 3D production of scale close to commercial large very 2008).(Knickerbockerarea etal. is research This the cost of decreasing and production efficiency pathways interconnects), and power increasing up operations (via speeding electronics, shorter the the of size benefit the shrinking of has dimensions three in integrationdevices The of silicon designs. circuit more out performance of existing of getting method of another electronicis chips stacking 3D 8.5 Noëlle Semeria (CEA) Semeria Noëlle Entry point: point: Entry Silicon 3D Area Technology point: Entry SOI (FD-SOI) Fully Depleted Area Technology A noteworthy development production the is of Flexible electronics Silicon 3D Silicon Daniel Vellou Daniel (MINATEC), Marie- Daniel VellouDaniel (MINATEC) Level D Level Tech Level D Level Tech short term Horizon Development short term Horizon Development 2 (Da Via et al. 2012). al. et (Da Via hot topic Interest hot topic Interest - - almost 100%almost stretchable. are that materials conducting produce electrically be printed sheets ontoto then can elastic stance 2010). 2008; Rogers et al. et al. (Sekitani sub This Gell’ ‘Bucky create and called a substance matrix (SWCNTs) arubber conductive in as dopands carbon-nanotubes single-walled been to has use far so method The successful most interconnects. cal conductors electri elastic as to using create circuits, material. of the thickness the with decrease linearly strains bending that the fact on relies technique compressing. This and stressing flexing, shaped a way to allow in as elastomericded in substrates. Theseare substrates CNTs, or graphene) nanowires beembed can that as such new materials electronic (utilising circuits silicon ultrathin first is to construct The electronics. 2010). Huang and boostedSomeya research current (Rogers, efforts has techniques novel semiconductor manufacturing but recentand ades the nanomaterials advances in sensors have dec two on for last been going the used to monitor electrophysiological activity in the the in to monitorused electrophysiological activity be transmitter) radio can incorporatecan asmall 2011). et al. circuits These epidermal Kim (that H. (D.- skin the in area asmall in to beincluded enough electronic components for small techniques making advantage of new take the also electronics dermal These epi aid. or a bandage tattoo a temporary like by soft contact, much skin deposited human on the aprevious chapter,shown in 7]. Figure in created at ICFO Barcelona (Patent 201131704), ES plays [see, for up heads for display cars, the example, components 2010) (Rogers et al. up heads dis and flexible photovoltaic thermoelectric and structures, adhesive tensorsstress flexible, for as well screens, as and antennas flexible nents for devices, electronic (Chen 2010). monitoring anywhere’ etal. ‘anytime, true allow and invisibleuser are sensors to the that transition tothe allow will electronics flexible in The advancements monitoring. for be used health can sensors tobody that wear easy of small, a system tion of Networks, wearable Area sensors Body the is 2010). Kinkeldei and implementa One important 2010;way or patient user of (Rogers the al. et Zysset out of being the whilst parameters environmental or functions vital monitor to order in accessories, or wearable underwear in items clothes, as such to be used producecan sensors areembedded that where they industries, sports and biomedical the in There are two Thereare flexible approaches fordesigning Flexible electronics have many uses, especially have electronics especially Flexible uses, many thatstretch materials secondThe utilises method Additionally, small and flexible circuits can be can circuits flexible and small Additionally, compo flexible include potentially uses Other ------Holst Centre The Netherlands. in and Finland in VTT Fraunhofer the are institutes, for products. demand such the increase thus and industry theclothing in applications find they if especially pace, gain also might electronics interview). Flexible TECHBREAK (Herman Schoo, incorporate technology that the ness of systems robust (mechanical) and wearability enhance further towards stretchable will systems device spread application shift technology. The of the volume applications lead and to attractive wide large make will which decade, next the decrease in position body. on in the maintained need that to electrodes bemounted and traditional need the for without the muscles and heart brain, Entry points: points: Entry electronics Flexible Area Technology Schoo (TNO-Holst Centre, (TNO-Holst Schoo Eindhoven). Valerio (ICFO, Pruneri Barcelona), Herman The main European research centres in this topicthis in centresresearch European main The cost price the (€/m that It expected is Marie-Noëlle Semeria (CEA), Level B Level Tech medium term Horizon Development hot topic Interest 2 ) will will ) - - interconnected via the internet or other wireless interconnected internet or wireless the other via mobile phones, computers, laptops, are that tablets porates aplethora as such of devices electronic incor Modern lifestyle age. demanding energy ageinformation of today’s The a also very worldis 8.8 temperatures. low extremely require astrophysical thatin sensorsrole play asignificant 2008). can 2012; Grémion etal. technology al. This have based on III-V et been used, (Liang material transistors at far, So effect field low temperatures more is detection complicated at lower frequencies. electronics, for used the materials to the Due well. as range optical possiblethe in theoretically is and frequencies (UV) high success in methas with This wavelengths. atdetection photon at all scale photons of of detection or single goal towards the made are efforts of cryoelectronics field the In 8.7 Entry point: point: Entry Cryoelectronics Area Technology Cryoelectronics Smart networks Smart Jean-Yves Marzin (CNRS-INSIS) Jean-Yves Marzin Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development D.-H. Kim et al. (2011). al. et Kim D.-H. from caption and Image states. right) (far compressed and right) (middle undeformed in down facing electronics with skin to attached and left), (middle surface this onto integrated electronics left), (far a tattoo of backside the of are Images skin. the to bonding improve to adhesive an includes system the case, this in substrate; the for polyester/PVA to alternative an provides tattoo transfer temporary Acommercial (D) (right). stretched and (middle), compressed (left), undeformed skin: on EES Multifunctional (C) line. dashed ared by mechanical plane defined neutral the with structure, the of illustration crosssectional Arepresentative (Inset) skin. the from away peeled (bottom) fully and (top) partially EES (B) (EES). System Electronic Epidermal an as known epidermic, the to matched properties physical with multifunctional electronics for platform demonstration Figure 16. (A) Image of a of Image (A) niche area Interest - 73 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 74 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) not used. Essentially the objective the to is stop spend Essentially not used. are transistorswhich the off on and power turn and The on. objectivethe always is is gate to energy awareenergy emerging. operation thus is reduced The conceptthus dissipation. energy of lead to andreduced switches will of number This components/subnetworks. the between efficient more order in to communication make switching, objectivethe away tospent is take in energy the level: architectural be at will shift paradigm this sensors. rely on multiple smaller measurements will whereoperation of sensors or of satellites, swarms the or astronauts) of (monitoring applications cal for issue biomedi be an also can of this sensors, front on the IBM lines. and HP with quickly aredeveloping transfer technologies data selves. The them between communicating everywhere, circuits with future the is several layers. Internet of things flows for computation in and segmentation memory able data development data’, important of ‘big with There etc. isa consider devices, medical citizen, the to components, capacities, services communication energetic autonomy of miniaturisation: with hand revolution agrowing is in hand which going things’, 2011).et al. a50% power in result increasein (Bolla efficiency aware could energy and them make works will that of net these of architecture the seek optimisation to is measure additional not solve An issue. the will ahardware problempower strictly consumption as the with reduce power but consumption, dealing provide will more hardware is that efficient and a doubt, without will, manufacturing electronic and nanotechnology in efforts The efficient. energy are that for farms server demands ever increasing for network the providers bill sive and electricity 2011) polluter. aheavy as Alouf well as and world afew(Mancuso years the source in in are projected tomajor consumption be the energy communications Wireless more data. towards is etc.).trend cameras, video The everywhere clothes, producedmass cheaply and (sensors available on are sensors that as such well, networkson as these incorporate devices other also will future immediate improve The they as increase quality. only in will fromthesedevices etc.).datastreams devices, The TV,phone HD of recording video cameras, mobile networks (mobile sensorsof to available these the quality to the according increasing, works also is thosedata amount presentof Thenet in networks. - is amas deluge’ ‘data this of One effects of the Furthermore, in microprocessors in particular, microprocessors in particular, Furthermore, in from expected aspects changing game The main given trend for the miniaturisation future, the In of ‘internet the is aspect emerging Another ------of ‘self awareof ‘self computation’. applies thing Thesame the conceptis This when it not is energy useful. ing 8.9 2010). (Benson etal. toring oceanography,as moni environmental and biology such of field, number sensors the large scattered in that utilise disciplines scientific various as well as 2010), al. et Kim (Joon mobilephonethe industry in receivedespecially attention, also has significant Power for sensor networks essential. optimisation orderin to save energy. provisioning, dynamic with telecommunications, in resources. be powered when down not needed energy to extend to system radio main the allowing wake-up signals, for channels communications monitor continuously power consumption below 50 µW.devices These development of continuous ‘wake-up’ with radios Holst Centre the for done the in research being is to ultra-low addition power In transceivers, Mbps. up to 50 for expected bandwidths is efficiency energy same The sources. or vibrational RF light, local gradients, power from thermal ‘harvested’ from scavenged run orceivers cases many in could or afactor oftrans 100 These Zigbee. lower than ofsumption 200 just µW. That equates to 1 nJ/bit, (equivalentchannels to Zigbee) apower con with enable transceivers that 200 kbps to is design target from today’s the Ultimately, levels. of magnitude to is reducegoal power order consumption by an applications (<1 Mbps), require low bandwidth the these As of functions. biological for monitoring the required as such communication ments for wireless to is reduce target power the immediate require An 8.9.1 include: technologies Interesting space missions. manned for long beindispensable would systems Such tions. offunc body monitoring many unobstructed and continuous allow systems monitoring Biological maximising the lifetime of their power of their source is lifetime the maximising power consume and also devices works. Sensing Entry point: point: Entry Smart networks Area Technology Photonics Department) Photonics A similar concept emerged sensor net has in A similar Biological monitoring systems monitoring Biological Low power wireless communication Bruno Mourey (LETI, Optics and and Optics Mourey (LETI, Bruno Level B Level Tech short term Horizon Development hot topic Interest ------human operatorshuman on Earth. decisions either are preprogrammed by or directed most ofautonomy as the performed, actions the in there limited is cases, all in Nevertheless, ISS. the of robots in numerousare examples of utilisation most advancedthe robots ever created there and roversconsidered robots, planetary amongst are as report. the within KET adistinct as nology tech communication lack of and to the information KETs, electronics due the it placedreport, is within TECHBREAK technology. of For the purpose the anenabling that is field it itself multidisciplinary KETs. contents the defined ofis It the a within accurately to place difficult The field of is robotics Truly autonomous agents 8.10 tion 9.1. sec be given in will systems these integrated in 100around µW. power target The is sensors. consumption analysis motion, respiration ECG, include fluid body and could this health-related Eventually parameters. monitor reliably can multiple fortable to and wear com is that patch’ Centre developing is a‘health 2010). (Chen 2010; Bourbakis al. et and Pantelopoulos real-world through new technologies tests validate end-users’ to assess and needs applications, better demonstrators, to of explore BAN potential the to createcombine technologies these validate and to is goal few years the next the above. Within mentioned systems analysis and communications lower the use power would systems BAN activities. normal disrupting without activity brain and signs vital continuously measure and comfortably beworn sensors can sensitive, miniaturised highly These systems monitoring. connectedof smart, being well and health anywhere’ to enable ‘anytime, Networks (BANs) Area Body developed are being 8.9.2 nology forspace be the sector.nology can Spacecraft Entry point: point: Entry systems monitoring Biological Area Technology Centre, Eindhoven) More specific information on the actual sensors theMoreinformation actual on specific Robotics is, of course, not an unknown tech unknown not of course, an is, Robotics Holst the system, BAN astep towardsfull the As Robotics – Robotics Body monitoring systems monitoring Body Herman Schoo (TNO-Holst (TNO-Holst Schoo Herman Level A Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - - • • turn: in That would, situations. dicted adaptationresponse and to unknown/unpre time Increased autonomy flexibility, enhance thus would • sents several problems robots: for spacefaring and act together. act and ments), communicate agents the that it necessary is mission’s ESA to the according autonomy require autonomyencountered E4 (thus level, achieving situations the to autonomously, according goals to re-plan mission the ability the to give system the required for order a complex in and large is mission continuously improve system’s the response. to needed, also from is experience toagents learn for A the muchmeans priorwithout knowledge. horizon and shorttime a very perception, within agentsThe need their to performbased actions on a new ‘bottom-up’ autonomy necessary. is paradigm environment, unknown react to an successfully can ation to beencountered. to programmer beawarethe possible of every situ preprogrammed That of course into them. requires decisions autonomous by made the have agents been a‘top-down’ where autonomy the paradigm, within operate robots generation Current input. that upon act sensors and ceive through inputs environmental can per thatthe spacecraft of any part as defined simply is agent autonomous An agents. omous intelligent/auton through on-board instruments theprocesses to thedecision of making part shift autonomy is for to enhancing paradigm main The • • • • • Allow more complex toAllow berealised scenarios Enhance unpredictable events responseEnhance manage and tion control the in centre emergency due situa to an for operational bottleneck possibility the Reduce missionsdata management of scientific in Assist of complexity spaceIncrease operations missions load on deep space communication Decrease the robot.to the appropriatethe response back be communicated and beanalysed, to propagate tofor Earth, signals it takes time to the limited is reaction time the of from case robots Earth, the far operating In processes these inefficient; ing resources control on-board the room, in and mak operator, byaged ahuman significant requiring mayare repeated need times, to many be man that tasks level Low often are operations, which ment. The lackThe of autonomy pre decisionon making The number of autonomous agents that will be The of number autonomouswill that agents order autonomy,In to to true pass that agents ------75 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 76 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) of biologically inspired models and applications and to models inspired of biologically fortables 2 of report, 1 and numerous said examples Please (2012), refer review to of et the al. Leitão techniques. decision making ment over ‘traditional’ improve exhibiting others, management among control supply and chain scheduling, optimisation, have They bility. used assembly,for been layout orderin to provide re-configura robustness and Trentesaux and Barbosa 2012). (Leitão, individuals the between interactions with behaviour, coupledindividual of fluctuations tic combination stochas of and feedback mechanisms a done by evolutionronmental utilising also is system’s envi behaviour. Adaptation to dynamic the negativeand to regulate feedback mechanisms positive It uses algorithms. on decision making not does rely and heavily agents individual of the approaches]. and algorithms various on information Meng (2009)and references and for therein more (2006) Karageorgos and work the Guo and of Jin, (2009),Ponnambalam (2005), Şahin Serugendo Di, [see system reviews of and Mohan the regulatory genesand bacteria human ofbirds, fish, shoals of packs wolves, grey been in found also has of itsmembers. actions Inspiration individual the from food locations, the optimal identifies quickly colony a whole efficient as a very is that procedure behaviour forwhere, the for food foraging example, bee colonies and ant as such insects ofiour social behav the are cases Most famous inspiration. such objectives. achieve global behaviour and intelligent to display itself system the allows system of agents the the all of coordination and world, but communication the of the view apartial only and simple set of rules environmentto asimple the way, in arelatively with respondagents These to inputs. react environmental that agents behaviourof agroupligent of individual intel emerged the global with or decision making control away is to replaceligence’ centralised the intel 1999).Theraulaz ‘swarm and called so This entities single and of simple display “ that organisms process of living decisionthe making to is create goal mimics arobotic that system main The systems. to biological similar behaviour with MAS inmodelling made is being effort A significant of swarm a robots). (main controlofwith both craft sub-systems) or acombination ofmade ‘intelligent’ tasks perform different or that (spacecraft agents identical autonomousidentical (a agents of robots) swarm Multiple Agent SystemsmayMultiple Agent (MAS) contain MAS have found use in industrial automation, have industrial in use found MAS from coordination arises intelligence Swarm that provide systems areThere several biological an emerging collective intelligence of groups of groups intelligence collective emerging an ” (Bonabeau, Dorigo Dorigo (Bonabeau, ” ------in this regard. regard. this in (2007) some proof etal. ofYim concepts highlights (much kit).basic modules aLego The like review of given a of number by re-configuring functions many autonomous and resilient able are and to achieve replicate, are self tive to is can create that systems objecfuture The parts. individual the more than is where of asystem sum the part are that units lowerand cost by producing many, inexpensive robustness to versatility, increase of swarms, case the is as is, research this ensemble. The behind idea done to the shapedamage any overall or repair the to change collectively act system overall the prise that com adapt to anew environment. The modules in ordershape, their to able are tems to reconfigure self-assembled These - robotsys robotic systems. on researchmodular, focused there also is agents, exploration. and water vehiclesfor security of of asystem control for autonomousdetails under (2013) et environment,al. whereas Caiti urban give unknown an navigation in examplegive of MAS an Vokřínek, Komenda Pěchouček (2010) and industry. of time are far from being realised. realised. from being far are of time for long periods systems self-sustaining and repair of modules/agents (>1,000), self-replication, self- controlnumber high environments. Specifically, of a operational autonomy true unknown in achieving possibilities. other many and parts themselves from repair inexpensive ‘bulk’ that space in structures self-healing swarm, intelligent inexpensiverobot-probes and an as small acting of numerous by utilisation the bodies of planetary exploration allowing unison, in acting parts small from many structures of assembly large self the allowing by,example, considerably for efforts ration space explo enhance would capability this 3.4, and Overwhelming Drivers, especially in sections 3.3 sections in Drivers, especially Overwhelming challenges are yet are to be overcome,challenges at for least Entry Points: Entry agents autonomous Robotics –truly Area Technology Milano) As mentioned chapterAs the on in the work to the on individual multiple Parallel Despite some working applications, the main Despite some main applications, the working Michèle Lavagna (Politecnico di (Politecnico Lavagna Michèle di Level A Level Tech medium term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - - Benson, B.J., B.J. Bond, M.P. Hamilton, R.K. R.K. M.P. Hamilton, Bond, B.J. B.J., Benson, De B. Previtali, B. Xu, C. P., Sklenard, Batude, B. 8.12 forpeople. young mostly freedomefficient, and is very oftotal fivewith years gives system afellowship scheme, this grant EURYI person. Derivedof 1M€ ESF from on the asingle the slices process influenced by strongly awarding has Council) Research ERC The (European ETH. and EPFL with Switzerland Universities, in and Oxford Cambridge and with UK the in (LABEX), d’excellence laboratories (IDEX), d’excellence poles 2006, Emprunt, since Grand France in with centres Germany ofresearch in excellence: with approachEU-ESA problem help. to this could Here a joint joint makes development difficult. this as issue an separate advanced also is areas in laboratories and companies of Fragmentation budgets. research too small concurrence and in strong with rather large, being consortia the with have notprogrammes worked far thus well, very European centres countries. international between role shared resourcesthe centres of and large with Valley problem.Death trend to Acurrent is increase solvethealso and theresearch technological finance race. world forefrontare at economic the and of technical the STMicroelectronics where applications, multimedia lowconsumptions microprocessorand energy for films area of semiconductors the in is ontion thin excep Asignificant China. and Russia factories in with the USA, in and Asia in areprojects The main spintronics research graphene and with production. exists situation Asimilar Asia. and USA the out in production carried is world but industrial the class is European research to fields. other similar very position once is European again the area, this In 8.11 193–200. doi:10.1890/080130. 8(4) the Environment and (May): Ecology in Frontiers Networks.” Sensor Environmental for Technology Next-Generation on 2010. “Perspectives Han. 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Table 18. aresult As for results. wait laboratory the and the expensive equipment or to send samplesutilise to field to the avoid in sons to either working having per allow asimple cheap and sensor.with will That possible, if to this, do and carriers or disease signs vital agents, detect either environmental effectively and objective is to be ableThe main to quickly applications. medical for especially applications), rapid (concerning techniques based ground sensing nevertheless). be mentioned crew, to the herepling will but they factorsenvironmental (which not do require cou other as well as signs offor monitoring vital the utilised are sensors nanoenhanced and Biochemical issues. treatment environment, and ofthe medical crew the and monitoring sections: following the in described technologies the in themes main two are astronaut the crew. space, namely factor in There human on the focused KETs European mainly the is within technologies interesting the of part last The Hippocrates person the has.” what disease than has more to what know person disease far “It is the important l l l Medicine and Biotechnology 9. evolution in this key sector is the proliferation key sector the of is evolution this in Synthetic life (treatment) Nanomedicine research Torpor andhibernation Human stress factors environmental sensors Biological and Technology Area One of the main traits of the technological of technological the traits One of main the Biotechnology and Medicine, space related technologies Level A Level D Level A Level A Level B Tech Level long term medium term long term long term short term Horizon Development - - robust interest hot topic niche area robust interest hot topic Interest resolution, while still being rapid, com easy-to-use, being still resolution, while reach single-molecule will technologies Biosensing portableequipment.provided and by to them small need they being that be empowered, results the with for hospitals) ‘point-of-care’ the and personnel will important (something very bealleviated tories will labora congestion in the ‘decentralisation’, of this during missions. during increased crew as performance well periodaration as to crew each member. order tailored care, to provide health personalised in geneticsexamined, is factorsenvironmental with interactionof priorities thus and one highest of the factors stress obviously is various to the responding monitoring). biochemical (real-time applications for vivo in longer the term also in and sampling) be developed vitro for in first cost-effective.will and pact technologies Such medicine. Monitoring the health of the crew of the and health the Monitoring medicine. advancement the is of domain personalised cal That would make make Thatfor a would much moreeffective prep medi the trend in important very Another resource utilisation food production, biosensors,insitu drug delivery, lifesupportsystem, drug delivery, localisedtreatments for seriouslyinjured crew long durationflights,containment astronaut treatment crew monitoring,bloodsampling Use applications (finger-stick (finger-stick applications OD4.7 OD5.6, OD5.2, OD5.4, OD5.4 OD5.2 OD5.5 OD5.2, OD5.5 OD5.6, OD - - - -
79 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 80 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) working on coupled are sensors awire that working with For there several are groups example, calorimetric. transducers (mass-sensitive, different capacitiveand incorporates three that microsensor system chemical developmentsthese single-chip to fabricate asmart Here sensorbased devices. we combine several of acoustic-wave- and oxides sensors on based metal processes have previously to develop been used gas silicon metal-oxide Complementary systems. cal microelectromechani three-dimensional on based sensors sensors and chemical fabrication of planar the facilitated has of technology integrated-circuit rapid the and been demonstrated, has development platforms transduction of various use Simultaneous multi-component recognition and pattern analysis. selective subsequent sensorspermit that ent partially 2001)and of differ of consisting arrays design to the solution al. et ions (Hagleitner in and gases detecting sensors have forElectrochemical potential the 9.1.1 developments given are below. Someexamples of sensor technology field. this in High-TechEindhoven key players are Campus, located Holst Centre,on both the TNO the and Labs Research for example]. Philips the Europe, In (2012) Higson Siaand (2012), and Linder Chin, and [see academia and reviews from the Holford, Davis instruments. lighter reduction of by weight using as well as of fold:increase sensor capability two is ofThe purpose astronauts. diagnostics urements and bio-meas the - or reducing simplifying help in also relevant markers. health oftion critical identifica the allow for will air, example, human of exhaled pathology. analyses Sensorsfor the non-invasive and early the adaption processes and for facilitating be important sensors will toring new vivo in addition, In analysis. rapidfor enabling gene expression epigenetic and molecule. to down asingle sensitivities sensors with been augmented or replaced nano- by and micro- chromatography gas spectrometry,as have mass and such elements trace compounds, and for analysing laboratory methods established the cases, many In state the of art. ogy,the ledin has to change a game in nanotechnol coupled advances with This, years. groups of have molecules advanced recent rapidly in or molecules particular The technologies for sensing sensors 9.1 gated by many research groups in both industry gated by research many industry groups both in Nanotechnology enhanced medical devices can can devices medical enhanced Nanotechnology More efficient diagnostic tools can be expected can be tools More diagnostic efficient A wide range of technologies is being investi of being range is technologies A wide Biological environmental and Electrochemical sensors in situ in and moni ------products can be found in breath analysers for the breath analysers be in found products can (2007). Craighead and of commercialised Examples WaggonerA review bein found of sensors such can 2011). Delamarche achieved Rooij de (Gervais, and be of can compounds of mixtures selective sensing on resonators,identical coatings different By using 2007). atcompounds low concentrations al. et (Lang absorbentbe coated with polymers to volatile detect can integrated transducers with microbridges that Weimar 2008). These sensors havedemonstrated and (Röck,Barsan system way olfactory to the selective receptors asimilar –in sensitivity, partially of array high- from an signals analysing collectively environment the by in complex mixtures volatile to identify tor have based sensor systems ability the power-efficient,Compact, nano-resona andmicro- 9.1.2 centres. topic European many in ducted on this 2014). work al. et con There(Kaushik is significant monitoring stress in indicator important –an tisol sensors have cor been created also for measuring 2010). al. et 2010; al. et Miniaturised Schazmann sweat (Poh, Swensonanalyse Picard 2010; and Salvo easy-to-use sensor to an as function less node that the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin. or antibody an of use the through asolution in amacromolecule of concentration or presence the measures that test abiochemical is immunoassay 19. An http://www.vandf.com/applications/medical-applications.html 18. to measure used commonly technology assay based more sensitiveof enzyme- current magnitude that netic immunoassay developed has Research anovelPhilips optomag 9.1.4 2010).Brongersma Crego-Calama and self-assembled mono-layersfaces with (Karabacak, sur modifying moremade selective by chemically sensitive sensor concepts be can highly of these 2009; 2008). Fleischer etal. (Comini toring Some enable that roomsystems moni temperature gas transistor effect oxidefield metal and nanocrystals 2010). sensors area is on based promising Another andBrongersma Crego-Calama (Offermans, lion at concentrations per bil toair down 15 parts sors NO capable are that of detecting sen GaN-AlGaN-based demonstrated uses that been has developed. For system awireless example, layers have electron mobility been high and oxides metal on based ultrathin devices sensing gas Several sensors 9.1.3 ISS. industry auto Optomagnetic biosensors biosensors Optomagnetic Metal-oxide and GaN-AlGaN based based GaN-AlGaN and Metal-oxide Resonator-based sensors Resonator-based 18 18 and the soon to fly E-nose soon tothe fly the and for 19 technology that is three orders three is that technology 2 in ambient ambient in ------on board the ISS, as well as under standardised con standardised under as well as ISS, on board the of have stress outControlled studies been carried of space travellers. being well and health torisk the contribute a potentially and performance system immune for of lead the example, to adegradation of auto-, can, Stress messengers. para- endocrine and anetwork through regulated are or environmental, physical metabolic, emotional, beit social, nature, factors Stress of any physical health. and mance perfor functional effect on havecan a significant issues. technical much as as just for successof amission such the cal becriti isolated will conditions very cramped and in of space travellers health living psychological physiological and the to Mars, trip postulated the as of for such long missions duration Particularly illness. and injuries with dealing and of bacteria, ofcontrol waste, recycling ronmental as needs such water, power, food, envi oxygen, like but also etc., provision the basic like of needs issues the technical These concernnot only missions. unmanned with lems need not are that toencountered be addressed of large probnumber a For space flight, manned 9.2 2012). Orrit and Paulo Zijlstra, resonance physics (see 5.2) section (Brolo also 2012; plasmon surface on based principles, plasmonic developed sensors being are utilising Similar (2009)]. et al. sensor [see review of the Bruls also vivo in tosamples; be developed it expected an is as vitroon out finger-prickrently in carried blood cur is Thisassaymethod process steps. different integration of the control assay speed, seamless and unprecedented process yielding steps, immunoassay key all impacts fields by magnetic nanoparticles controldynamic The of sample fluid. stationary a detectedin optically and actuated magnetically arethat is on based nanoparticles The technology 2011). etal. forblood glucose, example (Ranzoni Entry point: point: Entry sensors environmental Biological and Area Technology Philips) (TechnicalMenno Prins University / Eindhoven VellouHospital, Munich), Daniel (MINATEC), Choukèr (LMU Centre, Eindhoven), Alexander Modern research has shown that human stress stress human Modern research shown that has Human stress factors stress Human Herman Schoo (TNO-Holst (TNO-Holst Schoo Herman Level B Level Tech short term Horizon Development hot topic Interest ------space missions (Choukèr 2012). missions space process for selection the long for candidates during relevant factors to beused allow as therapy well as individualised allow controlled are will mechanisms how these be involved Knowing adaptability. in NOT genomic at the levelsyntheses –seem to protein controlling are factors is factors that –that epigenetic the that It state. known is or adisease ity a stressor,micro-grav as such eitherenvironmental adaption to optimal the factorssay determine which to is environment, oftion that the epigenetics and interac of the a considerably deeper understanding severe disease. due to hypoxia isolation and term immobilisation, intensive long conditions under care with health from extreme ble of to sick those patients suffering are compara The results hypoxia. factors as such environmental impacting with together MARS500) andisolation confinement (e.g. immobilisation, like includefactors stress These on Earth. ditions and safely enter safely remove severeand could hypothermia to rapidly mammals non-hibernating allows which recent enzyme the of an Nevertheless, discovery arrest. of increase cardiac adramatic associated with has been and difficult extremely is drugs by clinical However,clinically. severe induced hypothermia established iswell hypothermia effect of beneficial the understood, not are hibernation well underlying basic mechanisms the awake. is Although animal the when viability low, full extremely is yet and attain activity metabolic which in hibernation state during hypothetical. to still is hibernation state analogous metabolic bebrought to adeep hypo can humans idea that for However, example. attack, stroke heart and the treatment of promise holds for clinical and age the been shown to has reduce dam organs ischemia and cells in hypometabolism induction of artificial The missions. space forlong technology game-changing of science truly but fiction, realm be a itthe would in hibernation for travellers space still is Artificial 9.3 Hospital, Munich) factors Human stress Area Technology Entry point: Entry Further research in the next decade will lead to will decade next the research in Further Some mammals can enter asevere can hypothermic Some mammals Torpor hibernation and Alexander Choukèr (LMU (LMU Choukèr Alexander Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest - - - - - 81 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 82 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) • • flight: space human be relevant associated to with issues aforementioned might that report). Some highlights ples]. (2010) Chan and Rutka Kim, for numerous exam approved [see use for USA human the table in 1of are and trials have clinical passed already drugs Several imaging. contrast foror agents as diagnostic for therapeutic carriers applications drug as terials 2006)].the use of applicationsnanoma The bulk report a bit the is dated (Wagneralthough et al. ~200are ~160 companies and worldwide, SMEs treatmentsand [the reported numbers from a review drugs on nano-enhanced working are companies numerous as a result, and, field of cancer research offereduse theof nanomaterials. by sibilities concentratetreatmentthe on pos - will section This applications were mentioned aprevious section. in treatment biosensors. and Sensing delivery, disease drug including domain, for medical the technology of nano uses the encompassesNanomedicine all 9.4 H(2whether (2007)]. Szabó and study, we ask this In properties. anesthetic to their that may contribute effect an function, chondrial animation.\” depress mito Volatile also anesthetics astate of(2012)purportedly \”suspended in resulting long space voyages [see (2008) Lee et al. Li as well as of application to also potentially, tool and, clinical aroutine as lead of to hypothermia and risk use this cations that are already on the market on (table the already are cations that 2of (2006)Wagner etal. numerous appli catalogue • Hospital, Munich) Entry point: Entry research hibernation Torpor and Area Technology Drug delivery for multiplesclerosis: delivery Copaxone, a Drug made by Elan Drug Delivery (Pennsylvania, USA) (Pennsylvania, Delivery Drug bymade Elan antiemetic aprepitant nanocrystalline Emend, Israel) (Petach Tikva, Pharmaceuticals by made TEVA acid tyrosine and glutamic lysine, of copolymer of alanine, consisting drug Implantate (Berlin, Germany). (Berlin, Implantate (Obernburg, Germany) aap ated and by Osartis on based bone nano-hydroxyapatite, credefects, for biomaterials Perossal, treatment and of Ostim In the review of the field of nanomedicine, of nanomedicine, review field of the the In the advanced haveNanomaterials significantly Nanomedicine Alexander Choukèr (LMU (LMU Choukèr Alexander Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development niche area Interest ------companies. product development conducted being is by German research of and nanomedicine bulk the Europe, In medicine. in of nanomaterials for use the standards of problemdocumentation the creation the and of privatecies for made and the enterprises being are considerablefromand government efforts agen issue is a significant of The nanomaterials toxicity for many fields, from pharmaceutical research and from research pharmaceutical for fields, many promise significant hold applications) industrial have(systems can produce that can that materials systems biological idea of the developingas useful 2009). field the in work There been significant has al. et (Wimmer engineering molecular of classic by previously methods systems into biological exceed introduced those changes Such systems. cal biologi of redesign existing or the cells, and circuits genetic enzymes, as such of new entities, biological acomputer is ent whose par Earth on creature probablyliving the first 2003. in virus, synthetic creation the first of the behind tist scien principal the Venter also who was Institute, chromosome. The work completedthe was Craig in were that synthetic by the controlled only cells des capricolum recipientM. to create mycoi cell new M. into a sequence its transplantation and information 2010).al. genome from Itsgenome digitised started (Gibson et (also namedSYNTHIA) JCVI-syn1.0 Mycoplasma the created was mycoides cell cially of work a 40 and artifi investment. MUSD The decades May 2010, in and a onehalf announced after was cell bacterial synthetic firstself replicating The 9.5 • • Entry point: point: Entry (treatment) Nanomedicine Area Technology Hospital, Munich) faces. sur and instruments for clean techniques coating (silver agents microbial nanoparticles) plasma and anti in company a German specialising Bio-Gate, (USA)Nucryst Anticoatand is made by The productis named woundcare. for antimicrobial Silver nanoparticles Synthetic biology is the design and construction construction and design the is biology Synthetic Synthetic life Synthetic
According to its creator, its to “ According Alexander Choukèr (LMU (LMU Choukèr Alexander issue on the depending Level A-D Tech Level ”. medium term Horizon Development SYNTHIA was was SYNTHIA hot topic Interest ------20. http://www.strategyr.com/default.asp 20. 2012).astronauts (Montague etal. visited by bodies various resources the available in the be created, food for using crewand the might (Park, Tsai Chen 2013). and consumables Finally, the benefits ofoffer improvedand low cost stability biosensorsalternative to enzyme-based they since 2009). be agood biosensorsal. might cell Synthetic et (Wimmer growths bacterial or suppress harmful be able one might day to combat infections various 2011). viruses (Ruder, Synthetic Collins Luand medicine regenerative and therapy, cell opment, approaches as cancer, vaccine devel well and as in therapies diseases fortreatment the of infectious development the include biology of synthetic efforts Clinical life. of synthetic mastery sible with 2009). Prakash by-product as methanol has and (Olah, Goeppert CO scrubbing of efforts significant the with perhaps becoupled future the in source). afood as methanol can This utilise bacteria no ‘normal’ Almost growth. for bacterial materials raw common the for biotechnologies traditional to avoid more with competing industry biology it enables applications,as synthetic the industrial 2013) al. et (Krog serious has (this research part source itscarbon as produced methanol used that been has engineeredmicroorganism an example, an As compounds. order in to produce useful methods, were which created other with LSS, of the ucts to by-prod beconsume used can microorganisms Support System Life loop. the engineered The in microorganisms of synthetic utilisation space the is industries. various have that compounds other and acids in uses amino creation the ble, as such biopolymers, of antibiotics, possible many mastered, avenues be possi would microbes been has specific of synthesising technique CO from fuel produce can of liquid tion that bacteria for produc biofuels], researchersalgae with aiming Mayfield and (2012) review from Georgianna the on production the [see, of is biofuels goal for example, ultimate the Not compounds. surprisingly, useful factories microbial for productionof of synthetic $. 4.5 billion market soon (inbiology would 2015) reach above synthetic October 2011 global mentions the that Inc analysts industry global The sensors. biotechnology, to bio food production, and biofuels There are other applications that might be pos be - might Therearethat other applications In the more distant future, it might bepossible it might future, more the distant In The themost obvious context in applicationof applicationuse the is interesting One potentially 2 , sunlight and water. and once the Nevertheless, , sunlight 2 from aprocedure air, that
20 report report - - - - - et al. 2011).et al. (Porcarfuture in its faces field the challenges grand considered is life’ the to be amongst to ‘synthetic perception public the to response its of nature, and debate topic. on aconsiderable the is Due ethical surgery]. (2009) et al. ple, Martel application for an in such environmentfrom the (Kapral 2013) [see, for exam chemicals of useful or extraction system, human the in of ‘cargo’,portation delivery either for drug Cooperative- enable nanomotors trans the might for systems. biological locomotion,energy much like ambient the chemical environments, utilising fluid nanomotors move and can molecules that in thetic creation research propelled the syn is of self this biosphere. of aspect One interesting Earth’s the operatecan conditions not under encountered in evolution that of simple systems self-replicating of of mechanisms understanding to gain be used probably These could benon based. carbon will which life forms, complexto artificial synthesise novel nano- or nano-assisted drugs, there signifi is novel drugs, or nano-assisted nano- research themes. central around researchers industrial and theorists rication experts, fab scientists, materials together experimentalists, research, bringing the in focus aclear with and size of sufficient institutions multidisciplinary quality able are be prominent to they generate if high will Universities integration. system total and tures, architec surface of molecular designs methods, require physical joint detection innovations in for also vitro in for resolution, molecule single with society. human in aspects most important the is care one of since health size, ofare asignificant areas three treatment. All and monitoring nostics, on diag focused is development,of the expected, as Most space flight. human particularly, and, industry advancements be relative could that space to the andchapter medical on biomedical This focused 9.6 Synthetic life Area Technology Entry point: point: Entry Norway), (University Cronin Lee of Glasgow) This research field is still in its infancy and thereand infancy inits still is field research This In the field of modern treatment techniques with with treatment field of the modern techniques In be developed Novel will technologies sensing Conclusion in vivo in Trygve Brautaset (SINTEF, applications. These developments developments These applications. Level A Level Tech long term Horizon Development interest robust Interest and later later and ------83 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 84 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Fleischer, M. 2008. “Advances Application in Fleischer, 2008. M. Ferroni, M. Faglia, G. Baratto, C. E., Comini, Immunity and Challenges Stress Choukèr, 2012. A. 2012. Sia. V. S.K. and C.D, Linder Chin, Kahlman, T.H. Evers, D.M., J.A.H. Bruls, for “Plasmonics Future 2012. Brolo, A.G. 9.7 adopted. be widely not will nano-medicines settled, is issue the until open and issue an is nanoparticles oftoxicity the the Nevertheless, focus. main the being cancer with developtherapiesto illnesses, effort cant for various Gervais, L., N. de Rooij and E. Delamarche. Delamarche. E. Rooij de and N. L., Gervais, 2012. S.P. and Mayfield. D.R. Georgianna, Devices.” Devices.” Ambient Temperature and Oxides GasFET Sensors: High-Temperature Semiconducting Potential of Adsorptive-Type State Gas Solid doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.003. (1) 54 Science 1–67. (January): Materials in Sensors.” Progress Chemical Application as and Semiconductors: Preparation, Characterization Oxide Metal “Quasi-One Dimensional Vomiero 2009. A. Sberveglieri. G. and Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22272-6. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Berlin, edi. First Space in c2lc21204h. 12 (12) 21): (June 2118–34. doi:10.1039/ aChip on of-Care Lab Devices.” Diagnostic Point- Microfluidic of “Commercialization b913960e. (December 21): 3504–10. doi:10.1039/ Nanoparticles.” Magnetic on Actuated Based Immunoassays Integrated“Rapid Biosensor for Multiplexed 2009. etal. Schleipen J.J.H.B. Pelssers, P.J.W. E.G.M. Ovsyanko, M. Lankvelt, van nphoton.2012.266. (November 5): 709–713. doi:10.1038/ Biosensors.” 0233/19/4/042001. 19 (4) 1): (April doi:10.1088/0957- 042001. H151–76. doi:10.1002/adma.201100464. H151–76. (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) Immunodiagnostics.” 2011.Chips for “Microfluidic Point-of-Care nature11479. (7411)488 16): (August 329–35. doi:10.1038/ Nature Biofuels.” for Production of the Algal Biology Diversity Synthetic and “Exploiting Section references Section . Edited by Alexander Choukèr. by Alexander . Edited Measurement Science and Technology and Science Measurement Nature Photonics Nature 9 (24) (24) 9 aChip on Lab 23 (24) 23 24): (June Advanced Materials Advanced Materials 6 (11) (11) 6
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Analytical Methods Analytical 10 (10) (October): 1557– 108 (2) (February): (February): (2) 108 Nano Letters Nano 27 (12): 27 1–23. 24 (10) (10) 24 2(4): 342. 11 (5) (5) 11 85 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 86 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) specific development specific The consulta programmes. in Moreover,or join fund field. the in might ESA developments the away of following identify and technologies on these exist Platforms might that Technology European the to join beforwould ESA space the sector.in Possible this ways of achieving be spun could theand technology been identified appropriatefrom the it, have already would partners benefit reachedhas level might the where agency the development technological comes the ate and time thewhen appropri Thus, of technologies. use these potential the expanding and identifying further and related the communities, with channels munication developing com developments fields, the those in informed of a way to find staying of for ESA critical involved project the it experts feel in would that and Committee Scientific TECHBREAK The realised. be will developments breakthroughs potential and It therefore is significant Area. that expected Research European the sidered topics’ ‘hot within report involve of number actors alarge arecon and document. this posed in KETs European of been pro the has use making process, a possible approach for TECHBREAK the foresight exercise. atend Nevertheless, this the of developmentfuture bebeyond would scope of the attemptany to prioritisetechnologies for specific scape of EU, research the development and within complex the and land of ESA challenges and needs diverse very the report, out TECHBREAK the non-spacevarious through identified technologies However,domain. of number large given very the space hold the promise‘space’ forin might use that areas outside scientific and technological various developments thein main up flag on and inform prepared report was to already, this indicated As Conclusions 10. Some of the technological areas identified in the in identified areas Some of technological the ------be better for ESA to take a more leading role in their role their toa more take in forbe better ESA leading progress, it of might out immediate expectation any with albeit communities, these interest in healthy communities. those by approach be welcomed would this to that believe us project have led TECHBREAK the ledtions during providing the ‘food for thought’ stimulus that might might that stimulus for thought’ ‘food the providing aimed at utilisation and definition Their experts. space non-space gap and between knowledge the therefore bridging technologies, helpful potential of identification for the astimulant actedas and ment space and operations fornon-space the experts space abrief to the environserved as introduction driversalso The space capabilities. in throughs order neededare in to be able to generate break where improvements areas technological main the Drivers for Space’five represent ‘Overwhelming Drivers’ for space exploration. The research and concept the around of ‘Overwhelming discussion the space-specific problemsand solutions us to ledfocus shorter term. the at in least areas, other probablywould effort and be in spent funding gies, draw theseneed technolo to on there asignificant is probably be rather slow. not happen Unless or will will technologies of the maturation the gathered, is funding significant unless but, technologies these some of within high is promise of a breakthrough followed. also the be might previous steps promising, nificantly where prove would case the a given technology sig KETs.the In within identified commonalities and report, prioritised are on based this agency of the needs the that It suggested is a predetermined goal. development, towards order in todirection steer the For those technologies that seemFor toa that gather technologies those The discussion concerning theof identification concerning discussion The problem. interesting Niche The pose an areas - - - - - and related technological maturation. technological related and missions future reflexion about the to guide thread red egorisation ofconcepts useful programme and ESA’s throughout used Directorates a novel as cat be also Drivers could fiveOverwhelming these that it believed is goal, beyond this And space domain. theinto field from aspin-in idea, aKET in result sections. respective their in found be can technologies the of description The level. readiness technology by arranged are Table 19. applications. Table 20. 2D materials Nanomedicine (treatment) Fully depletedSOI(FD-SOI) 3D silicon OLEDs STT-RAM Photonics onchip Smart networks Flexible electronics Transparent electrodes Biological andenvironmental sensors Organic photovoltaics CNTs Surface plasmonresonance: biosensing Nanostructured surfaces 3D printing Plasmonic enhancedphotosensitivity metamaterials Fast randomlyaddressable reconfigurable Hot Topics -Technology Areas Boron nitrideNTs: structuralmaterials Torpor research andhibernation Cryoelectronics Ferromagnetic andsuperconducting materials Technology Area Technological areas identified in the TECHBREAK process which receive significant attention and funding (‘hot’ topics). The topics topics The topics). (‘hot’ funding and attention significant receive which process TECHBREAK the in identified areas Technological Technologies that are considered niche research areas, which nevertheless have significant theoretical potential for space space for potential theoretical significant have nevertheless which areas, research niche considered are that Technologies Level A Level B-D Level D Level D Level C Level C Level C Level B Level B Level B Level B Level B Level B Level B Level B Level A-B Level A Level A Tech Level Level A Level A Level A Level A Tech Level - long term medium term short term short term medium term short term short term short term medium term short term short term medium term medium term short term short term short term medium term medium term Development Horizon long term long term long term long term Development Horizon Section 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.1 7.1 8.8 8.6 6.8 9.1 8.3 6.6 5.2 5.4 6.10 7.5.8 7.5.4 6.2 9.4 Section 9.3 8.7 6.4 6.7 87 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK)
Appendices 90 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Research Interests: [email protected] Department Engineering Mechanical of Bath, University and Engineering, Science Professor in Materials Bowen Chris Research Interests: [email protected] KMM-VIN CEO Michal Basista Research Interests: [email protected] instrumentation and of physics Department ONERA, Director, Research Attal-Tretout Brigitte communities. respective their within contacts for as serve ESA can and the sections technologies points’,in identified theare ‘entry experts space. These in utilisation for technologies promising regarding committee, or provided TECHBREAK to the information who have by experts been interviewed European the of section providesthe contactdetails This interviewees Appendix A: TECHBREAK infiltration techniques. infiltration and methods powder metallurgy FGMs using and of MMCs Processing microstructure. materials of real imaging micro-CT on composites based infiltrated and ceramic-matrix metal-matrix, in processes fracture and damage properties, of effective modelling numerical and analytical particular, In modelling. and processing issues. lightning as well as sensors gas and sensors light in applications Main graphene. white and Black incandescence. induced laser diagnosis, Gas fusion. in of liquids surface on the creation of nano-tubes (VLS), mix vapour-liquid-solid problems, gradients thermal the to elucidate objective the with of microstructures study for Laboratory Catalysis. ablation. material synthesis, laser for nanoparticles of Topics evaporation of for propulsion. plasma and metrology lasers materials, materials, Embedded actuators and sensors. and actuators Embedded materials, of properties Dielectric materials, nanostructured and Nanoporous ceramics, functional and Structural composites, and ceramics Multifunctional Advanced structural materials materials structural Advanced in mainly are Activities Sensor and actuator materials, materials, actuator and Sensor
[email protected] ISC Fraunhofer Bernhard Brunner Research Interests: [email protected] Research Testing & Material for Laboratories Federal Swiss Andreas J. Brunner Research Interests: [email protected] SINTEF Director, Research Brautaset Trygve Research Interests: [email protected] Universität München Klinikum der Alexander Choukèr Research Interests: [email protected] (CSL) Liège de Spatial Centre Chantraine Thierry Research Interests: [email protected] Officer Innovation Chief Photonics, VLC Jose Capmany Research Interests: environmental factors. impacting with (e.g. MARS500) isolation and stress) or confinement immobilisation rest (indicating of bed either conditions bound Earth standardised under (ISS)and space in research for stress studies metabolic/physical/environmental), controlled space. of deep environment harsh the in capable of operating systems and instruments and/or unique tests calibrates and testing.manufacturing Design, Chip Optical Design, Circuit Integrated CNTs. polymers, electroactive Piezoceramics, glass, (ORMOCER®s), and ceramics materials hybrid inorganic-organic as materials materials. of these made of parts composites and of polymers, testing Mechanical composites, reinforced of fibre- Mechanics Fracture composites, and polymers nanomedicine. and life synthetic Biotechnology, interests: Norway. Main Trondheim Oslo, in and facilities has Chemistry and Materials biology. applied SINTEF and chemistry applied technology, materials competence within high offering institute aresearch is Chemistry Nondestructive testing of and Materials SINTEF Stress factors (social/emotional/ factors Stress assembles, develops, CSL Photonic Microwave Photonics, non-metallic innovative Research Interests: [email protected] Paris Supérieure, Normale École Director, Guldner Yves Research Interests: [email protected] winner) (2007 prize Nobel physics 11 Paris-Sud Université director, Scientific Fert Albert Research Interests: [email protected] Newcastle University Chemistry, of Metalorganic Reader John Errington Research Interests: [email protected] Technology and Research Thales at Department of Physics Director Daniel Dolfi Research Interests: [email protected] of Glasgow University of Chemistry, School Laboratory, Cronin of Chemistry, Chair Regius Lee Cronin interviewees Appendix A: TECHBREAK electronics, nano photonics. nano electronics, nano graphene, structures, nano-tube carbon semiconductors, mostly physics, matter condensed in junctions. Work on magnetic also (more 100 microns). relaxation than without distances on long spin the graphene conserves currents: spin and on graphene based circuits Development of logical 1997). since (application disk resistance to hard graphene. materials, supra-conductor carbon components, lasers, complex cooperative behaviours). allow that cells of inorganic fabrication and materials self-assembly, emergence of inorganic catalytic (e.g., coupled functions system-level engineering recently and function with design architectural linking systems; chemical nano-molecular and molecular to functional develop chemistry in organisation derivatives. their and alkoxides metal particularly donor ligands, to bonded oxygen is metal the which complexes in of metal range awide work around our centres aconsequence, As materials. of oxide chemistry state solid the and chemistry solution molecular between Nanosciences in general and and general in Nanosciences magneto- giant and spintronics power lasers, optoelectronics, self- and self-assembly My interests lie at the interface interface at the lie My interests
Research Interests: [email protected] IPAG at Director Research Kern Pierre Research Interests: [email protected] Institute Alfred Wegener Christian Hamm Research Interests: [email protected] Department Physics of Liège, University Serge Habraken Research Interests: [email protected] at CEA-LETI department photonics and of Optics Director Bruno Mourey Research Interests: [email protected] of CNRS-INSIS Director Marzin Jean-Yves Research Interests: [email protected] Engineering Aerospace of Department of Milan, Institute Polytechnic Professor, Associate Lavagna Michèle Research Interests: [email protected] MIT ofMicroPhotonics, Center Director, Lionel Kimerling transmission on silicon. transmission electro-optics, micro-lighting, lighting, high bit rate relate to Activities imaging. photon electron and COST. Recherche) Francela in Represents France. in pour Nationale (Agence ANR at the nanotechnologies of domain the in research of restructuring charge 2000, in Since of semiconductors. nanostructures autonomous spacecraft. techniques, optimisation dynamics, and attitude flight design, systems electronics. interferometry. in instrumentation of Simplification on detectors. curves with planes focal and optics reshaping as such innovations detection other plus sub-mm and IR evolution. their and structures lightweight of planktonic performance mechanical structures, lightweight of technical plasmonics. micro-optics, of fabrication the and imaging in astronomy in the the in astronomy in imaging optimisation and Evolution holography optics, diffractive optics and components for and optics of semiconductors, Optics space mechanics, Orbital micro- and micro-photonics
91 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 92 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) biosensing systems with single-molecule resolution. single-molecule with systems biosensing integrated and miniaturised interactions, molecular Research Interests: [email protected] Director, Scientific CEA Daniel Vellou Research Interests: [email protected] CEA at Director Scientific Semeria Marie-Noëlle Research Interests: [email protected] High-Tech 31 Centre, Campus TNO-Holst Schoo Herman Research Interests: [email protected] University Technology,Chalmers Manufacturing and Materials Composites, and Materials Polymeric Professor, Mikael Rigdahl Research interests: [email protected] Tech High Campus Research, Philips Technische Eindhoven, Universiteit Menno Prins Research Interests: [email protected] Bruxelles, de Libre Université Preumont André interviewees Appendix A: TECHBREAK development and applications. and development electronics. flexible and semiconductors organic technologies, autonomous sensor wireless how visually. and we e. perceive them, properties material between relations the and materials nanocomposites), (incl. renewable composite materials structures. to precision attention aparticular with engineering, of fields all control in vibration Active telescopes. and structures space to large attention particular with more recently he has focused on medical applications. on medical focused more he has recently but applications Covers all technologies. micro-nano biomedical sensors based on based sensors biomedical micro and nano technologies technologies nano and micro for technologies generic fluids, and of solids rheology control of structures Active Innovative applications of of applications Innovative Research Interests: [email protected] Singapore University, Technological Nanyang Technologies, Photonic Disruptive for ofCentre Director University, Southampton at Centre Research of theOptoelectronics Director Deputy Nikolay Zheludev Research Interests: [email protected] Bath of University Materials, Photonic and Photonics for Centre Wadsworth William and plasmonics. plasmonics. and lasers. Fibre fabrication, and pair-photons, design PCF and single- Fibre of sources interfacing, and optics nonlinear nanophotonics, metamaterials metamaterials nanophotonics, inflation, transitions: PCF
interest for technology. each are tablesThe orderedthe community based on to. belong KETs on based the they that arranged chapters The report. topics ofaretechnology the fromthe the technologies all gathers section This Appendix B: Technologies arranged by community interest Technology Area Nanotechnology Nanostructured surfaces biosensing Surface plasmonresonance: Photothermal modulation Cavity optomechanics Nanoantennas asIRemitters sensors Nanoantennas fordetectors/ purification Nanoparticles forwater materials Nanophononic-enhanced radiation monitoring Surface plasmonresonance: Tech Level Level B Level B Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Horizon Development short term short term long term medium term long term long term long term long term medium term Interest hot topic hot topic niche area robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest Use control bacterial/microbial monitoring sampling, health structure monitoring cryogenics, detectors thermal management spectroscopy optics, detectors, life support thermoelectrics conductors, thermal insulators, thermal monitoring OD OD5.7 OD5.5 OD5.2, OD2.6 OD3.9 OD3.8, OD2.2 OD2.1, OD3.10 OD3.9, OD3.8, OD5.9 OD2.2 OD2.1, OD3.8 93 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 94 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Appendix B: Technologies arranged by community interest Technology Area Advanced Materials 2D materials 3D printingofcircuits 3D printingofcomponents CNTs production/ 3Dprinting Large scalegenerative Transparent electrodes 3D printingoflenses delivery Boron nitrideNTs: drug storage Boron nitrideNTs: hydrogen materials Boron nitrideNTs: structural superconducting materials Ferromagnetic and Nanoenergetic materials 3D printingoffuelcells 3D printingofmolecules Active control ofstructures materials Advanced construction Biomimetic databases Biomimetic design Boron nitrideNTs: insulators Multiscale modelling Topological insulators Tech Level Level A Level B Level B Level B Level A Level B Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level C Level B Level A Level A Level A Level B Level B Level B Level A Level A Horizon Development long term medium term short term medium term long term short term long term long term long term long term long term medium term medium term short term medium term medium term short term medium term long term medium term long term Interest hot topic hot topic hot topic hot topic hot topic hot topic niche area niche area niche area niche area niche area niche area robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest Use solar cells bacterial treatments, nanomedicine, anti- sensors, detectors, swarm ofsensors production ofrobotic repairs, spares drug carriers lightweight materials, techniques advanced fabrication screens solar cells,touch swarm ofsensors production ofrobotic drug delivery hydrogen storage new structuralmaterial detectors efficient propulsion cells efficient batteries/fuel synthesis pharmaceutical chemical and large mirrors stiffness, control of reduce mass,maintain durable materials new lightweight, robotics, sensors lightweight structures, lightweight structures, thermal protection simulations, tests memory devices optoelectronics, OD OD5.4 OD5.7, OD3.9, OD4.7 OD2.5 OD1.1, OD1.4 OD1.2, OD2.8 OD3.9, OD4.7 OD5.4 OD2.7 OD1.1 OD3.9 OD1.8 OD2.8 OD1.8, OD5.4 OD3.5 OD1.2, OD3.7 OD2.2, OD2.1, OD1.8, OD1.1, OD1.2 OD4.2 OD1.2, OD2.1 OD2.6 OD3.9 Appendix B: Technologies arranged by community interest Technology Area Photonics andMetamaterials Photonics onchip reconfigurable metamaterials Fast randomlyaddressable photosensitivity Plasmonic enhanced packaging Aerogel photoniccomponent Photonic crystalfibres Photonic lantern Photonic lantern Frequency selectivesurfaces Micro-resonators Pupil remapping interferometer Vector vortexcoronagraph Frequency selectivesurfaces Infrared metamaterials Metasurfaces Nanocrystals Negative indexmetamaterials Phase changefilms Planar reconfigurable lenses Plasmonic colourseparation Sapphire PCFs Tech Level Level C Level A Level A Level C Level C Level B Level A Level A Level B Level C Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level A Level C Horizon Development short term medium term medium term medium term medium term medium term medium term medium term medium term medium term long term long term long term long term long term long term long term long term long term Interest hot topic hot topic hot topic robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest robust interest Use communications radiation protection, sensors anddetectors communications, sensors, detectors thermal protection resilience sensors, radiation spectroscopy detectors, sensors antenna design, spectroscopy inteferometry detectors temperature cycling temperature cycling sensors sensors detectors radiation protection sensors sensors thermal management OD OD4.6 OD4.3, OD3.9, OD3.8, OD1.6, OD1.4, OD3.9 OD3.9 OD2.1 OD3.9 OD1.6, OD1.3, OD3.9 OD4.4 OD3.9, OD3.9 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD4.4 OD3.9, OD2.2 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD1.6 OD3.9 OD3.9 OD2.1 95 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 96 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Appendix B: Technologies arranged by community interest Technology Area Biotechnology/Medicine Nano-electronics Technology Area sensors Biological andenvironmental Flexible electronics Nanomedicine (treatment) Fully depletedSOI(FD-SOI) research Torpor andhibernation Silicium 3d Human stress factors Smart networks Synthetic life STT-RAM OLEDs Organic photovoltaics Cryoelectronics Biological monitoringsystems Truly autonomousagents Tech Level Tech Level Level B Level B Level D Level D Level A Level D Level A Level B Level A Level C Level C Level B Level A Level A Level A Horizon Development Horizon Development short term medium term medium term short term long term short term long term short term long term short term medium term medium term long term medium term medium term Interest Interest hot topic hot topic hot topic hot topic niche area hot topic robust interest hot topic robust interest hot topic hot topic hot topic niche area robust interest robust interest Use Use sampling crew monitoring,blood monitoring bio-sensors, stress treatments drug delivery, localised power andlowcost integrated circuits, low seriously injured crew emergency for long durationflights, in electronics performance increase miniaturisation, astronaut treatment robotic swarm resource utilisation biosensors, insitu food production, support system, Drug delivery, life radiation protection illumination solar cells sensors crew monitoring exploration paradigms formation flight,new spacecraft, advanced self-healing
OD OD OD5.5 OD5.6, OD5.5 OD5.4 OD4.3 OD4.7, OD5.5, OD5.2 OD3.9 OD5.5 OD5.2, OD4.5 OD4.7 OD5.6, OD5.2, OD5.4, OD1.7 OD5.11 OD4.7 OD3.1, OD1.1, OD3.9 OD5.5 OD4.7 OD4.5, OD3.5, OD2.5, OD concept. OD the solutions within ideal mapscode to particular Each tables. technology as well as descriptions, technology the were that codes throughout used Drivers the section Overwhelming presents This Mapping Drivers Appendix C: Overwhelming OD3.10 OD3.9 OD3.8 OD3.7 OD3.6 OD3.5 OD3.4 OD3.3 OD3.2 OD3.1 OD2.8 OD2.7 OD2.6 OD2.5 OD2.4 OD2.3[OD1.6] OD2.2 OD2.1 OD1.8 OD1.7 OD1.6 OD1.5 OD1.4 OD1.3 OD1.2 OD1.1 Code Advanced interferometers ofultra-compactdimensions(nanotechnology) of spaceinstruments Plasmonic opticalsystemsandastrophotonics instrumentconceptstoreduce boththemassandsize to enablesimple,lowspectralresolution 2Dimaging Energy sensitivedetectors withminimumcoolingrequirements, particularly intheIRandvisibleranges, Advanced coatingmaterialstoprevent degradation Technologies formaintainingtheopticalsurfacequalityoflarge mirrors inspace Robotic systemsforthemaintenanceofstructures inspace Novel packaginganddeploymenttechniquesbasedonbiological or Robotic systemsfortheassemblyofstructures inspace utilising otherforces tomaintainposition,suchasferromagnetic forces metrology forfinepositioncontrol andprecise formationflying.Formationflyingmightbeachievedby Formation flyingofparts(nosupportstructure). Technologies suchasmicro-thrusters andlaser Flexible orfoldablemirror andsupportstructure, tocircumvent volumerestrictions onlaunch weight orsizeboth will alsorequire advancesintheefficiency ofexistingpowerproduction systemsinorder to reduce capability toprevent/repair degradationfortheinvolvedsystems(i.e.,ofsolarcells),but Being abletoprovide energy foralongperiodoftimeisproblem thatwillrequire notonlythe of time.Onesolutionwouldbethedevelopmentapolymertanktostor The storageofhydrogen ismademore efficient. Hydrogen isextremely difficult tostore forlongperiods Modelling andacceleratedlifetests Self-healing mechanisms,automatedrepairs repairing thedamagedmaterial.Self-healingmaterialsandstructures are needed. Automatic repair ofradiationdamage.Radiationshieldingshouldbecomplementedwiththeability Novel shieldingtechniquesthatdon’t rely onbulkmaterialshielding Advanced thermalcontrol Materials thatcanwithstandhightemperature/high temperature gradients techniques, newmaterials,etc.) This isagenericsolutionthatindicatesthedecrease ofsystemmassduetoefficiency gains(improved Identify noveltechniquesforradiationshielding Identify novelmaterialsforshielding ‘Print’ cablesonthestructure itself Eliminate cables Replace cablingmaterialswithlighterones New structural/activedesignsthatuselessmaterials Replace materialswithnew, lightermaterialswithsimilarorbetterperformance OD PotentialSolution ganisms e hydrogen 97 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 98 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Overwhelming Drivers Mapping Drivers Appendix C: Overwhelming OD5.10 OD5.9 OD.5.8 OD5.7 OD5.6 OD5.5 OD5.4 OD5.3 OD5.2 OD5.1 OD4.7 OD4.6 OD4.5 OD4.4 OD4.3 OD4.2 OD4.1 Code through 3-Dprinting,chemicalsynthesis(e.g.,POM),etc. Technologies allowingthe manufacture ofparts/materials insitu(spares, modifications, servicing) significant advanceinthisfield Life Supportsystems.Advancedfiltersandcatalystsbasedonnano-engineeringcouldpr In situproduction ofnutrition using mutatedbacterialstrainsthatmaintainahealthypopulation represent totheastronauts. Thiscouldbeachievedeitherbyusingspeciallytreated surfacesorby Technologies forcontrol ofbacteria,toavoid/eliminate thedangerslarge bacterialconcentrations Advanced telemedicineandtelesurgery equipmentforemergencies impede thecrew intheirduties Nano sensorsforthecontinualmonitoringofbodilyfunctionsandenvir processes (bio-mimetics) novel waystotreat thehumanbodyRNAregulation orbasedinnewconcepts,inspired from biological Technologies tomanufacture drugsandotherchemicalsinsitu.Thesecaneitherbearesult of Simulation ofgravitybytechnicalmeans(i.e.,centrifuges) mass reduction Advanced countermeasure drugs,tocounteracttheeffects ofweightlessnesssuchasmuscleandbone New drugsforradiationtreatment orradiationpoisoningprevention Mass fabricationofspecialisedmicro/nano bots Advanced datatransfersystemdevelopmentforcommunicationbetweensegments Artificial intelligencesystemstocoordinate theparts Miniaturisation ofantennas Compact/miniaturised instruments,similartoOD3.8–OD3.10 Novel ‘packaging’techniquestoincrease utilitypervolumeofinstruments Similar issueasOD1.1-OD1.5andOD3.8-OD3.10 Reduce themass/compactingofinstruments,inorder tobeablehavemore instrumentson-board. OD PotentialSolution onment thatwouldnot ovide a [email protected] Secretariat: Wilkens, Markus European Technology Platform contact 4. 3. 2. 1. publications Notable http://www.photonics21.org Website • • defined: been topics have also cross-cutting two Additionally • • • • • sectors: five application into grouped are These security. and sciences life manufacturing, display,and areas: ICT, lighting industrial five key in of developmentdeployment photonics and establish to is objective Its stakeholders. R&D and industries photonics the leading together brings The platform industry. its in identity acommon and cooperation 2005in to foster established was ETP The Photonics21 Photonics21 TechnologyEuropean Platforms: platforms Appendix D: technology Points for Contact European infrastructure. research and training education, photonics and systems, and of photonic components manufacturing and design sensors. and metrology security, displays; and lighting health; and sciences life quality; and manufacturing and production industrial communication; and information Photonics_Roadmap_final_lowres.pdf http://www.photonics21.org/download/Brochures/ 2014 -2020 Roadmap Strategic Multiannual Photonics_Europe.pdf http://www.photonics21.org/download/Brosch_ Impact Economic Europe: Photonics in Photonics21StrategicResearchAgenda.pdf http://www.photonics21.org/download/ ahead (2010): agenda research Strategic way the Lighting InternetVersion.pdf FinalEditionPhotonics21VisionDocument_ http://www.photonics21.org/download/ of Europe technology enabling a key (2010): for document Vision Vision –Our Photonics
http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/individual_en.html
WG 5: Lifecycle, Impacts, Risks Risks Impacts, WG Lifecycle, 5: (IPPT) Basista Michal Chair: Materials Functional and Structural WG 4: Knowledge-based (CRF) Pullini Daniele Chair: Materials Nano-Assembled and Nanomaterials WG 3: (Cranfield University) Oakey John Chair: Energy for Materials WG 2: (Techniker) Igartua Amaya Chair: WG 1: Modelling and Multiscale are: EU. for These the strategy and priorities to R&D develop have established been seven Working present, Groups At consumers. and users including community, civil and community financial EUprojects, from consortia community, academic authorities, public industry, disciplines, different from participants together It brings area. this in priorities and needs R&D of process establishing the in stakeholders important and industry together bring 2006 to in Technologies established was (EuMat) ETP and Materials Engineering Advanced The Materials Advanced [email protected] AISBL KMM-VIN Basista, Michal Secretariat: [email protected] Italy CSM Falzetti, Marco Coordinator: European Technology Platform contact 2. 1. Publications Notable http://www.eumat.eu Website (CSM) Falzetti Marco Chair: WG 7: Bio-Materials Wanda Wolny (MEGGITT) Chair: Technologies (ICT) WG 6: for Materials Information and Communication Jovanovic R-Tech) (Steinbeis Aleksandar Chair: Roadmap (2006): http://www.eumat.orgRoadmap http://www.eumat.org (2012) (SRA) update agenda research Strategic
99 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 100 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) Email: [email protected] Email: JU ENIAC European Technology Platform contact 1. Publications Notable http://www.eniac.eu Website Europe. in universities) and research institutes (Corporate, SMEs, nanoelectronics in actors R&D the representing association the AENEAS, with States Associated and Member European and Commission European the together bringing apublic-privateup partnership, as set is JU ENIAC The functionalities. their increasing and of devices miniaturisation and integration further the at enhancing aimed programme research –a on nanoelectronics (JTI) Technology Initiative order to implement 2008 aJoint in February in created was (JU) Joint Undertaking ENIAC The Nano-electronics and Micro- platforms Appendix D: technology Points for Contact European masp2010.pdf http://www.eniac.eu/web/downloads/documents/ plan strategic Multi-annual
4. 3. 2. 1. areas for research: main three identifies agenda research strategic The of nanomedicine. area the in Europe position of industrial and scientific competitive, the to strengthen It aims for health. nanotechnology in needs development innovation and the addresses Nanomedice field. growing fast this –in EC the with –together academia and industry between 2005 to prevent of coordination lack the in established was (Nanomedice) ETP Applications for Medical Nanotechnologies the particular In targets. their in of nanotechnology aspects mention (Nanomedicine) Applications Medical for (FTC) Nanotechnologies and Clothing and Textiles Future Photonics, ENIAC, nanotechnology. with exclusively deals that ETP Thereis no single Nanotechnology [email protected] GmbH +Technik Innovation VDI/VDE Lange, Sebastian Office ETP Healthcare Philips Development, Business and Strategy Vice-President, Senior Smit, Paul European Technology Platform contact 2. 1. Communications http://www.etp-nanomedicine.eu Website TP (EpoSS) and Sustainable Chemistry (SusChem). Chemistry Sustainable and (EpoSS) TP Photonics Integration (Photonics System 21), Smart (IMI), Undertaking Joint Medicines Innovative the with cooperates platform the particular, in and ETPs, other with contact close in is Nanomedicine medicine. regenerative release; and delivery drug targeted imaging; including diagnostics nanotechnology-based at_download/file documents/publications/strategic-researchagenda/ http://www.etp-nanomedicine.eu/public/press- for health nanotechnology (2006) ‘Nanomedicine: agenda research Strategic visionpaper/at_download/file press-documents/publications/etp-nanomedicine- http://www.etp-nanomedicine.eu/public/ for nanomedicine’ agenda research a strategic (2005) for document basis Vision paper and ‘Vision
[email protected] Spork Ger European Technology Platform contact 3. 2. 1. Communications http://www.suschem.org Website • • • • sections: on four focuses agenda research strategic its 2004 and in (SusChem) established was Chemistry forSustainable Platform European The Technology White Biotechnology (SusChem). Chemistry Sustainable Technology for Platform European (PLANTS), Future for the (Nanomedicine), Plants Applications for Medical (Food),Food for Life Nanotechnologies Technology (EBTP), Platform Biofuels European (FTC), Clothing Textiles and Future are: focus their of as part that biotechnology mention ETPs The Biotechnology platforms Appendix D: technology Points for Contact European processes; and stimulating support for innovation. support stimulating and processes; and products new with associated concerns societal and health environmental, addressing by SRA SusChem on the based of innovations use thedevelopmentand from benefit citizens EU that on ensuring focusing issues, horizontal them; achieve help will that processes appropriate and products developmentand of design identification, on the focusing design, process and reaction nanotechnologies; related the and role of to the nanoscience, attention special with of life, quality the to enhance designed be will which surroundings, future mankind’s for on materials focusing technology, materials biocatalysts; and strains of optimisation and discovery the and manner, acost- eco-efficient in processes and and products of novel,development production innovative and on the focusing biotechnologies, industrial document[ID]=2049&pageId=3599 http://www.suschem.org/content.php?_ plan(2006) action Implementation document[ID]=2049&pageId=3599 http://www.suschem.org/content.php?_ (2005) agenda research Strategic document[ID]=2049&pageId=3599 http://www.suschem.org/content.php?_ beyond’ (2005) document vision2025 forVision and ‘The
2. 1. Communications http://www.emobility.eu.org Website systems. telecommunications development and in research at strengthening aims and2004 in established was The platform Technology (eMobility) Platform Mobile and Wireless Communications (EUROP). Technology on Robotics Platform European and (ARTEMIS) Systems and Intelligence Embedded Technology ICTs and for with Research Advanced are relates closely platforms Other (NESSI). Initiative Services and Software Networked European (NEM), Media Electronic Networked (EPoSS), and Integration Systems on Smart Platform (eMobility), European Technology Platform Communications Wireless and the ICTs with are: Mobile dealing mainly ETPs The Technologies Communication and Information 2. 1. Communications http://www.smart-systems-integration.org Website issues. cross-cutting security, and safety RFID, technologies, medical telecommunications, and automotive, are: information applications system forsmart asmostrelevant sector. sectors identified The integration systems smart of the needs of research view ashared formulates ETP of the agenda research thestrategic and 2006in established was The platform (EPoSS) Integration European Platform Systems on Smart [email protected] Fiona Williams European Technology Platform contact Applications_Agenda_v1-0.pdf http://www.emobility.eu.org/SAA/Strategic_ Version 1(2008) Agenda, Research Applications Strategic SRA_07_090115.pdf http://www.emobility.eu.org/SRA/eMobility_ 7(2008) Revision Agenda, Research Strategic documents/ eposs_publications/EPoSS_SRA_1_3 http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/ technologies’ systems for smart area research European the (2007): agenda research Strategic ‘Implementing Deckblatt.pdf nal_mit Paper_fi documents/ eposs_publications/060516_Vision_ http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/ integration’ systems smart innovative (2006): document Vision ‘Towards of avision
101 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 102 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 3. • • • • contexts: application on four focuses agenda research thestrategic and2004 in established was ETP This (ARTEMIS) Systems and Intelligence Embedded for Technology and Research Advanced The [email protected] Director) (Executive Meunier Jean-Dominique European Technology Platform contact 2. 1. Communications http://www.nem-initiative.org Website services. era personalised of advanced exciting to create and anew sectors, ICT all across media new and mobile broadband, including technologies, new and to cover existing It aims bodies. standardisation and academia electronics, of consumer manufacturers equipment, of professional manufacturers operators, telecom broadcasters, including stakeholders, various together 2005 to bringing in established was NEM (NEM) Media Electronic and Networked The [email protected] VDE-IT Offi VDI/ (Head EPoSS ce) Gessner of the Wolfgang EADS (Chairman), Schymanietz Klaus European Technology Platform contact 3. platforms Appendix D: technology Points for Contact European citizen. the benefit that services and ofdeployment systems embrace large-scale that highways and cities airports, as such major infrastructure infrastructure; public safety; and well-being comfort, enjoyment, improved for andsolutions systems offering offices, and cars homes, as private such spaces; move; on the while services and information to access users to offer on-body systems and devices portable enabling environments; nomadic biomedical; as such areas growth and manufacturing, aerospace, embracesautomotive, which systems, critical safety- complex and large, systems; industrial SRA-051.pdf http://www.nem-initiative.org/Documents/NEM- 1 Call coverage — by FP7 agenda research strategic NEM SRA-050.pdf http://www.nem-initiative.org/Documents/NEM- Strategic research agenda (2007) agenda research Strategic V-002.pdf http://www.nem-initiative.org/Documents/NEM- (2007): 2020’ document Vision vision ‘NEM Research%20Agenda%202009.pdf EPoSS%20Strategic%20 documents/publications/ http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/ (2009) Agenda Research Strategic
2. 1. Communications http://www.robotics-platform.eu Website inspection, and edutainment. or for exploration used robots robots, security robots, co-workers, robotic robots, logistics manipulation scenarios: application six identifies agenda research strategic and 2005 in its established was ETP This on Robotics (EUROP) Platform Technology European The [email protected] Association ARTEMISIA Secretary-General, Lohstroh, Jan European Technology Platform contact http://www.artemis-etp.eu (2006), agenda research Strategic Communications http://www.artemisia-association.eu Website [email protected] Secretariat of the European Technology Platform [email protected] Office Project c/o Bischoff, CARE Rainer European Technology Platform contact php?idcat=8 http://www.robotics-platform.eu/cms/index. (2009) agenda research Strategic http://www.robotics-platform.eu/documents.htm (2005) Brochure —Glossy Platform Robotics EUROP, European document the Vision
(but did not participate in the interviews). the not(but in participate did process the were contacted during workshops who or experts TECHBREAK the various to participants table contains This workshopAppendix participants E: TECHBREAK optoelectronics super lenses,cloaks, nanotechnology, photonics, plasmonics, Metamaterials, Biotechnology Biomechatronics (and biomimetics) and Nanostructures Advanced Materials and Nanostructures Advanced Materials Advanced Materials Area Pendry Vorholt Trygve Speck Plenio Meier Martial Mano Littlewood Hüsing Hartwig Dawson, A. Dario Cicoira Brautaset Bier Veltink Vincent Zins Vahlas Schuster Oehr Meyer Kroesen Hüsing Haas Günther Gonzalez-Elipe Fecht Eul Créan Falzetti Last Name
John Julia Brautaset Thomas Martin Wolfgang Joseph Joao Peter Bärbel Aneas Kenneth Paolo Fabio Trygve Frank Peter Julian Michael Constantin Frédéric Christian Aneas Gerrit Bärbel Karl-Heinz Bernd Augusto Hans Jörg Ursula Gabriel Marco First Name
London Imperial College & Metamaterials, Centre forPlasmonics ETH Zurich SINTEF Freiburg University Ulm University Basel University Liège University MIT Portugal Cambridge University ISI Fhf IFAM Fhf Dublin University CRIM &U.Pisa IFN-CNR Trygve Brautaset IBMT Fraunhofer University ofTwente Bath University Fraunhofer ENSIACET CEA Fraunhofer DLR of Technology Eindhoven University Fraunhofer Fraunhofer Fraunhofer CSIC Spain Ulm University Fraunhofer CEA CSM Affiliation [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Contact 103 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 104 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) TECHBREAK workshopAppendix participants E: TECHBREAK Photonics Microelectronics Nanotechnology/ Area Henerdal Dawson Birks Baumberg Bastmeyer Smith Allington- Tovar Thielmann Thelander Stramm Shea Schmidt Rochus Renaud Prost Pekola Paul, J. Montelius Macucci Loiseau Linke Leson Laschewsky Kolaric Herault Geim Fortea Errington Dürig Dubois Diemert Cirak den Broeck, van Brillouet Last Name Lars-Olov Martin Tim Jeremy Martin Jeremy Günter Axel Claes Cornelia Herbert Georg Véronique Philippe Werner Jukka Douglas Lars Massimo Annick Heiner Aneas Ané Ivica Laurent Ane Jean-Pierre John Urs Emmanuel Jan Fehmi Christian Michel First Name Acreo Stratchclyde University of Institute ofPhotonics, Materials, Bath and Photonic Centre forPhotonics Cambridge University Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof Durham University Alliance Nanotechnology Fraunhofer ISI Fhf Lund University IVV Fhf LMTS Würzburg University IMEC Leuven EPFL Essen University Duisburg- Aalto University(PICO) University ofGlasgow Lund University Pisa University ONERA Lund University IWS Fhf IPA Fhf IPA Fhf CEA-LETI Manchester University CNES Newcastle University IBM Zurich Lille University Fraunhofer Cambridge University of Hasselt University CEA -LETI Affiliation [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] j.r.allington-smith @durham.ac.uk [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] and [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Contact TECHBREAK workshopAppendix participants E: TECHBREAK and Propulsion Photonics, Energy Biotechnology Photonics, Photonics Area Elkmann Bruno Bretschneider Bonnet Ambacher Allwood Maier Wegener Villoresi Valant Tignon Stiller Stanley Simon Scholles Roussignol Pruneri Pleros Pernice Peny Orphal Moore Linder, B. Lemmer Labadie Kappes Hess Last Name Norbert Claudio Peter Jean-Paul Oliver Julian Stefan Martin Paolo Matjaz Jérôme Christoph Ross Jean-Claude Michael Philippe Valerio Nikos Wolfram John Johannes Anew Markus Uli Lucas Manfred Ortwin First Name IFF Fhf (UTRC) (US) Research Center United Technologies IOSB-AST Fhf Poitiers University IAF Fhf Cambridge University London Imperial College Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof Padova University Materials Department of Aigrain Laboratoire Pierre Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof CSEM FOTON Photonic Microsystems Fraunhofer Institutefor Aigrain Laboratoire Pierre ICFO, Barcelona Thessaloniki Research Group, Networks (PhosNET) Photonic Systemsand Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof London Imperial College & Metamaterials, Centre forPlasmonics Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof Edinburgh Harriot Watt University, VVT Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof Universität zuKöln Optics andPhotonics Karlsruhe Schoolof London Imperial College & Metamaterials, Centre forPlasmonics Affiliation [email protected] [email protected] de [email protected]. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Contact 105 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) 106 Technological Breakthroughs for Scientific Progress (TECHBREAK) TECHBREAK workshopAppendix participants E: TECHBREAK and Propulsion Photonics, Energy Area Wittwer Weber Waltham Volkan Tünnermann van Steenhoven, Schlegl Sazio Sauleau Payne Mottershead Metras Marque Lutsen Leo Hulst, van Hugon Holt Hebling Hauser Hägele Feurer Last Name Christof Eiker Nick Hilmi Demir Aneas Anton Thomas Pier Ronan David JE Hughes Jean-Pierre Laurence Karl Niek Xavier Tim Christopher Gerd Martin Thomas First Name ISE Fhf ISE Fhf RAL Bilkent University IOF Fhf of Technology Heindoven University ISE Fhf Optoelectronics Center Rennes University Southampton University of Research Centre, Optoelectronics Engineering Liverpool Facultyof CEA-LETI ONERA Hasselt University IPMS Fhf ICREA CEA-LETI U. Strathclyde ISE Fraunhofer IBP Fhf IPA Fhf University Bern Affiliation [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Contact Batude, P., B. Sklenard, C. Xu, B. Previtali, B. De De B. Previtali, B. Xu, C. P., Sklenard, B. Batude, Preu A. and Mokrani, B. Rodrigues, G. R., Bastaits, C. Mackay,D. and J. P. Haniff, A. C. E., J. Baldwin, P. Evghenii Pokatilov, D. a., and Alexander Balandin, Attanasio, Carmine, and Carla Cirillo. 2012. “Qua 2012. Cirillo. Carla and Carmine, Attanasio, Assefa, Solomon, Steven Shank, William Green, Mar Green, William Steven Shank, Solomon, Assefa, Dhola Kishan and Mazilu, Michael Yoshihiko, Arita, Evren Gungor, Mutlugun, Kivanc Shahab, Akhavan, bibliography below. main the within section These referencestherein. are contained encountered reports text and the in articles bibliography, apartial referencinginclude the descriptions (sections 6, 5, 7, also 9) 8and will author).the technology that contain Thesections report (alphabetical order,this by of name first bibliography of full the contains section This not and by order of appearance. alphabetically becategorised will documents the aresult, as (author the follow date) will conventionstyle and The citation of citation been utilised. has style a rather report, unusual diverse of subjects the this of number and cited large to the Due documents Referenced Documents References 1795–1803. doi:10.2514/1.44041. 1795–1803. 32 (6) (November): Dynamics and Control, ance, Guid of Journal Control.” and Dynamics Mirrors: Segmented “Active of Large Optics 2009. mont. doi:10.1038/320595a0. 595–597. 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