APPENDIX A Signs and Symptoms of Illness Chart (Adapted)

The following chart lists, in alphabetic order, some of the most common signs and symptoms that individuals child care settings may develop when they have an infectious disease. Health professionals can use this chart to discuss with caregivers/teachers what they should look for to recognize diseases and make decisions about when individuals need medical care. Caregivers/teachers/program providers should use this information to be aware of what might cause various signs and symptoms, when it is appropriate to notify a health consultant and/or the parent, and the criteria to determine when individuals should be excluded from and can return to a group setting or program. All caregivers/teachers and direct staff should work with health professionals to ensure an appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Note that the chart indicates when visits to a health professional are necessary. Not all individuals who are excluded from a child care setting require a visit to a health professional prior to return. However, if you are concerned about the nature of the individuals’s specific illness or need instructions about how to care for the individual, the child’s parent/guardian can make a phone call to the child’s health professional to clarify whether further evaluation is necessary. With parent/guardian consent, the child’s health professional can give additional instructions in writing or over the phone to caregivers/teachers.

The Signs and Symptoms Chart is adapted from Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools: A Quick Reference Guide, 2nd Edition a publication of the American Academy of Pediatrics. It is printed with permission to be included in the Vermont Child Care Regulations. Reference: Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools: A Quick Reference Guide, 2nd Edition, American Academy of Pediatrics, Susan S. Aronson MD FAAP (Editor), Timothy R. Shope MD MPH FAAP (Editor).

Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When Cold Symptoms (early stage of  Runny or stuffy nose Not necessary Yes No, unless:  Exclusion criteria are many viruses)  Scratchy throat  accompanied by resolved.  Adenovirus  Coughing behavior change.  Coxsackievirus  Sneezing  Individual looks or acts  Enterovirus  Watery eyes very ill.  Parainfluenza  Fever  Individual has difficulty  Respiratory breathing. syncytial virus  Individual has blood red or  Rhinovirus purple rash not associated  Coronavirus with injury.  Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When Bacteria  Individual meets other  Mycoplasma exclusion criteria  Dry or wet cough Not necessary Yes No, unless:  Exclusion criteria are (May come from  Lower respiratory  Runny nose (clear,  Severe cough resolved. congestion infection (eg, white, or yellow‐green)  Rapid and/or difficult anywhere from pneumonia,  Sore throat breathing ears to lungs. bronchiolitis)  Throat irritation  Wheezing if not already Cough is a body   Hoarse voice, barking evaluated and treated response to  Asthma cough  Cyanosis (i.e., blue color of something that is  Sinus infection skin and mucous irritating tissues  Bronchitis membranes) in the airway.)

Diarrhea Usually viral, less  Frequent loose or watery For one or Yes Yes, if  Cleared to return by commonly bacterial or stools compared to more cases of  Stool is not contained in health professional for parasitic child’s normal pattern. bloody the diaper for diapered all cases of bloody (Note that exclusively diarrhea or 2 children. diarrhea and diarrhea breastfed infants or more  Diarrhea is causing caused by Shigella, normally have frequent children with “accidents” for toilet‐ Salmonella, or Giardia. unformed and diarrhea in trained children.  Diapered children have somewhat watery stools, group within  Stool frequency exceeds 2 their stool contained by or may have several a week or more stools above the diaper (even if the days with no stools.) normal for that child, stools remain loose) and  Abdominal cramps. because this may cause too toilet‐trained children do  Fever. much work for the not have toileting  Generally not feeling teacher/caregivers and accidents. well. make it difficult to  Able to participate.  Sometimes accompanied maintain good sanitation. by vomiting.  Blood/mucus in stool.  Abnormal color of stool for child (eg, all black or very pale).  No urine output in 8 hours.  Jaundice (i.e., yellow skin or eyes). Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When  Fever with behavior change.  Looks or acts very ill.

Difficult or 1. Common cold 1. Common cold: Stuffy Not necessary Yes Yes, if  Exclusion criteria are Noisy Breathing 2. Croup nose, sore throat, 1. Fever accompanied by resolved. 3. cough, and/or mild behavior change. 4. Bronchiolitis fever. 2. Individual looks or acts 5. Asthma 2. Croup: Barking cough, very ill. 6. Pneumonia hoarseness, fever, 3. Individual has difficulty 7. Object stuck in possible chest breathing. airway discomfort (symptoms 4. Individual has blood red or worse at night), and/or purple rash not associated very noisy breathing, with injury. especially when 5. The individual meets other breathing in. exclusion criteria. 3. Epiglottitis: Gasping noisily for breath with mouth wide open, chin pulled down, high fever, and/or bluish (cyanotic) nails and skin; drooling, unwilling to lie down. 4. (and 5.) Bronchiolitis and Asthma: Individual is working hard to breathe; rapid breathing; space between ribs looks like it is sucked in with each breath (retractions); wheezing; whistling sound with breathing; cold/cough; irritable Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When and unwell. Takes longer to breathe out than to breathe in. 5. See above. 6. Pneumonia: Deep cough, fever, rapid breathing, or space between ribs looks like it is sucked in with each breath (retractions). 7. Object stuck in airway: Symptoms similar to croup (2 above) Earache 1. Bacteria or viruses 1. Fever Not necessary Yes No, unless:  Exclusion criteria are 2. Often occurs in 2. Pain or irritability  Unable to participate. resolved. context of common 3. Difficulty hearing  Care would compromise cold 4. “Blocked ears” staff’s ability to care for 5. Drainage other children. 6. Swelling around ear  Fever with behavior change. Eye Irritation, 1. Bacterial infection of 1. Bacterial infection: Pink Yes, if Yes For bacterial conjunctivitis  For bacterial conjunctiviti, Pinkeye the membrane color instead of whites 2 or more No. Exclusion is no longer once parent has covering the eye of eyes and thick children have required for this condition. discussed with health and eyelid (bacterial yellow/green discharge. red eyes with Health professionals may professional. conjunctivitis) May be irritated, watery vary on whether to treat this may or may not be 2. Viral infection of the swollen, or crusted in discharge condition with prescribed. membrane covering the morning. medication. The role of  Exclusion criteria are the eye and eyelid 2. Viral infection: antibiotics in treatment and resolved. (viral conjunctivitis) Pinkish/red, irritated, preventing spread is unclear. 3. Allergic irritation of swollen eyes; watery Most individuals with the membrane discharge; possible pinkeye get better after 5 or 6 covering the eye upper respiratory days without antibiotics. and eyelid (allergic infection. conjunctivitis) 3. (and 4.) Allergic and For other forms chemical irritation: red, No, unless: Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When 4. Chemical irritation tearing, itchy eyes;  The individual meets other of the membrane runny nose, sneezing; exclusion criteria. covering the eye watery discharge. and eyelid (irritant Note: One type of viral conjunctivitis) (eg, conjunctivitis spreads swimming in rapidly and requires heavily chlorinated exclusion. If 2 or more water, air pollution) children in the group have watery red eyes without any known chemical irritant exposure, exclusion may be required and health authorities should be notified.

Fever  Any viral, bacterial, Flushing, tired, irritable, Not necessary Yes No unless:  Able to participate or parasitic infection decreased activity  Behavior change.  Exclusion criteria are  Overheating  Unable to participate. resolved.  Reaction to Notes  Care would compromise medication (e.g.,  Fever alone is not staff’s ability to care for , oral) harmful. When a other children.  Other noninfectious individual has an illnesses (e.g., infection, raising the Note: Temperatures rheumatoid body temperature is part considered meaningfully arthritis, of the body’s normal elevated above normal, malignancy) defense against outside although not necessarily an attacks. indication of a significant  Rapid elevation of body health problem, for temperature sometimes individuals older than 4 triggers a febrile seizure months are in young children; this  100°F (37.8°C) axillary usually is outgrown by (armpit) age 6 years. The first  101°F (38.3°C) orally Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When time a febrile seizure  102°F (38.9°C) rectally happens, the child  Aural (ear) temperature requires evaluation. equal to oral or rectal These seizures are temperature frightening, but do not cause the child any long‐ Get immediate medical term harm. Parents attention when infant should inform their younger than 4 months has child’s health unexplained temperature of professional every time 101°F (38.3°C) rectally or the child has a seizure, 100°F (37.8°C) axillary. Any even if the child is infant younger than 2 known to have febrile months with fever should get seizures. medical attention within an hour. Warning: Do not give aspirin. It has been linked to an increased risk of Reye syndrome (a rare and serious disease affecting the brain and liver). Headache  Any bacterial/viral  Tired and irritable Not necessary Yes No, unless:  Able to participate infection  Can occur with or  Individual is unable to  Other noninfectious without other symptoms participate causes Note: Notify health professional in case of sudden, severe headache with vomiting or stiff neck that might signal meningitis. The stiff neck of concern is reluctance and unusual discomfort when the child is asked to look at his or her Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When “belly button” (putting chin to chest) – different from soreness in the side of the neck.

Itching 1. Ringworm 1. Ringworm: Itchy ring‐ For Yes For chickenpox, scabies, and  Exclusion criteria are 2. Chickenpox shaped patches on skin infestations impetigo resolved. 3. Pinworm or bald patches on scalp. such as lice Yes  On medication or treated 4. Head lice 2. Chickenpox: Blister‐like and scabies; if as recommended by a 5. Scabies spots surrounded by red more than one For ringworm and head lice health professional if 6. Allergic or irritant halos on scalp, face, and child in group Yes, at the end of the day indicated for the reaction (eg, poison body; fever; irritable. has impetigo  Individual should be condition and for the ivy) 3. Pinworm: Anal itching. or ringworm; referred to a health time required to be 7. Dry skin or eczema 4. Head lice: Small insects for professional at the end of readmitted. For 8. Impetigo or white egg sheaths chickenpox the day for treatment. conditions that require (nits) in hair. application of antibiotics 5. Scabies: Severely itchy For pinworm, allergic or to lesions or taking of red bumps on warm irritant reactions, and eczema antibiotics by mouth, the areas of body, especially No, unless: period of treatment to between fingers or toes.  Appears infected as a reduce the risk of spread 6. Allergic or irritant weeping or crusty sore to others is usually 24 reaction: Raised, hours. For most circular, mobile rash; Note: Exclusion for hives is individuals with insect reddening of the skin; only necessary to obtain infestations or parasites, blisters occur with local medial advice for care, if readmission as soon as reactions (poison ivy, there is no previously made the treatment has been contact reaction). assessment and care plan for given is acceptable. 7. Dry skin or eczema: Dry the hives. areas on body. More often worse on cheeks, in front of elbows, and behind knees. In infants, may be dry areas on fronts of legs and anywhere else on body, Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When but not usually in diaper area. If swollen, red, or oozing, think about infection. 8. Impetigo: Areas of crusted yellow, oozing sores. Often around mouth or nasal openings. Mouth Sores 1. Oral thrush (yeast 1. Oral thrush: White Not necessary Yes No, unless:  Able to participate infection) patches on tongue and  Drooling steadily related  Exclusion criteria are 2. Herpes or coxsackie along cheeks to mouth sores. resolved virus infection 2. Herpes or coxsackie  Unable to participate. 3. Canker sores virus infection: Pain on  Care would compromise swallowing; fever; staff’s ability to care for painful, yellowish spots other children. in mouth; swollen neck glands; fever blister, cold sore; reddened, swollen, painful lips 3. Canker sores: Painful ulcers on cheeks or gums Rash Many causes Skin may show similar For outbreaks Yes No, unless:  Able to participate in 1. Viral: roseola findings with many  Rash with behavior change daily activities. infantum, fifth different causes. or fever  On antibiotic medication disease, chickenpox, Determining cause of rash  Has oozing/open wound at least 24 hours (if herpes virus, requires a competent  Has bruising not associated indicated). molluscum health professional with injury  Exclusion criteria are contagiosum, warts, evaluation that takes into  Has joint pain and rash resolved. cold sores, shingles account information other  Unable to participate (herpes zoster), and than just how rash looks.  Tender, red area of skin, others 1. Viral: Usually signs of especially if it is increasing 2. Skin infections and general illness such as in size or tenderness infestations; runny nose, cough, and ringworm (fungus), fever (except for warts or Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When scabies (parasite), molluscum). Each viral impetigo, abscesses, rash may have a and cellulitis distinctive appearance. (bacteria) 2. Minor skin infections 3. Severe bacterial and infestations: See infections: “Itching.” More serious meningococcus, skin infections: redness, pneumococcus, pain, fever, pus. Staphylococcus aureus 3. Severe bacterial (MSSA, MRSA) infections: Rare. These children have fever with rash and may be very ill. Sore Throat 1. Viral – common 1. Viral: Verbal children Not necessary Yes No, unless:  Able to swallow. () cold viruses that will complain of sore  Inability to swallow.  Able to participate. cause upper throat; younger children  Excessive drooling with  On medication at least 24 respiratory may be irritable with breathing difficulty. hours (if strep) infections decreased appetite and  Fever with behavior  Exclusion criteria are 2. Strep throat increased drooling change. resolved. (refusal to swallow).  The individual meets other May see symptoms exclusion criteria. associated with upper respiratory illness, such as runny nose, cough, and congestion. 2. Strep throat: Strep infection usually does not result in cough or runny nose. Signs of the body’s fight against infection include red tissue with white patches on sides of throat, at back of tongue (tonsil area), and at back wall of throat. Tonsils Signs and Symptoms Chart

Symptom Common Causes Complaints or What Notify Health Notify Temporarily Exclude? If Excluded, Readmit Might Be Seen Consultant Parent When may be large, even touching each other. Swollen lymph nodes (sometimes incorrectly called “swollen glands”) occur as body fights off the infection. Stomachache 1. Viral 1. Viral gastroenteritis or Not unless Yes No, unless:  Pain resolves. gastroenteritis or strep throat: Vomiting multiple cases  Severe pain causing child  Able to participate. strep throat and diarrhea and/or in same group to double over or scream  Exclusion criteria are 2. Problems with cramping are signs of a within 1 week.  Abdominal pain after resolved. internal organs of viral infection of injury the abdomen such stomach and/or  Bloody/black stools as intestine, colon, intestine. Strep throat  No urine output for 8 liver, bladder may cause stomachache hours with sore throat,  Diarrhea headache, and possible  Vomiting fever. If cough or runny  Yellow skin/eyes nose is present, strep is  Fever with behavior very unlikely. change 2. Problems with internal  Looks or acts very ill organs of the abdomen: Persistent severe pain in abdomen.