• International Standard Book Number Renewed for 21St Century • State-Of-The-Art Information Security Management Systems Contents

ISO Fo c u s The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 2, No. 12, December 2005, ISSN 1729-8709

Sustainable building

• International Standard Book Number renewed for 21st century • State-of-the-art information security management systems Contents

1 Comment Åge Olav Hallquist, Chair of ISO/TC 59 Constructive dialogue and actions for the building industry 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View Noel Morrin, Senior Vice President Sustainability of Sanska 8 Main Focus ISO Focus is published 11 times a year (single issue : July-August). It is available in English. © Sanska Sustainable Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs Aerospace : Individual copies 16 Swiss Francs thebuilding new frontier Publisher Central Secretariat of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org • Supporting sustainable ways of living • Social and economic aspects of building construction Manager : Anke Varcin • Built to last – Service life planning Editor : Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis • Safe fibre cement and no asbestos Artwork : Pascal Krieger and Pierre Granier • Built for strength – Protection from earthquake damage • Urbanization fuels boom in building construction standards ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • Building sustainability under fire Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas Friot ISO Central Secretariat • Heating up, holding down costs Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 • Fire safety engineering and the reconstruction of the collapse Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 of the World Trade Center Towers E-mail [email protected] • Building environment design : energy conservation and efficiency • For buildings as solid as a rock © ISO, 2005. All rights reserved. 35 Developments and Initiatives The contents of ISO Focus are copyright st and may not, whether in whole or in • ISBN – renewed for 21 century part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval • Training as a tool to increase efficiency and satisfaction system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 40 New this month photocopying or otherwise, without written permission of the Editor. • My ISO job – Long-lasting pdf files – Fighting counterfeit driving licences – ISO 9001:2000 for local governments – ISO ISSN 1729-8709 9001:2000 for health sector – Information security management Printed in Switzerland systems – Implementing food safety management systems Cover photo : Sanska. 45 Coming up

ISO Focus December 2005 Comment Constructive dialogue and actions for the building industry

he building sector represents a major to the success of the growth of perform- problems of environmental protection and platform for social and economic ance-based building. socio-economic development. National Tactivities to create and improve our Traditionally the development of activities were started around the world, living environment. At the same time, it the industry has been largely dependent and ISO/TC 59 began preparatory work has a considerable impact on our natu- on the initiatives of governments, indus- in its subcommittee on functional/user ral and built environment, as well as on try organizations and research institutes, requirements in 2000. In 2002, we estab- human beings, consuming a significant that has evolved to become an innova- lished a subcommittee on sustainability proportion of the earth’s limited resources. tive sector with increased effectiveness, in building construction. Sustainability of the built environment and and profitability. Leading experts from To make rapid progress with the related activities is therefore a key issue all five continents contribute to ISO/TC relevant standards for the building con- that needs to be addressed by all of us in 59, by sharing their knowledge for the struction sector, ISO/TC 59 draws upon order to create a sustainable future. benefit of the industry and society. the work of all its subcommittees and With the vast demand for new seeks cooperation with other ISO com- “ Sustainability buildings and infrastructure following mittees and international organizations World War II, building regulations and like CIB and the European Committee of the built environment the prescriptive way of defining building for Standardization. needs to be addressed constructions were recognized as major At its last meeting in Lyon, by all of us in order to hindrances for adapting new technologies France, in April 2005, we decided to cre- and innovative solutions. The function- ate a Chairman’s Advisory Group with create a sustainable al and performance approach of defin- the intention of giving advice on ques- future.” ing the end product started in parallel tions that may overlap in various com- in many countries, in order to solve this mittees. This group will be an important The World Sustainable Building problem. The performance approach was mechanism for coordinating work and Conference, held in Tokyo, Japan, in Sep- first presented in a paper at a congress discussing future projects. ISO/TC 59 tember 2005, highlighted this worldwide in 1962 of the International Council for is based on constructive dialogue with commitment to environmental, social and Research and Innovation in Building and ALL partners, stakeholders and stand- economic issues, at a venue of leading Construction (CIB). They have played an ards users and concerted action for the international organizations and experts, important role in developing the concep- entire building industry. Therein lies its including representatives of ISO tech- tual framework and the theoretical basis global usefulness, and its solid structure nical committee ISO/ TC 59, Building for performance-based building, which is built on sustainable foundations. construction. has had a large impact on building regu- This committee, first established lations worldwide. This development cre- in 1947, deals with issues still extremely ates a need for performance-based stand- relevant today, including, naturally, sus- ards, for which ISO provides an impor- © Erik Over tainable buildings. With its broad scope tant arena, and contributes, to meeting and large stakeholder base, the committee this demand. strives to provide comprehensive solu- One of the great challenges for tions and a complete set of standards to communities in today’s world is to imple- make the building industry more effi- ment all aspects for sustainable develop- cient and cost effective. ment, with the building industry as an ISO/TC 59 is an active contributor important stakeholder. In 1987, the World towards developing the practical appli- Commission on Environment and Devel- cation of the performance concept ter- opment published a report, which came to minology, functional/user requirements, be known as the “ Brundtland Report ”. It design life, performance criteria for sin- presented the concept of global sustaina- gle family attached and detached dwell- ble development, with guiding principles Åge Olav Hallquist, Chair of ings, and accessibility and usability in a for sustainable development as it is known ISO/TC 59, Building construction built environment. The organization of today. In 1992 the first international Earth information for construction works adds Summit was convened to address urgent

ISO Focus December 2005 1 World Scene

The upcoming review UN forum on forest the effects of global warming of the EU “new approach” management and extreme weather experienced in the last year on the industry. and conformity The UN Economic Commission assessment for Europe (UNECE) Timber WTO symposium on EUROLAB, the European fed- Committee and the Food and eration of national associations Agriculture Organization of the trade and sustainable of measurement, testing and UN (FAO) hosted a workshop development analytical laboratories, organized on 29 September 2005, to discuss The World Trade Organization’s a workshop in Paris, France, on regulatory involvement in forest (WTO) Committee on Trade 20 October 2005, in collaboration Cargo handling in the management matters as well as and Environment held a two-day with EA (the European co- © ISO globalized marketplace concerns the industry has for symposium on trade and sus- operation for Accreditation), economic viability and logging. tainable development in October The growth in containerized EURACHEM and CEOC 2005 in Geneva, which high- trade in Asia and the implications The session was attended by (International Confederation of lighted developmental and envi- of the changes in cargo handling more than 100 participants from Organisations for Testing, ronmental aspects from the methods, procedures and equip- 30 countries, representing non- Inspection, Certification and WTO “ development ” agenda, ment that this growth is engen- governmental organizations, Prevention). also known as the Doha Round, dering will be the focus of the UN agencies and intergovern- with the goal of appropriately 2006 International Cargo Han- mental organizations and was reflecting sustainable development dling Co-ordination Association highlighted by a one-day forum in its work. (ICHCA), which will be held on governments’ roles in forest for the first time in Singapore certification for sustainable forest WTO Director-General Pascal on 22-24 March 2006. management. Lamy said that the Doha Round of negotiations placed “ develop- With the theme of “ Cargo Han- In his presentation at the forum, ment ” at the centre of the WTO’s dling in the Globalized Market- ISO Deputy Secretary-General work and that “ the pursuit of place ”, the conference will Kevin McKinley, emphasized sustainable development is a examine some of the anticipated the increasing demand for inter- difficult balancing act, requiring implications of cargo handling national standards for environ- progress on all three of its pillars methods, procedures and equip- mental protection, combating – economic, the environmental ment used by terminals which climate change and responding and the social ”. He emphasized will be substantially reviewed. to natural disasters, as well as the importance of continued Other sessions will explore new ISO’s contribution to sustainable dialogue with the United technologies, risk, safety and forestry through its work on the Nations Environmental Pro- Some 200 experts from public security management and the ISO 14000 series of environ- gramme and other organizations. authorities, industry, conformity role of entrepôt which will mental management standards assessment operators and accred- draw internationally recognized and product standards devel- The two-day session covered itation bodies reviewed the industry experts to address oped by ISO/TC 218, Timber. issues from agriculture to tech- trends in conformity assessment these timely and important It was concluded that govern- nology transfer and how trade practices and recognition, in issues. The conference will be ments should refocus on the can contribute to achieving sus- particular in the context of the hosted by Asia Pacific Maritime commonly shared objective of tainable development. The panel implementation of regulations 2006 and organized jointly with promoting forest management sessions included presentations and of the upcoming review of ICHCA International. and combating deforestation, from guest speakers representing the EU “ new approach ” on governments, international ICHCA International is a mem- use certification to promote the technical harmonization. organizations and professionals bership organization dedicated sound use of wood and increase with specific expertise. It was recognized that this issue to the promotion of safety and the information available to must be addressed in the more efficiency in the handling and analysts and market actors on Other key issues included the global framework of international movement of goods by all production, consumption and need to address the problem trade and of the commitments modes and during all phases of trade of certified products. posed by the “ pollution of pov- under the World Trade Organi- both national and international Other issues discussed were the erty ”, where over exploitation zation’s Technical Barriers to transport chains. ICHCA has forest products markets for of natural resources and a lack Trade agreement. The ISO 900 members in over 80 countries 2005, policies influencing them of efficient allocation of fund- CASCO tool box of International and members consist of ports, and forecasts, certification and ing for the social and environ- Standards and Guides on con- terminals, port authorities, its role in corporate responsibility, mental costs of trade impede formity assessment was seen as container depots, academics and sustainable development. offering the common and cargo specialists. For more information recognized denominator for , see www.wto.org supporting confidence and inter- ISO standards for freight national recognition. The EU containers developed by ISO/TC Commission announced that 104 are recognized by ICHCA new proposals would soon be International. Michael Bohlman, put forward for technical har- Vice-Chair of the Association’s monization in the EU internal International Safety Panel, is market, in particular concerning Chair of ISO/TC 104. market surveillance, accreditation For more information, see

and marking. www.ichcainternational.co.uk © ISO

2 ISO Focus December 2005 ISO Scene

serve the Russian economy as ence of US stakeholders were well as for its understanding of materials) reviewed throughout the two-day the importance of International among others, event, as were areas for clarifica- Standards to the global economy the workshop will discuss topics tion and improvement of IEC and and to the internal market. such as methods for combining ISO directives and tools. Russia participates in 70 % of and reporting analytical data, The conclusions were drawn by ISO’s committees with another practical procedures to establish Robert Noth, Chair of the ANSI 12 % in observer status. traceability in chemical and bio- International Policy Committee, Ziva Patir also attended the logical analytical data, uncer- and Dr. Mark Hurwitz, ANSI

© ISO World Economic Forum in Rus- tainty evaluation in chemical and President and CEO. ISO President in Malaysia sia, where she highlighted the biological measurements and its use in taking decisions. For more information : latest achievements of ISO in www.ansi.org In September 2005, ISO President areas like the environment and For more information: www.iso. Tanaka was a guest of the Depart- social responsibility. org/remco. ment of Standards Malaysia IRAM celebrates (DSM), the ISO member for the 70 years of support country, where he outlined the US leadership in ISO Strategic Plan 2005-2010 ISO and IEC to Argentina’s national and the ISO Five-Year Action economy Plan for Developing Countries. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) organized in IRAM, the ISO ISO President Tanaka gave Phoenix on 9-10 November 2005 member for examples of ISO’s assistance to its 2 nd Conference on US leader- Argentina, cel- th developing country members, ship in ISO and IEC. This Con- ebrated its 70 including helping them make ference has become a major anniversary by optimal use of IT and explained Ziva Patir presents Grigory Elkin, President opportunity for the officers of US a series of pub- how participating in ISO enables GOST R, with a gift on behalf of ISO. technical advisory groups and US lic events dur- developing countries to influ- ing the month At the closing session, business experts who hold responsibilities ence future trends in the devel- of October. leaders agreed to a set of 10 in ISO and IEC committees to opment of standards. The peak was recommendations on key issues interact and consider technical an international “ International standardization outlined in the Forum’s Russia developments and policies that conference which attracted over provides powerful tools to help Scenario Project. The issues span industry sectors. 400 participants, with a high developing countries help them- addressed included developing The conference was moderated participation from abroad. Five selves towards the goal of sus- infrastructures – human, physi- by Belinda Collins of the National major themes were developed : tainable development. ISO, in cal, commercial and intellectual Institute of Standards and Tech- alignment with the aspirations – and attaining a cultural balance nology and ANSI ISO Council • the elimination of technical of the international community, between innovation and entre- chair. ISO Vice-President (tech- barriers to trade, illustrated is implementing a practical preneurship versus statism. The nical management) and Chair of by the developments in the strategy to facilitate the partici- recommendations received from ISO Technical Management MERCOSUR and their per- pation of developing countries this discussion will help shape Board Ziva Patir, and IEC Vice- spective, in particular in the in our work.” additional regional and industry President and Chair of IEC context of the Americas and He congratulated DSM for its analyses. Standardization Management of MERCOSUR’s relations support of ISO’s technical Board Frank K. Kitzantides were with the European Union ; work. He thanked DSM for its International workshop for in attendance, as well as the ISO • competitiveness and stand- hosting of the 2004 plenary Secretary General, Alan Bryden. ardization, with an emphasis meeting of ISO/TC 176 and for combining and reporting analytical results Some of the key topics addressed on the economic benefits of agreeing to host the upcoming related to the global relevance standardization ; COPOLCO events in 2006. An international workshop will policies deployed by ISO and • quality management in public be held in Rome from 6-8 IEC and the relations of both and private services, tourism March, 2006, with the aim of organizations and their technical ISO Vice-President in being a topical issue with the reviewing and comparing cur- committees with international Russia launching of ISO/TC 228, for rent practices used in various intergovernmental organizations. which high expectations were ISO Vice-President (technical measurement areas and fields, The issue of collaboration expressed by the World Tour- management) Ziva Patir made to ensure that the analytical between technical committees in ism Organization ; an official visit to Russia, data for checking for example, a context of growing convergence which encompassed a series of the compliance of environmental of technologies and the impact of • contribution of standardiza- meetings with representatives quality, legislative limits or the emergence of new major tion to sustainable develop- of the Federal Agency on Tech- quality assurance measures economies and how to best ment, which enabled an nical Regulating and Metrology used by laboratories is reliable. include them in international update on current develop- (GOST R), ISO member for Organized by the Italian Envi- standardization were also dis- ments in ISO relating to glo- Russia, on the occasion of its ronmental Protection Agency cussed. Best practices for increas- bal warming and social th 80 anniversary. and the International Union of ing participation and involvement responsibility ; Ms. Patir congratulated GOST R Pure and Applied Chemistry, • global security as an impor- for the adjustment of its organi- and co-sponsored by ISO REM- tant new driver for interna- zation and services to better CO (ISO Committee on refer- tional standardization.

ISO Focus October 2005 3 Guest View Noel Morrin © Skanska

oel Morrin is the Senior are implemented, the more business Vice President Sustainability opportunities can be maximized and Nof Skanska. An Irishman risks minimized to the benefit of all educated in biology and chemistry stakeholders. and with a background in Finally, we also pride ourselves construction, business and the on developing in-house standards tai- environment, Noel Morrin joined lored to specific needs that reinforce Skanska’s head office on 1 October day-to-day operational performance. 2005 with the mission of continuing the sustainability effort. ISO Focus : How have ISO Inter- His previous positions include national Standards helped Skanska Group Environmental Director for to grow and progress? RMC, the world’s largest producer of ready mixed concrete, as well as Noel Morrin : Following a serious senior roles at Imperial Chemical environmental accident in 1997, we Industries, the UK National reviewed our environmental policies Environmental Technology Centre and took the decision to implement and NGO Business in the the ISO environmental management Environment. Noel Morrin is a standard throughout the company. graduate of the National University Today, all Skanska Business Units of Ireland. are certified to ISO 14001. There were several advantages ISO Focus : As one of the top three to this, namely 1) the ability to offer construction services companies in added value to our customers, users the world, what types of ISO stand- and investors, as well as 2) giving us ards are important for the manage- the competitive edge and 3) winning ment of your 12 000 projects ? certain projects where ISO 14001 was part of the bidding process. Noel Morrin : At Skanska we are com- We see this ISO standard as mitted to ensuring that our customers’ “ Sustainable business a basic risk management and continual investments yield the highest possible means sustainable improvement system. It has also helped returns, whilst working in a sustainable profits generated us to identify and subsequently avoid manner by for example, making sure that certain projects where the environmen- their building is constructed efficiently whilst being socially tal risks were just too great for a respon- and then functions well during use so and environmentally sible company such as Skanska. Other that important aspects like energy effi- responsible.” advantages include the creation of a com- ciency are optimized. mon language and definitions which are Therefore, building would be especially beneficial in supply chain and almost impossible without standards. Up 9001, adhered to by 65 % of our Business information management. to 70 % of project costs can be related to Units and ISO 14001 with 100 % cover- purchasing. Standards enable us to com- age. Additionally, we have based part of ISO Focus : What is, in your view, the pare products and services efficiently. In our information security management business case for investing in socially order to achieve this, we use ISO standards system on ISO/IEC 27001. responsible actions that may not be as well as ISO management systems and The level of deployment of ISO immediately beneficial to productivity several guidance standards. The two most standards determines their strength and or the bottom line or economic success recognized standards at Skanska are : ISO risk. For example, the more standards in a competitive market ?

4 ISO Focus December 2005 © Skanska

Skanska headquarters in Solna, outside Stockholm, Sweden. Skanska has taken up the chal- Noel Morrin : The construction indus- lenge of integrating sustainable develop- try has a constant challenge to do eve- ment so that our Business Units world- rything possible to protect the envi- “ Today, all Skanska wide strike a prudent balance between ronment and safety of its workplace economic, social and environmental per- and employees. At Skanska our Code Business Units are certified formance acceptable to legitimate stake- of Conduct demands Zero Accidents to ISO 14001.” holders – the triple bottom line – and if and Zero Environmental Incidents. In ISO standards are developed or revised with this in mind, they gain much greater Pilestraedet Park – an urban ecological Noel Morrin : For the seventh consec- residential area in central Oslo, Norway. and thus well deserved recognition. utive year, Skanska is ranked as one of The Park serves as a role model on how the world’s leading construction com- environmental issues can be integrated in all aspects of construction, resulting in a building panies in terms of commitment to sus- ISO Focus : How do standards support sustainable development in the with substantially lower needs for energy and tainable development as assessed by clear environmental product declarations. the Dow Jones Sustainability Index- construction sector ? es, a listing of some 300 internation- The Millennium Bridge, almost a kilometre al companies that meet high standards long, crosses over the Oder River, in Wroclaw, © Skanska of environmental, economic and social Poland. The bridge is part of a new bypass performance. highway around Wroclaw that will ease the Sustainable business means sus- traffic congestion on the city’s central bridges. tainable profits generated whilst being socially and environmentally responsible.

At Skanska we want to be an industry © Skanska leader in technology as well as safety, ethics and the environment. Most business today cannot afford to overlook these important aspects. We are moti- vated to take the risks and responsibilities needed to contribute to the sustainable societies and markets around the world, while simultaneously adding value to our products and services. This principle is clear. What is less clear is how fast and how much ?

ISO Focus December 2005 5 Guest View © Skanska Southwest Wastewater Treatment Plant in St. Petersburg, Russia. The plant will have ISO Focus : Skanska is a member of types of organizations, not only large an average daily capacity of 330 000m3 the UN Global Compact – one of the corporations. It will thus facilitate com- and treat the wastewater from 720 000 most important processes on social munication and work flow between of St. Petersburg’s 5 million inhabitants. responsibility in the world. What added Skanska Business Units and, for exam- value would you see in the International ple, clients, employees and suppliers, Standard giving guidelines on social as well as NGOs, consumers, academia order to deliver this, our Business Units responsibility being developed by ISO and other parties with a legitimate inter- must incorporate sustainable building (cf. ISO 26000) ? est in our activities. The UN Global principles from its initial planning Compact and others in the vanguard stage that will last well beyond the fin- will be addressed in ISO 26000, and ished product. There are many differ- “ Standards enable us hopefully, benefit from the wide spread ent types of documents that are referred to compare products and international channels of information to as International Standards, which dissemination that ISO can provide. we use or include in our own stand- services efficiently.” ards and policies. Sources include ISO, the International Labour Organization Noel Morrin : We have taken a very ISO Focus : In a company like Skanska and the United Nations, not to men- active role in the process of develop- whose survival depends on innovation, tion regional and national standards ing the future ISO 26000 guidance how do ISO International Standards from, for example, the European Union standard on social responsibility. My allow the industry to move forward ? and the USA. Our CEO, Stuart Graham, colleague, Staffan Söderberg, is cur- often refers to standards as a set of cri- rently the Vice Chair of the interna- Noel Morrin : Sometimes standards teria that we need to use in order to tional working group. Our reason for may hamper innovation. But, that said, perform according to Skanska policies this level of involvement is simple ; we well-developed standards set base- and targets. They are vital in support- believe ISO 26000 may be one of the lines from which real innovation can ing our goal of developing business tools that we need in structuring and take place. In our industry, we see that is simultaneously safer, less envi- formalizing relations with our stake- great advantages to the standardiza- ronmentally damaging and more prof- holders. The social responsibility guid- tion of products and materials. Ben- itable. ance standard will be written to fit all efits include reducing time and costs

6 ISO Focus December 2005 About Skanska Skanska is the world leader in construction-related services and project development, with 54 000 employees working in nine home markets: effort to clearly describe and measure Argentina, the Czech Republic, Den- the top and bottom line benefits. mark, Finland, Norway, Poland, Swe- What we would like to see com- den, the United Kingdom, and the ing out of ISO is a greater involvement USA. Founded in 1887, the compa- of stakeholders in the standard devel- ny started by manufacturing cement oping process. A possibility would be products and quickly diversified into to strengthen the common ISO proc- construction and moved into interna- ess used by national delegations, which tional markets. are comprised of experts mainly from Today, Skanska is working on industry and predominantly of people some 12 000 projects in four business already familiar with ISO processes. streams: construction, including both It is very important that standards be residential and civil (such as tunnels easily adapted by industry, regardless and bridges), residential project devel- of their culture and linguistic differ- opment, commercial project develop- ences. Take, for instance, the success ment (such as office buildings, shop- of the ISO working group on social ping centres and logistics properties) responsibility that includes the partic- © Skanska and infrastructural development (such ipation of experts from different stake- Swiss Re in London, England. The structure as roads, hospitals and power gener- holder groups – from both developing is designed to be environmentally-friendly. and developed countries. Another is Its aerodynamic shape assists natural ation plants). For example, the com- ventilation by drawing fresh air in through pany is responsible for the construc- the way that the quality standard ISO lightwells spiraling up the building, reducing tion of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link 9000 created the conditions for wide- the need for conventional air conditioning in the United Kingdom, the Millenni- spread adoption of Total Quality Man- and, as a result, energy consumption and um Bridge in Wroclaw, Poland, and agement. TQM was the philosophy and carbon dioxide emissions. The lightwells ISO was the tool. also maximize natural light to limit reliance several power plants in New York, on artificial lighting. Decentralized systems the USA. For more information, see at each level allow air conditioning to be www.skanska.com supplied on a floor-by-floor basis to match supply and demand, conserving energy consumption. © Skanska and enable global usage. Our CEO often says that “ Skanska should act as an agent for change” and helping the market identify and disseminate relevant and efficient standards is a part of that role.

ISO Focus : What new International Standards would Skanska like to see coming out of ISO?

Noel Morrin : We need relevant standards to cover all our businesses – large, medium and small. We are not so much asking for new standards, but rather for a greater integration and use of existing ones. For example, we believe that it is more important to focus efforts on universal implementation and less on new standards, as my experience readily dem- onstrates the limited uptake of existing Skanska has begun building the first Swan eco-labeled home called “ Uniqhus ” in the Nordic region. standards. The real challenge is the need In addition to employing environmentally compatible materials and work methods, the eco-labeled to map such standards to the complexi- home must also be able to show a lower life-cycle cost with lower consumption of energy, ties of “ real world” conditions and more for example.

ISO Focus December 2005 7 Main Focus Sustainable building

Think sustainable, Supporting avoid risky business sustainable ways Whether in the developed or devel- of living oping world, adding to the existing built environment will have numerous social and environmental impacts. There will always be the inevitable health risks on ver the last decade, sustainable worksites and the need to increase trans- building and construction has port systems to service new communi- Ocome to be seen as representing ties. More building leads to a depletion a sustainable built environment encom- of raw materials extracted for construc- passing the structures and infrastructure tion, land use change such as land clear- built, the processes used to build them ing, noise pollution, dust and water pol- and the many stakeholders involved. This lutants on the sites as well as such con- holistic approach of ensuring that the built centrations within buildings, increased environment is healthful and pleasant for water use and waste water generation humans is more and more perceived as and that of other resources, which need a crucial productivity issue. to be dealt with appropriately. Since 1950, the world’s popula- It is believed that construction tion has more than doubled, most of which uses about half of all resources extract- has occurred in the developing world. By ed from nature. Most significant is the 2007, around half of this growing popula- (Top) Shinjuku, Tokyo’s first major tion will live in urban areas. Such trends 1) WRI/UNEP/WBCSD (2002) Tomorrow’s skyscraper development area with buildings consequently lead to an increased need Markets : Global Trends and Their Implications over 200 metres tall. for buildings and infrastructure.1) for Business, Paris.

8 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding increased use of energy and associated do everything possible to carry out their The poten- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since duties in a way that avoids wastage, Sustainable tial for growth in the today the life span of an average building unnecessary pollution or damage to the sector’s labour force is 80 years, the design will have long- surroundings or anyone entering the site remains considera- term implications on its performance throughout the entire process. Accord- ble in both develop- and environmental impact. ing to the United Nations Environmen- ing and developed tal Programme, the built environment countries. In developing countries, many accounts for about 40 % of world GHG structures are being constructed for the “ According to the UN emissions.2) first time. In China, for example, the Environmental Programme, construction workforce tripled between the built environment More construction more 1980 and 1993 and in Europe, numerous employment jobs are created by the renovation and accounts for about 40 % maintenance of old buildings to reduce of world green house gas On the other hand, communities GHG emissions in areas where space emissions.” and workers can also benefit from the limitations in old cities make new con- construction industry, which has a world- struction impossible. wide market volume of over USD 3 tril- It is therefore imperative to lion and provides around 7 % of world include sustainability principles from employment. In most countries it is the Conference calls the initial stages with the developers, largest single employer. It is not only the for action architects, engineers, owners and gov- construction jobs themselves that are cre- The 2005 World Sustainable Build- ernment authorities. They must consider ated, but the subsequent related economic ing Conference was held for the first time increasing energy produced in the build- activity. The Council for Research and in Asia in Tokyo, the first city in the world ings in a sustainable manner to reduce Innovation in Building and Construc- to reach a population of 10 million. The the GHGs produced throughout its life. tion (CIB) estimates that for every dol- Equally, contractors, building manag- lar spent on construction, three dollars ers, labourers, recyclers, salvagers and is generated in other sectors. 2) UNEP/CIB/CSIRCIDB (2002) Agenda 21 landfill/incinerators working on the con- for Sustainable Construction in Developing struction and cleaning up the sites must Todaiji Temple in Nara, Japan. Completed in 751, the temple remains one of the largest Countries. Pretoria. wooden buildings in the world. © P. Krieger © P.

ISO Focus December 2005 9 Main Focus conference emphasized the urgent need ing, and between stakeholders through to maintain the harmony and balance of to take immediate “ action for sustainabil- participation and collaboration. the earth’s eco-system ”. ity ”, a particularly important issue for the In her address to the confer- More than 1 700 participants from future of Asia, which is home to approx- ence, Her Imperial Highness, Princess over 80 countries, including government imately 60 % of the world’s people and Takamado said that she thought it was representatives, architects, engineers, sup- where mega cities with high population “ imperative that action be taken at all pliers and others linked to the building densities continue to emerge. levels – international, national, indus- industry attended the event. Discussions Building related professionals trial and individual ” and added that it focused on global cooperation, innova- adopted the SB05 Declaration to imple- should be done with a “ sense of urgen- tion of technology and social systems and ment sustainable building principles, pro- cy ”. She was encouraged by the attend- the significant impact current building mote the spirit of the Kyoto Protocol 3), ance of a variety of experts from indus- practices and human settlement patterns bridge the gaps between regions, through try and concluded by saying that as the have on resource use, global environment closer domestic and international coop- dominant species on the planet, humans degradation and climate change. eration, continuous education and train- “ have a duty to all existing life forms The conference was hosted by the Jap- anese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT), the Internation- al Council for Research and Innovation © ISO in Building and Construction (CIB), the United Nations Environmental Pro- gramme (UNEP), and the International Initiative for Sustainable Built Environ- ment (IISBE). For more information visit : www.sb05.com

(Photo left) Exhibition showcase sponsored by Hong Kong’s Professional Green Building Council displays specific initiatives in sustainable buildings in Hong Kong.

(Photo below) Participants from more than 80 countries exchange ideas and best practices for sustainable buildings. © ISO

Economic sustainability According to the United Nations Agenda 21, sustainability has environmental, social and economic aspects. Prior sustainable building conferences gave priority more or SUSTAINABLE less to scientific and FUTURE engineering aspects of built-environment. SB05Tokyo focused on Environmental Social 3) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations other strongly related sustainability sustainability Framework Convention on Climate Change aspects as well, while is an amendment to this international treaty keeping the original on climate change. Countries ratifying this scientific nature of the protocol, commit to reducing their carbon SB Conference. dioxide emissions and five other greenhouse gases.

10 ISO Focus October 2005 construction of building aspects in building construction ISO/ TC 59/SC17, by Jacques Lair, Chairof economic Social and

Sustainability

buildings andotherconstructions. to addresstheenvironmental impactsof that willallow themtomake decisions more frequentlyaskingforinformation owners and othersactive inthissector, are of building products,building users and general pollution. sible foragreatamountofwaste and industrial employer, andisalsorespon- try iswellknown forbeingthelargest ties. The building construction indus- ty oflifeandwell-beingcommuni- one ofthemoffers, but alsothequali- T cities andtheadvantages thateach ment affects notonlyindividual he qualityofthebuilt environ- Building designers, manufacturers Building designers,manufacturers

© ISO components ofthesustainableconstruc- areas arenow consideredtobetheother economic impactsoccurringinbuilt environment. The social,culturaland longer possibletofocusonlyonthe probably theeasiesttoreduce,itisno the mostquantitatively known, and • • tries aspossible, includingthoseof together experts fromasmany coun- aspects, itisimportantthatSC 17 brings sidered. Inordertorepresent allthese tal aspectsmustbesimultaneously this, social,economicandenvironmen- ing anditsenvironment. to Inaddition and theconnections building itself, (allthestakeholders) should beconsideredincluding : the “ component ” ofbuilding construction development inconstruction,every all stakeholders Taking aboard how thisnew conceptcouldbeapplied. tainability inconstructioncouldbeand find acommondefinition ofwhatthesus- approach, thesubcommitteeistryingto surpassed thesingleenvironmental tainable development concepthasnow ing meanstoday. Second, sincethesus- the environmental performanceofabuild- b ances of the en international demandfordefinitions of two directions.First,byansweringthe struction, SC 17, 59, tion concept.

tion. whole lifecycle, includingdemoli- and theuseofbuildings duringtheir components production ; processes ofmaterialsandbuilding The impactoftheconstructionworks The impactoftheindustry, duringthe Building construction vironmental andsanitaryperform- Though ecologicalimpactsare When talkingaboutsustainable ISO technicalcommitteeISO/TC

Sustainability inbuilding con- Sustainable chosetoorientateitswork in

uilding productsandofwhat ISO buiding Focus December 2005 between the gories : ed intotwo cate- ing mustbedivid- The impactofbuild- , subcommittee 11 build- con- Environmental Economic Social Main Focus aspects aspects aspects

environmental, social and economic ISO/CD 15392, General principles backgrounds. The definition of what a ISO/TR 21932, Terminology sustainable construction is varies and depends on the country, its needs and basis scale. Other considerations include urban ISO/TS 21929, Sustainability Indicators –

versus rural, the organization of the Methodological Part 1: Framework for development of indicators for buildings construction industry and the use of the construction built. General principles must give everyone involved in a cons- ISO/TS 21931, truction process the method required Framework for methods to structure the objectives, in order to of assessment of environmental best answer the sustainability goal. performance of Buildings construction works – “ Social, cultural Part 1: Buildings and economic impacts occurring in built areas ISO 21930, are now considered to Environmental Declaration of Building Building be the other components products Products of the sustainable construction concept.”

The building industry’s next “ best-sellers ” of sustainability for the construction tion regarding environmental aspects To achieve this goal, TC 59/SC 17 sector and all interested parties and within Type III environmental decla- must continue its work, and especially establishes a rationale for subsequent, rations programmes for planning and focus on social and economic aspects of related standards. It is based on the assessing buildings. It gives guidelines building construction. following three primary aspects of for the development and implemen- TC 59/SC 17 has established sustainable development : economic, tation of such declarations based on four working groups (WG) on the fol- environmental and social. WG 1 also the life cycle assessment for building lowing themes : covers ISO/TR 21932:2004, Build- products within these programmes. ings and constructed assets – Sus- • WG 1 covers ISO/CD 15392, Build- • WG 4 covers ISO/TS 21931:2005, tainability in building construction ing and constructed assets – Sustain- Framework for methods of assess- – Terminology. This technical report able building – General Principles. ment for environmental performance gives the terminology used in ISO/ The standard gives general principles of construction works – Part 1: Build- CD 15392. ings. This technical specification iden- • WG 2 covers technical specification tifies and describes issues to be tak- About the author ISO/TS 21929:2005, Sustainability en into account when using methods indicators. The aim of the technical for assessment of the environmen- Jacques Lair is specification is to define the process tal performance of new and existing Chair of ISO/TC to follow when addressing the sus- buildings in the design, construction, 59, Building tainability of a building, in order to operation, refurbishment and decon- construction, support the assessment thereof and of struction stages. It provides a gener- SC 17, Sustainability in constructive assets using a common al framework to improve the quality, building framework and set of indicators. transparency and comparability of building assessment methods, which construction. • WG 3 covers ISO/DIS 21930, Envi- could also be useful for communicat- He is a civil ronmental declarations of building works ing assessment results. products. This standard gives a gener- contractor, member of the executive committee of the al framework, principles and require- 1) French Building Federation, Vice ments for conducting Type III environmental declarations of building 1) Type III environmental declarations present President of QUALIBAT (French quantified life cycle product information, to professional qualification body) and Judge products, by emphasizing comprehen- enable comparisons between products fulfilling in a Trade Tribunal. sive, verifiable and accurate informa- the same function.

12 ISO Focus December 2005 © ISO

tion.1),2) Construction has a great poten- Design solutions and life Built to last tial for cost reduction and productivity predictions increases particularly in relation to proc- Service life ess improvement, re-engineering and ISO has been active in the devel- planning better use of ICT1),3). opment of standards for service life plan- Service life planning aims at ena- ning for over a decade through the work bling designers and other decision makers of ISO technical committee ISO/TC 59, to optimize resource use by ensuring that Building construction, subcommittee SC 14, Design life. Originally formed in Atlan- by Prof. Christer Sjöström, the building will last for the lifetime that the building user wants, without incur- ta, the USA, in 1993 as a working group Chair of ISO/TC 59/SC 14, and ring large unexpected expenditures. The on design life of buildings, it became sub- Dr. Hywel Davies, Vice-Chair fundamental aim of service life planning committee SC 14 in Gävle, Sweden, in of ISO/TC 59/SC 14 is to ensure that any design is capable of 1998. The standardization was initiated lasting for the specified period. to meet a significant European initiative uildings and civil engineer- based on the need of supporting standards ing works consume considera- How many years should when implementing the European Con- Bble resources in all economies, struction Products Directive, CPD 4). The to build, operate and use. Buildings a building last ? establishment was based on the Vienna account for 46 % of the energy use in Service life data is important in Agreement on cooperation between the Europe, of which 22 % could be saved all aspects of sustainable construction. European Committee for Standardization cost effectively by improved energy effi- Building users specify the number of (CEN) and ISO, as well as the fact that ciency, and the built environment is the years they want the building to last. This motives and needs were similar inter- largest consumer of material resources. is entitled the “ design life ”. The design- nationally to those in Europe. The work For example, in the United Kingdom, er will then aim to design a building that is closely coordinated with that of ISO/ 70 million tonnes of building materi- will last for the specified length of time, TC 59/SC 17, Sustainability in building als go to waste each year. The environ- and continue to be functional to the end mental impact of constructing, running of its life cycle. The proposed design 1) EU, Competitiveness working group on e- and demolishing our built environment response should satisfy the performance Construction, phase II, Final Report, 2004 is enormous. requirements, including environmental 2) NIST, (GCR04-867), Cost Analysis of Lack of interoperability, or sim- impacts, functionality and cost of the pro- Inadequate Interoperability in the US Capital ply ineffective communication in the posed design, over the specified design Facilities Industries, 2004 building value chain, creates poor qual- life. Figure 1 (overleaf) describes serv- 3) ECTP, E-Core strategy, June 2005 ity, increases costs, and requires unsus- ice life planning as part of the building 4) CEC, Council Directive of 21 December tainable resource and energy consump- construction process. 1988, 89/106/EEC, Brussels

ISO Focus December 2005 13 Project initiation Project Main Focus realization

Analysis of constraints Initial Detailed Design & and Clients brief design design construction vides guidance on assessing the rela- potentials process process documents tive environmental impacts of alternate service life designs, and to identify the interface between environmental LCA and service life planning ; • ISO/FDIS 15686-7, Performance eval- Technical assessment uation for feedback of service life data Requirements from practice: Provides a generic basis for performance evaluation and feedback of service life data from existing Performance Targets requirements Economic assessment buildings and constructed works ; • ISO/DIS 15686-8, Reference serv- Regulation ice life and service life estimation, Environmental assessment describes how to provide, format and extract reference service lives of com- Figure 1 : The service life planning process. ponents, and to establish the service life of the same in a particular usage. construction, which was established in • ISO/AWI 15686-4 5), Data requirements/ It also provides a factor method to 2002. Subcommittee 14 has developed data formats: This technical specifica- carry out such estimations ; and is now close to concluding the work tion will describe the data requirements • ISO/AWI 15686-9, Service life declara- on the ISO 15686 standards on service needed to carry out service life plan- tions, aims at giving guidance to con- life planning. ning considering various service envi- struction products manufacturers and ISO 15686 provides the tools to ronments and other in-use conditions. standard writers on addressing durabil- develop a design solution with a design In cooperation with the International ity and service life declarations in prod- life, which will deliver the specified serv- Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) the uct standards. The work is performed in ice life. That design solution will also aim is also to describe IFC compliance close cooperation with the CEN TG on have environmental impacts, and this is for the ISO 15686 series ; durability, which is to support European the subject of the standards under devel- • ISO/DIS 15686-5, Whole life cycle cost- product standard committees ; opment in SC 17. ing, provides guidance on developing a The various standards by ISO/ • A new work item proposal, perform- model of the capital and running costs TC 59/SC 14, ISO 15686, Buildings and ance standards in buildings – levels of of the project, so that the overall costs constructed assets – Service life plan- functional requirements and levels of can be assessed, and how this data can ning, are summarized below : serviceability – principles, is current- be used for financial appraisal ; ly being prepared for ballot. • ISO 15686-1:2000, General princi- • ISO 15686-6:2004, Procedure for con- ples, gives the general principles and sidering environmental impacts, pro- 5) ISO approved work item ISO/AWI 15686-4. procedures that apply to design, when planning the service life of buildings and constructed assets ; About the authors • ISO 15686-2:2001, Service life predic- tion procedures, describes a procedure Chair of ISO/ Vice Chair of that facilitates service life predictions TC 59/SC 14, ISO/TC 59/ of building components. The general Dr. Christer SC 14, Hywel framework, principles, and require- Sjöström is Davies is a con- ments for conducting and reporting Professor in sultant in con- such studies are also given ; Building Mate- struction research rials Technology, and standardiza- • ISO 15686-3:2002, Performance audits Centre for Built tion, specializing and reviews, is concerned with ensur- Environment, in whole life per- ing the effective implementation of University of Gävle, Sweden, with a formance and sustainable construction service life planning. It describes the research focus on life performance of issues. approach and procedures to be applied materials, products, systems and build- to pre-briefing, briefing, design, con- ings and sustainable construction issues. struction and, where required, the The R&D group at the Centre conducts life care management and disposal both commissioned and academic research of buildings and constructed assets ; in the field.

14 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding

The European dimension

The European Committee for Sustainable Standardization (CEN) is about to begin work to develop standards for the Integrat- ed Environmental Performance of Build- ings, through CEN/TC 350. The business plan for this committee indicates that a number of standards from subcommittees 14 and 17 of ISO/TC 59 will form the basis for the new European standards. Both subcommittees are working closely with the new TC to ensure that there is collaboration and joint working as far as possible, so that what has been developed within ISO can be incorporat- ed into the CEN work without the need to reinvent the wheel.

Service life planning and the digital design world Service life planning produces a significant body of data, as does life cycle assessment, environmental assessment, and life cycle costing analysis. Much of this is of value not only during the initial construction phase, but also through the operating phase. The suite of open Indus- © ISO try Foundation Classes (IFC) standards for shared information exchange, developed tries provided a new challenge for ISO/ within the framework of the International Safe fibre TC 77, which began to develop a range Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) in coop- cement and of new performance based standards to eration with TC 59/SC 13, Organization accommodate this major development of information about construction works, no asbestos in the industry. The new fibre reinforced forms the basis of effective e-collabora- products had different physical charac- tion practices. SC 14 is exploring with teristics to the asbestos-cement product, requiring new acceptance tests and type IAI and ISO/TC 59/SC 13 the opportuni- by Lieven Alderweireldt, Chair, ties offered by the development of digital tests. Additionally, the building indus- object oriented models of building prod- ISO/TC 77, and John Cottier, try’s need for higher quality assurance ucts and the IFC based standards. technical manager, R&D, James controls required that statistically-based Greater resource efficiency and Hardie Fibre Cement Building quality assurance measures be introduced productivity require the use of service Products into the new standards. life planning to ensure that buildings Initially, a dual approach was tak- are able to meet the client’s require- ith the awareness of the health en where the existing asbestos cement ments for the proposed life of the struc- issues related to asbestos standards were maintained in parallel ture. The products of ISO/TC 59/SC 14 Wincreasing in the 1960s and with the fibre cement alternatives. This offer important tools and a framework in 1970s, the asbestos cement industry’s was done to give industry sufficient time which to use them to improve the quality, research and development focused on find- to develop the necessary technology to performance and sustainability of new ing alternative reinforcing fibres to asbes- convert asbestos cement production to buildings in the 21st century. tos for use in fibre cement products. fibre cement. From 2003 to 2005, all The first asbestos free replacement remaining asbestos cement standards flat sheet and roofing products, incorpo- were removed. rating cellulose fibres, began appearing Over the past 25 years, ISO/TC commercially in the early 1980s. 77 has overseen the development of fibre The development of these products cement standards as alternatives to asbes- and their adoption in a number of coun- tos cement standards for all of the major

ISO Focus December 2005 15 Main Focus product lines of asbestos cement prod- in different ways, asking for different per- tions, with respect to environment and to ucts. The last of these standards is fibre formances to be demonstrated. durability and service life, are now seen cement drain pipe, which will be circu- A concept of sustainable con- as new challenges for the future gener- lated as an FDIS (Final Draft Interna- struction is generally based on two prin- ation of fibre cement product standards. tional Standard) in early 2006. ciples : control of resources and control The fibre cement industry, driven by oth- By providing this range of fibre of risk. Both intervene at three differ- er market mechanisms rather than by the cement standards, we hope to encourage ent dimensions of sustainability : envi- concept of sustainability, has already made countries still manufacturing asbestos ronmental, economic and health and considerable efforts to develop environ- cement products to convert to the safer comfort performance. It is not yet clear mentally-friendly and durable products. fibre cement alternatives. how an integrated approach towards the The challenge is not always reflected in assessment of overall performance can today’s product standards and certainly, Increased globalization be established, but only simultaneous the information available to manufactur- of fibre cement products consideration of the three dimensions ers is not of the same type and format that throughout all phases within the build- is sometimes requested. Fibre cement is now an estab- ing cycle can lead to success. lished global product, and is manu- Within this framework, a number Product declarations and factured throughout the world. This is of standards exist, such as ISO 21930, the environment reflected in the participating member- Sustainability in building construction ship of TC 77. – Environmental declaration of building Legislation is becoming more The technical committee currently products, and new ones are being devel- stringent and customers are becom- has two active working groups : oped, for instance, within the ISO 15686 ing more demanding. The fibre cement series on service life planning for build- industry recognized these trends years • WG 7, Building fibre reinforced cement ing and constructed assets. These stand- ago and many of the producers have products, and, ards sometimes refer to additional infor- installed best practices in order to turn • WG 29, Fibre reinforced cement pipes, mation required at the product level with sustainability into an everyday part of joints and fittings for sewerage and respect to the environment and service their business. They have translated the drainage. life. Although this information may exist principles of sustainability into more in different sources, technical committees tangible objectives, such as : reducing Revision of all fibre cement are now being requested to do so through the use of primary raw materials and building product standards has begun. their product standards. This subject has replacement by secondary or renewable The intent is to harmonize those stand- only been recently introduced within ISO/ ones ; reducing and recycling of waste ; ards of ISO, the European Committee TC 77. The inclusion of product declara- saving energy ; cutting pollution and for Standardization, and the American implementing ISO 14001 for environ- Society for Testing Materials, and thus mental management. provide a set of truly international standards. The flat sheet standard will be the About the authors first standard to be revised. Lieven Alder- With the rapidly increasing world- weireldt is cur- wide use of fibre cement building products, rently employed new product applications are being devel- within REDCO, John Cottier is oped which require standardization. A new the central R&D currently standard for interior substrate sheets has company of the employed with- been drafted, and an enquiry launched to Etex Group, in James Har- add the item to the programme of work. where he is head die Research & of the Analyti- Development, Controlling resources cal Service Department. He has an engi- the central R&D and risk neering background combined with 18 Company for years of experience in fibre cement, the James Har- The construction sector is a relative- calcium silicate and concrete material die Fibre Cement Building Products ly new target group for sustainable devel- research. Within Etex he co-ordinates as a technical manager. He has a Degree opment. We can no longer borrow from the standardization activities for fibre in Chemical Engineering and 32 years future generations and shift environmen- cement at CEN and ISO level. He is experience in the fibre cement indus- tal problems to other areas. This is why Chair of ISO/TC 77 and member of try. Within James Hardie R&D, he recent architectural designs have incorpo- several other committees among which coordinates the group’s standards rated new sustainable features into build- CEN/TC 128 on small element roofing activities across the USA, Australia, ing systems like energy conservation. They products and CEN/TC 89 on perform- New Zealand, Philippines, and Euro- sometimes make use of building materials ance of building constructions. pean businesses.

16 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding

To enable architects, builders, and by the CEN task force on durability will stakeholders should

customers to make informed environ- also consider these principles. Sustainable be involved in the mental comparisons between construc- However, estimating the life span development of such tion products, it is necessary that envi- of a product, within a product standard, tools in order to ronmental performance be measured in is not always easy or even possible. For guarantee realistic a robust, transparent and coherent man- example, the manufacturer has a direct and economically- ner. This is not an easy task, especially influence on the product quality only at the viable solutions. These solutions must when comparison beyond the boundaries factory gate, and the product’s character- also be consistent across the full range of product groups becomes necessary. istics, as they are specified in a standard, of building products and tackled by all And there is another important require- do not always make it possible to estimate the relevant product technical commitment. The information available on indi- product life-span. This will also depend tees concerned. vidual products should also allow users on other factors, such as fixing, assembly, Up till now, ISO/TC 77 product and designers to determine the environ- environmental conditions – both external standards have relied on experimental veri- mental impact of a construction element and internal (which can change with time) fication as a predominant condition to dem- and aid their assessment of the building’s – climate conditions, and maintenance, onstrate performance. As product standards sustainability. Industry is looking to cap- just to name a few. These factors are sub- are in the public domain and often enter italize on its environmental investments, ject to variation according to market or mandatory and regulatory areas, industries but can only do so when there is a larg- local conditions and cannot simply be feel themselves being exposed to addition- er base of acceptance of the measure- summarized into one or a few represent- al liabilities which they cannot fully con- ment systems. ative cases. For example, the durability trol. ISO/TC 77 has not yet embarked on Currently different national prac- of one building product will be affected a discussion of this issue, but one thing tices exist, and the developments within by its interaction with other products in is becoming evident. The framework for ISO and CEN (mandate M350 on environ- an assembly of products. giving product declarations with respect to mental product declarations and the asso- The question that remains to be environment and durability should allow ciated work programme) in this respect answered is what kind of information as much freedom as possible so it can be are important. Within ISO/TC 77, we are ought to be given for product durability used by manufacturers as an opportunity, monitoring several developments in these declarations. Industries as well as other rather than as a threat. areas which are or could be relevant to fibre cement. Examples are leaching of substances when in contact with water, inert classification of building waste, LCA The basic manufacturing processes for the production of asbestos-cement (life cycle assessment) studies. flat sheet products was developed in Russia in 1896, and three years later, an improvement on this process was made in Austria by Ludwick Hatschek. The What information infant industry developed rapidly and by 1903, asbestos-cement sheets and slates were being exported from Europe around the world. Other products for product durability were produced from these processes by hand moulding the uncured sheets declarations ? into their final form. In 1916, Italian-born Adolf Mazza further developed A little history Current ISO standards for fibre the Hatschek process for the production of asbestos-cement pipe, which cement roofing and cladding products are bears his name. state-of-the-art with respect to durability ISO technical committee ISO/TC 77 for products in fibre-reinforced cement requirements. The evaluation of products was established during the 1960s, with the responsibility of developing to maintain their fundamental characteris- standards for asbestos cement building products, such as corrugated roof- tics when exposed to accelerated climatic ing, slates, wall cladding and pipes. conditions is an essential part. As the manufacturers had common manufacturing processes and similar Service life assessment, as pre- product ranges, the first national asbestos-cement standards were largely scribed in ISO 15686, however, is not prescriptive in their content and were aligned with the dimensional systems directly addressed by the current genera- used by the country (i.e. metric or imperial). tion of standards. A request has been made to incorporate explicit statements in prod- ISO /TC 77 completed their first pipe standards for both asbestos-cement uct standards for the minimum estimated pressure pipes and sewerage/drainage pipes in 1971 and went on to develop service life, and/or the reference service in subsequent years documents relating to sampling and inspection, guide life, combined with the in-use and/or ref- to selection of pipes subject to external loads, pipe laying guidelines and erence use conditions. A guidance doc- field pressure testing. ument on how to deal with this is going By the late 1970s, TC 77 had also developed ISO standards for all of the to be developed as a new work item. It major product lines of asbestos cement building products. is expected that within Europe the new guidance paper on durability prepared

ISO Focus December 2005 17 © National Geographic, 1995 Kobe earthquake. pressive stiffness to support the heavy Built for strength weight of structures, while the rubber layers provide a large horizontal defor- 1) In Japan, the document, Recommendation Protection mation, thereby softening the transmis- for the Design of Base Isolated Buildings sion of loads. (1989, 1993, and 2001 edition), published by from earthquake the Architectural Institute of Japan, provides much data for base-isolated buildings, isolators, damage Efficacy of seismic materials, and analysis. The Japan Society of isolation stimulates Seismic Isolation developed standards that emphasize testing methods and requirements standards growth for the application of isolation devices. A new by Nobuo Murota, Senior Elastomeric isolators were devel- code for the design of base-isolated buildings, specifying that all isolators are to be approved Engineer, Department of Seismic oped in the United Kingdom for the in advance by government, was created in Isolation Engineering, application of bridge bearings in the 2000. For bridges, Manual for Menshin Design Bridgestone Corporation 1950s and began to be used in build- of Highway Bridges (1992) was published by ings and bridges in the 1980s, mainly Ministry of Construction. ince the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji in the USA and Japan in areas of high earthquake in Japan, over 2000 seismic activity. The emergence of uni- Sbase-isolated buildings and bridg- form standards for the design of isola- es have been constructed or are under tion systems were developed in Japan construction in the country with pro- and the USA, where there was a noted About the author tection from earthquake damage. Dur- rise in their usage in 1990. ing the earthquake in Kobe, for exam- In the USA, the Uniform Build- Nobuo Murota ple, two seismically isolated buildings ing Code developed by the International is a Senior Engineer of located about 40 km from the epicen- Conference of Building Officials pro- Bridgestone tre proved the effectiveness of seis- vides the qualification requirements for Corporation mic isolation in saving lives and pre- prototype testing and production isola- Japan, venting damage to structures and their tors, while the American Association of Department of contents. The recent destructive earth- State Highway and Transportation Offi- Seismic quakes in India, Indonesia, Taiwan and cials has developed a Guide Specifica- Isolation Turkey have once again highlighted tions for Seismic Isolation Design. Engineering. the urgent need for seismic-protection In Europe, the European Com- He received a isolators and their contribution in sav- mittee for Standardization (CEN) has BSc degree in Mechanical Engineering ing human lives and preventing struc- developed its own standards for test- from Kyoto University, and a MS and PhD tural damage. ing and product specifications of elas- in Civil Engineering at the University of California. Mr. Murota’s area of Elastomeric isolators, the lead- tomeric bearings for structures, and in specialization is the research and ing devices of seismic isolation sys- Japan, several guidelines and specifica- development of seismic isolation systems. tems, consist of multi-layered thin rubber tions have been developed and updated He is also responsible for design, sheets and steel plates, which are firm- in the last decade, especially after the engineering support, and testing of seismic ly bonded to each other. The thin steel 1995 Kobe earthquake.1) isolators for base isolation projects plate reinforcement provides high com- worldwide.

18 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding

Measures for seismic protection Sustainable As the efficacy of seismic isolation became widely accepted in many other countries, ISO technical committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, subcommittee SC 4, Products (other than hoses), working group WG 9, Elastomeric isolators, began work on an International Standard for the design and quality control of isolators in areas of high seismic activity which culminated in the development of ISO 22762. Published in 2005, ISO 22762 parts 1-3 deal with elastomeric seismic isolators used to provide buildings or bridges with protection from earthquake damage, and has become widely consulted in recent years as one of the measures used for seismic protection of structures. It is expected to make a useful contribution to the practical design of elastomeric isolators by designers, engineers, and manufacturers. The suite of standards is meant to serve as a basis for writing project specifications, product development, manufacturing, and quality control of elasto- © ISO meric isolators used by structural engineers, manufacturers, designers, and own- tomers, who primarily have to plan in the ers, while harmonizing the essentials of Urbanization long-term. The products being used are existing standards in each country. fuels boom often delivered worldwide. It is therefore ISO 22762 was developed over of great importance to review and main- five years, with a balanced viewpoint in building tain standards on a global scale, to avoid representing manufacturers and structur- that change in a global market becomes al engineers from Canada, China, India, construction an obstacle to implementing coordina- Malaysia, Thailand, United Kingdom, standards tion and maintenance of quality in build- the USA, and Japan (Chair), including ing and construction works. isolator manufacturers as well as scien- In existence for many years, ISO tists from the rubber chemistry, and the technical committee ISO/TC 59, Build- structural engineering field. Through- by Harald Eide, Secretary of ing construction, is at the forefront of out the development of ISO 22762, the ISO/TC 59 and ISO/TC 59/SC 13 these developments with more than 80 working group members participated in published standards. The technical com- discussions lead by Japan, the USA, and he explosion in the world’s popu- mitee has 31 participating countries the United Kingdom, who have experi- lation has fuelled the need to build and 45 observer countries from various ence in establishing standards or guide- Tmore. Urbanization demands atten- stakeholder groups, including academia, lines for isolators. tion to infrastructure in order to ensure research, professional bodies, and gov- Finally, I would like to express my that this is developed in an environmen- ernment departments. greatest appreciation to all of the mem- tally-friendly manner. The quality of The standards developed by the bers, who contributed constructively to the built environment affects not only technical committee are horizontal in discussions during meetings and coop- the individual cities and the advantag- nature and benefit the entire building erated with each other for the comple- es which each of them offers, but also industry by giving criteria for perform- tion of ISO 22762. Members of the Japan the quality of life and the well-being of ance of buildings, methods to define Manufacturer Association (JRMA) are the societies. design life and durability, tools for also appreciated for their hard work in The building construction indus- designing sustainable buildings and preparing the draft manuscripts. try provides services and products to cus- constructions, criteria for accessibility

ISO Focus December 2005 19 Main Focus © ISO and organization of information through “ It would be unthinkable subcommitees, like work on sustaina- the whole building processes.They also ble buildings, which is now under the serve as basic reference documents for today to build a kitchen of responsibility of SC 17. other ISO committees. non-modular elements.” Measurement Adapting to new Speaking the same language Subcommitee 4 has developed materials and priorities several standards covering terminolo- ISO/TC 59 has tried to standard- gy, many aspects of building toleranc- Since the needs of the industry’s ize and coordinate building construction es and measurement methods for build- standards have evolved over time, so has terminology, including the publication ings and products. the work of ISO/TC 59, which today of the third edition of ISO 6707:2004 has eight active subcommittees (SCs), Building and civil engineering – Part 1: the most recent one being subcommit- General terms. This standard improves Construction works tee SC 17 for sustainability in building communication in design, execution and Subcommitee 13 finished a very construction. maintenance of construction works inter- important document in 2001: ISO/PAS Here are some highlights of the nationally, and will be greatly enhanced 12006-2, Building construction – Organi- work being undertaken within the sub- by the work of SC 13 on organization of zation of information about construction committees of ISO/TC 59 : information on construction works. works – Part 2: Framework for classifi- Subcommitee 2 has been asked cation of information.1) The document is Modular coordination by the European Committee for Stand- already being applied in object libraries ardization (CEN) to be a liaison mem- The first standards in this field in the Netherlands, Norway and France. ber of a new technical committee, CEN/ were published in 1972. There are now The libraries are being used in Architec- TC 350 on integrated environmental per- several standards used worldwide as a tural Energy Corporation (AEC), build- formances of buildings. basis for dimensional coordination in the ings mostly. building industry. Those developed in The focus of IFD is on libraries, TC 59 concerning modular and dimen- Performance dictionaries and ontologies based on ISO/PAS 12006-3. Though ISO/PAS sional coordination have been of vital Subcommitee 3 has developed 12006-3 is a very generic framework, importance to make the building indus- standards published between 1980 and capable of being a superstructure, most try more efficient and cost effective, as 1997 covering principles for factors con- existing building and construction ontol- well as important for developing indus- sidered for performance requirements ogies, classification tables and diction- trial building products in both national for buildings, expression of user require- aries are based on other relevant stand- and international markets. ments, content and format for evaluation ards like those dealing with industrial This makes exchangeability of performance and briefs for building and automated systems and integration. possible and enables prefabrication of design and definition and calculation of Therefore guidelines must be developed building elements and components. The area and space indicators. for content and applicability to librar- dimensions of many building products Some of the ongoing work in ies, dictionaries and ontologies based are likewise coordinated to fit into the SC 3 was taken over by other commit- basic module of 1M (equal to 100 mm). tees like ISO/TC 163, Thermal Per- For example, it would be unthinkable formance and energy use in the built 1) This PAS is now under preparation to today to build a kitchen of non-modu- environment, for standards on climat- become an ISO standard. lar elements. ic data. Other work begun in SC 3 has 2) CIB – International Council for Research been taken over by other ISO/TC 59 and Innovation in Building and Construction.

20 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding on ISO/PAS 12006-3 as well as other Standardization work began in Sustainability

relevant standards. 1993 on a significant European initiative. Sustainable in building SC 13 keeps in contact with and Standards on service life methodologies construction receives information from the Interna- were identified as a guiding concept for tional Alliance for Interoperability (IAI), the durability of building products to help ISO/TC 59 the International Construction Informa- in implementing the European Construc- established an Ad tion Society (ICIS), ISO/TC 10, Techni- tion Products Directive (CPD). Based on Hoc Group in 1997 to investigate the cal product documentation, SC 8, Con- the Vienna Agreement on cooperation need for standardized tools within the struction documentation, ISO/TC 184, between CEN and ISO, and as the top- field of sustainable building. The work Industrial automation systems and inte- ic was internationally prioritized, ISO on the standards began under SC 3 in a gration, SC 4, Industrial data, WG 3, began the standardization. new working group (WG 12) in 2000. Product modeling, and CIB 2) W078 for SC 17 Sustainability in building con- information technology in construction. “ Terminology improves struction, took over this task from SC These organizations have urged SC 13 3 in 2002 and should be coordinating to proceed with the development of the communication in design, with ISO/TC 207, Environmental man- information framework in cooperation execution and maintenance agement. with the groups mentioned. of construction works.” Though SC 17 has not yet published any standards, there are many ref- Design life erences to its work in national, regional ISO 15686, Buildings and con- and international organizations as well Subcommittee 14, Design life, structed assets – Service life planning, as regulatory bodies. deals with standardization of the prin- with 10 parts is on the work programme It is interesting to see that in ciples and processes that apply when and will be a useful tool for service life Europe, the European Commission planning the design life of construction plan buildings, to predict ownership and and the European Free Trade Associa- works. The purpose of the activity is to maintenance costs, and to reduce the tion (EFTA) mandated CEN in 2004 to document steps to be taken at various likelihood of obsolescence. develop horizontal standards on meth- stages of the building cycle, to ensure ods for the assessment of the integrat- that the resulting building or other con- Single family attached and ed environmental performance of build- structed facility, will last for its intend- detached dwellings ings, in order to implement their envi- ed life, the design life, without incurring Subcommittee 15 is developing a ronmental policies. large unexpected expenditures. suite of standards to identify the meth- The mandate refers to a number ods that will be used to describe the per- of projects under the responsibility of ISO/TC 59, especially SCs 14, Design About the author formance of houses (ISO 15928). The standard does not intend to specify per- life, 16, Accessibility and usability of the formance levels or to replace national built environment and 17, Sustainabil- Harald Eide is ity in building construction. It requires currently the standards or regulations, rather it will that European standards be based on the Secretary of provide a standardized framework ena- ISO/TC 59 and bling national standards and regulations methodological principles from ISO/ ISO/TC 59/SC to be developed in accordance with World TC 59 standards, and even states that 13, Organization Trade Organization (WTO) requirements. the ISO standards are close to meeting of information The standard does not provide design European requirements for the declara- about methods and/or design criteria. tion of environmental information. This construction might lead to an extensive use of the works and CEN/ Accessibility and usability Vienna Agreement between CEN and TC 155/WG 11, ISO in this field. Plastics pipes/ System for non-pressure Subcommittee 16 is preparing ISO CEN has initiated activities on drainage and sewerage – Polypropylene 21542 Building construction — Accessi- inclusion of environmental aspects in (PP). He has been active in the work of bility and usability of the built environ- product standards. In their study of ISO as Secretary for ISO/TC 163/SC 2 ment, that will define requirements for relevant standards and ongoing work, from 1978 to 2002 and Convenor of ISO/ buildings and building spaces and instal- TC 163/SC 2/WG 3, from 1993 to 2002. an extensive reference is made to the lations, to provide an accessible and usa- Since 2003, he has worked as Resource work in ISO/TC 59 and particular- Manager for Technical Installations and ble environment that meets the needs of ly SC 17. Safety of Machinery at Standards Norway. the greatest feasible number of people He has a Masters of Science in and with as little dependence as possible Mechanical Engineering from the on others and assistive technology. Norwegian University of Science and The first committee draft (CD) Technology (NTNU). was made available in August 2005.

ISO Focus December 2005 21 Main Focus Building sustainability under fire by Peter Parsons, Chair of ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting and Chair of ISO/TC 21/SC 3, Fire detection and fire alarm systems.

afety from the effects of fire is crucial to a building’s sustain- S ability – both from the perspec- tive of the occupants and of the building structure. Subcommittees of ISO technical committee ISO/TC 21 develop standards for equipment and systems used to detect, limit the spread and suppress fire and smoke in a building. In the event that a fire does occur, a range of different interacting fire and smoke management systems are used to provide an internal environment that can remain tenable while the occupants evacuate the building. At the same time, suppression and containment systems act to limit damage to the building, adjacent buildings and the environment.

Early detection spaces, are often the first devices to Sprinkler operating detect a fire. As soon as a fire is detect- (top) and fire and detectors. ed, a whole series of pre-programmed response © TC 21 inter-related tasks may be initiated. Early A sound system may be used to detection and alert trained staff of a hazardous situa- intervention tion. The staff may direct the building’s Audible and visual signals are used to Sprinkler head. © TC 21 are important occupants to safe exits as the advise occupants when to leave their to limit the sound system initiates a area. A standard signal is specified spread of fire and the noxious gases that pre-programmed evac- in ISO 82011), which unambiguously often occur as a product of combustion. uation sequence. A means “ evacuate now ”. Unfortunate- Insidious killers, like carbon monoxide monitoring serv- ly, despite all good efforts, this signal gas, can overcome a person well before ice may be alert- has not received universal acceptance. there is a risk of burn injuries from a ed, which may With an increasingly mobile global pop- fire. Other gases and thick smoke may then initiate a ulation, this remains an issue for regu- impair a person’s vision, disorienting response from the lators to resolve. them and preventing their timely evac- fire service. The design, uation from a burning building. planning and practice Smoke detectors are a critical life drills help ensure the 1) ISO 8201, Acoustics – audible emergency safety system for building occupants. building is evacuated evacuation signal Early warning smoke detectors, placed Extinguishing in a safe, orderly and 2) ISO/DIS 21927, Smoke and heat control on ceilings, ducts and other concealed a fire. © TC 21 expeditious manner. systems parts 1-3

22 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding

Smoke and heat mum performance management Sustainable requirements of the relevant standard. Heat and smoke management Independent third- systems are used to limit the spread of Evacuation systems party assessment a fire and the resulting smoke. These is most commonly management systems assist with building used and agencies around evacuation and fire containment, while Remote the world maintain a list maintaining a tenable building environ- monitoring of products that continue ment long enough to allow safe evacua- to meet requirements of tion. The design requirement is to ensure the standards. the risks do not rise to an unacceptable Fire detection & leads to... level within a prescribed time. alarm systems Developing Perhaps as part of the general building air conditioning systems or as countries are dedicated units, fans are used to exhaust Fire supression more vulnerable systems areas of the building where smoke den- Protecting occu- sity increases the risk of safe evacuation. pants and buildings from Other fans will be shut down to prevent Smoke manage- the deadly effects of fire the spread of smoke into other areas ment systems underpins the standards of the building not otherwise affected developed by our com- by the fire. Fire isolated exit stairs and mittee. Their applica- passageways will be pressurized to pre- tion by regulators, vent smoke from the fire entering this Fire suppression however, differs safe egress path. Even in adjacent build- between devel- ings, smoke detectors monitor the qual- Small fires may be extinguished oped and devel- ity of air being drawn into the building. using portable fire extinguishers by build- oping countries. If smoke from a fire in another building occupants. In cases where a larger For devel- ing is detected, the smoke management fire develops, a fixed sprinkler system oped countries, system will shut down to prevent occu- may be activated by the heat from the ISO/TC 21 stand- Artist Pat Rawlings gives us a look at pants of other buildings being affected. fire. The sprinkler heads, which can ards provide a set Fire control and indicating be seen protruding down through the the moment of impact andequipment. the forming © TC 21 ISO/TC 21/SC 11, Smoke and heat con- of the best crater. practices trol systems and components, is current- ceiling of a building, activate at a pre- that can replace or operate in con- ly preparing a suite of standards, ISO/ determined temperature and water is junction with existing national stand- 2) DIS 21927 , that address this area of used to quell the fire. In special appli- ards. Thanks to their mature regulatory building safety. cations, such as petrochemical plants or regimes, regulators in developed coun- to protect valuable assets (i.e. compu- tries require the mandatory installation ter rooms), foam, powder and gaseous of fire safety systems. About the author extinguishing agents may be used. Peter Parsons “ Safety from the effects of (pparsons@ Compliance regime tycoint.com) fire is crucial to a building’s The equipment and systems help- was appointed sustainability.” the Chair of ing to sustain a building that is on ISO/TC 21, fire are work items of ISO/TC 21 Equipment for and its subcommittees. Whilst fire protection equipment standards are neces- and fire fighting sary, they are not of themselves in 2005. At the sufficient. A strong conformity same time, he assessment scheme needs has been a delegate to ISO/TC 21/SC 3, to be in place so as to give Fire detection and fire alarm systems, confidence to designers, since 1997 and its Chair since 2001. building owners, regu- He is also the Convenor of a number of latory authorities and SC 3 working groups. He has been a member of the equivalent Australian building occupants standards committee since 1989 and its that the equipment and Chair since 1995. systems meet the mini- © Courtesy of NASA/JPL/UMD Artwork by Pat Rawlings ISO Focus October 2005 23 Main Focus

For developing countries and emerging economies, like China and India, ISO/TC 21 standards provide a suite of standards to assist regulators and developers to adopt minimum equipment and system performance requirements. The use of the standards affords an improved level of safety to building occupants and building sustainability – particularly as developing countries are more vulnerable to fire due to their poor regulation and enforcement.

Fire detection and alarm system equipment. © TC 21 “ The use of the standards affords an improved level of safety to building occupants and building sustainability.” Heating up, China is already showing its commitment to ISO fire detection standards. holding down The National Supervision and Test Cent- er for Fire Electronic Product Quality costs in Shenyang, China, has received its © ISO accreditation certificate from the China National Accreditation Board for Lab- by Dr. Hakim Elmahdy, There are many national and inter- oratories to assess fire detection equip- Convenor of ISO/TC 163/WG 2, national efforts developing programmes ment for compliance with ISO 7240. Thermal properties of windows aimed at achieving sustainability in every CNAL is the peak body in China for aspect of our lives. It has been recog- laboratory assessment. As a member of n recent years, global efforts have nized, time and again, that achieving such the International Laboratory Accredita- been focused on promoting sustain- a goal is crucial, not only for our pres- tion Cooperation, the CNAL accredita- I able communities and, in particular, ent economic and social well being, but tion now enables manufacturers from on the sustainable built environment. also in meeting and securing the welfare around the world to obtain internation- Among the major international initiatives of future generations. ally acceptable attestation reports for to address these issues was the recently As an international standards ISO fire detection and alarm system concluded World Sustainable Building developing organization, ISO has taken equipment. Conference in Tokyo, Japan. the lead to provide tools for researchers,

24 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding designers, specifiers, manufacturers and

consumers to assess, design and manu- Sustainable facture components that contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability.

Assessing thermal performance For years, fenestration products – among them windows, doors and skylights – were recognized as major elements of the building envelope that sig- nificantly contribute to the overall building energy loss during the heating season. It is estimated that about 30 % of the total energy loss from buildings is attributed to those building envelope components. As a result, considerable attention was given to increasing their © ISO thermal characteristics by improving design, better material properties and ment surrounding the building envelope State-of-the-art performance assessment tools. components. In a normal heating season, calculation procedures Understanding the behavior of for example, fenestration products sep- Several experts representing dif- building envelope components, depends arate two different environmental con- ferent ISO technical committees related primarily on the availability of scientific ditions that drive the potential for heat to windows, doors and skylights came knowledge and technical analysis of the loss. Good component design allows the together to form one of the most dynam- different aspects, as well as the environ- maintenance of comfortable living conditions in the indoor environment, while ic and productive working groups with- minimizing the heat loss through the in the ISO community. About the author building envelope component. Similar- ISO technical committee ISO/TC ly, a superior component design would 163, Thermal performance and energy Dr. Hakim achieve a durable and long lasting build- use in built environment, working group Elmahdy is a ing envelope component, in addition to WG 2, Thermal transmission properties Principal maintaining a comfortable living envi- of windows, is a joint effort of select- Research Officer ronment. ed experts from ISO/ TC 160, Glass in with the Institute Assessment of the different per- buildings, ISO/TC 162, Doors and win- for Research in formance criteria of fenestration products dows, and ISO/TC 163. The working Construction, requires a set of tools that determine : group was created to develop the state- National of-the-art detailed calculation procedures Research Coun- • Thermal characteristics ; to determine the thermal transmission cil of Canada. He is the Con- • Water penetration ; properties of windows, doors and skylights, based on their component mate- venor of ISO/TC 163/WG 2, Thermal • Air leakage ; properties of windows. He is a member of rials, respective properties and assem- the American Society of Heating, Refrig- • Condensation resistance ; bly configuration. erating and Air-Conditioning Engineers The working group was confront- • (ASHRAE), the American Society for Sound transmission ; ed by a number of technical challenges, Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Inter- • Structural integrity ; and, among them the increasing complexity of national Energy Agency (IEA), ISO/TC fenestration product design, once seen as • Long term performance, and other 163, the Standards Council of Canada a simple assembly of one or two sheets related performance criteria. (SCC), the Canadian Standards Associa- of glass mounted in a sash or frame of tion (CSA) and the Canadian a dissimilar material (e.g., wood, vinyl, General Standards Board (CGSB). He has The development of such a set over 30 years of experience including of tools requires extensive knowledge metal or glass fiber). Today, fenestration energy analysis, testing of building enve- of the component behavior and design, products have sophisticated designs and lope components, standards development as well as of material properties, when advanced technological features, such as and project management. He holds MSc subjected to different and adverse envi- low emissivity or solar spectrally selec- and PhD in Mechanical Engineering and ronmental conditions. tive coatings on glass, insulated (or warm MBA in Management Science. edge) spacer bars, ventilated windows,

ISO Focus December 2005 25 Main Focus varieties of shading devices, providing tion procedures also deal with diffuse- Assessing product perfor- consumers with many more choices and diffuse, direct-direct, direct-diffuse trans- mance and lowering costs improving the performance of the fen- mission, absorptance and reflectance of estration products. these shading devices ; Traditionally, the evaluation of the It was evident for ISO/TC 163/ performance indices of fenestration prod- Frame effects : the overall char- ucts was achieved by subjecting the prod- WG 2 that the development of relevant acterization of the performance of fenes- standards had to address every possible ucts to a series of tests in a controlled envi- tration products would not be complete ronment (i.e., laboratory testing). Such a fenestration design supplied by product without the inclusion of the effects of frame manufacturers. The theoretical, practi- process represents a considerable financial and sash members on the product. These burden on product manufacturers, when cal and technical challenges involved effects have considerable impact on the in developing a useable tool to address seeking product performance rating or overall heat transmission through fenestra- for compliance with building codes and all issues related to the determination tion products, particularly when advanced of performance indices were formida- local or municipal regulations. Usually, frame profiles and hybrid designs (e.g., the cost associated with product evalua- ble. However, with the cooperation of multiple materials) are implemented; a number of ISO technical committees tion is passed on to the consumers. and experts representing several coun- Ventilated air cavities and In the last decade, the trend in tries, it was possible for ISO/TC 163/ grooves : this includes cavities con- assessing product performance evalua- WG 2 to develop such a tool. nected to internal or external environ- tion has shifted to the use of calculations The result was the first Interna- ments; and, and analytical tools, when such tools are available and when they have been shown tional Standard (ISO 15099) for use by Radiation heat transfer : this to produce results that are consistent with fenestration product designers, computer includes detailed radiation heat transfer cal- test results of the products under con- simulation developers and others who culations using two-dimensional element- sideration. As a result, several computer might be interested in assessing the per- to-element view factors, and simplified programmes are now available for fen- formance of fenestration products. three dimensional radiation methods. estration products performance evaluation and some of those are referenced in One-stop-shop for “ The working group was national and International Standards. ISO created to develop the 15099 provides algorithms used for mod- fenestration product eling the fenestration products. The goal designers state-of-the-art detailed is to ensure that all software developers Published in 2003, ISO calculation procedures use the same algorithms in ISO 15099, 15099:2003, Thermal performance of to determine the thermal so that the results would be consistent windows, doors and shading devices: transmission properties and universally acceptable, particularly detailed calculations, provides compre- when trade barriers are being eliminat- hensive and detailed calculation proce- of windows, doors and ed and products cross international bor- dures to determine the thermal transmis- skylights.” ders with considerable ease. sion properties and heat transfer through ISO 15099 goes beyond the deter- complex fenestration products incorpo- mination of the thermal performance of fenestration products. It offers window rating shading devices. and doors designers and specifiers a tool

The standard addresses almost © ISO to assess the product long-term perfor- every aspect related to the thermal trans- mance based on their choice of materials. mission of fenestration products, no mat- The result is likely to impact the energy ter what the degree of complexity it pos- use and operating cost of a building. sesses. For example : Multiple glazing layers : including conventional and advanced insulat- Looking into the future ing spacer bar systems, gas filling (e.g., The activities of ISO TC 163/ air, argon, krypton, xenon, or mixtures WG 2 did not stop at the completion of of any combination) in the glazing cav- ISO 15099. There is a new work item ity, and any type of low emissivity coat- for the development of an energy rating ing on any glazing layer; protocol that could benefit fenestration Shading device : analytical mod- product manufacturers, consumers and els to determine the surface tempera- building code officials. This protocol tures, solar heat transmission, optical will be based on the existing common properties and other thermal character- practices and will certainly incorporate istics of shading devices. The calcula- elements from ISO 15099.

26 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding

Fire safety • Determination

Sustainable of the temperature engineering and evolution within the load bearing ele- the reconstruction ments, taking into account the extent of the collapse to which the thermal insulation was of the World Trade dislodged by the impact ; and, • Assessment of the overall structural Center Towers behaviour, taking into account those elements which were either damaged or failed by the impacts and their subsequent heating due to the fire devel- by Joël Kruppa, Chair of ISO/TC opment. 92, Fire Safety, SC 4, Fire safety engineering, and Richard Gann, Chair of ISO/TC 92, Fire Safety SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment.

ince the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers on S 11 September 2001, structural engineers and architects in the United States and elsewhere have extensively analyzed the collapse, to determine whether the usual structural features of the two towers may have been wholly © ISO or partially responsible. Though an unusual approach was NIST reveals results taken by the WTC’s structural engineers of research © Internet to its construction to meet the challenges faced by such a tall building of wind The NIST experts, Dr. William load, gravity load and related architectur- Grosshandler and Dr. Richard Gann, Conclusions al stresses, research has revealed that if presented the results of the huge project These reconstructions were able the fireproofing had not been dislodged carried out by a team of more than 230 to provide sufficient information for or only minimally dislodged by the air- NIST and contractor staff over about 3 understanding the collapse of the tow- craft impact, the buildings would likely years, to reconstruct the behaviour of ers. From these, NIST concluded : not have collapsed under the combined the WTC towers between the impact of effects of aircraft impact and the sub- aircraft and their collapse. The presen- • An intense, conventional fire, in the sequent numerous fires. tations comprised mainly : absence of structural and insulation The conjunction of two events at damage, would not have led to the • Reconstruction of the aircraft impacts the end of September 2005 in Beijing, collapse of a WTC tower ; and the assessment of damage to the China – the International Association load bearing structure (columns, truss- • The existing condition of the insula- of Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) Sym- es, floors) and its fire protection and tion prior to aircraft impact, which posium on 19-23 September and the bi- to the fire partitions, and the influence was found to be mostly intact, and annual meetings of ISO technical com- the impacts had on the repartition of the insulation thickness on the WTC mittee ISO/TC 92, Fire Safety, subcom- the fire load within the relevant floor floor system did not play a signifi- mittees 3, Fire threat to people and envi- levels ; cant role in initiating collapse of the ronment, and 4, Fire safety engineering, towers ; on 26 to 30 September – created a good • Reconstruction of the fire development opportunity to hold a workshop on the and the spread of fire on 8 floors of • WTC 2 collapsed more quickly than outcome of the reconstruction carried the North Tower (WTC 1) and on 6 WTC 1, after 56 minutes for WTC 2 out by the National Institute of Stand- floors of the South Tower (WTC 2) and 102 minutes for WTC 1, because ards and Technology (NIST) of the col- during the elapsed time before the there was more aircraft damage to the lapsed WTC towers. collapse ; building core columns and there were

ISO Focus December 2005 27 Main Focus

early and persistent fires on the east This workshop was organized which outline the important aspects for side of the building, where the aircraft by the Tianjin Fire Research Institute, consideration when deciding a funda- had extensively dislodged insulation which is China’s main fire research mental approach to the provision of fire from the structural steel ; institute, at the Beijing International safety in buildings. SC 4 is now on the Convention Centre (BICC). More than way to publishing a new set of opera- • The towers would not have collapsed 70 people from China and many other tional documents, either as Internation- under the combined effects of air- countries attended this workshop, giv- al Standards or technical specifications, craft impact and the subsequent mul- ing them the opportunity to discuss with for the evaluation of the fire safety level. tifloor fires if the insulation had not the NIST experts, the outcomes of their With its 7 working groups (WGs) and 2 been widely dislodged or had been work and the various assumptions they task groups, the last one, WG 12 deal- only minimally dislodged by aircraft have necessarily taken. ing with the performance of structures impact. This kind of assessment and eval- in fire, was created in 2003. TC 92/SC 4 uation made by NIST, using evidence, has the responsibility of : experimental results, mathematical mod- Recommendations • Providing the necessary FSE docu- elling and expert judgement, is well in ments called for in the TC 92 frame- In addition, NIST has issued line with the fire safety engineering work document supporting perform- 30 recommendations, which are main- approach with which ISO TC 92/SC 4 ance-based design and assessment ; ly expressed in terms of performance is charged. Such results prove that fire requirements and structured in eight safety engineering tools provide a much • Developing and maintaining a set groups dealing with : better way for understanding the behav- of ISO documents on the use of fire • Increased structural integrity ; iour of buildings, or any other type of safety engineering ; built environment, in the event of fire • • Developing engineering design and Enhanced fire endurance of struc- than prescriptive rules. evaluation methods to be used for tures ; ISO TC 92/SC 4 issued a set of verifying that appropriate fire safety • New methods for fire resistance of ISO documents ISO/TR 13387:1999, objectives are achieved ; structures ; Fire safety engineering: parts 1-8, • Standardizing, when not handled by • Improved active fire protection ; another SC or TC, the necessary cal- • Improved building evacuation ; “ An intense, conventional culation or other assessment methods, • Improved emergency response tech- fire, in the absence of including determination of their accu- nologies and procedures ; structural and insulation racy and limitations ; • Improved procedures and practices ; damage, would not have • Providing the full range of standards and, required for performance-based fire led to the collapse of safety design and assessment ; • Education and training. a WTC tower.” • Developing rules and/or standards for validation procedures ; About the authors • Developing guidance documents for best engineering practices ; Dr. Richard Joël Kruppa, • Gann, Chair of Chair of ISO/ Establishing links with regional stand- ISO/TC 92, Fire TC 92, Fire ardization bodies involved in FSE. Safety, SC 3, Safety, SC 4 Analyses of such dramatic events Fire threat to Fire safety engi- as the terrorist attack on and subsequent people and envi- neering, has collapse of the WTC towers and other ronment, has been involved in been performing the ISO stand- large fires show how it is not only nec- research in fire ardization work essary to be able to design the built envi- safety for over since 1980. His ronment to fulfill prescriptive rules, but 33 years. His broad interests include less interest is in research in the field of fire also to understand the real dangers struc- fire-prone cigarettes, materials and prod- development and fire behaviour of structures face and their real behaviour in the uct flammability, ignition, fire suppres- tures. He is Director of the Fire Safety event of fire. sion, combustion chemical kinetics, smol- and Certification Division (CTICM), dering combustion, fire detection, smoke France and Coordinator of the Horizontal generation and toxicity, and fluid flamma- Group “ FIRE ” of TC 250 “ Structural bility. He also serves on the Editorial Eurocodes ”. Boards of Fire Technology and Fire and Materials.

28 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding © ISO Sustainable

Building environment design : energy conservation and efficiency

delivering standards in several closely tectural engineering with the entire build- by Stephen Turner, Chair related sub disciplines. If these stand- ing design process. With the standards of ISO/TC 205, Building ards respect and explore the interrelat- developed by ISO/TC 205 providing environment design edness of these sub-disciplines, better the proper framework, the results of buildings will result. this integration can be buildings that he scope of ISO technical com- respect the greater environment and mittee ISO/TC 205 is standardi- “ Buildings must respect provide safe and comfortable indoor Tzation in the design of new build- environments. ings and retrofit of existing buildings for the environment by The activities of ISO/TC 205 acceptable thermal and visual comfort, minimizing their impact on recently led to the discovery of a remark- indoor air quality, and energy conserva- the external environment able coincidence. Mr. Kisung Cho, tion. Because of this scope, the commit- Director General of the Department of tee treats the employment of materials whilst providing safe Safety and Service Standards, Korean and techniques in their optimal way in and comfortable indoor Agency for Technology and Standards, the design of buildings, which is intri- environments.” hosted our recent meetings in Novem- cately related to overall sustainability ber 2005, in Seoul, Korea, together with in building design. The unique opportu- Furthermore, the work of ISO/ the country’s Ministry of Commerce, nity afforded ISO/TC 205 is the holistic TC 205 recognizes that architectural Industry & Energy. In his warm greet- treatment of the many aspects of build- engineering – the design of building ing welcoming us to Seoul, he told the ing environment design, that ultimate- systems – can no longer be undertak- story of restoring the Cheonggyecheon, ly helps to determine the indoor envi- en separately from the overall design a river in downtown Seoul, after dec- ronment. Since these aspects are often of buildings. The system of standards ades of being covered by urban streets. standardized at the national level in dis- under development is intended to inte- In my response, I was moved to talk also parate technical committees and stand- grate both across engineering sub disci- of a recently uncovered urban river in ards, TC 205 has the opportunity of plines, and to vertically integrate archi- Providence, Rhode Island, USA, the

ISO Focus December 2005 29 Main Focus birthplace of the American industrial Instead of buildings that attempt The three I’s in revolution and my home today. to suppress and overcome nature, why sustainability Having realized the consequenc- not design buildings that integrate with 1) es of inattention to nature, two cities the environment, on every possible level ? The Brundtland Commission on opposite sides of the world have The international standardization work of the United Nations stated that devel- recently undertaken redress. Similar- which ISO/TC 205 performs seeks, in opment is sustainable “…if it meets the ly, the mistakes of the past in build- addition to lowering trade barriers for needs of the present without compromis- ing design cannot be sustained into engineering design, to promote and ing the ability of future generations to 2) the future. The mistakes of the 1970’s facilitate the design of high perform- meet their own needs.” ISO/TC 205 is can inform us today. Energy efficiency ance buildings : higher performing as seeking to standardize building environ- alone is not a worthy goal, if it results economic assets for their owners, high- ment design, including several aspects of sustainability and environmental responsibility. Its working group WG 1, Gen- © ISO eral Principles, has developed a design process standard that was approved for final draft (FDIS) stage at our plenary session in Seoul. This process standard defines interactive, iterative design stages to target and achieve integrated performance targets. The process is inter-

1) In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development published a report, which came to be known as the “ Brundland Report ”. It presented the concept of global sustainable development, with guiding principles for sustainable development as it is known today. 2) ASHRAE. 2003. ASHRAE GreenGuide. Atlanta : American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 3) ASHRAE 2004. Advanced Energy Design Guide For Small Office Buildings. Atlanta : American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

About the author

Stephen Turner is the Chair of ISO/ TC 205, Building environment design, serving from 2005 to 2007. In the in dissatisfied and unproductive occu- er performing as buildings that provide USA, he chairs pants. To ensure the future, buildings amenable indoor environment for their the committee for must respect the environment by min- occupants, and higher performing with the American imizing their impact on the external respect to resource utilization and envi- National Stand- environment whilst providing safe and ronmental impact. ards Institute and the American Society of comfortable indoor environments. The ISO/TC 205 is organized into six Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ANSI/ASHRAE) Standard 55 : restored rivers ran through our conver- active working groups, with two addition- 2004, Thermal environmental conditions for sation as poignant examples of right al task groups currently evaluating future human occupancy, and sits on the Rhode action with respect to the environment. work items. Truly an international effort, Island Building code commission. He special- What a powerful metaphor for architec- the convenorships are distributed amongst izes in building commissioning, campus util- tural engineering, where sustainability Australia, Egypt, Republic of Korea, the ity systems and construction standards as is an essential goal ! United Kingdom, and the USA. mechanical engineer at Brown University.

30 ISO Focus December 2005 There are 22 participating countries and 24 observing countries in ISO/TC 205. The Secretariat is held by the American Society of Heat- buiding ing Refrigeration and Air-Condi- tioning Engineers, Inc. on behalf active to allow the many design goals, of the American National Stand- with the World constraints, and factors to come together ards Institute (ANSI). Internation- Sustainable Health Organi- at the appropriate balance point for each al liaisons are established with the zation (WHO) is project. Each stage of the design proc- International Commission on Illu- intended to assure ess is iterative. The check step called for mination (CIE), the European Insu- that this working at the end of each design stage ensures lation Manufacturers Association group addresses that all design targets are met. Failure (EURIMA), and the World Health the profound implications of indoor air to achieve targets – whether energy effi- Organization (WHO), as well as quality on the well-being of building ciency, resource use, controllability, or numerous ISO and CEN techni- occupants. In conjunction with the gen- indoor environmental metrics – prevents cal committees. The Chair can be eral principles process, this document the project design team from proceeding reached at stephen_turner@brown. will help building designers ensure that to the next design stage, or construction, edu or [email protected], the energy and resource efficiency meas- until all targets are met. And the proc- Secretary, Mr. Douglas Tucker at ures do not preclude occupant comfort ess integrates the many facets of indoor [email protected]. and productivity. environment design to ensure that, for example, good energy performance is not achieved at the expense of comfort- Thermal environment able and productive indoor environment Working group WG 5 works in for building occupants. Intelligent buildings the area of design of the indoor thermal Working group WG 3, Building environment. ISO/TC 159, Ergonom- Energy use in buildings control system design, has published to ics, has defined the conditions for thermal comfort. WG 5 seeks to standardize Working group WG 2, Design of date three parts of seven planned ISO the proper design methods for translat- energy-efficient buildings, forwarded a 16484 series standards on building auto- ing these criteria into building systems. terminology standard to draft (DIS) stage mation and control systems : ISO 16484- This work takes particular advantage this month and will now further develop 2:2004, Hardware, ISO 16484-3:2005, of the interrelatedness of the sub dis- the guideline for energy-efficient design Functions, and 16484-5:2003, Data com- ciplines treated in the various working of new buildings currently at commit- munication protocol. Forthcoming are groups of TC 205. tee draft stage. WG 2 is establishing a ISO/DIS 16484-1 Overview and vocab- subsequent work item, minimum ener- ulary, the new proposal ISO/NP 16484- gy efficiency requirements for heating, 4 Applications, ISO/FDIS 16484-6 Data Future work ventilating, and air conditioning equip- communication – Conformance testing, ment. This significant and growing group and ISO/NP 16484-7 Project implemen- Acoustic and visual indoor envi- of standards is intended to build on the tation. Together these standards pro- ronment design criteria are under con- important work done worldwide, includ- vide an important unified framework for sideration for treatment, with work ing the USA on national energy stand- interoperable controls in buildings. Such items being carefully considered in ards mandated by the Energy Policy Act systems are credited with the ability to close liaison with ISO/TC 43, Acous- amendments of 1990, and in Europe by deliver 15% savings in energy consump- tics, and the International Commission the European Performance of Buildings tion in buildings, independent of indi- on Illumination. Mandate pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol. vidual component efficiency. As the family of standards devel- For example, buildings in the USA con- oped in ISO/TC 205 grows, the tools sume one-third of the energy and two- available to designers improve. For thirds of the electricity produced annu- Indoor air quality countries wishing to adopt internationally. Thus WG 2 is squarely addressing Working group WG 4, Indoor al standards that build on the extensive this significant aspect of buildings’ impact air quality, has approved its committee available national and regional stand- on the environment. Recent progress draft standard on designing for indoor ards, this growing kit of building envi- in member countries shows that reduc- air quality for registration as a DIS, ronment design standards is a valua- tions of one-third in energy intensity are which is about to be circulated by ISO ble resource, which promotes optimal achievable today with readily available for comment. This work represents a indoor environments whilst respecting technology and without undue capital monumental effort by participating the greater environment. To safeguard investment 3). Using the WG 1 frame- experts to create a meaningful frame- a sustainable future, international col- work, TC 205 provides standards that work to address indoor air quality. By laboration is essential. Hence, ISO/ allow such achievements whilst still assimilating the leading standards from TC 205 welcomes increased participa- allowing acceptable indoor environment around the world, this standard will allow tion, and encourages countries not yet for building occupants, results which universal application whilst respecting involved to contact the chair or secre- are not ensured when energy efficiency a wide range of local practice and soci- tary for more information. alone is pursued in isolation. etal norms. Recent liaison established

ISO Focus December 2005 31 Main Focus For buildings as solid as a rock by Andrzej M. Brandt, Chair of ISO/TC 98 and Chair of ISO/TC 98/SC 2

n recent decades, science and techniques have progressed substantial- Ily in the domain of building and civil engineering structures. New materials, methods of structural analysis and construction technologies should all be implemented in practice through standardization. ISO technical committee ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures, is creating a coherent system of Internation- al Standards in the field of building and civil engineering works, covering basic problems of reliability, understood as safety of structures together with their serviceability and durability. The main areas of work include : • Reliability of structures ; • Actions on structures ; and, • Terminology and symbols. © ISO “ All structures should Rethinking the lines be safe and durable, About the author while fulfilling their of communication functions.” Due to the increasingly complex Andrzej M. problems needing to be treated in the Brandt is a retired Professor Since structural reliability is an building standards, the continual exten- of Technical overall concept comprising models for sion of their scopes and the further spe- Science at the describing actions, design rules, relia- cialization of people applying them in Institute of bility elements, structural response and their jobs, it has become necessary to Fundamental resistance, workmanship, quality control use reliable and univocal instruments Technological procedures and national requirements, all for communication: a coherent and con- Research of the of which are mutually dependent, it is sistent systems of terms, definitions and Polish Academy important for the standards to be addressed notations. of Sciences in Warsaw. His main research not only to national and regional code- Sometimes definitions can be too interests are in optimization and design of making bodies, but also to designers of complicated when they must cover all the building structures, in mechanical behav- structures, university teachers and oth- possible meanings of certain expressions iour of cement-based materials and testing methods of their properties. He has er interested groups of civil engineering or allow for various traditional applica- published over 110 research papers, over specialists. It is equally as important to tions in different countries. In this case, 20 books and coordinated several research remember that the modification of one short but precise descriptions are pro- projects on these subjects. He lectured at factor should be accompanied by a study posed instead of definitions. technological universities in Canada, of the implications relating to the over- A standard written initially in France, Japan, the United Kingdom, the all reliability concept. one language, in most cases English, USA and other countries.

32 ISO Focus December 2005 buiding must be correctly translated into numer- From reliability to ing its contents ous other languages. As an example of durability Sustainable closer toward the difficulties encountered, in many cas- designers of struc- es the word used for an object, func- It goes without saying that all tures and making it tion or property may be different in the structures should be safe and stable, more user-friend- different English-speaking countries, while fulfilling their functions. Since ly. The new ISO such as Australia, Canada or the Unit- the publication of ISO 2394, General standard will probably be well accepted Kingdom. principles on reliability for structures ed by countries in the Pacific region ISO/CD 8930, Reliability for in 1998, based on the following two that have been very active in ISO/TC structures – List of equivalent terms, groups of limit states, describing the 98 for a few years. covers principal terms used in the field situations that should be avoided: Up until now, there has not of reliability of structures in the docu- • a structure is not safe, which means been an ISO standard related direct- ments prepared by TC 98. It influenc- that its stability is not ensured or ly to the durability of building struc- es the recommendations and standards the resistance of certain members tures, although a short subchapter on published by other organizations like is insufficient ; basic and general recommendations the European Committee for Standard- is contained in ISO 2394. ization (CEN). With the increasing • a structure may be safe and stable Subcommittee 2 (SC 2) began scope of work, the standard is being though it cannot be used because working on the most important issue revised to include a system of more of excessive deflections, cracking, related to the durability of structures, general terms and definitions, while unacceptable aspect due to discol- which extends the meaning of reliabil- orations, etc., in the field of design keeping the existing and universally ity to also maintaining the structures’ of structures new needs have aris- accepted system already adopted in reliability throughout the entire service en. several national and regional docu- life. The problem of durability of struc- ments. The same goes for notations or ISO 2394 should be further tures appears in many countries at dif- symbols with their subscripts and super- developed by adding more explanations ferent levels of technical development scripts contained in ISO 3898, Bases and detailed recommendations, mov- and is often lacking in civil engineering for design of structures – Notations – structures exposed to vary- General symbols. ing weather conditions. Subcommittee 1 has The questions asked to improve and develop both are : what are the sourc- existing systems of terms and es of such a situation, by symbols in such a way that what means may the situ- by application of consistent ation be changed and who principles, all present items should initiate and control and those that may appear all actions to avoid the fre- in the future can be properly quently occurring premature introduced. unserviceability of concrete The progress of work structures ? Standardization makes it possible to look for- certainly has an important ward with optimism. New role to play in this task. standards and/or technical The durability of a reports with recommenda- structure is considered as tions for terms, their defini- adequate if, throughout its tions and notations with index- entire designed life, it fulfils es will certainly correspond its intended functions relat- well to present needs. ed to serviceability, strength and stability, without excessive and unforeseen maintenance. Insufficient durability in many cases presents a The Leaning Tower of Pisa : real danger to the safety of built originally to last... structures, but its main influ- on unstable ground. ence is on the economy of the infrastructure, which requires expensive repair or reconstruction.

Durability is closely related to “ The reliability – safety, mic actions for designing geotechnical an important requirement imposed on works, covers actions due to quakes. In our civilization – sustainable develop- serviceability and durability this standard, basic recommendations ment. To a large extent, the durability of – of building structures are developed in more detail for large structures depends on many non-tech- concerns society as a dams and other outstanding geotechnical nical factors, like quality control at all structures, for which the forces of seis- stages of the building process, avoid- whole." mic activities are very important, and ance of excessive economies and inad- pared in coordination with work at oth- should be designed with consideration equate qualification of staff. er organizations such as the Fédéra- for high financial investment and sig- It will clarify indications for dura- tion Internationale du Béton (FIB), the nificant damage should they fail. This bility of structures and their structural International Council for Research and standard will be published soon. elements and there is a good prognosis Innovation in Building and Construc- Now we need to address the fol- for a useful ISO standard in 2006. tion (CIB) and CEN. lowing three new items : Subcommittee 2 is also look- – A new version of ISO 4356, Bases ing into drafting a new version of ISO Assessing risk for the design of structures – Defor- 10137, Bases for the design of struc- mations of buildings at the service- Risk assessment for analysis tures – Serviceability of buildings ability limit states ; of important structures such as nucle- against vibration. Since the publica- – Accidents caused by human activi- ar power plants, offshore platforms, tion of the first edition, researchers in ties ; dams and any other structures, whose various countries have formulated new failure can have a significant effect on proposals and the new ISO standard is – Seismic influences on non-structur- the population and national economy, expected to be of great use, mainly for al elements. has already been implemented in some standard drafting committees at nation- We hope to initiate respective industries. Even for ordinary build- al and regional levels. working groups, but in all these future ings, accidental situations, like fires or tasks the first challenge is not to find an floods may have serious consequences Considering climatic interested and competent group of spe- that should be considered in the sense conditions cialists, but to ensure a material support of risk assessment. for their work by an ISO member body. Risk is necessarily involved in A great number of outstanding In several countries the funds allocat- all structural activity and it is essen- structures are built every year all over ed for standardization are progressively tial to produce rational recommenda- the world, such as long span bridges and reduced and our partners, i.e. working tions which include : risk parameters high buildings, for which the actions groups, their convenors and secretari- in varying structures, acceptable risks from wind are essential and should be ats are confronted with financial diffi- and the conditions in which they are correctly considered in their designs. culties. This situation occurs particular- acceptable. The answers to these ques- In 2004 and 2005 particularly, we saw ly in technical committees like TC 98 tions are needed for design and safe the devastation caused by hurricanes that deal with general and basic issues, service of structures as well as for their and typhoons. There is good reason to rather than a specific branch of industry maintenance. establish common bases for structural like wood, steel or concrete. The relia- Standardization of general prin- designs, which take into account recent bility – safety, serviceability and dura- ciples and rules for risk assessment research, such as the revision of ISO bility – of building structures concerns of civil engineering systems are very 4354, Wind actions on structures. society as a whole. Therefore, the activ- important. A new work item initiated A new item was initiated in 2001, ity of such basic committees should be by SC 2 is intended to provide a com- after a few years of informal prepa- sponsored directly and sufficiently by mon methodology and clearly defined rations and consultations. An Inter- governmental agencies. terminology that will improve the com- national Standard – to be designated mon practice of risk assessment and ISO 21650 – is under development to risk communication, which are vital describe the bases for taking account components of the whole risk manage- of actions from waves and currents in ment system. the design of structures situated in shal- General principles of risk assess- low waters. The problem is important ment and common tools used for ana- for several countries with developed lyzing the risks of civil engineering sea shores, where many structures are systems, based on the common con- subjected to actions produced by these cepts presented in different national natural phenomena. and regional documents, will be har- The newly published ISO 23469, monized with ISO standards and pre- Bases for the design of structures – Seis-

34 ISO Focus December 2005 Developments and Initiatives ISBN – renewed for 21st century by Michael Healy, Convenor, ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, SC 9, Identification and description, WG 4, International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN)

ince its inception in 1970, the Addressing the ISBN International Standard Book boom S Number (ISBN) has been an essential part of the global book trade, In 2002, the ISO committee that linking publishers with retailers and is responsible for standard identifiers libraries and enabling electronic trans- in the field of information and docu- actions in their ordering, inventory and mentation – ISO/TC 46/SC 9, Identi- catalogue systems. For over three dec- nied each book or similar monograph- fication and description – decided to ades the ISBN identifier has accompa- ic publication from the time of its pro- address the capacity issue well before duction and onwards throughout the the ISBN system actually ran out of entire information supply chain. The numbers and while publishers, book- global success of this system has been About the author sellers and libraries still had time to the envy of other industries. prepare for the necessary changes to Michael Healy However, this very success has their inventory, ordering and cata- is the Editorial put pressure on the numbering capacity logue systems. Director of of this 10-digit identifier. In countries Jane Thacker, who manages the Nielsen Book- where the ISBN has been well established ISO/TC 46/SC 9 Secretariat at what was Data and heads for decades, an increase in conventional then the National Library of Canada, its operation that publishing coupled with the explosive (now Library and Archives Canada), provides the growth of electronic publications, the prepared a project proposal and estab- bibliographic Internet, and e-commerce have fuelled lished an international working group to data for all the the demand for ISBNs, the worldwide negotiate changes to the ISBN system company’s use of which has also risen each year and draft the new edition of ISO 2108. products and services. In addition to his to a current total of over 160 countries. editorial responsibilities, Michael has This broad task was aimed at ensuring been extensively involved in a wide range The result of these increased demands that the ISBN continues to serve the of standards initiatives in the book industry means that the supply of available 10- existing and emerging needs of pub- and is currently Vice-Chair of The digit ISBNs in some countries will be lishers, librarians and booksellers over International ISBN Agency. depleted within this decade. the next ten to twenty years.

ISO Focus December 2005 35 Developments and Initiatives

Against this background, the “... an increase in The upgrading process ISBN working group met for the first What will happen to all the 10- time at a meeting hosted by the Nation- conventional publishing digit ISBNs currently in circulation and al Library of Canada in February 2002. coupled with the explosive already allocated to books ? Publish- It was given a clear timetable for its growth of electronic ers will have to adjust their systems work, in line with ISO’s project man- to accommodate the new format and agement rules, and was asked to com- publications, the Internet, convert – for all their available titles plete the revision and publish the new and e-commerce have – from 10 to 13-digit ISBNs, and con- ISBN standard by early 2005. In spite fuelled the demand for sider converting the ISBNs for most of of the magnitude of their task, the group their out of print titles if they expect to made exceptionally good progress. They ISBNs.” continue receiving orders or enquiries very quickly reached agreement on how about those titles. They will also have the capacity of the ISBN system would One obvious effect of the change to determine whether they have any be increased and then focussed on the is that the new 13-digit ISBN will be 10-digit ISBNs that have not yet been details of implementing that solution identical to the 13-digit EAN barcode assigned and convert those numbers and clarifying other issues, such as number. But the main effect and the to the new 13-digit format. Inventory the assignment of ISBN to electronic greatest benefit of the change will be systems, catalogues and contracts, as publications. The ISO review and vot- to secure sufficient ISBN capacity to well as editorial, bibliographic, rights ing stages provided valuable feedback serve the book industry’s needs for many management and other publisher sys- from users about the proposed changes years ahead, by negotiating for addi- tems will all be affected and should be to the ISBN, which the working group tional EAN codes in the event of future reviewed to ensure that they are ready then addressed in the form of imple- capacity problems. for the change to a 13-digit ISBN. mentation guidelines for the different Booksellers also need to be communities that will be affected by ready to handle the new 13-digit ISBN these changes. in their ordering and invoicing applications and should do so well before Implications of the new Key elements January 2007. Their task will be made ISO 2108 standard of the new edition somewhat easier, however, because most retail systems already routinely han- So what are the implications of of ISO 2108 : dle 13-digit product numbers because the new ISO 2108 standard for publish- of the use of bar codes on books at the ers, booksellers, libraries, distributors, ISBN will become a 13-digit point-of-sale. systems suppliers and other sectors of number as of 1 January 2007 ; Libraries are also preparing for the book supply chain that have come the change, although their challenge is to rely on the ISBN over the past thir- The new ISBN will be complete- somewhat different, since their databas- ty years ? The most significant change, ly compatible with the EAN 13- es will have to continue to accommo- which will affect everyone using ISBNs, digit product code system ; date both the 10 and 13-digit ISBNs to is the new digit format to take effect 1 ensure access to their collections that Publishers will have to recalculate January 2007. include older materials as well as cur- existing 10-digit ISBNs for items The new 13-digit ISBN consists rent publications. that are still in print and subject of three parts. The first part will be a Although 1 January 2007 is the to further trade ; three-digit EAN product code for the official date when the 13-digit ISBN is ISBN system, known as the “ Book- Libraries will have to accommodate to come into effect, many publishers land ” prefix. Initially this code will be both 10-digit and 13-digit ISBNs and booksellers have already decided the prefix 978, but when that capaci- in their catalogue systems ; to implement the new ISBN format ty is exhausted the EAN product code with their trading partners. To do so, 979 will be added to the ISBN system. Publishers will be encouraged to they will print the new 13-digit ISBN The second part of a 13-digit ISBN is provide metadata to ISBN agen- alongside its 10-digit equivalent on nine digits long and comprised of the cies about the items to which ISBN books and advance publicity materials following three elements : ISBN regis- have been assigned ; well before the official 2007 date – but tration group, publisher, and publica- regardless of when publishers begin tion identifier. The final component is The ISBN system will have a new using the new 13-digit ISBN, exten- a check digit used to verify the accu- registration authority and shared sive preparation and consultation with rate transcription of each ISBN. arrangements for funding interna- their national ISBN agency and their tional administration of the ISBN trading partners will be needed. system.

36 ISO Focus December 2005 Significant changes “... the greatest benefit of ISO’s role in the revision While the change in the format the change to a 13-digit process of the ISBN is the most significant fea- ISBN will be to secure What was ISO’s role in the ISBN ture of the current revision project – sufficient ISBN capacity to revision process ? First and foremost, and the most extensive change to ISBN the ISBN system is based on an ISO since its inception –there are many oth- serve the book industry’s International Standard which provider changes in the new edition of ISO needs for many years ed a clear framework and process for 2108. For example, the revised stand- ahead.” negotiating the changes to the ISBN ard clarifies which categories of pub- system in a fair, efficient and timely lication can and cannot be assigned an manner. At the committee level, ISO/TC ISBN. It also covers how they should 35 years. Under the new arrangements, 46/SC 9 provided administrative sup- be used for electronic publications, administration of the ISBN system will be port, technical expertise and an inter- stipulating that every separately trad- funded by contributions from the ISBN national reputation in the development able version of an electronic publica- agencies. A new, not-for-profit organiza- of identifiers for the content industries. tion be given a unique ISBN. tion has been created to act as the gov- Brian Green, Chair of ISO/TC 46/SC 9 In line with other recent iden- erning body for the ISBN system, with and a key player in the ISBN negotia- tifier standards developed by ISO/TC the national and regional ISBN agencies tions, says that “ in effect, ISO’s role 46/SC 9, the new edition of ISO 2108 being the members of that organization is embodied in the first two letters of also encourages publishers to sub- and contributing to its costs of opera- the ISBN itself. The overwhelming suc- mit a specified set of descriptive data tions. These changes, negotiated in tan- cess of the International Standard Book (metadata) about each publication to dem with revisions to the ISBN stand- Number is largely because of these two the ISBN agency whenever an ISBN ard, will put the Registration Authority aspects – it is truly international and is assigned. This development reflects for ISO 2108 on a solid financial and genuinely standard across all sectors the importance of linking an assigned contractual basis to address future chal- of the information supply chain. ISO ISBN to metadata in accessible systems lenges, including global implementation provided the structure and processes such as “ books in print ” databases and of the 13-digit ISBN. to achieve that level of consensus and library catalogues. The new standard The widespread influence of the move the ISBN forward with greater stops short of making the registration ISBN system means that communicating capacity and renewed confirmation of of ISBN metadata mandatory, because these changes is a task of global propor- its global relevance.” ISBN agencies in some countries do tions. Implementation guidelines have Additional information and a set not yet have the systems in place to been prepared as well as a new version of Frequently Asked Questions about handle the collection of metadata as of the ISBN users’ manual, for the rele- changes to the ISBN are available on part of their ISBN assignment proc- vant agencies to promote the changes as a Web site provided by the ISO/TC 46/ esses. Nevertheless, publishers in most widely as possible in their countries or SC 9 Secretariat at : http://www.lac- countries will be encouraged, for the regions. Many presentations have already bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/2108.htm. first time, to provide data elements been given, and many more are planned, ISO 2108:2005, Information such as title, contributor, publisher, for publishing, bookselling and library and documentation – International and date of publication when each conferences, in order to spread the mes- Standard Book Number (ISBN), is ISBN is assigned. The data is to be sage globally, that far-reaching changes available from ISO national member provided in a format compatible with will soon be established, to ensure that institutes and from the ISO Central the widely used ONIX (Online Infor- the ISBN remains a cornerstone of the Secretariat. mation Exchange) product information book trade for decades to come. standard for recording and communicating data in the book trade. Another aim of the ISBN revision project was to clarify the arrangements for administering, governing and funding the ISBN system. Until now, the international administration of the ISBN system has been provided through the generous support of the Berlin State Library and Prussian Cultural Founda- tion, which has provided the staff and premises for the Registration Author- ity for ISO 2108 – also known as the International ISBN Agency – for almost

ISO Focus December 2005 37 Developments and Initiatives Training as a tool to increase efficiency and satisfaction of experts in technical committees by Yongping Jiang

ith the rapid growth of society • Many enthusiastic stakeholders are • 300 local administrative personnel in and the economy, China faces keen to get involved in the standards- standardization ; W big challenges and more setting activities, and contribute to opportunities for standardization, whose standards development. • 3 000 implementation staff in enter- innovation is driven in particular by Chi- prises ; na’s accession to the World Trade Organ- “ The training continues • Two terms of advanced courses for ization (WTO) in 2001. to be successful with standardization management togeth- Among the challenges are : er with the Zhongnan University of both participants and the Economic and Law of China • Overcoming stakeholders’ and com- (ZUEL). munities’ lack of awareness of stand- organizer finding them ards ; of great benefit.” To ensure the action plan’s imple- • Improving the inefficient mechanism mentation, SAC initially identified the following success factors : for the standards development proc- Training action plan ess and standards-based information • Establishment of the SAC training services ; The Standardization Adminis- department ; tration of China (SAC) is the national • Updating standards for today’s mar- standards body for China, which deals • Preparation of a lecturing team, select- ket-oriented economy ; with the developing and administration ed strictly by SAC ; • Updating standardization experts of standards. SAC is the ISO and IEC • Compilation of training material ; with the latest knowledge ; (International Electrotechnical Commis- • Increasing the current low partici- sion) member for the country. • Available funding to support the pro- pation in the international standards SAC made and approved an action gramme, free of charge for experts ; process. 1) plan to improve the training of TC experts, which began in 2003 and aims to : • Premise facility. SAC nominates one During the social and economic of its local training centres as the transitional period, previous training in • Raise experts’ awareness of market- SAC training centre, where most of standardization has been behind the oriented standards development ; the experts’ training takes place ; demands from the various industries • Increase the national standards’ com- • Annual implementation plan prepared and more programmes are needed in patibility with International Stand- for the following year. this area to meet the market needs. For ards ; instance : • Enhance capacity building for involve- • The experts need to be updated with ment with the International Standards Implementation the latest knowledge in standardiza- process. of the action plan tion ; The action plan goals include SAC establishes and maintains • The Central Secretariat and working training : the mechanism and expertise resourc- staff need training on how to operate es, which serve the national standards • 1 500 TC experts; their technical committees through development. It focuses on staff train- the secretariats and to maintain good • 1 000 participants with experience of ing. Three courses were offered to 240 performance ; the International Standards process, TC staff in 2003, four for 440 TC and • Participation in the International specific professional knowledge, and SC staff in 2004 and three for 270 TC Standards process must be increased ; English competency until 2007 ; staff in 2005.

38 ISO Focus December 2005 In order to determine the course content, SAC asked a number of TCs China and for their comments and based on their requirements, developed the frame- standardization work for the TC/SCs, 16-hour, two-day course. The subjects and hours per sec- 270 technical committees (TCs) and tion were: 377 subcommittees (SCs) with almost • Outline of theory of standards and 30 000 experts have been studying and standardization (2hrs) ; developing national standards since the late 1970s, covering a wide range of • Role and trend of standardization in products, services and management. economic growth, world trade and In addition, SAC has 459 participat- sustainable development (2hrs) ; ing (P) members and 223 observer (O) • How to write standards (2hrs) ; members in ISO, and 172 P-members and 2 O-members in the International • Procedure of standards development Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as and quality requirements (2hrs) ; of September 2005. SAC is a mem- • Challenges faced and reform (2hrs) ; ber of both the ISO and IEC Councils © ISO and is represented on the ISO Tech- • Case study from WTO source, standards nical Management Board (TMB) and as a tool to facilitate trade (2hrs) ; the IEC Standardization Management • Open discussion and feedback (4hrs). “ Trainees expressed Board (SMB). their satisfaction and a Other SAC training courses include : standardization management feeling of having a raised training for enterprises operating for awareness of market- Since 2003 training TC experts many years and agriculture standardiza- oriented and global has become part of the SAC programme tion courses. Following the success of the relevance and having and will continue operating, with the first course in 2004, a second advanced additional usage of ISO information course was held this year for standardiza- gained confidence to work technology training tools. Two people tion management together with the uni- in standardization.” from SAC participated in ISO’s first e- versity. The one-month course for par- learning programme, and SAC feels that ticipation in the International Standards active participation in regional and inter- process was also launched in September ing was provided to TC staff, for exam- national training is important. SAC ran 2005. In addition, certain special train- ple, the one-day training for the national the training courses for the participa- standards review in 2004 and the one-day tion in the International Standards proc- training for computer-based monitoring ess this year and will explore the idea of About the author systems for national standards-setting establishing a university Masters degree process in 2005. for advanced management resources in Yongping Jiang standardization. served as Deputy Experts undoubtedly play a key Director of the Training outcome and role in the national standards process. department of the future Planning and They are invaluable technical resources, Information of The training continues to be suc- who contribute to setting standards. We Standardization cessful with both participants and the must therefore encourage their training, Administration organizer finding them of great benefit. in order to increase the work they do on in China (SAC) All the trainees expressed their satis- the technical committees. until November faction and a feeling of having a raised 2005. He was an ISO Technical Manage- awareness of market-oriented and global ment Board Member of China from April relevance and having gained confidence 2004 to November 2005. He was involved to work in standardization. It is expect- in the capacity building of national stand- 1) SAC has only 10 TC/SC secretariats in ISO, ards technical committees (TCs) and the ed that the quality of national standards 3 in the IEC, 4 TC/SC chairs in ISO, none in the training of TC experts from 2003, and should improve, the standards-setting IEC and currently proposes 50 items for ISO played a key role in the development, process be more effective and efficient, and IEC as draft International Standards. implementation and management of the and standards themselves more relevant training programme at the SAC. to the market and globally.

ISO Focus December 2005 39 New this month

Stephan Abrams commented : “ The My ISO job ISO standard publication of PDF/A will have a significant impact on the preservation of Guidance for will ensure long electronic documents by defining an life for PDF internationally recognized standard delegates and format that is amenable to long-term documents preservation. experts “ The standard will allow libraries, archives, and other electronic resource consumers to encourage their con- by Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis, tent providers to produce and deliver Journalist, Editor of ISO Focus, those resources in a form that is opti- ISO Central Secretariat mized for their effective preservation over time.” It is estimated that the total size ave you received a PDF file by of the surface Web is 167 terabytes (1 e-mail today ? Even if you have terabyte is equivalent to the size of a not, there is a good chance you H large public library), 9,2 % of which did recently, or read a document on the consist of PDF documents. According Web, or in your organization’s database, to Susan Sullivan of the US National that was in PDF format. This is because Archives and Records Administration, the PDF (Portable Document Format) “ PDF/A files will be more self-con- for storing and sharing information tained, self-describing, device-inde- electronically has become part of the pendent than generic PDF 1.4 files, and organizational landscape of today and should allow information to be retained on ISO standard will ensure that PDF longer as PDF. ” files remain in good shape for a long President of the international time into the future. authority on Enterprise Content Man- ISO 19005, Document manage- agement (ECM), John Mancini summed ment – Electronic document file for- up the successful coordinated effort: mat for long-term preservation – Part “The speed with which PDF/A was 1, Use of PDF 1.4 (PDF/A-1), enables developed is a testament to the com- organizations to archive documents mitment of the committee members ome 50 000 experts contribute electronically in a way that will ensure worldwide. The collaborative effort annually to the work of ISO. the preservation of content and visual put forth by representatives from the S Most of them are familiar with appearance over an extended period of archival records management, govern- the ISO system ; others may be joining time. It also allows documents to be ment and other communities ensures an ISO committee for the first time. In retrieved and rendered with a consist- that this standard will fit the needs of both cases, they may have questions ent and predictable result in the future, those communities.” such as Why are International Stand- independent of the tools and systems Future parts of ISO 19005 will be ards needed ? How does ISO work ? used for creating, storing and render- created, which will provide compatibil- What are the processes and who’s who ing the files. ity with future versions of the underly- at an ISO meeting ? PDF is a digital format for rep- ing PDF specification, while maintain- The aim of this new brochure My resenting documents. It has become the ing the current standard and applications ISO Job is to offer delegates and experts standard for the exchange and storage of based on PDF Version 1.4. a quick reference to the ISO system and data because of its significant amount ISO 19005-1:2005 is available its processes. of compression for document files. PDF from ISO national member institutes The electronic version (English files may be created natively in PDF and from ISO Central Secretariat. The and French) can be downloaded from form, converted from other electronic new standard is the work of ISO techni- ISO’s Web site www.iso.org./tc. formats, or digitized from paper, micro- cal committee ISO/TC 171, Document form or other hard copy format. Once management applications, subcommit- created, the files must remain useable tee SC 2, Application issues. and accessible across multiple generations of technology. This is where ISO 19005 comes in. Digital Library programme manager at the Harvard University Library

40 ISO Focus December 2005 has committed an offence, it may not New ISO/IEC be reflected in the IDP. ISO guidelines The design provided for by the standard will new standard will result in a document for improving help to fight that is: quality • more secure from counterfeiting and counterfeiting of alteration, management driving licences • allows authorities to verify its authen- in local ticity, • integrates personal data into a secure government by Antoinette Price, Journalist, ID-1 size medium, Public Relations, ISO Central • allows a more reliable identification by Roger Frost, Press Secretariat of the licence holder and for machine- readable technologies, and Communication Manager, recently published ISO/IEC ISO Central Secretariat standard will help fight the • facilitates information exchange Agrowing problem of counterfeit between authorities, and SO has just released guidelines for or illicitly altered driving licences. • enables the domestic driving licence improving quality management in At the same time, it will allow that meets the standard to serve simul- I local government worldwide through a single document to serve both as a taneously as an “ ISO compliant ” driv- the implementation by public authorities domestic driving permit or licence (DDP ing licence – an IDL. of its ISO 9001:2000 management sys- or DDL) and an international driving tem standard. permit (IDP) – thus helping to solve Although the standard targets ISO 9001:2000 is already in use one of the problems caused for licens- a harmonized design for international by more than 670 400 organizations of ing authorities and travellers alike by use, it also allows individual national/ all types in 154 countries, including local today’s trend towards mass travel. community or regional motor vehicle government authorities and public servic- ISO/IEC 18013, Information authorities to include features required es. However, the new guidelines explain technology – Personal identification – for their specific needs. the standard in terms more familiar to ISO-compliant driving licence – Part ISO/IEC 18013-1, Information people who work in local government and 1: Physical characteristics and basic technology – Personal identification – relate the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 data set, establishes guidelines for the ISO-compliant driving licence – Part 1, to their context. This will make it eas- design format and data content of a driv- is available from ISO national mem- ier for them to implement the standard ing licence compatible with the relevant ber institutes and the ISO Central Sec- and so improve the quality of the diverse ISO standards for both visual human- retariat. services they provide for the benefit of readable features and machine-read- their “ customer-citizens ”. able technologies, like a magnetic IWA 4, Quality management sys- stripe, integrated circuit with con- tems – Guidelines for the application of tacts, contactless integrated cir- ISO 9001:2000 in local government, is cuit and optical memory tech- not intended for certification and does nology. It also allows for not require the public authorities that emerging technologies use it to seek ISO 9001:2000 certifica- such as biometrics and tion. This is a decision for them to make additional security ele- based on their particular context. It gives ments, thereby improv- advice on implementing ISO 9001:2000, ing the accuracy of the but does not alter in any way the require- information the document ments of that standard. contains. Carlos Gadsden, a Mexican So far, counterfeit licenc- specialist in local government who es, or genuine ones that have been was secretary of the team that devel- illegally tampered with, have been oped IWA 4, explains the motivation for hard to detect because non-govern- launching the initiative : “ Local governmental IDP issuing authorities do not ments are the main service providers to ask motor vehicle agencies to verify the citizens all over the world and their effi- domestic driving permit details present- cient and reliable performance is vital to ed for an IDP. As a result, if a person the lives of millions of people.”

ISO Focus December 2005 41 New this month

ISO Secretary-General Alan IWA 4, Quality management sys- Bryden concurred : “ The performance tems – Guidelines for the application New, improved of local authorities can have a tremen- of ISO 9001:2000 in local government, dous impact on citizens and economic is available from ISO national member ISO 9000 actors at large and so IWA 4 will help institutes and from ISO Central Secre- guidelines for to improve quality where it counts – in tariat ([email protected]). the everyday lives of people and com- The new guidelines were devel- health sector panies.” oped at an international workshop in The co-developers state in the May 2005 in Veracruz, Mexico, attend- Introduction to IWA 4 that an ISO ed by 83 delegates, representing local 9001:2000 quality management sys- governments, universities, standard- by Roger Frost, Press tem (QMS) provides an excellent tool ization bodies, quality management and Communication Manager, for local government authorities to be system specialists and users from 18 ISO Central Secretariat able to provide confidence to their cit- countries. The workshop was hosted izens that their needs and expectations by the ISO member for Mexico, DGN are fully understood and are capable of (Dirección General de Normas), sup- US health care provider hit by being met on a consistent basis and in ported by the National Standardiza- Hurricane Katrina was able to a timely manner. tion Technical Committee on Quality Aresume supplying patients at their IWA 4 includes the require- Management Systems (COTENNSIS- homes within hours thanks to its ISO ments of ISO 9001:2000 and explains CAL), the Mexican Institute of Stan- 9001:2000 quality management system with appropriate examples how to apply dardization and Certification (IMNC), (QMS) and additional ISO guidance for them in local government. It includes the Organization of Interdisciplinary health sector organizations. two annexes : one gives some examples Services (OSI) and the Latin American The additional guidance was pro- of the services and associated processes Institute for Quality (INLAC), whose vided by the ISO International Work- that local governments should strive to President, Armando Espinosa, chaired shop Agreement (IWA) 1, Guidelines for provide and the other describes a diag- the workshop. process improvements in health service nostic model that can be used as a start- “ IWA” denotes an “ Internation- organizations. ISO has just published a ing point for the implementation of a al Workshop Agreement” which is one new version of IWA 1. The new version QMS for reliable local government. of several types of deliverable offered has been made even more “ user friendly ” by ISO for cases where swift develop- for organizations in the sector by incor- ment and publication of an internation- porating improvements based on devel- al agreement take priority. opments in the field and comments by health care providers since the original was published in 2001. © ISO IWA 1:2005 was developed by a joint committee of experts from the American Society for Quality (ASQ) Health Care Division and the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) which is a global industry association representing automotive manufacturers. As a major employer, the automotive sector deals with thousands of health care providers and spends substantial amounts on health care programmes. The general- ized implementation of ISO 9001:2000 quality management systems by health care establishments is seen as an opportunity to improve the quality of health care while reducing the costs. The guidelines include much of the text of ISO 9004:2000, Quality management systems – Guidelines for per- The final draft of IWA 4 final draft is handed over to ISO for processing at the organization’s Central formance improvements, supplemented Secretariat in Geneva : from left – ISO Deputy Secretary-General Kevin McKinley ; IWA 4 Secretary, Carlos Gadsden, who is General Director of Mexico’s Organization of Interdisciplinary Services by text specifically aimed at assisting (OSI) ; IWA 4 Vice-Chair, Senator Carlos Madrazo, representing the Mexican Government ; ISO health service organizations to imple- Secretary-General, Alan Bryden, and the DGN representative to ISO, Juan Antonio Dorantes. ment a QMS, regardless of whether they

42 ISO Focus December 2005 State-of-the-art information security management systems with new ISO/IEC 27001:2005 standard

by Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis, Journalist, Editor of ISO Focus, ISO Central Secretariat

nformation security flaws can result in escalating financial losses and I wreak havoc with business operations. The newly published ISO/IEC 27001:2005 standard for information

© ISO security management systems can help organizations plug existing leaks and decide to pursue certification to ISO One of the authors, Mickey Chris- prevent future threats. 9001:2000. The objective is the system- tensen, who was Chair of the committee “The publication of ISO/IEC atic pursuit of process improvement in that developed the original proposal for 27001:2005 is a big event in the world order to attain continual improvement, IWA 1, cites the case of Southern Phar- of information security and the stand- the prevention of error and other adverse maceutical Corporation as an example of ard has been eagerly awaited,” said outcomes, and the reduction of varia- the benefits of ISO 9001:2000 implemen- Ted Humphreys, Convenor of the tion and organizational “ waste ” – such tation, supplemented by guidance from working group responsible for man- as non-value added activities. IWA 1. The company delivers medicines aging the development of the stand- The principal improvements to and medical equipment such as oxygen ard. “It is a standard that all security- the new version of IWA 1 include the breathing apparatus (as well as setting conscious organizations should look following : it up) to patients at their homes. to implement.” “ This firm had a facility in Gulf- • the “ translation ” of quality-related ISO/IEC 27001:2005 can be port, Mississippi, that was severely dam- terminology into language and situ- used by a broad range of organizations aged by Hurricane Katrina. The owner ations readily understood by health – small, medium and large – in most of has stated that because of their ISO 9001 care professionals ; the commercial and industrial market system and having planned for disasters sectors: finance and insurance, telecom- • the addition after many of the ISO with documented procedures, they were munications, utilities, retail and manu- 9004:2000 requirements of paragraphs back in business in a matter of hours, pro- facturing sectors, various service indus- of related advice on “ What to look viding the home care the patients they tries, transportation sector, governments for ” and “ Guidance/examples ”. serve needed.” and many others. The experts who developed IWA IWA 1:2005, Guidelines for The implementation of ISO/IEC 1:2005 state in the Foreword : “ Imple- process improvements in health serv- 27001:2005 will reassure customers menting this guidance and maintaining ice organizations is available (English and suppliers that information security the system with discipline and rigour version only) from ISO national mem- is taken seriously within the organiza- through the organization should produce ber institutes and from the ISO Central tions they deal with because they have effectiveness and efficiencies with a cost Secretariat. in place state-of-the-art processes to benefit of up to 17:1 based on experi- deal with information security threats ence of other sectors.” and issues.

ISO Focus December 2005 43 New this month

Information is an asset, which, Food safety failures in both devel- like other important business assets, How to oped and developing countries have adds value to an organization and conse- intensified interest everywhere in sys- quently needs to be protected. Informa- implement a tematic prevention at every link in the tion security protects information from a food safety supply chain. ISO 22000, backed by wide range of threats in order to ensure international consensus among govern- business continuity, minimize business management ment and industry experts, harmonizes damage and maximize return on invest- the requirements for good food safety ments and business opportunities. An system practice worldwide. Information Security Management Sys- In turn, ISO/TS 22004 will act as tem (ISMS) is a systematic approach to a “ force multiplier ” by providing guid- managing sensitive company information by Roger Frost, Press ance for organizations that recognize so that it remains secure. It encompasses the potential benefits of implementing people, processes and IT systems. and Communication Manager, a food safety management system, but ISO /IEC 27001:2005, Informa- ISO Central Secretariat are unsure of how to go about it. The tion technology – Security techniques – document will therefore contribute to Information security management sys- the spread of such systems, as well as SO has followed up its recent pub- tems – Requirements, specifies the proc- improving understanding, communi- lication of ISO 22000, the Inter- esses to enable a business to establish, cation and coordination between the I national Standard for food safety implement, review and monitor, manage actors in food supply chains. management systems, with implemen- and maintain an effective ISMS. tation guidance. ISO Secretary-General Alan ISO/IEC 27001:2005 integrates ISO/TS 22004:2005, Food safety Bryden commented : “ ISO/TS 22004 the process-based approach of ISO’s management systems – Guidance on the will facilitate the effective implemen- management system standards – ISO application of ISO 22000:2005, gives tation of ISO 22000 and therefore help 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004 – includ- advice that will be useful for all types to maximize the benefits. It is an exam- ing the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) of organization within the food supply ple of ISO’s market relevance, showing cycle and requirement for continual chain. These range from feed produc- how we as an organization are keeping improvement. ers, primary producers, food manufac- pace with evolutions in business prac- The new standard forms a com- turers, transport and storage operators tice, such as today’s tendency to accom- plementary pair with the recently pub- and subcontractors to retail and food pany products with service and support lished ISO/IEC 17799:2005 “ code of service outlets – together with relat- packages.” practice ” on information security man- ed organizations such as producers of ISO/TS 22004 gives generic agement. equipment, packaging material, cleaning guidance for small and large enterprises Organizations that so wish can agents, additives and ingredients. on the implementation of ISO 22000, have their information security manage- without altering or replacing any of the ment systems independently certified as requirements in the standard. It explains conforming to the requirements of ISO/ “ the process approach ” used in ISO IEC 27001:2005, although certification 22000 and provides guidance on the is not a requirement of the standard. main clauses of the standard. Up to now, organizations that A major benefit of ISO 22000 is wished to have their ISMS certified have that it provides a framework for organiza- done so in conformity with the British tions worldwide to implement the Codex Standard BS 7799 Part 2. This is now HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical possible against ISO/IEC 27001:2005, Control Point) system for food hygiene which is an International Standard. in a harmonized way, which does not vary ISO/IEC 27001:2005, Informa- with the country or food product concerned. tion technology – Security techniques – To further this objective, ISO/TS 22004 Information security management systems includes a flow chart on the planning of – Requirements, is available from ISO safe foods that combines steps addressed national member institutes and from the by the Codex HACCP guidelines and ISO Central Secretariat. It was developed steps specific to ISO 22000. by ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee ISO/TS 22004:2005, Food safety JTC 1, Information technology, subcom- management systems – Guidance on the mittee SC 27, Security techniques, work- application of ISO 22000:2005 is avail- ing group WG 1, Requirements, security able from ISO national member institutes services and guidelines. and from ISO Central Secretariat. Coming up

Main Focus membership. For them, ISO standards are an important source of technological The Services Business know-how for developing their economy and raising their capability to export Services account for over 70 % of total and compete on global markets. The employment and value and almost all article “ Partnerships in the development employment growth in OECD countries 1), of standards ”, looks at a pioneer project, confirming an overall trend towards initiated by ISO’s Danish member and world trade in services, which accord- Zimbabwe on the standardization of ing to the World Trade Organization, is injection equipment, which emphasizes expected to grow at an annual rate of the need to increase the participation of 8.4 % in 2005 and 2006 2). Though stand- developing countries in the standardiza- ardization in services is a relatively new tion process. field, the growing significance of this sector in terms of competition and the Information Management Security labour market, point towards the need Systems Organizations that do not for international standardization. take the appropriate measures to ensure Service standards can help businesses flawless information security can gain essential competitive advantages, will examine how standards for services expect increased financial losses and by creating transparency and enabling can provide safety, health, fitness for pur- disrupted business operations. Thanks anyone wishing to use the services to pose, information and other aspects con- to the newly published, ISO/IEC carry out effective comparisons before tributing to quality, thereby generating 27001: 2005 for information security making their choice. Other benefits consumer confidence, in a world where management systems, existing gaps include an improved quality of service people have ever increasing expectations can be filled and future risks avoided. across national borders, lowered costs of receiving quality services. and more time saved. Standardization of services will have a 1) Growth in services, fostering employment, lasting influence on the market as a whole, productivity and innovation, from the meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial level, 2005. because it will encourage competition, protect consumer interests, aid econom- 2) IMF World Economic Outlook, as quoted in ic growth and establish the conditions the address of Cedric Foo (Singapore) to the ISO General Assembly, September 2005. required for free and fair trade. The January issue of ISO Focus looks at the current developments in the interna- Developments and tional standardization of services and high- Initiatives lights the positive impact they have and will have, not only for specific services, Partnerships in the development of but for the global market as a whole. standards ISO standards offer practical solutions to many of the problems of Articles cover a range of services, for developing countries, which together Once this standard has been imple- which International Standards are being with countries making the transition mented, customers and suppliers can developed, such as scuba diving, per- from a centralized to a market economy, rest assured that the organizations they sonal financial planning, e-transactions make up some three quarters of ISO’s deal with are taking information secu- and e-business as well as services relat- rity seriously. It can be applied to all ed to drinking and wastewater supply sized organizations in commercial and systems. industrial sectors including: finance and It also examines the tourism industry insurance, utilities, retail and manufac- in Thailand and the European approach turing, services, transportation, govern- towards standardization, of responding ments and many others. to economic trends, which show a need The coming edition takes an in-depth for more standardization. look at this new standard and how it will Standards have helped ensure confidence strengthen an organization’s information in manufactured products for consumers security system to ensure its users an effi- for many years. This edition of ISO Focus cient and safe working environment.

ISO Focus December 2005 ISO Focus July-August 2005.indd C4 2005-11-29 11:09:43