Notes

Introduction

1. Eiseley, Loren, Darwin’s Century (Garden City: Doubleday, 1958). 2. D’Abro, A., The Evolution of Scientific Thought (New York: Dover, 1930). 3. Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, “Can Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” Physical Review 747:777–780 (1935). 4. Gilder, Louise, The Age of Entanglement (New York: Knopf, 2008). 5. Bochenski, I. M., Contemporary European Philosophy (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1956), 95–96. 6. Ibid., 79–99, 123–128. 7. Allard, James, The Logical Foundations of Bradley’s Metaphysics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). 8. Flower, Elizabeth, and Murray G. Murphey, A History of Philosophy in America (New York: Putnam’s, 1977), Chapters 8 and 9. 9. Kuklick, Bruce, Josiah Royce (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972). Flower and Murphey, Chapter 12. 10. James, William, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Henry Holt, 1910) – first edition 1890. 11. Kuklick, Bruce, The Rise of American Philosophy (New Haven: Yale, 1977); Bruce Kuklick, Churchmen and Philosophers (New Haven: Yale, 1985). 12. Murphey, Murray G., C. I. Lewis, The Last Great Pragmatist (Albany: SUNY, 2005). 13. Holt, Edwin et al., The New Realism (New York: Macmillan, 1912). 14. Bergman, Gustav, “Logical ,” in A History of Philosophic Systems, ed. Vergilius Ferm (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), 472–473. 15. Moore, G. E., Philosophical Studies (London: Kegan Paul, Trebch, Trubner and Co., 1921), 1–30, 276–309. 16. Russell, Bertrand, The Principles of Mathematics (New York: Norton, 1950) – first published 1903. 17. Whitehead, Alfred North, and , Principia Mathematica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950) – first published 1910. 18. Russell, Bertrand, Our of the External World (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1952) – first published 1914. 19. Ibid., 79. 20. Ibid., 63. 21. Ibid., 68. 22. Ibid., 63. 23. Bubner, Rudiger, Modern German Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 15–21. Bochenski, 129–139.

M.G. Murphey, The Development of Quine’s Philosophy, Boston Studies 247 in the 291, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2424-2, C Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 248 Notes

24. Boole, George, Mathematical Analysis of Logic (New York: Philosophical Library, 1948) – first published 1847. 25. Lewis, C. I., Survey of Symbolic Logic (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1918), Chapter 1. 26. Bell, Eric Temple, Men of Mathematics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1930), Chapter 22. 27. Cantor, Georg, Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers (New York: Dover, n.d.). Bell, Men Chapter 29. 28. Dummett, Michael, Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991). 29. Murphey, Lewis 80. 30. Kneale, William, and Martha Kneale, The Development of Logic (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 681. 31. Ibid., 673. 32. Fraenkel, Abraham, “Set Theory,” in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1967), Vol. 8, 420–427. 33. Kneale, 682. 34. Fraenkel, 427. 35. Murphey, Lewis. 36. Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractus Logico-Philosophicus (London: Routledge, 1922). 37. Kneale, 720. 38. Wittgenstein, 4.21–4.221. 39. Ibid., 4.52–5.01. 40. Wang, Hao, “Quine’s Logical Ideas in Historical Perspective,” in The Philosophy of W. V. Quine, ed. Lewis Hahn and Paul Arthur Schilpp (LaSalle: Open Court, 1986), 623–648. 41. Tarski, Alfred, “The of in Formalized ,” in Logic, , Metamathematics, ed. A. Tarski, trans. J. H. Woodger (Oxford: Clarendon, 1956), 152–278. 42. Godel, Kurt, Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940). 43. Lewis, C. I., and C. H. Langford, Symbolic Logic (New York: Century, 1932). 44. Heidegger, Martin, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper, 1962). 45. Bochenski, Chapter 17. 46. Haller, Rudolf, “On the Historiography of Austrian Philosophy,” in Recovering the Forgotten , ed. Thomas Uebel (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991), 412–450. 47. Bolzano, Bernard, Selected Writings on Ethics and Politics (New York: Rodopi, 2007). 48. Brentano, Franz, Descriptive Psychology (London: Routledge, 1995). 49. Blackmore, J. T., R. Itagaki, and S. Tanaka, ed., Ernst Mach’s Vienna (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001). 50. Waissmann, Friedrich, Foreword to Moritz Schlick: Philosophical Papers (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1979), Vol. II, xiii–xxxiii. 51. Murphey, Lewis 131. 52. Hempel, Carl, “Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance: Problems and Changes,” in Aspects of Scientific Explanation, ed. Carl Hempel (New York: Free Press, 1969), 101–119. 53. Carnap, Rudolf, The Logical Syntax of (London: Routledge, 1949). 54. Kraft, Victor, The Vienna Circle (New York: Philosophical Library, 1953); Joergen Joergensen, The Development of Logical (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951). 55. Joergensen, 48 ff. 56. Ibid., Jordan, Z., The Development of Mathematical Logic and Between the Two Wars (New York: Oxford, 1945). 57. Kraft, 5. Notes 249

Chapter 1

1. TML 14. 2. Ibid., 28. 3. Ibid., 38. 4. Ibid., 51. 5. Watson, John B., Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1919). 6. F&Q/c, 390. 7. Stetson, Raymond H., Motor Phonetics (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1951), 6. 8. James, Psychology, Chapter IX. 9. Kuklick, Rise. 10. Cohen, David, J. B. Watson: The Founder of Behaviorism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 1–26. 11. Ibid., 27. 12. Ibid., 28. 13. Ibid., 35. 14. Ibid., 48–49. 15. Watson, John B., “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” Psychological Review 20: 158–177 (1913). 16. Ibid., 158. 17. Ibid., 161. 18. Ibid., 166–167. 19. Ibid., 174. 20. Watson, Standpoint. 21. Ibid., 320. 22. Ibid., 325. 23. Watson, John B., Behaviorism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1925), Chapter 10. 24. Ibid., 185. 25. Ibid., 185–195. 26. Ibid., 4–5. 27. Cohen, Watson, 218. 28. MSAm2587(1001); Quine to Skinner. 29. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 96. 30. TML 60. 31. Auto, 8–9. 32. MSAm2587 (2831–2832), 104. 33. Auto, 8. 34. Ibid., 8–9. 35. MSAM2587(1001); Quine to Skinner. 36. MSAm2587 (3190), 5; Auto, 9. 37. Auto, 9. 38. Lewis, C. I., Mind and the World Order (New York: Dover, 1929). 39. MSAm2587(3236). 40. MSAm2587(3236) “ and Working Hypotheses”, 1. 41. MSAm2587(3236) “Futurism and Conceptual Pragmatism.” 42. MSAm2587(2391), 113–114. 43. PM,I,xiii. 44. Auto, 10–12. 45. Ibid., 11. 46. Ibid., 10. 47. F&Q/c, 501. 48. Lewis, Survey, 357. 250 Notes

49. LSeq, 34. 50. Ibid., 15–54. 51. Ibid., 64–74. 52. Auto, 11. 53. Ibid., 12. 54. Ibid., 13. 55. MSAm2587(3190), Preface. 56. Bailyn, Bernard, and Donald Fleming, The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America 1930–1960 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969). 57. F&Q/d, 62. 58. Ibid., 24. 59. TML, 92–100. 60. Auto, 12. 61. Ibid., 12. Carnap, Rudolf, The Logical Syntax of Language, trans. Amethe Smeaton (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1937) – published in German in 1934. 62. TML, 102–104. 63. MSAm2587(1060); Quine to Tarski 1/10/81. But see Auto, 15. 64. Carnap, Rudolf, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (The Logical Structure of the World), trans. R. A. George (Chicago: Open Court, 2003). 65. Russell, Knowledge. 66. Carnap, Aufbau, 60. 67. Ibid., 5. 68. Ibid., 98–101. 69. Ibid., 88. 70. Ibid., 88–89. 71. Ibid., 97–103. 72. Ibid., 23. 73. Ibid., 236. 74. Ibid., 236. 75. Ibid., 237. 76. Ibid., 237. 77. Uebel, Thomas, Empiricism at the Crossroads (LaSalle: Open Court, 2007), 2. 78. Ibid., 191–246. 79. Mancosu, Paolo, “Quine and Tarski on ,” in Oxford Studies in Metaphysics,ed. Zimmerman (Oxford: Clarendon, 2008), Vol. 4, 22–24. 80. Ibid., 22–55. 81. Auto, 13. 82. MSAm2587(1001); Quine to Skinner 3/8/85. 83. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 35. 84. F&Q/c 62. “John Horne Tooke” Wikipedia. 85. SL, 5. 86. Ibid., 5. 87. MSAm2587(3286); Card file, For Nozick’s seminar 4/4/90. 88. Creath, Richard, ed. Dear Carnap, Dear Van (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1990), 48. 89. Ibid., 48–49. 90. Ibid., 59. 91. Ibid., 63. 92. Ibid., 63. 93. Ibid., 64. 94. Ibid., 65. 95. Ibid., 66. 96. Ibid., 69. Notes 251

97. Ibid., 76–78. 98. Ibid., 79–80. 99. Ibid., 80. 100. Ibid., 86. 101. Ibid., 86. 102. Ibid., 89. 103. Ibid., 92. 104. Ibid., 92. 105. Ibid., 93. 106. Ibid., 95. 107. Ibid., 97. 108. Ibid., 97. 109. Ibid., 99–101. 110. Ibid., 30. 111. Ibid.,103. 112. Ibid., 28. 113. Murphey, Lewis, 159. 114. Lewis, C. I., “The Pragmatic Conception of the A Priori,” Journal of Philosophy 20:169–177 (1923). 115. Carnap, Syntax, 153. 116. Quine, W. V., “Truth by Convention” in WP, 77–106. 117. Ibid., 77. 118. Ibid., 104. 119. Ibid., 105–106. 120. Peirce, Charles S., The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932), 2.204. 121. Quine, “Truth by Convention,” 102. 122. Ibid., 106. 123. Auto, 16. 124. Russell, Bertrand, The Principles of Mathematics (New York: Norton, 1950), vi. 125. Joergensen, Joergen, A Treatise of Formal Logic (Copenhagen: Levin and Murksgaard, 1931); W. V. Quine, “A Note on Nicod’s Postulate,” Mind 41:345–350 (1932). 126. Quine, W. V., “A Theorem in the Calculus of Classes,” Journal of the London Mathematical Society 8:89–95 (1933). 127. Quine, W. V. “Ontological Remarks on the Propositional Calculus,” Mind 43:472–476 (1934). 128. WP, 267. 129. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 157. 130. TML, 123–124. 131. Ibid., 119–120. 132. Ibid., 130. 133. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 177. 134. Quine, W. V., “A Reinterpretation of Schoenfinkel’s Logical Operators,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 42:87–89 (1936). 135. Auto, 15. 136. Ibid., 16–17. 137. PM, Section B, 12. 138. Kneale and Kneale, Development of Logic 669. Frank Plumpton Ramsey, The Foundations of Mathematics, ed. Braithwaite (New York: Humanities Press, 1950), 1–61. 139. Quine, W. V., “The Axiom of Reducibility,” Mind 45:498–500 (1936). 140. Quine, W. V., “Set-Theoretical Foundations for Logic,” JSL 1:45–57 (1936); SLP, 83-00. 141. Wang, Hao, A Survey of Symbolic Logic (Peking: Science Press, 1963), 387. 142. Quine, “Set-Theoretical,” SLP, 83–99.1. 252 Notes

143. Ibid., 852. 144. Auto, 173. 145. SLP, 884. 146. SLP, 905. 147. Quine, W. V., “Toward a Calculus of Concepts,” JSL 1:2–25 (1936). 148. Mancosu, 25–28. 149. Ibid., 28. 150. Ibid., 29. 151. Carnap, Rudolf, The Philosophy of , ed. Paul Arthur Schilpp (LaSalle: Open Court, 1963), 34. 152. TML, 128–129. 153. Quine, W. V., “Logic Based on Inclusion and Abstraction,” JSL 2:145–152 (1937); SLP, 100–109. 154. Ibid., 102. 155. Quine, W. V., “New Foundations for Mathematical Logic,” American Mathematical Monthly 44:70–80 (1937). reprinted in FLPV, 80–101. 156. Ibid., 89. 157. Ibid., 89. 158. Rosser, Barkley, “On the Consistency of Quine’s ‘New Foundations for Mathematical Logic,’” JSL 4:15–24 (1940), 23. 159. Rosser, Barkley, Logic for Mathematicians (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953), 204–206. 160. Specker, E., “The Axiom of Choice in Quine’s ‘New Foundations for Mathematical Logic,’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1953:366–368 (1953). 161. Jenses, Ronald, “On the Consistency of a Slight (?) Modification of Quine’s New Foundations,” in Words and Objections, ed. D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1969), 278–291. 162. Quine, W. V., “Reply to Jensen,” in ed. Donald Davidson and , 349. 163. Quine, W. V., “On Cantor’s Theorem,” JSL 2:120–124 (1938). 164. Mancosu, 29. 165. WP, 199–202. 166. Creath, ed. Dear Carnap, Dean Van 260. 167. TML 131–137. 168. Quine, W. V., “On the Theory of Types,” JSL 3:125–139 (1938). 169. Quine, W. V., “Logic based on Inclusion and Abstraction,” SLP, 100–109. 170. Quine, “Theory of Types,” JSL 3:125–138 (1938). 171. Ibid., 134–136. 172. Auto, 18–19. 173. MSAm2587(1001); Quine to Skinner 11/18/37,2. 174. Carnap, Philosophy, 35. 175. Auto, 19. 176. Carnap, Philosophy 64–65. 177. MSAm2587(1060); Quine to Tarski. 178. MSAm2587(655); 2/20/41. 179. Journal of Philosophy 84:29–32 (1987). Tarski to White. 180. Tarski, Alfred, “On The Concept of Logical Consequence,” in Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, ed. A. Tarski, trans. J. H. Woodger (Oxford: Clarendon, 1956), 409–420. 181. Ibid., 418–419. 182. Carnap, Philosophy, 30. 183. Quine, W. V., Mathematical Logic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940); W. V. Quine, Elementary Logic (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1941). 184. Elementary Logic, 40. 185. Ibid., 91. 186. Ibid., 116–117. 187. Ibid., 56. Notes 253

188. Ibid., 146. 189. Ibid., 116. Cf. also 119. 190. Ibid., 147. 191. Ibid., 166. 192. Auto, 27. 193. Tarski, Alfred, Introduction to Logic (New York: Oxford, 1946) – reprint of first English edition of 1941. 194. MSAm2587(499). 195. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 180. 196. TML, 130. 197. Mathematical Logic, Chapter 1. 198. Murphey, Lewis, 320. 199. Quine, Mathematical Logic, 24, 71, 112, 133, 147, 226. 200. ML, Chapter 1. 201. ML, Chapter 2. 202. ML, Chapter 3. 203. PM, 150. 204. Mathematical Logic, 150–152. 205. ML, Chapter 4. 206. ML, Chapter 5. 207. ML, Chapter 6. 208. ML, Chapter 7. 209. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 215, 231. 210. TML, 146. 211. Rosser, Barkley, “The Burali-Forti Paradox,” JSL 7:1–17 (1942). 212. Auto, 21–22. 213. PM, III, 75. 214. Quine, W. V., “Element and Number,” JSL 6:136–149 (1941); SLP, 121–149. 215. SLP, 124–132. 216. Quine, W. V., Mathematical Logic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1947), 215. 217. ML, 246. 218. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 294. 219. Wang, Hao, “Quine’s Logical Ideas in Historical Perspective,” in Philosophy of W. V. Quine, 631. 220. For an overview of Quine’s work in logic, see Joseph Ullian, “Quine and Logic,” in The Cambridge Companion to Quine, ed. Roger Gibson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 270–286.

Chapter 2

1. Quine, W. V., O Sentido da Nova Logica (Sao Paolo: Martins, 1953). 2. Quine, W. V., “Whitehead and the Rise of Modern Logic,” in The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead, ed. Paul Arthur Schilpp (New York: Tudor, 1951), 127–163. 3. Ibid., 139. 4. Ibid., 142. 5. Ibid., 146–149. 6. Ibid., 144–145. 7. Ibid., 153. 8. Ibid., 156–158. 9. TML, 183–192. 10. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 247–264. 254 Notes

11. Mancosu, Paolo, “Harvard 1940–1941; Tarski, Carnap and Quine on a Finitist Language of Mathematics for Science,” History and Philosophy of Logic 26:327–357 (2005). 12. Journal of Philosophy 40:113–127 (1943). 13. FLPV, 170. 14. Quine, “Notes on Existence and Necessity,” Journal of Philosophy 40:113–127 (1943). 15. Ibid., 113–114. 16. Ibid., 118. 17. Ibid., 115–127. 18. Ibid., 121. 19. Ibid., 120. 20. MSAm2587(3169), 20–35, 131. 21. Ibid. 22. MSAm2587(420); Quine to Goodman 12/19/44. 23. Wang, Philosophy of Quine, 632. 24. MSAm2587(420); Quine to Goodman 8/14/45. 25. MSAm2587(3181). 26. Ibid. 27. JSL 10:1–12 (1945); SLP, 181–195. 28. SLP, 185. 29. Ibid., 188. 30. Quine, W. V., “Concatenation as a Basis for Arithmetic,” SLP, 70–82; 71. 31. Auto, 26. 32. MSAm2587(420); Quine to Goodman 11/30/46. 33. Ibid., Quine to Goodman 2/19/47. 34. Ibid., Goodman to Quine 2/24/47. 35. Ibid., Quine to Goodman 2/28/47. 36. Ibid., Goodman to Quine 3/22/47. 37. Ibid., Goodman to Quine 3/29/47. 38. Ibid., Goodman to Quine 4/5/47. 39. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 269. 40. JSL 12:43–48 (1947). 41. Ibid., 44. 42. Ibid., 45. 43. Ibid., 46. 44. Ibid., 47. 45. MSAm2587(420); Quine to Goodman 7/6/40. 46. Ibid., Quine to Goodman 7/26/46. 47. Ibid., Quine to Goodman 2/19/47. 48. Ibid., Goodman to Quine 2/24/47. 49. Goodman, Nelson, and W. V. Quine, “Steps Toward a Constructive Nominalism,” JSL 12:97– 122 (1947). 50. Quine, W. V., “Nominalism,” in Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, ed. Dean Zimmerman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 3–21. 51. Ibid., 6. 52. Ibid., 14. 53. Ibid., 16–17. 54. Ibid., 21. 55. Ibid., 21. 56. JSL 12:74–85 (1947). 57. Ibid., 81. 58. Ibid., 82–84. 59. Goodman and Quine, “Steps.” 60. Ibid., 105. Notes 255

61. Ibid., 106–107. 62. Ibid., 108. 63. Ibid., 108–109. 64. Ibid., 110. 65. Ibid., 111. 66. Ibid., 118. 67. Ibid., 117–118. 68. Ibid., 122. 69. Mancosu, “Tarsli and Quine on Nominalism,” 43. 70. Tarski, Alfred, Introduction to Logic, trans. O. Helmer (New York: Oxford, 1941). 71. MSAm2587(1060); Tarski to Quine 12/8/39. 72. Quine, W. V., Mathematical Logic Revised Edition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951). 73. Ibid., Preface. 74. Ibid., 162–166. 75. Ibid., 165. 76. Wang, Hao, “A Formal System of Logic,” JSL 15:25–32 (1952), 26–27. 77. ML, 162. 78. Wang, “Formal System,” 27. 79. Creath, Dear Carnap, Dear Van, 240–241. 80. Ibid., 245. 81. Ibid., 247–248. 82. White, Morton, A Philosopher’s Story (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1999), Appendix. 83. Ibid., 337–338. 84. Murphey, Lewis, 261–262. 85. Ibid., Rudolf Carnap, and Necessity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 55. 86. White, Story, 339–340. 87. Ibid., 341. 88. Ibid., 343. 89. Ibid., 342. 90. Ibid., 345. 91. Ibid., 346. 92. Ibid., 348. 93. White, Morton, “The Analytic and the Synthetic: An Untenable Dualism,” in : Philosopher of Science and Freedom, ed. Sidney Hook (New York: Dial Press, 1950), 316–330. 94. Ibid., 330. 95. Quine, W. V., “On What There Is,” Review of Metaphysics 2:21–38 (1948); FLPV 1–19. 96. Ibid., 11. 97. Ibid., 15. 98. Ibid., 16. 99. Goodman and Quine, “Steps.” 100. Quine, “On What There Is,” 16. 101. Ibid., 17. 102. Ibid., 19. 103. Quine, W. V., “Identity, Ostension, and Hypostasis” in FLPV, 65–79. 104. Ibid., 71. 105. Ibid., 74. 106. Mancosu, “Quine and Tarski on Nominalism,” 43. 107. Quine, W. V., “Where is Logic Going?” F&Q/c 148–151. 108. Ibid., 151. 109. Quine, W. V., “The Entangled Philosophies of Mathematics,” (2008) F&Q/c 157–162. 256 Notes

110. Ibid., 158–159. 111. Ibid., 162. 112. MSAm2587(3181) “The Ontology of Logic.” 113. Ibid. 114. Ibid. 115. W. V. Quine, “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” FLPV 20–46. 116. Ibid., 20. 117. Ibid., 22. 118. Ibid., 27. 119. Ibid., 32. 120. Ibid., 33. 121. Ibid., 34. 122. Ibid., 41. 123. Ibid., 42. 124. Ibid., 43. 125. Ibid., 43. 126. Ibid., 44. 127. Ibid., 46. 128. MSAm2587(499); Hempel to Quine 5/21/51. 129. MSAm2587(3236); Lewis to Quine 3/13/51. 130. Creath, Dear Carnap Dear Van, 427–432. 131. For an excellent study of the Quine–Carnap relationship, see Daniel Isaacson, “Quine and Logical Positivism,” in The Cambridge Companion to Quine, ed. Roger Gibson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 214–269. 132. Murphey, Lewis, 238. 133. Cohen, Morris R., and Ernest Nagel, An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method (New York: Harcourt-Brace and Co., 1934), 219–221. 134. Duhem, Pierre, La Theorie Physique: Son Object, Sa Structure 1905: English translation The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (New York: Atheneum, 1962). 135. Quine, W. V., “Two Dogmas in Retrospect,” F&Q/c 390–400. 136. MSAm2587(407); Quine to Gibson 4/19/87. 137. Quine, “Two Dogmas,” 42. 138. TML, 226. 139. Quine, W. V., “The Problem of Meaning in ,” FLPV 47–64. 140. Ibid., 49. 141. Ibid., 52. 142. Ibid., 56. 143. Ibid., 63. 144. Ibid., 63. 145. FLPV, 102–129. 146. Ibid., 103. 147. Ibid., 120–121. 148. Ibid., 123. 149. Ibid., 125. 150. Ibid., 127–129. 151. Ibid., 129. 152. FLPV, 130–138. 153. Ibid., 138. 154. FLPV, 139–159. 155. Ibid., 142–143. 156. Ibid., 148. 157. Ibid., 153. 158. Ibid., 159. Notes 257

159. FLPV, 160–167. 160. Ibid., 167. 161. FLPV. 162. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 269. 163. MSAm2587(287); Quine to Davidson 8/13/65. 164. Quine, W. V., Methods of Logic (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952). 165. Ibid., xi. 166. MSAm2587(420); Goodman to Quine 1/2/51. 167. Methods of Logic, 23–37. 168. Ibid., 100–113. 169. Baars, Bernard, The Cognitive Revolution (New York: Guilford Press, 1980) 66–74. 170. Ibid., 62–63. 171. Boring, Edwin G., A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1950), 650. 172. Baars, 210–211. 173. Ibid., 273–284. 174. Chomsky, Noam, “Review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior,” Language 35:26–58 (1959). 175. Baars, 175–177. 176. TML, 229. 177. Quine, W. V., “On ω-inconsistency and the So-Called Axiom of Infinity,” SLP, 114–129. 178. Quine, W. V., “Three Grades of Modal Involvement,” WP, 158–176 (1953). 179. Quine, W. V., “On Mental Entities,” WP, 221–227. 180. Ibid., 222. 181. Ibid., 225. 182. Ibid., 225. 183. Ibid., 226. 184. Ibid., 227. 185. Quine, W. V., “The Scope and Language of Science,” WP, 228–245. 186. Ibid., 234. 187. TML, 247. 188. SLP, 212–219, 1954. 189. SLP, 205–211, 1954. 190. SLP, 224–226. 191. SLP, 220–223. 192. SLP, 37–51. 193. WP, 107–132. 194. Schilpp, P., ed., The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (LaSalle: Open Court, 1963), 915–921. 195. Ibid., 916. 196. Ibid., 916. 197. Ibid., 920. 198. Ibid., 921. 199. Quine, W. V., “On Frege’s Way Out,” SLP, 146–158. 200. Ibid., 150. 201. Ibid., 156–158. 202. Quine, W. V., “A Way to Simplify Truth Functions,” American Mathematical Monthly 62:627–631 (1955). 203. Quine, W. V., “Posits and Reality,” WP, 246–254. 204. Ibid., 252. 205. Ibid., 253. 206. TML, 262. 207. Quine, W. V., “Unification of Universes in Set Theory,” JSL 21:167–279 (1956). 208. Specker, Ernest, “The Axiom of Choice in Quine’s New Foundations for Mathematical Logic,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 39:972–975 (1953). 258 Notes

Chapter 3

1. Quine, W. V., Word and Object (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960). 2. Ibid., Section 2. 3. Ibid., Section 5. 4. Ibid., Section 6. 5. Ibid., Section 7. 6. Ibid., Section 8. 7. Ibid., Sections 9–10. 8. Ibid., Sections 12, 14. 9. Ibid., Section 13. 10. Ibid., Sections 12, 14. 11. Ibid., Section 15. 12. Ibid., Section 15. 13. Ibid., Section 16. 14. Spelke, Elizabeth, “ of Unity, Persistence and Identity; Thoughts on Infants’ Conceptions of Objects” in Neonate Cognition, ed. J. Mehler and R. Fox (1985), 89– 113; Renee Baillargeon, “Representing the Existence and Location of Hidden Objects: Object Permanence In 6- and 8-Month Old Infants,” Cognition 23: 21–41 (1986); Claes von Hofsten, and Elizabeth Spelke, “Object Perception and Object-Directed Reaching in Infancy,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114: 198–212 (1985). 15. Chomsky, Noam, “Review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior,” Language 35:26–58 (1959). 16. WO, Section 17. 17. Ibid., Sections 17–18. 18. Ibid., 92. Although there is no acknowledgement, this phrase is surely adapted from James’ famous line: “A polyp would be a conceptual thinker if the feeling of ‘Hello! Thingumbob again!’ ever flitted through its mind” James, William, Psychology I: 463. 19. WO, Section 19. 20. Ibid., Section 20. 21. Ibid., Sections 22–23. 22. Ibid., Section 24. 23. Ibid., Section 25. 24. Ibid., Sections 17, 26. 25. Ibid., Sections 17, 26–29. 26. Ibid., Sections 30–31. 27. Ibid., 133. Maria Luisa Della Chiara and Giuliano Toraldo Di Francia, “Quine on Physical Objects,” in On Quine, ed. Paolo Leonardi and Marco Santambrogia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 104–112. 28. Ibid., Section 34. 29. Ibid., Sections 35, 37–38. 30. Ibid., Section 40. 31. Ibid., Section 43. 32. Ibid., Section 45. 33. Ibid., Section 46. 34. Ibid., Section 47. 35. Ibid., Section 47. 36. Ibid., Sections 49–52. 37. Ibid., Sections 53–55. 38. Ibid., Section 56. 39. MSAm2587(420), 12/15/58. 40. MSAm2587(420), 12/24/58. 41. MSAm2587(420), 12/30/58. 42. MSAm2587(420), 12/30/58. Notes 259

43. MSAm2587(420), 5/10/60. 44. Quine, W. V., “Simple Theories in a Complex World,” WP, 255–258. 45. Ibid., 255. 46. Ibid., 258. 47. Ibid., 258. 48. Quine, W. V., “On The Application of Modern Logic,” WP, 33–39. 49. Ibid., 37. 50. Ibid., 37. 51. Ibid., 39. 52. MSAm2587(499), 5/8/62. 53. MSAm2587(3281), Philosophy 148 card file, 1956–1961. 54. Quine, W. V., Methods of Logic (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963). 55. Quine, W. V., “The Ways of Paradox,” in WP, 1–18. 56. Ibid., 17. 57. Quine, W. V., Set Theory and its Logic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963). 58. Ibid., viii. 59. Ibid., 87. 60. Ibid., 81. 61. Ibid., 329. 62. Quine, W. V., “Ontological Reduction and the World of Numbers,” WP, 212–220. 63. Ibid., 214. 64. Ibid., 215–217. 65. Ibid., 218. 66. MSAm2587(22831–2832), 404. 67. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 440–441. 68. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 401–402. 69. Quine, W. V., “Foundations of Mathematics,” WP, 23–32. 70. Ibid., 28. 71. Ibid., 31. 72. Ibid., 31–32. 73. SLP. 74. WP. 75. Jean van Heijenoort, ed., From Frege to Godel (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967). 76. Ibid. 77. Quine, W. V., “Russell’s Ontological Development,” TT, 73–85. 78. Ibid., 73. 79. Ibid., 73. 80. F&Q/d, 111. 81. Quine, “Russell’s Ontological Development,” 74. 82. Ibid., 75. 83. Ibid., 77. 84. Ibid., 77. 85. Ibid., 80. 86. Ibid., 83. 87. Ibid., 83–84. 88. Ibid., 84. 89. Ibid., 84. 90. Ibid., 85. 91. Auto., 38. 92. Quine, W. V., and Joseph Ullian, The Web of (New York: Random House, 190). 93. Ibid., Ch. 1. 94. Ibid., Ch. 2. 95. Ibid., Ch. 3. 260 Notes

96. Ibid., Ch. 4. 97. Ibid., Ch. 5. 98. Ibid., Ch. 6. 99. Ibid., Ch. 7. 100. Ibid., Ch. 8. 101. Stevenson, Charles, Ethics and Language (New Haven: Yale, 1974). 102. Quine and Ullian, Ch. 9. 103. Quine, W. V. “Linguistics and Philosophy,” WP, 56–58. 104. Ibid., 57. 105. Ibid., 58. 106. MSAm2587(287). 107. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 452. Auto, 452. 108. Quine, W. V., “Philosophical Progress in Language Theory,” Metaphilosophy 1:2–19 (1970). 109. Ibid., 8–9 110. Ibid., 9. 111. Ibid., 12. 112. Ibid., 13–14. 113. Ibid., 18. 114. Quine, W. V., Set Theory and Its Logic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969). 115. Ibid., 164. 116. Ibid., vii. 117. Parsons, Charles, “A Note on Quine’s Treatment of Transfinite Recursion,” JSL 29:179–182 (1964). 118. Quine, W. V., Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969). 119. Ibid., “Speaking of Objects,” OR, 1–25. 120. Ibid., 1. 121. Ibid., 8. 122. Ibid., 9–11. 123. Ibid., 12. 124. Ibid., 12–13. 125. Ibid., 14. 126. Quine, W. V., “Ontological Relativity,” in OR, 26–68. 127. Ibid., 27. 128. Ibid., 28. 129. Ibid., 30. 130. Ibid., 40. 131. Ibid., 45. 132. Ibid., 64. 133. Quine, W. V., “Replay to Chomsky,” in Words and Objections, ed. Donald Davidson and Jaakko Hintikka (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1969), 309–310. 134. MSAm2587(2831–2832), 455. 135. Quine, W. V., “ Naturalized,” in OR, 69–90. 136. Ibid., 72. 137. Ibid., 82. 138. Ibid., 83. 139. Ibid., 87. 140. Ibid., 8–89. 141. Quine, W. V., “Existence and Quantification,” in OR, 91–113. 142. Ibid., 107. 143. Ibid., 112–113. 144. Quine, W. V., “Natural Kinds,” in OR, 114–138. 145. Ibid., 125. Notes 261

146. Ibid., 126. 147. Ibid., 134. 148. Ibid., 138. 149. Quine, W. V., “Propositional Objects.” in OR, 139–160. 150. Ibid., 1157. 151. MSAm2587(499). 152. MSAm2587((499), 11/26/69. 153. MSAm2587(363), 2/13/69. 154. W. V. Quine, Philosophy of Logic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), second edition 1986. 155. Ibid., Ch. 1. 156. Ibid., Ch. 2. 157. Ibid., Ch. 3. 158. Ibid., Ch. 4. 159. Ibid., Ch. 5. 160. Ibid., Ch. 6. 161. Ibid., Ch. 7. 162. Quine, W. V., “Grades of Theoreticity,” in Experience and Theory, ed. Lawrence Foster and Joe W. Swanson (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970). 163. Ibid., 2–3. 164. Ibid., 3. 165. Ibid., 5–6. 166. Ibid., 7. 167. MSAm2587(824), 8/18/70. 168. Words and Objections, 312. 169. Quine, W. V., “Methodological Reflections on Current Linguistic Theory,” Synthese 21:386–396 (1970). F & Q/c 215–227. 170. Ibid., 215. 171. Ibid., 216. 172. Ibid., 220. 173. Ibid., 221. 174. Ibid., 225. 175. Quine, W. V., “Homage to Rudolf Carnap,” WP, 40–43. 176. Ibid., 40. 177. Ibid., 41. 178. Ibid., 42. 179. Ibid., 42. 180. Ibid., 43. 181. Quine, W.V., “Algebraic Logic and Predicate Functors,” WP, 283–307. 182. Ibid., 305–307. 183. Quine, W. V., The Roots of Reference (LaSalle: Open Court, 1973). 184. Goodman, Nelson, “Introduction” to RR, xii. 185. RR Section 1. 186. RR Sections 2–4. 187. RR Sections 5–7. 188. RR Sections 7–8. 189. RR Section 9. 190. RR Section 10. 191. RR Sections 11–13. 192. RR Section 14. 193. Bower, T. G. R., “The Object in the World of the Infant,” Scientific American 225:30–38 (1971). 194. Ibid., 37. 262 Notes

195. RR Section 15. 196. RR Section 16. 197. RR Sections 16–18. 198. RR Sections 17–18. 199. RR Section 19. 200. RR Section 20. 201. RR Sections 22–23. 202. RR Sections 24–25. 203. RR Section 26. 204. RR Section 27. 205. RR Section 28. 206. RR Sections 28–29. 207. RR Section 30. 208. RR Sections 30–31. 209. RR Section 32. 210. RR Section 33. 211. RR Sections 34–35. 212. RR Sections 35–36.

Chapter 4

1. Quine, W. V., “Paradoxes of Plenty,” Daedalus 103:38–49 (1974). TT 194–198. 2. TT, 197. 3. Ibid., 197–198. 4. “Ideas of Quine,” Interview by McGee, Brian, Men of Ideas (London: Oxford, 1978), 168– 169. F&Q/d 5–17. 5. Quine, W. V., “Truth and Disquotation,” WP, 308–321. 6. Ibid., 309–310. 7. Ibid., 315–316. 8. Ibid., 317. 9. Ibid., 320–321. 10. Quine, W. V., “The Variable,” WP, 272–283. 11. Ibid., 272–273. 12. Ibid., 275–276. 13. Ibid., 278–280. 14. Ibid., 281–282. 15. Ibid., 282. 16. Ibid., 277. 17. Quine, W. V., “On Popper’s Negative Methodology,” in The Philosophy of Karl Popper,ed. Paul Arthur Schilpp (LaSalle: Open Court, 1974), 218–220. 18. Ibid., 219. 19. Ibid., 220. 20. Quine, W. V., “On Logically Equivalent Systems of the World,” Erkenntnis 9:313–328 (1975). F&Q/c 228–243. 21. Ibid., 313. 22. Ibid., 314–315. 23. Ibid., 315–316. 24. Ibid., 316. 25. Ibid., 316–317. 26. Ibid., 318–319. 27. Ibid., 320. Notes 263

28. Ibid., 321. 29. Ibid., 324–326. 30. Ibid., 326. 31. Ibid., 436–327. 32. Ibid., 327. 33. Gibson, Roger, “Translation, Physics, and Facts of the Matter,” Philosophy of Quine 139–154, 152–153 (1986). 34. Quine, W. V., “Reply to Gibson” in Philosophy of Quine, 157. 35. Quine, W. V., “The Nature of Natural Knowledge,” in Mind and Language, ed. S. Guttenplan (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975), 67–82. 36. Ibid., 67–68. 37. Ibid., 80. 38. Ibid., 81. 39. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, “Nature,” in Nature, Addresses and Lectures, ed. James Elliot Cabot (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885). 40. Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). 41. Samuel Guttenplan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975). 42. Ibid., 83. 43. Ibid., 85. 44. Ibid., 89. 45. Ibid., 90. 46. Ibid., 91. 47. Ibid., 92. 48. Quine, W. V. to Parsons MSAm2587(824), 11/12/75. 49. Wang, Hao, “Quine’s Logical Ideas in Historical Perspective,” Philosophy of Quine 636. 50. Quine, W. V. “Reply to Wang,” Philosophy of Quine 644. 51. Ibid., 645. 52. Wang, “Quine’s Logical Ideas,” 632. 53. Quine, W. V. “Whither Physical Objects,” in Essays in Memory of Imre Lakayos, ed. Robert Cohen, Paul Feyerabend and Mark Wartofsky (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1976), 497–504. 54. Ibid., 499. 55. Ibid., 501–503. 56. Ibid., 503–504. 57. Quine, W. V., “Facts of the Matter,” in American Philosophy from Edwards to Quine,ed. R. W. Shahan and K. R. Merrill (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1977). F&Q/c 271–286. 58. Ibid., 189–192. 59. Ibid., 196. 60. Quine, W. V., “Use and Its Place in Meaning,” TT, 43–54. 61. Ibid., 43. 62. Ibid., 43–44. 63. Ibid., 49. 64. Ibid., 52. 65. Ibid., 50–54. 66. Quine, W. V., “On The Nature of Moral Values,” TT, 55–66. 67. Ibid., 56. 68. Ibid., 56–57. 69. Schlick, Moritz, Problems of Ethics (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939). 70. Quine, “Moral Values,” 63. 71. Ibid., 64. 72. Ibid., 66. 73. D. Follesdal and D. B. Quine, ed., Quine in Dialogue (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 5–17. 264 Notes

74. Ibid., 17. 75. Quine, W. V., “Kurt Godel,” TT, 143–147. 76. Quine, W. V., “What’s It All About?” in American Scholar 50:43–54 (1980). 77. Ibid., 53–54. 78. Quine, W. V., “Sellars on Behaviorism, Language and Meaning,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61:26–30 (1980). 79. Ibid., 27. 80. Ibid., 30. 81. Quine, W. V., “What Price Bivalence?” TT, 31–37. 82. Ibid., 32. 83. Quine, W. V., “The Pragmatists Place in Empiricism,” in Pragmatism, ed. Robert Mulvany and Philip Zeltner (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981). 84. Ibid., 23. 85. Ibid., 23. 86. Quine, W. V., “Replies to Stroud and Chihara,” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 6:453f, 473–475 (1981). 87. Ibid., 475. 88. Follesdal, Dagfinn, to Quine, MSAm2587(363), 11/5/81. 89. Quine, W. V., “Ontology and Ideology Revisited,” Journal of Philosophy 80:499–502 (1983). F&Q/c 315–318. 90. Ibid., 317. 91. Ibid., 318. 92. Quine, W. V., “Relativism and Absolutism,” The Monist 67:293–296 (1984). F&Q/c 319–322. 93. Ibid., 321. 94. Ibid., 322. 95. Ibid., 322. 96. Quine, W. V., “Sticks and Stones; or, The Ins and Outs of Existence,” On Nature: Boston Studies in Philosophy and Religion 6:13–26 (1984). F&Q/d 312–324. 97. Ibid., 16. 98. Ibid., 17–18. 99. Ibid., 23. 100. Ibid., 24. 101. Ibid., 24. 102. Ibid., 25–26. 103. Transcripts of Stanford Meeting, MSAm2587(2749), Folder 1. 104. Ibid., Folder 2. 105. Ibid., Folders 1, 2. 106. Ibid., Folder 2. 107. Ibid., Folder 2. 108. Ibid., Folder 3. 109. Ibid., Folder 4. 110. Ibid., Folder 4. 111. Ibid., Folder 5. 112. Ibid., Folder 5. 113. Ibid., Folder 5. 114. Quine, W. V., “States of Mind,” Journal of Philosophy 72:5–8 (1985). F&Q/c 323–326. 115. Ibid., 323. 116. Quine, W. V.“Events and Reification,” in Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. E. Lapore and B. McLaughlin (New York: Blackwell, 1985), 162–171. F&Q/d 129–141. 117. Ibid., 134. 118. Ibid., 137. Notes 265

119. Ibid., 139. 120. Ibid., 141. 121. Quine to Gibson, MSAm2587(407), 4/18/87. 122. Gibson, Roger, Letter to Davidson MSAm2587(287), 7/11/66. 123. Quine, W. V., PursuitofTruth(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990). 124. Ibid., vii. 125. Ibid., Sections 2–5. 126. Ibid., Sections 6–7. 127. Ibid., Sections 8–12. 128. Ibid., Section 13. 129. Ibid., Sections 14–19. 130. Ibid., Sections 20–23. 131. Ibid., Sections 24–31. 132. Ibid., Sections 32–37.82. 133. Ibid., Sections 38–43. 134. Quine, W. V., “Three Indeterminacies,” F&Q/c 368–386. 135. Ibid., 370–375. 136. Ibid., 378. 137. Ibid., 381. 138. Ibid., 383. 139. Ibid., 385. 140. Quine, W. V., “Two Dogmas in Retrospect,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21:265–274 (1991). 141. F&Q/c 393. 142. Ibid., 390–399. 143. Quine, W. V., “Structure and Nature,” Journal of Philosophy 89:6–9 (1992). F&Q/c 401–406. 144. F&Q/c 403. 145. Donald Davidson to Gibson, MSAm2587(287), 1/13/93. 146. Quine, W. V., “In Praise of Observation Sentences,” Journal of Philosophy 90:107–116 (1993). 147. Ibid., 411. 148. Ibid., 413. 149. Ibid., 414–415. 150. Ibid., 415. 151. Ibid., 419. 152. Quine, W. V., “Promoting Extensionality,” Synthese 98:143–145 (1994). 153. Ibid., 443. 154. Ibid., 445. 155. Quine, W. V., “Naturalism; or, Living Within One’s Means,” Dialectica 49:251–261 (1994). F&Q/c 461–472. 156. Ibid., 466. 157. Ibid., 468. 158. Follesdal, Dagfinn, to Quine, MSAm2587(363), 12/15/95. 159. Quine, W. V., “Progress On Two Fronts,” Journal of Philosophy 93:159–163 (1996). F&Q/c 473–477. 160. Ibid., 475. 161. Quine, W. V., “The Innate Foundations of Endowments,” F&Q/c 176–181. 162. Ibid., 179. 163. Quine, W. V., From Stimulus to Science (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995). 164. Ibid., 16. 165. Ibid., 19. 166. Ibid., 26. 167. Ibid., 29–42. 266 Notes

168. Ibid., 48. 169. Ibid., 54. 170. Ibid., 57. 171. Ibid., 67. 172. Ibid., 72. 173. Ibid., 76. 174. Ibid., 82. 175. Ibid., 86. 176. Ibid., 99. 177. Quine, W. V., “The Flowering of Thought in Language,” in Thought and Language, ed. John Preston (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). F&Q/c 478–484. 178. Ibid., 478. 179. Quine, W. V., “Confessions of a Confirmed Extensionalist,” in Futures Past, ed. Juliet Floyd and Sanford Shieh (New York: Oxford Press, 2000), 215–221. F&Q/c 498–506.

Chapter 5

1. MSAm 2587(1001); Quine to Skinner 3/8/85. 2. Murphey, Lewis 238. 3. Cohen, Morris R., and Ernest Nagel, An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method (New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1934), 219–221. 4. Quine, W. V., Methods of Logic (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952), xi. 5. Barrett, Marilyn, “Early Semantic Representations and Early Word Usage,” in The Development of Word Meaning, ed. Stan Kuczaj and Martyn Barrett (New York: Springer Verlag, 1986), 39–67; George Butterworth and Leslie Grover, “The Origins of Referential Communication in Human Infancy,” in Thought Without Language, ed. Lawrence Weiskrantz (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988), 5–24. 6. MSAm 2587(2749), Folder 5. 7. Op. cit., note 5. 8. Nelson, Katherine, “Constraints on Word Learning?” Cognitive Development 3:221–246 (1988); Elizabeth Spelke, “Perception of Unity, Persistence and Identity: Thoughts on Infants’ Conceptions of Objects,” in Neonate Cognition, ed. J. Mehler and R. Lox (Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1985), 89–113; Rene Baillargeon, “Representing the Existence and Location of Hidden Objects: Object Permanence in 6- and 8-month Old Infants,” Cognition 23:21–41 (1986); Jeffrey Fagen and Harlene Haynes, Progress in Infancy Research (Mahwah: Erlbaum, 2002), Vol. II, 95–112. 9. Bower, T. G. R., “The Object in the World of the Infant,” Scientific American 225:30–38 (1971). 10. Gibson, Roger, The Philosophy of W. V. Quine (Tampa: University of South Florida, 1981), 81. 11. Ryle, Gilbert, The Concept of Mind (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1940). 12. JSL 12:97–122 (1947), 105. 13. Rosch, Eleanor, “On the Internal Structure of Perceptual and Semantic Categories,” in Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language, ed. Timothy Moore (New York: Academic, 1973), 111–144; Eleanor Rosch and Carolyn Mervis, “Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories,” Cognitive Psychology 7:573–605 (1975); Daniel Osherton and Edward Smith, “On the Adequacy of Prototype Theory as a Theory of Concepts,” Cognition 9:35–58 (1981). 14. Cf. references 5 and 8 above. 15. Nunberg, Geoffrey, “The of Reference” (PhD diss., City University of New York, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1978), 52–64. Notes 267

16. Hershberg, James, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age (New York: Knopf, 1993), 16–163. 17. Quine, PursuitofTruth,20. 18. Cf. note 2 above. 19. Armstrong, Sharon Lee, Lila Gleitman, and Henry Gleitman, “What Some Concepts Might Not Be,” Cognition 13:263–308 (1983). 20. Gibson, Roger, The Philosophy of W. V. Quine (Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1982), xx. This is Blank Page Integra 268 Name Index

A Bundy, McGeorge, 104 Achilles, 244 Burali-Forti, Cesar, 28, 37, 43, 66 Ackermann, W., xvii, 55 Burkhardt, Jacob, xi Adams, John., 58 Ajdukiewicz, Kasimierz, xxii C Angell, James., 3 Cairns, William, 5 , 5, 7, 21, 55, 78, 99, 210, 220 Carnap, Ina, 19 Ayer, A. J., xxii Carnap, Rudolf, xix, xxii, 5, 10–11, 13–14, 20–22, 26, 28, 30–31, 41–42, 49, 54, B 61, 67–70, 72, 76–80, 99, 100–102, 122, Bacon, Francis, 220 130–131, 143–145, 150, 159–161, 186, Bacon, Roger, 220 190, 201, 208, 214, 218, 220–221, 223, Baillargeon, Renee, 111 227, 229, 234, 236, 244–245 Baldwin, Mark, 3 Cantor, Georg, xiv, 27–28, 43, 62, 127, 220 Beardsley, Elizabeth, 150 Cassirer, Ernst, 83 Bennett, Bill, 2 Chiestek, Leon, xxii Bentham, Jeremy, 144, 193, 220 Chisholm, Roderick, 119, 124 Bergmann, Gustav, xix Chomsky, Noam, 94–95, 105, 111–112, Bergstrom, Lars, 212 122–123, 131, 137, 143, 158 Berkeley, George, 220 Church, Alonzo, xvi, 23–24, 53, 68, 77, 99, Bernays, Paul, xv, xvi, 152, 172 125–126 Berry, George, 34, 65, 127–128 Churchman, West, 57 Bickerman, Derek, 222 Clark, Francis, 57 Bloomfield, Leonard, 14 Clayton, Naomi, 6 Bohr, Niels, x, 9 Cohen, Herman, xi Boltzman, Ludwig, xix Cohen, Morris R., 80, 230 Bolzano, Bernard, xvii Compton, Karl, 238 Boole, George, xiv, 47, 103, 130, 179, 220 Conant, James, 238 Borel, Emil, xvi Corcoran, John, 31 Boring, Edwin, 72 Couturat, Louis, 5 Bower, T. G. R., 165, 175 Craig, William, 34, 182 Boynton, Marjorie, 49 Boyle, Robert, 174 D Bradley, Francis H., xi Darwin, Charles, ix–xi, 2, 78, 140, 220, 230 Brah, Tycho, 59 Davidson, Donald, 23, 34, 89, 137, 153, 166, Braque, 9 183, 197, 199–204, 207, 209, 211–212, Brentano, Franz, xi–xii, xv, 119, 124 215, 217, 224, 237, 240 Bruner, Jerome, 94–95 Dedekind, Richard, xiv–xv, 220 Buck, Paul, 58 DeMorgan, Augustus, 35, 130

269 270 Name Index

Descartes, Rene, 184, 220 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, xi Dewey, John, xii, 3, 142, 188, 191, 195 Heidegger, Martin, xvii Dilthey, Wilhelm, xi Heisenberg, Werner, x, 9, 154 Dirac, Paul, 9 Hempel, Carl, xx, 33–34, 67–68, 79, 99, 121, Dreben, Burton, 34, 128, 130, 137, 189, 202 134, 148–149, 245 Dubislaw, Walter, xxi Henkin, Leon, 147 Duhem, Pierre, 78, 80–81, 90, 138–139, 141, Herbrand, J., xvi, 152 214, 220 Hericleitus, 73, 117 Dummett, Michael, 194 Herzberg, Alexander, xxi Duskin, David, 131 Hilbert, David, xv, xvii, 23, 42, 55, 127, 152 Hintikka, Jaakko, 34 E Hitler, Adolf, 10, 28, 68, 243 Eddington, Arthur S., 61, 217 Hiz, Henry, 34 Edwards, Jonathan, 210 Hobbes, Thomas, 137, 220 Einstein, Albert, x, 9, 11, 20, 37, 78, 186 Holt, E. B., xii Euclid, 133 Hull, Clark, 93, 94 Hume, David, xiii, xix, 172, 220 F Huntington, E. V., 8 Fechner, Gustav, xi Husserl, Edmund, xi, xiii, xviii Feigl, Herbert, xi, 10, 238, 245 Huxley, Thomas, xi Fermi, Enrico, 9, 238 Fichte, Johann, x J Fitch, Frederick, 244 James, William, xii, 1–3, 130, 195, 215 Fitzgerald, George, 240 Jensen, Ronald, 28 Follesdal, Dagfin, 34, 150, 196, 199–201, 211, Joergensen, Joergen, 14, 22 219 Jevons, Stanley, xiv Fraenkel, Abraham, xvi, 187 Joyce, James, 9 Frank, Philip, xix, 10, 245 Frege, Gottlob, xiii, xv–xvi, xx, 48, 63, 72, 92, K 102–103, 117, 121–122, 127–129, 153, Kafka, Franz, 9 180, 193, 220, 232 Kant, Immanuel, x, 6, 31, 76, 214, 220, 223 Freud, Sigmund, xi, 54, 96 Kaufman, Felix, xix Kepler, Johan, 78 G Kierkegaard, Soren, xviii Gassendi, Pierre, 137 Kleene, Stephen, 23, 99, 120, 244 Geach, Peter, 102, 153, 165, 168 Kohler, Wolfgang, xx Gibson, Roger, 200, 204, 211, 215, 244 Kraft, Victor, xix God, xii, xx, 135, 210, 231 Kripke, Saul, 34 Godel, Kurt, xvi, xix, 10–11, 17, 31, 41–42, Kuhn, Thomas, 99, 132, 184, 211, 216 53, 74–75, 92, 99, 125–127, 133, 142, 152, Kuklick, Bruce, 88 192, 211, 222, 232, 244–245 Kuratowski, Kazimicz, 38, 121 Goodman, Nelson, 26, 34, 49, 52–54, 57–58, 60–63, 70–72, 80, 122–123, 134, 148, 161, L 229, 232 Lakatos, Imre, 186 Grelling, Kurt, xxi, 42, 127, 151–152, 210, 223 Lamgford, Cooper Harold, xvii, 68, 87 Grentzen, G., xvii, 33 Lebesque, H. L., xvi LeBlank, Hughes, 34 H Leibniz, 6, 120, 220 Haeckel, Ernst, xi Lesniewski, Stanilaw, xx, 11, 14, 226 Hagerstrom, Axel, xxi Lewin, Kurt, xx Hahn, Hans, xix, xxii, 10 Lewis, C. I., xii, xiv–xv, xvii, xx, 6–9, 19, 21, Hallowell, A. Irving, 140 23, 30–31, 35, 57, 67, 69, 75, 79–80, 104, Hartman, Edmund, xi 195, 214, 226, 228, 230, 243 Name Index 271

Lewis, David, 120 Pound, Ezra, 238 Locke, John, 15, 132, 137, 220 Prall, David, 6, 26 Lotze, Rudolf, xi Premack, 185 Lowenheim, Leopold, 55, 126, 128, 152, 206 Proust, Marcel, 9 Lukasiewicz, Jan, xxii, 61, 64, 99, 226 Ptolemy, 78 Pusey, Nathan, 128–129 M Mach, Ernest, xix–xx Q Malthus, Thomas, ix Quine, Elizabeth, 23, 82 Mancosu, Paolo, 14 Quine, Harriet, 1 Margolis, Joseph, 146 Quine, Margaret, 99 Marx, Karl, xi Quine, Naomi, 49 Maxwell, Clerk, x Quine, Norma, 26, 29, 49, 82 McGee, Bryon, 177, 191 Quine, Robert, Jr., 1 Meinong, Alexis, x, 130 Mendel, Gregor, x R Menger, Karl, xix, 10 Radin, Paul, 140 Miller, George, 94–95, 111 Ramsey, Frank P., 24, 48, 131 Mill, John Stuart, xx, 30, 188, 221 Reichenbach, Hans, xx, 10, 43, 216, 245 Montague, William, xii Ricker, Heinrich, xi Moore, G. E., xiii, 57–58 Roach, Elinore, 237, 242 Moore, Gordon, 3 Rosser, Barclay, x, 23, 28, 43, 45, 65–66, 95 Morris, Charles, xx, 24, 30 Royce, Josiah, xii Myhill, John, 34 Russell, Bertrand, xii, xv–xvii, xx, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 22, 24, 27–30, 35–37, 39, N 43, 47–48, 53, 62, 66, 71–72, 85, 92, Nagel, Ernest, 30, 80, 210, 230, 245 102–103, 118, 121, 127, 129–131, 133, Neisser, Ulrick, 94 146, 151–152, 153, 161, 171, 173, 179, Neurath, Otto, xix, xxii, 13, 89, 96, 103, 119, 193–194, 203, 221, 228, 231–232, 244 165, 216, 228 Ryle, Gilbert, 185, 235 Newell, Allen, 94 Newton, Isaac, x, xix, 7, 78, 120 S Nicod, Jean, 5, 8, 22, 63 Schelling, Friedrich, x Schlick, Moritz, xix–xxi, 138, 191, 215, 228 O Schilpp, Paul Arthur, 99 Otto, Max, 1 Schoenfinkel, Moses, 23–24, 130, 161, 177–178 P Schrodinger, Edwin, x Parsons, Charles, 34, 139, 158, 174 Schroder, Ernst, xiv Peano, Guisepi, xv, 47–48, 179, 220 Sellars, Wilfrid, 185, 193–194 Peirce, Charles S., xii, xiv, 3, 21, 121, 129–130, Shannon, Claude, 103, 125 150, 185, 195, 220 Sheehan, Vincent, 29 Perry, Ralph Barton, xii Sheffer, Henry M., 8, 35, 63, 226 Phelen, Adolph, xxi Sierpinski, W., 42, 127 Piaget, Jean, 222 Simon, Herbert, 94 Picasso, Pablo, 9 Skinner, B, F., 14, 30, 93, 111–112, 137, 234 Planck, Max, x, xix Skolem, Thorelf, xvii, 92, 128, 152, 206 , 21, 220 Sleigh, Robert, 218 Podolsky, Boris, x Socrates, 21 Poe, Edgar Allen, 1 Spelke, Elizabeth, 111 Poincare, Henri, xvi, 72, 90, 211 Spencer, Herbert, xii, 2, 28, 95, 104 Popper, Karl, 177, 180–181 Stalnaker, Robert, 120 Post, Emil, 126 Stebbing, Susan, xxii 272 Name Index

Stetson, Raymond, 2, 4, 67 Wang, Hao, xvi, 34, 48, 65, 67, 92, 128, 130, Stevenson, Charles, 136, 245 138, 147, 186, 201 Stroud, Barry, 34, 195, 200 Watson, John D., 2–3, 14, 67, 93, 98, 111, 137, Suppes, Patrick, 135 184–185, 193, 224, 227, 232 Weber, Max, xi T Whitehead, Alfred North, xii, xv, 5–8, 15, 35, Tarski, Alfred, xvi, xxii, 11, 14, 23, 30–31, 33, 39, 43, 47–48, 58, 72, 127, 129–130, 153, 42, 49, 53, 57, 62, 65, 81, 85–86, 92, 108, 220, 226, 228, 231, 245 151, 161, 178–179, 209–210, 223, 226, White, Morton, 31, 34, 57, 64 228, 244, 248 Whorf Benjamin L., 83, 138 Thales, 220 Tooke, John Horne, 14, 220 Wiener, Norbert, 23, 38, 121 Turing, Allen, xvi, 23, 95, 124 Wierstrass, Karl, xii, xiv Twardowski, Kazimierz, xi, xxii Wild, John, 57 Williams, Donald, 57 U Wittgenstein, Ludwig, xv, xx, 35, 75, 99, 130, Ullian, Joseph, 132 188, 200, 244 Woodger, J. H., 30, 65, 74 V Woods, James, 6 van Heijenoort, Jean, 130 Venn, John, xiv, 5 Y von Juhos, Bela, xix Yeats, William, 9 von Mises, Richard, 30 von Neumann, John, xvi, 36–37, 44, 92, 102, 121, 127–128, 172, 187, 231 Z Zeno, 117, 127 W Zermelo, Ernst, xvi, xvii, 24–25, 29, 66, 92, Waismann, Friedrich, xix 102, 121, 172 Wajsberg, Mordeckaz, xx, 42 Zilsel, Edgar, xix Subject Index

A Attributive position Abstract terms child’s learning of, 113 child’s learning, 114 Aufbau, 12, 14, 22, 130 and science, 168 influence of, 102, 201, 262 Adverbs, 153, 203 as model, 228, 234, 236 “Algebraic Logic and Predicate Functors”, and and Quine’s system, 225 Schoenfinkel’s system, 161 and Russell, 131 Altruism, expansion of field, 191 and scientific philosophy, 160 Amesfoort conference Axiom Quine and Tarski and nonimalism, 14 of choice, 28 Analyticity, 205, 215, 227–229 of reducibility, 24 and Carnap, 102 controversy over, 30 B definition of, 16–17, 31 Basis, for logic and mathematics, 230 and formal language, 77, 80 Behaviorism, 93 Kantian, 228 definition of meaning in, 51 learning, 134, 168 and epistemology, 55 modality, 59 as externalized empiricism, 137 and predicative, 76 scope, 116 learning, 163 and syntax, 115 Quine’s, 95, 97, 102, 185 and synthetic, 31, 80 revolution in psychology, 3 White on, 71 Skinner, 14 Ancestral, nominalist definition of, 63 in WO, 235 Anomalous monism, 209, 224 Beliefs A priori, and analyticity, 16 altruistic, 136 Aristotle, and logic, xiv de dicto and de re, definition of, 132 Artificial intelligence, 94 evaluative, 136 Assent and dissent, 140, 233 moral, 136 as analytical hypothesis, 158 of, 203 and learning of, 107, 127, 138, 164 Bentham, Jeremy, priority of over as propositional attitude, 2, 200 word, 144 and of, 185 Bilingual and translation, 111, 224 Assertability, warranted, 200 Bodymindedness, innate, 165, 217 Association for Symbolic Logic, 23, 109 Bondage, and cross reference, 116 Attributes Book on comparative set theory, 125 and classes, 115 Brazil, Quine’s lectureship, 47 due to confusion of use and mention, 167 Burali-Forti paradox, 43 Quantification over, 50 in ML, 65

273 274 Subject Index

C as elementary number theory, 56 Calculus of individuals, 67 Concept of mind, 235 Canonical language, 116 Conceptualist theory as first order logic, 117 classes made by us, 85 Cantor’s theorem, 25, 27 theory of classes, 84 Carnap, Rudolf Conceptual scheme as embodyment of Vienna Circle, 161 pragmatic changes, 73 errors of, 100 rational, 122 and logical truth, 99 revise only from within, 73 Quine’s great teacher, 161 “Confessions of a Confirmed Extensionalist”, reply to Quine, 100 226 towering figure, 160 Confirmation, and precision, 134 Carus lectures, 161 Congresses organized by Vienna Circle, xxii Categories for the unity of science, 28 and canonical language, 117 Conjectural history of language, 74 Quine’s doctrine of, 120, 235 Conservatism, as virtue, 133 Causation, Quine’s theory of, 162 Continuum hypotheses, Cantor on, xv Center for Cognitive Studies, 95 Coordinate system for space-time, 181 Child’s acquisition of logic, 221, 232 Corners, notation, 26 divided reference, 113 Counterfactual conditional, 218 first words, 112 Counter-sets, used to define numbers in ML, 44 learning demonstratives, 113 Critical semantic mass, 213–214, 222 and social pressure, 113 Chomsky’s review of Skinners Verbal D Behavior, 94 Death of physical objects language learning, 123 and epistemology, 230 revolution in linguistics, 93 scientific finding, 186, 199 Christianity and evolution, xii Decision problem for logic, xvii Church’s theorem on decision problem, 99 for uniform and general quantification, 92 Circularity of Quine’s system, 90 Deep structure, Quine denies, 159 Classes Deferred reference, 138 clearer than attributes, 141 and proxy functions, 142 elements, 210 Defining identity, 153 essential for mathematics, 141 and analyticity, 76 Codes, and deferred reference, 238 of physical objects, 170 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology, 93 DeMorgan, 37 and emotive meaning, 190, 227 proof of 2 = 1, 126 equivalence, 189 Denotation, and Grelling’s paradox, 223 science, 233 Designation significance, 188 definition of, 49 synonymy of standing sentences, 190 and denotation, 188 Coherence, 191 Dictionary, defining less frequent words by truth standard for theory of value, 90 more frequent, 190 Collateral information and translation, 108 Disposition, 107, 210, 218 Color words, learning of, 167 definition of, 106 Combinations of words, learning, 166 as descriptive, 107 Community and explanation, 185 on aesthetic good, 165 innate or acquired, 162 agreement, 165 meaning of, 34 defined by fluent dialogue, 164 and microstructure, 119 of language learners, 145 as physical predicate, 209 Computer, as mental model, 94 and physical states, 21 Concatenation theory, 56 Divorce, Quine’s, 49 Subject Index 275

E Extensionality at Harvard and Europe, 226 Ecumenical position on world theories, 183, Extension family, 204 214 Externalizing transformational grammar, 159 Edgar Pierce Professor of Philosophy, Quine External reference and relative clause, 198 as, 104 Elementary Logic, 31–33 F revisions of, 55, 65 “Facts of the Matter”, 187 “Element and Number” Russell on, 131 and Rosser, 43 Fatherhood, 23 and theory of numbers, 44 Fell swoop, 91 Elements, 102 Fields or objects, 186 Empathy, 207, 212 Fifth International Congress for the Unity of homology problem, 157 Science, 30 language learning, 157 Finite universe and relation of following, 62 Empirical content of theory, 205 First philosophy denied, 89, 93 Empirically equivalent world theories, 182, “The Flowering of Thought in Language”, 240 225 English to English dictionary, 83 Focal observation categorical, 205 “Entangled Philosophies of Mathematics” and Formalism and nominalism, 72 pragmatism, 74 Foundation of Mathematics, 129 Epistemology, 123 “Foundations of a Linguistic Theory of idealistic, 54, 145 Meaning”, 51 nominalism, 206 of mathematics, 114 of ontology, 195, 197 Frames, 32 as part of science, 103 Framing hypotheses, normative virtues, 222 Free observational categorical, 205 phenomenalist, 55, 229 Free will, 210 pre-linguistic, 145 Frege as founder of mathematical logic, 103 primacy of, 54 Frege’s set theory, 104 as psychology, 53 From a Logical Point of View, 88 real, 54, 75 and Belofonti, 88 realistic, 230 From Frege top Godel Quine view of history, as science of science, 96 130 underdetermined, 204 Full sweep, 91 Equivalent theories of the world, which is Fundamental evidence for world, 103 true?, 200 Fusion, Goodman’s theory of, 61 Erkenntnis, founding of, xxii Eternal Sentence, learning, 166 G Ethics and Language, 136 GavagaiargumentfromWO,102, 140, 142 Events as physical objects, 204 Generality as a virtue, 133 and quantification, 203 General quantification theory, 92 Evolution, ix–x Genetic history of acquisition of science, 98 from unreason to reason, 149 Germany, idealism in, xi Excluded Middle, challenges to, 210 Global neural intake and global experience of Existence of abstract objects, 114 Aufbau, 218 and quantification, 146 Godel’s incompletability proof, 192 Experience axiom of choice and continuum hypotheses and confirmation, 78 independent of set theory, 193 direct contact with, 267 no division between science and Explanation and prediction, 135 mathematics, 193 Explanations and reduction, 189 of behavior, 185 Goodman on WO, 122–123 statistical, 135 “Grades of Theoreticity”, 156 276 Subject Index

Grammar Implication, material and strict, xvi alternative theory, 159 Incommensurability of scientific theories, 211 categories as substitution classes, 150 Indefinite singular terms, learning of, 114 common to community, 155 Indeterminacy of radical translation, 110 indeterminacy of, 202 and alternative psychological theories, 111 relative or not, 160 effects of demise of physical objects, 187 standard, 154 on translation, 201, 227, 237 Individuation H by language, 232 Harvard University, 30, 57 and natural selection, 221 graduate students, 150 and theoriticity, 157 instructorship, 30 Induction James, Royce and Lewis, xii and expectation, 134 Society of Fellows, 14 and leaning, 124 Teachers Union, 23 and natural selection, 162 Hierarchy of languages, 210 Infants, hardwired to perceive objects, 111 History of logic, 130 Infinite sets, von Neumann’s theory of, 127 and Frege, 117 Influence of Quine on philosophy profession, History of Science, status of, 99 124 Holism, 77–78, 132, 201, 212–214, 225 Information theory and Cognitive Revolution, and assent, 200 94 and empirical content of mathematics, 208 “Innate Foundations of Endowments”, 220 and mathematical necessity, 208 likes and dislikes, 190 overstatedin“TwoDogmas”,78 quality space, 111 and refutation, 135 “In Praise of Observation Sentences”, 216 “Homage to Rudolf Carnap”, 160 Inscrutability of reference, 234, 237 Home language, 234 not in home language, 199 indeterminate, 111 and proxy functions, 212 not relative, 208 Instructor in philosophy, 24 Homology problem, 156, 199, 202, 207 Intellectual migration, 9–10 and natural selection, 219 Intensionalism of receptors, 233 of Carnap, 67 in WO, 129, 233 and synonymy, 51–52, 67 Hypotheses and virtues, 133 Interpretation of sets of conditions, 99 irrefutable, 135 Intersubjectivety, 162 and natural selection, 136 Intuition, value of, 134 support for, 135 “Is”, different senses of, 73 teleological, 135 virtues as guides, 134 L Lair’s paradox, 209 I Language Idealism, x–xii conjectural history of, 141 and realist, 53 dispositions to verbal behavior, 106 and religion, x and holism, 164 Identification of indiscernibles, 73 and individuation, 143 Identity norms, 112 child’s learning of, 172 ostensive learning, 142 conditions for classes and attributes, 153 physicalist, universals, 159 and divided reference, 164 purpose, 136 learning, 165 and recapitulation, 141 ostension and hypotheses, 73 of science, 122, 124 Ideology, what can be said in theory, 85 as skill, 160 Immaterialist, what can be said in theory, 146 and theory, 143 Subject Index 277

Law logistic thesis, 15 of excluded middle, 78 many valued, 154 law-likeness, 135 and mathematics, 124, 155 projectibility, 134 and mathematics-four parts, 74 Learning model, xvii Boyle’s law, 174 no empirical content, 205, 213 categorical, 167 not empirical, 211 classes of classes, 172 not secure foundation for mathematics, 129 by conditioning, 105 as obvious, 154 dissent, 164 obvious, 99 general terms, 165 and ontology, 84 and induction, 1 of Peirce and Royce, xii laws of nature, 157 as a priori, 211 laws of science, 122 Quine’s work in, 49 leaps, 172 of Russell, xxii meaning as truth conditions, 161 as self-evident, 132 morally good, 164–165 status of, 201 phases of, 140–141 syntax of science, xxi and pre-established harmony, 220 systems, 229 referential apparatus of English, 168 translating native, 154 from stimulations, 162 truthdefinedbygrammar,153 theory, 105 truth as obvious, 156 uniformity of, 105 truth and validity, 152 universals, 138 validity, 151 words from sentences, 105 Lectures on Carnap, 15, 229 M Lewis’s pragmatic definition of a priori, 20 Markov process and linguistics, 94 Lexicographer, projecting his view on native, Marriage, and remarriage, 49 83 Mathematical Logic Linguistic imperialism, 160 ancestry of, 103 Linguistic notions, immanent and transcendent, Burali-Forti paradox in, 43 150 error leading to paradox, 60 Linguist and native, 83 formal perfection of, 45 Logic revised, 66 adverbs, 99 revision of, 44–45 algebraic tradition, xiv spell of PM, 9, 15, 49 analytic, 218–219, 232 Mathematics application, 34 empirical content of, 222 applied to electrical circuits, 215 foundations of, 74 applied to mathematics-Godel, 125 inapplicable, 219 based on inclusion and abstraction, 26 and logic, 103 certainty, 88 necessity of, 214 classic pragmatist, 74 not self-evident, 132 computing machine design, 126 realistic, 75 decision procedure, 56 reluctance to change, 205 division from set theory, 74 truth of, xvi and excluded middle, 214 Meaning foundations of, 74 and existential inference, 87 functional tradition, xiv and introspection, 224 learning, 222 linguistics without, 82 Lewis on, 19 means alike, 188 and logical constants, 132 myth of, 150 Logical Syntax of Language, 15 new verification theory of, 190 278 Subject Index

Meaning (cont.) Natural selection not applicable to single sentence, 145, 166 and similarity, 134 and reference, 131 and truth telling, 133 sameness, 141, 223 Negative evidence, 180 of sentences and translation, 22 and holism, 186 and synonymy, 51 Network, mathematics and logic in translation of arbitrary, 106 center, 78 verification theory of, 77 Neural intake, 217 Means into ends, 190 Neutral monism, 131 Membership and logic, 30 “New Foundations” Memory, 94 history of, 27 Mentalism, 67 ω-inconsistency, 95 as bodily states, 202 and Mathematical Logic, 102 entities do not explain, 196 paradoxes, 66 and hidden variables, 193 Specker’s proof, 28 mental states useless, 126 Nominalism predication physical, 224 and existence, 146 rejection of, 76 definition of, 61 and Roots of Reference, 162 doubts about, 49 termsasphysicalist,235 finitism, 85 Metaphysics, reducible to syntax, 18 and Formalism, 72 “Methodological Reflections on Current and logic, 36 Linguistic Theory”, 158, 202 and mathematics, 28 Methods of Logic, 90, 195, 230 possibility open question, 61 and Boolean calculus, 179 Quine abandons, 65 introduction phenomenalistic, 89 Quine’s attitude to, 26 revised, 126 Quine and Tarski, 14 Michaelson-Morley law, 16 revival of interest in, 60 Miller, George, “The Magical Number Seven, “Notes on existence and necessity”, 49 Plus or Minus Two,” 7, 94–95 Notes on a theory of reference, 85 Mind, 224 Noticing and salience, use of, 163 elimination of, 202 No unique final theory for universe, 184 as make believe, 203 Numbers as system of dispositions, 185 any progression will do, 142 MIT Conference 1956, 94 numerical existential quantification, 172 Modality, 118 barred from science, 60 O context opaque, 85 Objections to WO, 126 logic and quantification, 95, 218, 225 Objective reference, 168, 198 problems of, 154 acquiring, 215 Quine’s rejection of, 95, 150, 218, 225 Objects and validity, 152 concept of, 144 Modesty, as virtue, 133 as four dimensional, 117 Molecules learning about, 106 Marginal, 194 posits, 106 reality of, 103 Objectual and substitutional quantification, 172 Munich agreement, 28 “The Object in the World of the Infant”, 165 Mutilation, minimum, maxim of, 133, 205 Observation conditionals, 181 observation categoricals, 198 N primitive observation categoricals, 213 Naturalism, as living within one’s means, 218 Observation sentences Natural Kind, and similarity, 148 applied to all points in universe, 181 Natural laws, and theories, 143 community agreement, 185 Subject Index 279

corrigible, 164 Ostension, and word learning, 113 defined by ostension, 181 Our Knowledge of the External World, xiii, as evidence, 145, 197 131, 221 and Gavagai, 108 holism, 205 P Janus-faced, 216 Pain and pleasure, 163 learning, 222 Paradox of analysis, 68–69 in occasion sentence, 181 Paradox of the barber, 126 and ostension, 163 Paradox, Burali-Forti, xv, 43 pegged, 181 Paradox, Cantor’s, 127 problems, 88–89 Paradoxes, Burali-Forti’s, Cantor’s, Russell’s, reference of, 198 xiv–xv, 24, 43 and stimulations, 200 Paradoxes, and NF, 28, 30 theory of, 97 Paradoxes of reference - liar, Grelling’s, theory free, 205 Berry’s, 85 translation of, 156 Paradoxes of set theory proves theory wrong, underdetermination of, 145 61, 63 and underdetermined, 145 Paradox, Goodman’s green and grue, 134 Occasion sentences, 201 Paradox, Grelling’s, 126, 151, 223 learning, 166 Paradox, the liar, 127 Offers, and Quine, 24, 30, 57 Paradox of plenty, 177 “On Frege’s Way Out”, 102 Paradox of the ravens, 134, 180 “On ω-inconsistency and the So-Called Axiom Paradox, Russell’s, 13, 29, 36, 37, 127 of Infinity”, 95 Parallels, between Quine and Carnap, 225 “On Logically Equivalent Systems of the Pearl Harbor, 42 World”, 181 Pegasus, problem of, 71 “On Mental Entities”, 96 Pennsylvania, University of, offers to Quine, 58 Perceptual ideology, for animals and “On Popper’s Negative Methodology”, 180 aliens, 196 “On the Application of Modern Logic”, 125 Persuasion, methods of, 136 Ontology Ph.D. and Sheldon Travelling fellowship, 9 argument at semantic level, 72 changes in Quine’s ontology, 74 epistemological primacy of, 73 criterion for commitment, 28 and physicalism, 72 defined by science, 5, 22 Phenominology of Husserl, xiii ideology, 190 Philosophical progress in language theory, 138 and ideology, 196 “Philosophy of Logic”, 150 and propositional attitudes, 22 Philosophy a part of science, 93 realism and, 53–54 Philosophy as philosophy of science, xx reduction, 128 in social science, 97 relativity, 142 Phonemes sets, 187 and child’s learning, 112 and translation manual, 199, 208 meaning of, 82 translation manual, 199, 208, 212 Physicalism, 200, 228, 230 “On What There Is”, 71 Physical objects Opaque contexts and Homer’s gods, 78 belief contexts as, 86 as posits, myths, 8 definition of, 50 quantification over, 98 quantification and, 116 Physics, ix–x Operant conditioning, 93 Platonism Ordered pairs, and explication, 121 and class theory, 85 Origin of Species influence of, xi hierarchy of sets, 85 OSentidadaNovaLogica, 47 in PM, 48 280 Subject Index

PM, xiii, 5, 229 Q criticism of, 47 Quantification influence of, xv basic, 55 logic and Vienna Circle, xx branching, 147 spell of, 9, 15, 49, 229 and empty domain, 99 Poincare’s theory of the universe, 211 and ontological commitment, 120 Ponto Delgada, 29 opaque and transparent contexts, 50 Portuguese, Quine learning, 29 standard, 147 “Posits and Reality”, 103 substitutional, 147, 156–157 Poverty of Quines, 49 theoriticity scale, 157 Pragmatic grounds for mathematics and logic, two forms, 169 75 variables, bondage and such that, 177 Pragmatism Quine, W.V.chapter 1 up to 1941, chapter 2, and Idealism, xii 1941–1959, chapter 3, 1960 to 1973, Peirce’s maxim, 129 chapter 4, 1974 to 2000, chapter 5 place in empiricism, Quine on, 79, 195, appraisal of 230 Precision, as virtue, 134 R Predication, and learning singular and general, , of Chomsky, 137 113 Rational reconstruction of world, 195, 217 Pre-established harmony, 221, 278 Real, empirical and ontological, 75 from natural selection, 219 Realism, as Platonism, xii–xiv, 72 Principles of Psychology and James, Reality and ontology, 54 importance of, xii Recapitulation theory, 98, 148, 226 Problem of branching quantifiers, 155 Reception of WO, 129 The Problem of Christianity idealism and Receptual similarity, 162 religion, xxi Reciprocal containment of science and “Progress on Two Fronts”, 219 epistemology, 204 Projectibility and Goodman’s paradox, 148 Reconciling theories, 197, 202 Induction, 134 Recursive class of all sentences in language, Proof procedures for uniform quantification, 150 91–92 Redefinition of epistemology as theory of , 22 evidence, 236 attitudes, 119, 151, 154, 192, 204, 236 Reference, 188 as de re and de dicto, 212, 218, 225 abstract objects, 170 as metaphysical, 118 and background theory, 142–143 necessary for learning, 219 by bound variables, 72, 198 Protocol sentences, xxi, 13, 173, 216, 228 to future, 173 debate over, xxi of Gavagai, 109 and science, 241 gradually acquired, 216 Proxy functions, 128, 213, 239 indeterminacy, 233 changing ontology, 199 inscrutability, 227 and external reference, 215 and modality, 86 introduction of, 128 as nodes, 206 lesson of, 204 opaque contexts, 85 and logic, 217 to past, 173 ontological relativity, 183 and proxy functions, 208 reference, 223, 238 relativity of, 109 Psychology and epistemology, 54 Refutability descriptive, ix and holism, 135 model, 163 virtues of, 133 Psychology of RR, 175 Reification and neutral nodes, 196, 204, 206 for child and race, 169 Rejection of propositions and statements, 150 Subject Index 281

Rejection of test hypothesis, 239 Sectarian position on theories of the world, Relative clause 183, 200 acquisition of, 165 Self-evidence, logic and analyticity, 133 categorical, 164, 234 Semantics learning of, 168 ascent, 72, 122, 192 and pronouns, 114 assent, 22 root of reference, 234 critical mass, 86 such that, 164 and ontology, 53 terms and child’s learning, 113 Quine’s turn to, 49 Relativity of syntax, 20 Semisubstitutional quantification, 174 Religion Sentences and evolution, xi–xii do not denote, 23 Watson on, 5 eternal, 118 Response to “Two Dogmas” – Lewis, 79 learning, prior to words, 105, 164, 233 Role of language, over estimated, 232 observational, 20, 132 Roots of Reference as account of acquisition of one word, 105 science, 161, 175, 234 truth of, 104 mentalistic terms in, 175 truth conditions, 187 Rules Set Theory and Its Logic, 127, 179 fitting and guiding, 158 acquiring set theory, child, 176 unconscious, 158 controversy over set theory, xv Russell’s ontological development, 11, 130 foundation for logic, 24 influence on philosophy, 130 Quine’s distrust of, 235 paradox, 27, 245 Similarity and Whitehead, 44 innate standard, 148, 164, 220 metric, 97 and projectibility, 134 S Simple theories, 125 Salary issues, 95, 104 probability of, 125 Satisfaction, definition of, 151, 210 as virtue, 137 Schemata, basis for testing, 56 Skinner’s Verbal Behavior, 93 Schematic letters Skolem-Lowenhein theorem, 99 no reference, 55 Solvey Conference, x not variables, 84 Sorites paradox, 194 quantification of, 55 Standard languages, 161 Science Standing sentences, learning, 166 , 97 Stanford Conference, 199 development, 184 Statements of logic and mathematics revisable, evidence, 204 78 goals, 206 Status of logic and mathematics, 82 language of, xxi Status of “ ”, 33 and logical positivists, xx “Steps Toward a Constructive Nominalism”, no final theory, 106 61, 63, 229 not certain, 205 Stimulations not incommensurable, 216 as evidence, 103 and ontology, 54 as phenomena, 201 and physical objects, 206 and science, 105 prediction, 208 underdetermine theory, 106 realistic, 54 Stimulus meaning of Gavagai, 107, 200 structure and stimulations, 199, 207 Stratification Scientific method, 174 in ML, 37 Second dogma is important one, 80 in NF, 27 Selected Logical Papers, 129 and paradox, 28 282 Subject Index

Stroud’s question, 200 indetermionacy of, 142, 201, 208 Subjunctive conditional, 119, 225 and interpretation, 224 Substitutional quantification, 158 intralinguistic case, 109 no reference to objects, 157 manual, 207 no successor relation, 172 and psychology, 139 Such that and quantification, 138 in logic, 179 radical, 108 and relative clause, 169 of truth functions, 138 Sympathy and altruism, 191 of unknown language, 107 Synonymy and world view, 83 behavioral definition of, 59 Trip to APA with Carnap, Goodman Prall, 26 definition of, 77 Truth value, analysis and meaning, 51 by convention, 21 Syntactic properties of statements, 17, 94 and disquotation, 178 Syntax logical of existence statements, 140 of all languages, xxi inductive, 178 formal and empirical, 18 mathematical, 211 System, desire for leads to increasing rules of, 90 complexity, 157 and Schoenfinkel, 178 System of Logistic, A, 15 and theory, 202 and tie to world, 151 T and translation, 200 Tarski’s truth definition, 161, 209, 228 and warranted assertability, 211 proof of, 210 Tunnel vision, 184 Tautology, definition of, 35 Turning points in empiricism, 195 Teaching load, Quine wants reduction, 128 “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” Terms and analytic-synthetic division, 76 refer, 108 overstated holism, 214 of sentences theory laden, 216 Qine’s uncertainty, 80 tie to theory, 216 reception, 79 “Testability and Meaning”, 145 responses, 79 Testimony, reliability of, 133 in retrospect, 214 Theory formulation, 181 second dogma as important one, 204 of calculus of classes, 22 of description, 131 U of evidence, 243 Underdetermination of science, 197, 227, 230, of ω-inconsistency, 231 239 of meaning and reference, 76 thesis of, 183 of nature – underdetermined, 150 Understanding a sentence in translation, 185 paradoxes and types, 66 Unification of universes in set theory, 104 of translation, 237 Unity of science, 155, 227 of the world, 211 Universals Thought quantification, 62 in language, 98 reduction to syntax, 18 relation to speech, 97 Use-mention confusion, 17 as silent speech, 21, 184 in meaning, 188 Three valued logic in Russell, 131 indeterminateness, 212 Utilitarianism, 191 of modal involvement, 79 Token physicalism, 209 V Transcendent, definition of, 50 Vagueness, 115 Transference of conditioning in learning, 167 Values Translation and belief, 207 altruistic and ceremonial, 191 Subject Index 283

and divine decree, 191 W and induction, 190 Wang’s correction of ML, 67 nature of moral, 190 Watson’s career, 3 ff. theory of, 53–55 The Ways of Paradox, 126, 136 variation, 191 The Web of Belief, 136 Variable logic and mathematics, structure of, 201 “Wither Physical Objects”, 186–187 cross reference, 180 WO, 138, 144 and quantification, 180 formation of issues, 97 as reference points, 179, 193 ideas from, 84 Verdict functions, 167 objectives, 231 Verification theory of meaning, and Vienna problems in, 123–125 Circle xx, 213 Quine’s major work, 105 Vienna Circle xviii–xxii, 228 World could be different that Quine holds, 195 Vietnam war and students, 138 World view, native and translation, 139 Virtual classes, 61, 127 Virtues and hypothesis formation, 136, 206 Z Von Neumann-Bernays set theory, 104 Zeno, Achilles and the tortoise, 127 and paradoxes, 66 Zermelo’s set theory, 104