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Diets of Three Cyprinid Species from Huai Pa Dang Reservoir, Thailand

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Diets of Three Cyprinid Species from Huai Pa Dang Reservoir, Thailand Tropical Natural History 15(2): 127–136, October 2015 2015 by Chulalongkorn University Diets of Three Cyprinid Species from Huai Pa Dang Reservoir, Thailand NARUMON SANGPRADUB1*, PIMVIPA PANKAI2 AND CHUTIMA HANJAVANIT1 1 Department of Biology, Taxonomic Applied Research Center, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 40002, THAILAND 2 Muangklangwittayakom School, Tambon Banklang, Lomsak District, Phetchabun Province, 67110, THAILAND * Corresponding author. Narumon Sangpradub ([email protected]) Received: 3 March 2015; Accepted: 27 August 2015 ABSTRACT.– Gut contents of the cyprinid fish Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850), Barbodes schwanenfeldi (Bleeker, 1853) and Puntioplites proctozysron (Bleeker, 1865) from Huai Pa Dang Reservoir, Phetchabun Province, northern Thailand were examined seasonally during May 2010 to February 2011. They were found to have consumed diverse food items, including aquatic insect fragments, copepods, cladocerans, ostracods and plant materials, with chironomid larvae being the main component in all three species. Although omnivorous, they all appeared to consume more animals than plants. The proportion of each food item in the diet depended on the season and fish species (P < 0.05). The niche breadth of B. gonionotus was higher than that of B. schwanenfeldi and P. proctozysron. The length-weight relationship of these three species ranged between 1.416 and 3.685, revealing that they have allometric growth. Their condition factors were higher than 1, indicating that they were in good condition. This basic ecological data, derived from gut analysis, may be useful to manage the development of fish food and in choosing species of fish for aquaculture in the future. KEY WORDS: Cyprinidae, dietary overlap, length-weight relationship, niche breadth INTRODUCTION occur from Thailand through to Indonesia, while P. proctozysron (Bleeker, 1865) is Huai Pa Dang is a natural reservoir distributed from Malaysia to northern located in Muang District, Phetchabun Thailand, including Cambodia and Vietnam Province, northern Thailand, and lies at (Rainboth, 1996). These three fish species latitude 16° 27' N and longitude 101° 45' E. are widely distributed in all regions of It is a major water source used for drinking Thailand, and are an important natural food water supply and crop irrigation, and is also source for local people, particularly B. an important area for native fish breeding. schwanenfeldi which is also popular as an Members of the fish family Cyprinidae are ornamental fish due to its colors widely distributed in Huai Pa Dang (Vidthayanon, 2003). Reservoir all year round, and in particular According to Nyanti et al. (1999), a Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850), survey of fish fauna may provide basic and Barbodes schwanenfeldi (Bleeker, 1853) and valuable information in the assessment of Puntioplites proctozysron (Bleeker, 1865) environmental impacts of economic are harvested in high quantities from Huai development in the future. Identification of Pa Dang Reservoir (personal communication). the dietary items of these fish then is useful Both B. gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) and B. to understand and manipulate the food availability in the natural habitats where schwanenfeldi (Bleeker, 1853) commonly they live to provide the potential for more 128 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY 15(2), OCTOBER 2015 optimal fishery yields (Al-Zibdah and Odat, frequency of occurrence (%F) and a 2007). The analysis of both the quality and percentage of number (%N) (Hyslop, 1980). quantity of fish diets is important for Levin’s measure was analyzed to determine indicating patterns in fish survival (Islam et the niche breadth, and the Morisita-Horn al., 2004), while studies on the fish feeding index was applied to determine the dietary habits and fish food are useful to identify overlap (Krebs, 1999). The calculated value some of the higher trophic level relations in of the Morisita-Horn index of overlap an aquatic ecosystem (Dadzie, 2007). between species within 01 was as follows: However, there is no published data on the 0.000.29 = low, 0.300.60 = medium, food composition of B. gonionotus, B. 0.611.00 = high overlap with biological schwanenfeldi and P. proctozysron from the significance (Langton, 1982). Huai Pa Dang Reservoir. The purpose of The LWR of fish were calculated from this work was to study the (1) diet the equation W = aLb, where W = total body composition, niche breadth, dietary overlap, weight (g), L = TL (cm), a = intercept (2) length-weight relationship (LWR), (constant) and b = slope (growth exponent) condition factor (K), and (3) gut fullness (Wootton, 1992; Ayoade and Ikulala, 2007). and relative length of gut (RLG) of B. The slopes of the length-weight regressions gonionotus, B. schwanenfeldi and P. (b) were compared to 3 (Cube law) by the proctozysron. student’s t-test (Zar, 2010) to estimate whether the species had an isometric (b = MATERIALS AND METHODS 3), negative allometric (b < 3) or positive allometric (b > 3) growth pattern (Wootton, Fish were sampled seasonally between 1992; Kalayci et al., 2007). The condition May 2010 and February 2011 from Huai Pa factor (K) was computed using the equation Dang Reservoir, Phetchabun Province of K = 100W/Lb, with the same symbols as northern Thailand, and were kept in 10% above, as reported previously (Swingle and (w/v) formalin. Body weights of all fish Shell, 1971; Ayoade and Ikulala, 2007). The were weighed to the nearest 0.1 g, and their student’s t-test was used to test the total length (TL) and fork length (FL) were significance of any differences in K among measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. The gut of seasons (Zar, 2010). The RLG of each each fish was removed and measured as the species was determined from the equation gut length (GL, cm) before being opened to RLG = GL/FL (Yamagishi et al., 2005. The observe the gut fullness, scored as 04 Chi-squared test for independence (χ2) was based on Amisah and Agbo (2008), and used to test the significance of the contents. For the contents, semi-permanent relationships between the %N of each food slides of diet compositions were prepared as item and fish species or season (Zar, 2010). reported (Hanjavanit and Sangpradub, 2009), and examined under the light microscope. Food items were grouped RESULTS AND DISCUSSION according to their taxonomic category (order or family level) based on Sangpradub and Diet composition Boonsoong (2006), and Chittapalapong and Table 1 lists the obtained %F and %N of Somchan (2007). Each type of food prey various food preys in the guts of each was counted to determine a percentage cyprinid species. In the hot season, B. gonionotus SANGPRADUB ET AL. — DIETS OF THREE CYPRINID SPECIES 129 fed on nine different categories of food followed by gastropods (17.6%N). Over all items, of which the four most important the seasons, B. schwanenfeldi fed on 12 were chironomid larvae (37.8%N), aquatic different food types (Table 1), but this insect fragments (25.8%N), plant parts composition differed from that reported (18.6%N) and copepods (12.5%N). In the previously in Thailand that B. schwanenfeldi rainy season the diet diversity of B. only fed on aquatic plants and aquatic gonionotus increased to 12 categories of insects (Vidthayanon, 2004). However, food items, with the three most prevalent Rainboth (1996) reported that the diet of B. food categories being chironomid larvae schwanenfeldi from the Mekong River in (35.5%N), copepods (22.0%N) and aquatic Cambodia was slightly broader, in that it insect fragments (11.7%N). In the cool included aquatic plants, submerged land season, B. gonionotus fed on eight food plants, filamentous algae, small fish and items with the three most dominant food occasionally insects. items being chironomid larvae (34.7%N) With respect to P. proctozysron, nine followed by molluscs (26.9%N) and aquatic different categories of food items were insect fragments (11.5%N). Over all found to have been consumed in the hot seasons, B. gonionotus consumed 13 season, with chironomid larvae (51.2%N) different types of food items (Table 1), the and cladocerans (27.0%N) the main foods. composition of which agrees with In the rainy season, eight different Nithirojpakdee et al. (2006) who reported categories of food items were found, with that B. gonionotus in the Bangphra copepods (54.5%N) and chironomid larvae Reservoir, Chonburi Province, Thailand (27.4%N) as the most prevalent. In the cool mainly fed on aquatic insect larvae, season, they also fed on eight different followed by plant parts, oligochaetes, categories of food items, with copepods zooplankton, adult insects and phyto- (31.0%N), chironomid larvae (26.9%N), plankton. In addition, B. gonionotus from and molluscs (23.1%N) being the dominant the Mekong River in Cambodia were items. Over all three seasons, P. reported to feed on both plant and animal proctozysron consumed 11 different food matter (Rainboth, 1996), while B. categories (Table 1), which was broadly gonionotus in rice fields in Bangladesh fed similar to the reported diet for P. on aquatic plants, algae, zooplankton and proctozysron from the Ubon Ratana Dam, aquatic insects (Yousuf Haroon, 1998). Khon Kaen Province in Thailand of aquatic For B. schwanenfeldi, these fish fed on insects, zooplankton, gastropods, insect eight food items in the hot season with the larvae, microbenthos, macrophytes, two most important being chironomid larvae epiphytic algae, phytoplankton and detritus (63.3%N) and aquatic insect fragments (Kakkaeo et al., 2004). Likewise, Rainboth (17.1%N). In the rainy season, they also (1996) reported that P. proctozysron from consumed eight different types of food the Mekong River in Cambodia consumed items with chironomid larvae (53.4%N) and mostly insects, zooplankton and some algae. aquatic insect fragments (29.1%N) still That the diet composition here for these being the most prevalent. In the cool season, three fish species at the Huai Pa Dang B.
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