From Funeral Monuments to Household Pottery

Current advances in Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB/TBK) research

Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009, The Netherlands

Edited by J. A. Bakker S. B.C. Bloo M. K. Dütting

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Current advances in Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB/TBK) research: Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009, The Netherlands

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Johannes Müller, Hans Rudolf Bork, Jan Piet Brozio, Denis Demnick, Sarah Diers, Hauke Dibbern, Walter Dörfler, Ingo Feeser, Barbara Fritsch, Martin Furholt, Franziska Hage, Martin Hinz, Wiebke Kirleis, Stefanie Klooß, Helmut Kroll, Matthias Lindemann, Luise Lorenz, Doris Mischka, Christoph Rinne (Kiel)

Abstract: Since 2009, a Priority Program of the German Research Foundation (DFG) deals with the Funnel Beaker Period in Northern Germany, focussing, in a holistic approach, on the conjunction of social structures and the erection of monuments. To this end, evidence for subsistence patterns, social organisation, communication and networks are considered in a diachronic perspective. Spatial structures and chronologies are re-evaluated and adjusted in the light of new excavation results, scientific data and statistical analysis, environmental and economic data are presented and discussed. Several new fieldwork projects are introduced, and their results are combined into the frame of an overall picture of Funnel Beaker societies which are to be described as a complex mosaic of regionally diverse patterns, different sequences of temporal change and distinct spheres of social interaction. Finally, a discussion of the role of monuments in social reproduction together with considerations towards demographic trends leads to a model of social change reaching from cooperative actions to collective dictions of individual social roles and a rise of social inequalities. Keywords: Neolithic in Northern Germany, Funnel Beaker Period, Subsistence, Social Organisation, Monuments

Introduction and the construction of megaliths. What promoted the construction of monuments? What were the driving forces During the last decades of research on TRB, the intensity of the obvious changes and why did they happen? Do these of research in different countries has varied. This is due to monuments and the observable changes in material culture differences in the selection of research topics at universities reflect social developments? and other research institutions, as well as to the conditions of rescue excavations and heritage organizations. In To answer such questions, research in many fields with consequence, a deficit of knowledge about megaliths and respect to Funnel Beakers had to be intensified: funnel beakers in Northern Germany became obvious, contrasting with many new efforts on the Early and Middle • The subsistence background and the development of Neolithic in the Netherlands and especially in Scania and domestic structures are still a matter of discussion: What on Fyn (e.g. Andersen 2008; Louwe Kooijmans 1998; kind of economy are we dealing with between 4300 Sjögren 2006; Rudebeck 2009). As a consequence, one and and 3600 cal BC? How did the immense opening of the a half year ago a Priority Program of the German Research landscape around 3600 cal BC correlate with new land Foundation began to gain new information on the North use patterns? Is there a diverse economic development German development of early monuments and the social in the time period after 3200 cal BC? Is there a differentiation primarily within TRB communities (Müller typical TRB household with a specific archaeological 2009). structure? How can we interpret the agglomeration and the dispersion of domestic structures in the landscape? The on-going work is a combination of smaller projects Which role did the monuments play in the spatial placed in selected regions to further data acquisition by ordering of the environment? surveys and excavations, and general projects about spatial • How did the individuals and small groups reflect patterning, scientific dating, palynology, archaeobotany, soil the obvious development? What were causewayed analyses, and anthropology/aDNA. In the following, parts enclosures used for and how did the different groups of some preliminary results from different projects of the assess the value of their megaliths within their Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology in surroundings? Do differences in the character of and the Kiel are discussed. efforts needed for burials reflect social and ritual roles? Are we dealing with some kind of ritual competition, The holistic goal of the on-going work focuses on the which made ritual activities a productive force in the detection of the inter-link between changes within the overall economy with a longing for increasingly more Early and Middle Neolithic societies of Northern Germany monuments and increasingly more ritual activities?

51 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

Neolithic societies. In this respect, some other suggestions Reproduction of Social Relations should be taken into account: Monumentality Ideology • Driving forces of non-literate, pre-industrial economies are not necessarily just technological innovations, Produktivity and changes in resources, but also demographic Social Organisation development, kinship organization and ritual activities Economy Demography (Earle and Kristiansen 2011; Hansen and Müller 2011). • In contemporary sociological theory, the contrast between societies with cooperative and such with Climate Ecology competitive elements is emphasized (cf. Blanton et al. 1996). In this sense, competition could lead to competition for prestige goods etc., ending in some kind of activity spiral. Monuments might be aims to Figure 1. General scheme about the relation of economic, assure and consolidate cooperation in a community, and political and social aspects. In many TRB communities might at the same time be symbols for competition with the reproduction of social relations includes the use of neighbouring groups. “monumentality” for the bundling of identities. Source: Holger Dieterich. With these remarks in mind we would like to focus on some results of the research during the first year and a half of the • Did networks exist within and between TRB groups? Kiel projects (Figure 2). How did supra-regional and foreign influences reach the TRB-world and how were they integrated into the Spatial differentiation and chronologies local and regional context? • Is it possible to write an overall history for TRB or The basic fundaments for a solution to most of the are we dealing with a mosaic of different patterns of questions, which are asked within our research project, local and regional groups with diverse behaviours and continue to be a good chronological resolution and an idea varying reactions to internal and external influences? about possible spatial differentiations within the entire area of Northern Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia Before coming up with preliminary results of the on- (Müller et al. 2010). From a methodological point of going research, the particular background concerning the view, a clear typological identification of similarity groups relationship between ecology, economy and society should within the material culture, the scientific dating of these be explained, as every individual researcher could have similarity groups, and an identification of long term trends quite different ideas about the inter-linkage of societal in material culture (of which the chronological character is elements. also identified with the help of scientific dates or vertical stratigraphies) are necessary. With respect to chronology, Figure 1 displays a simple, but in our opinion useful idea both spatial groupings in the form of restricted distribution about the conceptual background of societies. Basic fields areas as well as non-territorial patterns are possible. While a of influence for the reproduction of social relations are spatial restriction of similarity groups stems from traditional economy and demography, being the elements, which approaches, the non-territorial distribution of similar object frame the possibilities that can be gained in the social groups could be the outcome of network-relations and organisation of a society. Economy is understood here in network-like identities in TRB communities. a very simple way: as subsistence economy. Subsistence (as the primary, non-industrial sector) depends on the Regarding terminology, a clear differentiation between environmental conditions of both ecology and climate. periods (for example “Early Neolithic”) or sub-phases (e.g. Economy influences population sizes and is influenced “Early Neolithic Ia”) and stylistic groups (e.g. “Fuchsberg”) by demographic factors: Group sizes, reproduction rates, is applicable. While periods and phases indicate the absolute endogamic and exogamic marriage practices constitute scale, stylistic groups identify similarity groups, which also the possibilities of subsistence activities. Here we already could be longer or shorter than one period/phase. reach the domain of the reproduction of social relations: In TRB one ideological expression of social institutions Intensive research during the last decades confirmed uses monumentality to create traditional stabilities. In our chronological periods, phases and stylistic groups in many scheme, the possibility of building monuments is surely regions of Scandinavia and Northern Central Europe dependent on the productivity of the economy: some kind (Figure 3). Thus, our research concentrates on an evaluation of surplus is necessary to construct these “unnecessary”, of regions, in which these factors are still fuzzy. not primarily functional items. For basic spatial patterning we use the general spatial However, such a simple view of the dynamic and manifold differentiation of J. A. Bakker and T. Wislanski, which processes has to be specified for the character of non-literate they developed in 1969 for the TRB (Bakker et al. 1969;

52 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Figure 2. The distribution of megaliths in Northern Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia (after Fritsch et al. 2010). Important sites mentioned in the article are marked. Cursive written sites are sites of main interest within the Kiel projects. 1 Vroue Heide, 2 Sarup, 3 Büdelsdorf-Borgstedt, 4 Rastorf, 5 Flintbek, 6 Albersdorf-Dieksknöll, 7 Albersdorf-Brutkamp, 8 Oldenburg, 9 Wangels, 10 Bad Oldesloe-Wolkenwehe, 11 Triwalk, 12 Ostorf, 13 Parchim-Löddigsee, 14 Flögeln, 15 Lüdelsen, 16 Hundisburg-Olbetal. Copyrights: Ines Reese.

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Southern Scandinavia / Northern Plain Chronology Northern Lower Mountain Range Chronology

Southern Lower Northern Jutland /Meck- Countries / NW Middle-Elbe- Westfalia / cal B.C. Period Jutland Seeland / Scania lenburg Germany Altmark Saale Hessia Period cal B.C. 2600 2600 YN 1 Early Single Grave groups ESG / Early Corded Ware Endneolithic 2700 Schönfeld 2700

2800 2800 MN V Store Valby GA Brindley 7 Haldensleben 4 TRB-MES V Late Wartberg Late 2900 Bernburg / Neolithic 2900 MN III–IV Bundsø / Lindø Bostholm Brindley 6 Haldensleben 3 Globular 3000 Amphorae 3000 MN II Blandebjerg Oldenburg Brindley 5 3100 Haldensleben 2 3100 MN Ib Klintebakke Wolkenwehe 2 Brindley 4 TRB-MES IV Early Wart- 3200 3200 Haldensleben 1 Salzmünde berg MN Ia Troldebjerg Brindley 3 3300 3300 EN II Fuchsberg Fuchsberg / Wolkenwehe 1 Brindley 1/2 Düsedau 2 TRB-MES III 3400 Virum Baalberge 3400 Late Düsedau 1 3500 Swifterbant / 3500 EN Ib Oxie / Oxie / Satrup / Hazendonk 3 Lüdelsen TRB-MES II MK V Younger 3600 Volling Svenstorp Siggeneben- Baalberge Neolithic 3600 Süd 3700 3700 MK IV 3800 3800 EN Ia Volling Svaleklint Wangels / TRB-MES I 3900 Flintbek Spätlengyel 3900 Middle MK III 4000 Swifterbant 4000 Final Final Ertebølle MK II 4100 Mesolithic 4100 Gatersleben MK I 4200 4200

Figure 3. The chronological periodization of Funnel Beaker societies (source: Müller et al. 2010, fig. 1; graphic: Ines Reese/Martin Hinz).

see also Bakker 1979). In our areas of interest the division verifications, the general pattern within the TRB world between the West-, North-, East-, and Altmark-groups is supports the spatial divisions indicated by J. A. Bakker still essential, but examples showing the relevance of the 1979. A network analysis by M. Furholt, which takes the “boundaries” in between these groups are of importance general pattern of each region into account for the entire for the interpretation of our data: Do these spatial FB-time-span, indicates the clear separation of the Northern divisions reflect technical aspects arising mainly when from the Western Group, while the Altmark-Group is ordering material culture, which then would result in an strongly linked to the West (Furholt in prep). Furthermore, overestimation of these boundaries? Alternatively, the the uniformity of the Northern Group is clearly subdivided boundaries of these groups may not necessarily be strictly into a Jutland and a Scania/Zealand focus of typological estimated according to material dissimilarities. In result, similarities (Figure 4). not an abrupt change in styles, but a slow shift of stylistic similarities could be an appropriate scenario, as given in While we are dealing here with large-scale analyses, on the Lower Elbe area, where a lot of TRB-groups merge/ a regional scale an example taking the correspondence dismerge. analysis of D. Demnick into account indicates the smooth gradual change of decoration patterns between the Altmark Another example is the manifold identification of regional and the Eastern West Group (Demnick in prep). The TRB-groups in Southern Scandinavia and Northern Central first eigenvector of a correspondence analysis could be Europe. The situation is often a result of diverging research identified as an even change of decoration patterns from histories between countries and schools, obvious e.g. in the Altmark “Tiefstich” assemblages to the Eastern West Balkan archaeology. In respect to TRB, the typological Group assemblages (Figure 5). In this case it could be differences and similarities between Northern Germany attested that no real boundary existed between the Altmark and Southern Scandinavia have to be evaluated to justify and the Western TRB. The gradual change of decoration the terminological division of stylistic zones. Some results patterns describes the gradual change of decoration customs can be highlighted here. between neighbouring hamlets.

Network similarities and regional styles A further analysis also maintains that the labelling of assemblages in Southern Scandinavia and Northern Using ceramic shapes and decorations as an indicator Germany is due to research history rather than to typological of relations between regions, according to smooth differences within the ceramic decoration. Martin Furholt

54 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Figure 4. A network analysis between TRB regions using ceramic decoration and shape variables confirms linkages and distances for the time period ca. 3500-3000 cal BC (Furholt in prep).

55 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

Figure 5. The first eigenvector of the Correspondence Analysis on Tiefstich decorations highlights an only gradual shift between the Altmark Tiefstich Group and the Western TRB (after Demnick in prep).

56 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

2 Objects and Variables Variables 2 Tol2 Oxie 1,5 SStteenn1 Moesg Sten2 Olsbj Svaleklint-Virum Voe FINGDR Mogar PLPLAASSTTII Virum-Fuchsberg 1 Rustr Stili StVal CORD Volling 1 Lin2 Wangels Varby Gilhoj Volling 2 YssB Havne 0,5 LiLinn11 Sval Volling 3 Gug Tofta6 KANTENSTI Ostg Tol3 STAB Tofta1 Virum 0 Slots Taar VerM 1 OBLONG STABBING Siggeneben -0,5 ToftA31 WHIPPED CORD KnaG Dieksknöll FURSTI Wolkenwehe Mulbj ToftA46 -1 Bonn Ryu Triwalk I -1,5 Len

brFURSTI -2 GROOVES

-2,5 Bisto

-3 -3 -2,5 -2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 00,5 11,5 22,5

Figure 6. A Correspondence Analysis of rim decoration technics of Danish and North German Early Neolithic assemblages identifies the similarity of sites, independent of their Northern or Southern geographical position. On the Y-axes the 2. eigenvector is identified with “time”, on the x-axes the 1. eigenvector with “space”. The graph indicates the differentiation between Eastern and Western groups. Abbreviations: Plasti - moulding, Fingdr - finger impressions, Kantensti - edge grooving, Fursti - ordinary stab-and-drag, brFursti - broad stab-and-drag, Stab - stabbing. Source: Martin Furholt.

and Johannes Müller used the analyses of Early Neolithic Chronologies assemblages, which Madsen and Vang Petersen had collected (Madsen and Petersen 1984; Madsen 1994), to The chronological development of the TRB-sphere add some assemblages of Northern Germany. In result, was primarily discussed in the last decades of the last the typological similarities, visible in the correspondence millennium (Figure 3). Based on regional investigations and analyses (Figure 6) do not support the differentiation of radiometric datings - again mainly dealing with ceramics typological groups between north and south, as some - an elongation of H. Knölls chronological scheme for the literature proposes. Instead, stylistic groups link the entire TRB-West group (Knöll 1959) was reached by J. A. Bakker Western Baltic and cutting differences are not due to and A. L. Brindley, while for Denmark T. Madsen and locations in the southern or northern part of the region. In J.E. Brinch Petersen revised Beckers system for the Early consequence, stylistic similarities link the whole area of Neolithic. Beckers Middle Neolithic-periodisation was at least the Danish and North German Northern Group of confirmed (Bakker 1979; Brindley 1986; Lanting and Van the TRB. der Plicht 2000; Madsen and Petersen 1984; Madsen 1994). Further analyses underlined these observations (Koch In summary, spatial differences of e.g. ceramic assemblages 1998). In Northern Germany the discussion did not end are less pronounced in the TRB world, as the group labels, up with results as clear as one would wish. The Schleswig which were constructed during regional research, would conference in 1985 described the absolute chronological imply. An interpretation would therefore suggest the passing advance of the Early Neolithic from the south to the north (, on of knowledge and customs from hamlet to hamlet. but in general H. Schwabedissens chronological labels could No indications of mobile groups of some size are given. not be verified in further analyses (Hoika 1987; Meurers- However, this does not exclude the mobility of individuals, Balke and Weninger 1985; Hartz and Lübke 2004). Beside via necessary exogamic marriage practices or individual such difficulties, which are also due to reduced excavation “traders”, but this has to be proved. activities, chronologies for neighbouring southern regions

57 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

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58 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Figure 8. The opening of the landscape UHÀHFWHGLQWKHUHFRUGRI/DNH%HODX$IWHU a period in which charcoal played an

-3 ) important role, around 3500 BC, the imprints of a new agricultural system on vegetation are visible. Copyright: Ingo Feeser. Trees Shrubs Other landplants Micro-charcoalPhase influx Cereal-typeRibwort (red) plantain (green) Archaeological periods (particles cm 2000

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years cal BC 3.2 EN II Wolkenwehe 1 3500 3.1 EN Ib Satrup Siggeneben Süd

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Figure 11 An apple. Copyright: Sara Jagiolla/Ines Reese.

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Settlements and spatial patterns

,QDGGLWLRQWRHFRQRPLFDQDO\VHVWKHRQJRLQJDFWLYLWLHVRI WKH3ULRULW\3URJUDPLQ.LHOIRFXVRQVHWWOHPHQWVWUXFWXUHV DV D EDVLF SUHUHTXLVLWH IRU GHYHORSLQJ LGHDV DERXW WKH SROLWLFDORUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHVRFLHW\ZKLFKLQWXUQGHSHQG HJRQSRSXODWLRQVL]HVDQGWKHVL]HRIEDVLFVRFLHWDOXQLWV

6RIDUVPDOO¿HOGVXUYH\VDQGH[FDYDWLRQVZKLFKDUHVWLOO XQGHUSURJUHVVVXSSRUWWKHLGHDRIVLQJOHKRXVHKROGVDV WKHEDVLFXQLWRI75%VRFLHWLHVDQREVHUYDWLRQDOUHDG\ YHUL¿HGLQRWKHU75%UHJLRQV0DLQO\UHFWDQJXODUKRXVHV DUHWREHFRQVLGHUHG7KH\DSSHDUDVVLQJOHKRPHVWHDGVDQG VPDOOKDPOHWVQHYHUFOXVWHUHGWRELJJHUYLOODJHVDWOHDVWLQ causewayed enclosure RXUDUHDRIUHVHDUFK7KHVLWHVVHHPWRQHYHUKDYHH[LVWHG megalithic tomb house structure m ORQJHUWKDQWKUHHKXQGUHG\HDUV+RZHYHUGHSRVLWLRQDO long barrow SURFHVVHVRQWKHVLWHVDUHTXLWHGLI¿FXOWWRGLVHQWDQJOH 0 500 1.000 5HPDLQVZKLFKZHODEHO³VXQNHQÀRRUV´³FXOWXUDOOD\HUV´ DQG³SLWV´DUHVWLOOZLWKRXWDQ\FOHDUH[SODQDWLRQ Figure 12. The spatial distribution of the Rastorf Early Neolithic II enclosure, house and megaliths. Copyright: Jan Piet Brozio.

 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

post holes grave pits N 05 mhouse interior fire places plough marks

)LJXUH7KH(DUO\1HROLWKLF,,KRXVHRI5DVWRUI DIWHU6WHIIHQV%UR]LR %RWKWKHDUDEOHODQGDVZHOODVWKHKRXVHZLWK a burial are visible. Copyright: Jan Piet Brozio.

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 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

Brutkamp

Albersdorf

lau Giese Dieksknöll

burial mound megaltihic tomb 250m

Figure 14. Albersdorf land pattern. The causewayed enclosure is situated at a distance from the megaliths. Copyright: Doris Mischka.

ditch segment lateral pit

ditch segment

palisade ditch

N deposited sherds of 012 a deliberately broken pot Meter

Figure 15. The deliberate breaking and deposition of one pot in the segmented ditches of the causewayed enclosure Albersdorf- Dieksknöll. Copyright: Hauke Dibbern.

 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Subphase 1 Subphase 6 Phase 1 Phase 3 Subphase 2 Subphase 7

Subphase 3

Phase 2 Subphase 4 Phase 4 Subphase 8

Subphase 5

Figure 16. Albersdorf-Dieksknöll profile of the ditch. Indicated are several phases and subphases of infillings and recuttings. Copyright: Hauke Dibbern. short time occasions at the site is indicated by the very low obviously contemporary to the first activities at Dieksknöll. number of finds in comparison to domestic or other sites At Brutkamp the sequence of depositions confirmed that the (Figure 17). chamber was used at least until 3000 cal BC, both verified by radiocarbon dating as well as by typo-chronological In detail, these celebrations were associated with the indications. Yet unknown reasons which were responsible demolition of vessels (perhaps libation) and their placement for the end of activities at the Dieksknöll enclosure did not in pits. One such vessel, for example, is broken and interrupt Brutkamp burial undertakings. deposited in both parts of the northern and southern head ends of the ditch, whereby the 2m deep pit was omitted In spite of the missing proof of domestic structures, in (Figure 17). Due to its heavy wood posts it was obviously our model Albersdorf farmsteads were spatially linked covered up in a tent-like fashion and was reserved for to megaliths as in Rastorf. If such a model is likely, a other special purposes, still connected to re-cuttings and continuation of settlement activities would be indicated, in-fillings. The activities which we attribute to the ditch while the “central” enclosure ceased. Evidence of the pollen system correspond surely to temporary gatherings. The profile also indicates such a pattern (Dörfler 2005). quantity of archeological finds is absolutely meager and cannot be compared to that what we know from domestic Oldenburger Graben sites. The deposition of clay dishes and Funnel Beakers verify from our point of view that only temporal activities East Holstein features favorable climatic circumstances with (e.g. feastings) took place here. The archaeobotanical low rainfall/precipitation values (500/600mm/a) and was results show that cultivated plants did not play any role therefore one of the best settlement regions on the Cimbric in these rituals. Furthermore, it is interesting that the pits Peninsula near the west Baltic Sea. The agglomeration of were repeatedly dug out perhaps until a point in time around megalithic tombs and settlements bears evidence that this 3300 BC. However, afterwards a phase began in which the region must have been one of the most densely populated ritual was no longer maintained. The renewed pit diggings areas of the TRB development. around 2800 BC verify however, that knowledge of the assumed activities was still present over the centuries and In contrast to Ditmarschen, TRB domestic sites are both here at the end of the TRB societies and the beginning of known from the so-called “Oldenburger Graben” as well the development of Single Grave societies it was shortly as the Trave Valley. From the Oldenburger Graben we are practiced once again. informed about different sites of the Late Mesolithic located near the original shoreline and islands of the former fjord As already mentioned, the excavations in the cairn of the (Hartz 2005). This settlement pattern did not change during polygonal dolmen Albersdorf-Brutkamp displayed a starting the Early and Middle Neolithic, while in the Younger and point for the monument also in the 37th century cal BC,

67 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

Brunn Rastorf pit single grave ditch cultural layer

Dieksknöll 3) volume (m

ceramics (n)

Figure 17. Comparison of ceramics per cubic meter. The difference between causewayed enclosures and other type sites is visible (data for Brunn after VOGT 2009; for Rastorf after Steffens 2009).

Late Neolithic domestic activities also took place in the Our main East Holstein TRB site under excavation hinterland of the fjord. is Oldenburg, situated on a former island with both waterlogged and mineral conditions. The settlement was Additionally, during the TRB a clear spatial patterning inhabited sometime between 3400 and 2900/2800 BC of domestic and ritual sites is observable (Figure 18). according to radiometric dating, mainly dating to the Domestic sites are distributed as described, while megaliths Middle Neolithic II (Brozio 2011). and other burial monuments are known primarily from the hinterland. This land use configuration contrasts with Until now three clusters of features were observed in the the spatial patterning of Rastorf sites, but is similar to the main area, which could be associated with households situation of the Middle Trave Valley, where again domestic (Figure 19): both pits and postholes indicate two-ailed sites are distributed in lowland areas, while burials are houses, of which until now only the main parts have been placed on and behind the terraces of the hinterland. The excavated. On the whole, the archaeological features are lack of enclosures in Ostholstein might be due to research comprised of an occupation horizon, houses (including deficits, but might also be due to a difference in Neolithic sunken floors), different pits, a wooden lake-site spatial organization. Possibly, the Ostholstein settlement fortification, the rubbish area in a former low-water area, pattern is similar to what is known from some other TRB a single burial within the site, and human bones found in regions (for example Falbygden; cf. Sjögren 2003). the former low-water areal. Evidence of tool production,

68 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

settlement megalithic tomb long barrow

Figure 18. The organization of space in the Oldenburger Graben (after Brozio 2011). The spatial division between domestic sites in the lower land and on the islands and the megaliths in the hinterland is observable. The original watershed is reconstructed by palaeoecological data.

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 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

Figure 19. Oldenburg. The ground plan of houses and other features (including the well and single burial). Copyright: Jan Piet Brozio.

 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Figure 20. A burial from the domestic site Oldenburg. The 40 year old woman was placed in a pit, later - during a secondary manipulation - the femur was taken away. Copyright: Jan Piet Brozio.

Figure 21. The well from the domestic site Oldenburg (after Brozio 2011). Beside many archaeological objects the femur of the QHDUE\EXULDO ¿J ZDVDOVRIRXQG

 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

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N

0 500m

megaltihic tomb settlement long barrow

Figure 22. Southern Schleswig: In the area of Borgstedt and Büdelsdorf a line of megaliths combines two settlement areas. Copyright: Franziska Hage.

 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Figure 23. Borgstedt. The burial monuments of the megalithic cemetery were constructed and used continuously from Middle Neolithic I until Middle Neolithic IV. Copyright: Franziska Hage.

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 Proceedings of the BorgerMeetings 2009

demography 2,5

2,0 2 1,5

1,0 population per km 0,5

0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 B.C. 2 5000 4000 megalithic tombs single graves 3000 2000

1000 count per 100m 0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 B.C. cultivation flint manufacture copper metallurgy pig farming increased opening of the landscape

Figure 24. The quantity of radiometric dating in Southern Scandinavia and North Germany might indicate population densities as well as the construction of burial mounds. The differences are used to create a model of the demographic development and burial FRQVWUXFWLRQ GDWDEDVH3HUVVRQ3HUVVRQ5$'21 &RS\ULJKW+ROJHU'LHWHULFK

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 Johannes Müller et al.: Landscapes as Social Spaces and Ritual Meaning

Animals, especially cattle, are associated with wealth, Andersen, N. H. 2008. Die Region um Sarup im Südwesten and the significance of the male individual is emphasized der Insel Fünen (Dänemark) im 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. In: in single grave burials. Social separation evolves and W. D örfler and J. Müller (eds), Umwelt - Wirtschaft new symbols predominate material culture, pointing to - Siedlungen im dritten vorchristlichen Jahrtausend privileged positions within the social network. Mitteleuropas und Südskandinaviens. Offa-Beihefte 84, 35-48. Concepts and consequences Bakker, J. A., Vogel, J. C. and Wislanski, T. 1969. TRB and other C14 Dates from Poland (Part B). Helinium 9, In summary, this article attempts to indicate some 3, 209-38. preliminary information about Kiel projects within a Bakker, J. A. 1979. The TRB West Group: studies in the larger TRB research program about ‘Early monumentality chronology and geography of the makers of Hunebeds and social differentiation’. While the reconstruction of and Tiefstich pottery. Cingula 5. environmental conditions, subsistence economies and Becker, D. and Benecke, N. B., 2002. Die neolithische land use patterns opens the perspective of a generalized Inselsiedlung am Löddigsee bei Parchim. Archäologische chronological pattern of change, the construction of und archäozoologische Untersuchungen. Beiträge zur monuments, including both megaliths and causewayed Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns 40. enclosures, and the distribution of domestic sites reflects Behre, K. -E. 2007. Evidence for Mesolithic agriculture a mosaic of different solutions: The TRB individual and in and around Central Europe? Vegetation History and the TRB communal group developed different spatial Archaeobotany, 16, 2007, 203-219. patterns and meanings in respect to the division of social Behre, K.-E. and Kučan, D. 1994. Die Geschichte space and rituals. However, the diversity, which is obvious der Kulturlandschaft und des Ackerbaus in der in the patterning of the different regions, ends up in Siedlungskammer Flögeln, Niedersachsen, seit der general observations regarding the TRB groups. While Jungsteinzeit. Probleme der Küstenforschung im this “Northern Neolithic” is quite different from the rest südlichen Nordseegebiet 21. of Central Europe, internal divisions are more fuzzy than Blanton, R. E., Feinman, G. F., Kowalewski, S. and pronounced. Peregrine, P. F. 1996. A dual processual theory for the evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization. Current In this sense, in nearly all TRB regions monumentality Anthropology 37, 1996, 1-14. might be described as a result of demographic and economic Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic Farming in Central Europe. growth, enhanced by new technologies in agriculture Abingdon, Routledge. and transportation, but furthered to a great extent by the Bollongino, R. 2006. Die Herkunft der Hausrinder change from cooperative to collective dictions of individual in Europa. Eine aDNA-Studie an neolithischen social roles. In this sense, a competitive approach to Knochenfunden. Universitätsforschungen zur ritual behaviour terminated in rituals as the focus, which Prähistorischen Archäologie 130. stimulated the economies of these plant growing societies Brindley, A. L. 1986. The typochronology of TRB West and which were responsible for the rise of social inequality: Group pottery. Palaeohistoria 28, 93-132. The change from cooperative prestige to individual power. Brozio, J. P. 2011. Von Siedlungen und Grabenwerken der Trichterbecher-Gemeinschaften. Archäologie in Acknowledgment Deutschland 2, 24-5. Demnick, D. in prep. Westliche Altmark und die We would like to express our warmest thanks to Eileen Tiefstich-Gruppe. Frühe Monumentalität und soziale Kücükkaraca, who corrected the English, and to Ines Reese, Differnzierung. who prepared the figures. Demnick, D., Diers, S., Bork, H.-R., Fritsch, B. and Müller, J. 2008. Der Großdolmen Lüdelsen 3 in der westlichen Address Altmark (Sachsen-Anhalt) – Baugeschichte, Rituale und Landschaftsrekonstruktion. Mit Beiträgen von Arno Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Christian- Beyer, Jan-Piet Brozio, Ercan Erkul, Helmut Kroll und Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Edeltraud Tafel. In: www.jungsteinsite.de-Artikel vom Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6 15. Dezember 2008, 1-56. D-24118 Kiel Dibbern, H. and Hage, F. 2010. Erdwerk und Germany Megalithgräber in der Region Albersdorf – Vorbericht zu den Grabungskampagnen am Dieksknöll und Brutkamp. Bibliography Archäologischen Nachrichten aus Schleswig-Holstein, 34-7. Andersen, N. H. 1997. The Sarup Enclosures. The Dörfler, W. 2005. Eine Pollenanalyse aus dem Horstenmoor Funnel Beaker Culture of the Sarup site including two bei Albersdorf. In R. KELM (Hrsg.), Frühe causewayed camps compared to the contemporary Kulturlandschaften in Europa. Forschung, Erhaltung und settlements in the area and other European enclosures. Nutzung. Albersdorfer Forschungen zur Archäologie Jutland Archaeological Society Publications XXXIII, 1. und Umweltgeschichte 3, 86-103.

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