Year 7 History Knowledge Organiser
1 Contents Page
Topic Pages
The development of Church, state and society in 4-20
Medieval Britain: 1066-1509
The development of Church, state and society in Britain: 21-45
1509-1745
Ideas, political power, industry and empire including 46-58
Derby as Local History Study: 1745-1901
Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world: 59-76
1901-1918
Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world: 77-98
1918-present day
2 Time Periods, Factors & Themes Factor War and violence
Time Period Details Religion 1170 -1500 Medieval
1500 – 1750 Renaissance Chance
1750 –1900 Industrial Government 1900 + Modern Communication
Economic Themes The role of the individual the development of rights, in encouraging or inhibiting the development of parliament, change. authority and challenge to authority
New Ideas (about equality & representation)
3 Year 7 History
The development of Church, state and society in Medieval Britain
1066-1509
4 1. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Derby before 1066
Era Era
Roman 60 AD the Romans built a wooden fort at Strutt’s Park, between Viking The Danes conquered Northworthy in 874 AD and
Duffield Road and Belper Road. It was abandoned by 80 AD renamed the town Derby.
A second fort was build at Little Chester in 80 AD. This was used
on a number of occasions during the Roman occupation. A The use of the word Gate for Street in the city is
town called Derventio grew up along side the fort. evidence of Danish occupation.
Both forts defended the Roman roads that crossed the River
Derwent nearby. Derby was conquered again by the English at the
Anglo Saxon By the 7th Century a settlement called Northworthy had been Battle of Derby in 917AD
set up near to Iron Gate and Queen Street.
A second settlement was set up called Wardwick in the 8th
Century. The two settlements grew and merged.
5 2. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Contenders for the English throne
Contenders for the throne Contenders for the throne
Harold Godwinson Chosen to be King by the Witan. Harald Claimed that the throne should be his because of
Earl of Wessex Claimed that Edward wanted him to be King. Hardrada England’s previous Viking rulers.
Harold helped Edward to defeat the Welsh. King of Norway Very good fighter
Supported by Godwinson’s brother, Tostig. William A very powerful French nobleman.
Duke of Helped Edward deal with a rebellion.
Normandy Claimed that Edward wanted him to be King.
Claimed that Godwinson promised to support him as
King.
6 3. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Battles of 1066
Battle Events Battle Events
Battle of Stamford Between Harold Godwinson and Harald Hardrada Battle of Hastings Between Harold Godwinson and William of
th Bridge Hardrada invaded England and took control of 14 October 1066 Normandy
th 25 September 1066 York. At Senlac Hill East Godwinson’s army marched 250 miles from
At Stamford near York Godwinson launched a surprise attack on the Sussex Yorkshire to meet William’s army.
Vikings. Godwinson’s army used the shield-wall tactic
Vikings were unprepared. William’s army used the feigned retreat tactic.
Godwinson’s army won. William won. Godwinson was killed.
Hardrada and Tostig were killed.
7 4. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Armies
William’s Army Godwinson’s Army
Mercenaries Professional soldiers. Fyrd Untrained peasants.
Well trained and equipped. No armour.
Equipped with farming tools. Archers Equipped with bows and arrows.
Effective long-range but limited in short-range Housecarls Trained professional soldiers. fighting Well armoured.
Knights Fought on horseback. Equipped with battle-axes and shields
Could charge at high speeds towards enemies.
8 5. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Feudal System
King Lends land Paid for land
Raised armies for the King
Barons
Lends land Paid for land
Fought for Barons
Knights
Lends land Paid in work and food
Peasants
9 6. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Domesday Book
The Domesday Book
What was it? William needed to know how much money people had.
He created a survey of land and wealth in England.
This became known as the Domesday Book.
How did William use it? To work out how much people could be taxed
To work out how many people could fight for him
To settle arguments over land
10 7. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Castles
Type of Castle Description
Motte and Bailey Quick and easy to build.
Wooden castle on top of a hill (Motte)
Enclosed area at the bottom of the hill (Bailey)
Stone Keep Made of stone
Harder to attack than Motte and Bailey castles
Concentric Castle Made of stone
Castle surrounded by two layers of high walls.
Easier to defend than Stone Keeps.
11 8. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Why castles were built
Reasons for castle building` Example Reasons for castle building` Example
William built castles to protect Chepstow Castle built on the border Henry VIII wanted castles to Henry made changes to Hampton against invasions and of England and Wales in 1067 show his wealth. Court to make it into a ‘pleasure rebellions. palace’.
Castles were built to establish Chateau Gaillard was built in Elizabeth used castles as Elizabeth gave Kenilworth Castle to control over people. Normandy, France in 1196. patronage, to reward her loyal Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester,
followers. one of her favourites. Castles were used for trade by Caernarfon Castle was built in 1283 the end of the Norman period. after Edward I defeated the Welsh
with access to the sea for trading.
12 9. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Black Death, 1348
Medieval beliefs about the Black Death Symptoms
Causes God’s punishment for people being too sinful Bubonic Pus-filled boils (buboes) around the neck, armpits and groin
Jews were poisoning the water plague Black or purple spots on skin due to internal bleeding
‘Bad air’ Symptoms lasted around 1 week
Cures Whipping themselves as penance 70% of people died
Killing Jews to stop the spread of disease Pneumonic Pneumonic plague:
Burning herbs to cleanse the air plague Affected the lungs
Rubbing onions and herbs on the buboes Coughing up blood
Sitting close to a fire to drive out the fever Germs would be spread through sneezing
Victims would die within a few days.
13 10. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Impacts of the Black Death
Impacts Impacts
Economic Shortage of labour Social Over 1/3 of the Population in England was killed.
Lords were willing to pay higher wages Peasants had more freedom to move to find work
Peasants were able to pay lower rents Crops were left to rot in the fields
Religious Some people became very religious to try to make God Entire generations were wiped out
happy again. Some began to live a wild life because they believed they
Thousands of Jews were murdered because they were might die any day.
blamed for poisoning the water. Villages were deserted
14 11. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Peasants Revolt, 1381
Causes Causes
Statute of Stopped peasants from travelling to find higher- John Ball A priest who preached that peasants were being
Labourers paid work. abused by the Church.
1351 Limited the amount that peasants could be paid. The Church was very wealthy but still taxed the
Poll Tax Richard II increased the Poll Tax to pay for war peasants.
1381 with France Richard II and Richard was only 14 when he became King.
Everyone over the age of 15 had to pay 12 pence John of Gaunt He was advised by his uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke
of Lancaster.
John of Gaunt was seen as greedy and evil.
15 12. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Peasants Revolt, 1381
Events Events
May Tax collectors attacked while collecting the Poll Tax. 14th June King Richard met the peasants and listened to Wat Tyler’s
1381 Peasants met in Maidstone and chose Wat Tyler as their 1381 demands:
leader. • All church land should be given to the peasants
Peasants took over the King’s castle at Rochester • Everyone in England, except the King, should be equal
June 60,000 peasants marched to London to demand an • The Poll Tax should be stopped
1381 audience with Richard II 15th June Richard and his advisors decided to punish the peasants
They burned important documents and buildings 1381 for their behaviour.
containing tax records. Wat Tyler and John Ball were killed. Their heads were put
13th June The peasants blew up the home of the Duke of Lancaster. on spikes on London Bridge as a warning
1381
16 13. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Peasants Revolt, 1381
Consequences Consequences
Short The situation calmed down and the peasants went Long term Wat Tyler and John Ball’s heads were put on spikes on London term home. Bridge.
Wat Tyler, John Ball and hundreds of rebels were Taxes were never as high again.
executed. Wages were no longer controlled by Parliament.
The Poll Tax was abolished. Peasants were able to choose where to work based on what
wages would be paid.
Peasants bought their own land.
Peasants became more independent.
17 14. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Battle of Bosworth, 1485
Why did Henry VII win the Battle of Bosworth? Why did Henry VII win the Battle of Bosworth?
King Richard’s Gave control of the North to his nephew rather King Did nothing when Henry’s army arrived, so his nobles unpopularity than strong Northern nobles Richard’s joined Henry.
Suspected of killing his Nephews in the Tower military Used outdated tactics that were no match for Henry’s
of London. mistakes army.
Had Lord Stanley’s son held hostage to ensure No powerful nobles fully declared their support for
Stanley’s loyalty, but this backfired and made Richard.
Stanley angry. Richard attempted to kill Henry but failed, leading to his
Rumours spread that he had poisoned his wife death.
so he could marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. After Richard’s death many of his army fled.
18 15. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 The Battle of Bosworth, 1485
Why did Henry VII win the Battle of Bosworth?
Henry’s Promised to marry Elizabeth of York to unite their families. support His mother married Lord Stanley, who gave him 3000 soldiers.
King Charles VIII of France gave him 60,000 francs and 1800
soldiers.
He gained support from Welsh nobles who gave him 3300 more
soldiers.
19 16. Year 7 History: 1066-1509 Henry VII’s problems
Problem Solution Problem Solution
He worried that they would Married Elizabeth of York in He was worried about Threatened to go to war with France unless they paid not accept him as king 1486, uniting the two families threats from France, Spain him £150,000. because he killed a member and Scotland. Married his son, Prince Arthur, to Spanish Princess of their family. Catherine of Aragon.
Without money he could not Forced all people in England Married his daughter, Margaret, to the King of Scotland. buy armies and weapons to to give him money. Some barons did not Banned private armies and fined any Baron who kept secure his reign. support Henry as King. them.
They were powerful and
had their own armies.
20 Year 7 History
The development of Church, state and society in Britain
1509-1745
21 1. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Reformation and Renaissance
Why were people challenging the Church?
Printing Press Martin Luther Renaissance and new discoveries
• Created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1453. • A German Monk. • Renaissance: a period of discovery and change.
• Used woodcuts to print books and leaflets. • Wrote the 95 Theses: a list of complaints about • During the renaissance people could question
• Allowed people to buy books and learn things the Church in 1517. existing ideas through investigation and
for themselves. • Argued that the Bible should be written in the experiments.
• Ideas from books were spread by language of the country, not just in Latin. • The discovery of the Americas in 1492 made
communication • In 1522 he translated the Bible into German people doubt the teachings of the Church.
Ideas spread by the printing press: • Copernicus’ works in 1543 challenged the idea
• Luther’s 95 Theses taught by the Church that the Earth was the
• Isaac Newton’s works on gravity were spread. centre of the universe.
• These ideas challenged the Church’s teachings.
22 2. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Reformation and Renaissance in England Act of Supremacy 1534:
This made Henry, and all his heirs, Supreme Head of
Why did Henry VIII change the Church in England? the Church of England.
This removed the Pope’s religious authority in England. No heir His first wife, Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a son.
The Catholic Church did not allow divorce, so Henry changed the Church to be
able to divorce and remarry.
Money By breaking from the Catholic Church, Henry was able to close down over 800
monasteries in England and keep their money for himself.
Power The Pope had religious authority over England.
Henry saw the Pope as a rival to his power.
23 3. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Religious changes under Edward, Mary and Elizabeth
Edward VI Mary I
Kept the Church Protestant: Re-established the Catholic Church:
• Removed the use of Latin Mass • Restored the rule of the Pope
• Introduced an English Book of Common Prayer • Officially reunited England with Rome in 1554
• Allowed priests to marry • Brought back Latin Mass and Bibles.
• Removed decorations and ornaments from Churches • Removed the use of the English Prayer Book
• Replaced stone altars with wooden communion tables • Married Prince Philip of Spain, a powerful Catholic
• Imprisoned Catholic bishops in the Tower of London. • Executed those who would not accept the Catholic
beliefs: almost 300 were killed in 5 years.
24 4. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Religious changes under Edward, Mary and Elizabeth
Elizabeth I
Officially made the Church Protestant but tried to compromise:
• Act of Supremacy: made Elizabeth the Supreme Governor of the
Church
• Act of Uniformity: everyone had to attend the Church of England
and use the English Prayer Book
• English Church services and Bible
• Allowed elements of the Catholic church to remain, such as church
decorations and music.
• Compromised on beliefs about communion
• Punished those who refused to attend Church of England services.
25 5. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Conflict with Catholics- causes of the Spanish Armada
Cause Details Cause Details
Religion In 1570, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth from the Individual- Elizabeth executed her cousin, Mary Queen of
Catholic church and called on all Catholics to get rid of Mary, Queen Scots in 1587.
Elizabeth. of Scots Mary was Catholic and Elizabeth’s heir to the
Philip was a very devout Catholic and saw himself as the throne. By killing her there was one less claimant
most Catholic monarch in Europe. to the English throne.
Economic Spain was a very rich and powerful country due to Marriage Phillip II had been married to Elizabeth’s sister,
colonising South America and bringing back ships full of (Political) Mary I, and been King of England since 1554 until
gold. 1558.
Elizabeth encouraged privateers, such as Francis Drake, When Elizabeth became Queen, he proposed to
to steal from the Spanish. Elizabeth on several occasions but was rejected.
26 6. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Conflict with Catholics- causes of the Spanish Armada
Cause Details Cause Details
War and Phillip II of Spain was also the ruler of the Netherlands. War and In 1571 Philip II of Spain supported Ridolfi’s plot violence Elizabeth encouraged Dutch Protestants to rebel against violence against Elizabeth.
the Spanish, and even sent soldiers to fight them after They planned to have soldiers from the Netherlands
signing the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585. attack England from the south whilst Catholics in
As Queen of England, Elizabeth also saw herself as the northern England would revolt. Elizabeth would be
ruler of Ireland. killed and replaced with Mary, Queen of Scots (a
Ireland was a Catholic country and had been rebelling Catholic).
against English rule since Henry VIII broke with Rome.
27 7. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Conflict with Catholics- Events of the Spanish Armada
Events 6.
1. 131 warships left Spain in July 1588. 5. 2. The Spanish ships were seen by the English and beacons were lit along the English coast.
7. Ireland 3. The English got behind the Spanish ships and began to chase them up the English Channel. England 4. The Armada stopped at Calais, France and the English used fire ships to break Spain’s formation. 1. The Netherlands 5. The English ships attacked the Spanish fleet at Gravelines in the Netherlands so the 2. France Spanish ships were not able to pick up the soldiers waiting in the Netherlands. 4. 6. The Armada sailed north around Scotland to escape the English but on the way south, the Armada hit very bad weather and lots of the ships were wrecked. Spain 3. 7. Less than half the Armada returned to Spain.
28 8. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Conflict with Catholics- Failure of the Spanish Armada
Reason for failure Details Reason for failure Details
Spanish mistakes The Spanish set sail for England without Spanish Mistakes When the English used fire ships the Spanish
enough sailors- they had more priests panicked and left their crescent formation.
than sailors. The Spanish were better fighting on land and tried to
The Spanish fleet was too large, so there get close to the English to so they could fight on
was not port big enough for them to board the ships, this helped the English as they used
anchor in. their canons on the Spanish.
Spain’s plan the sneak past England to
pick up soldiers in the Netherlands was
never going to work.
29 9. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Conflict with Catholics- Failure of the Spanish Armada
Reason for failure Details Reason for failure Details
English tactics The English used fire ships to break Spain’s crescent Luck/ weather After losing the Battle of Gravelines
formation. the Spanish were forced to go
The English had an experienced and strong navy. around Scotland and past Ireland to
English canons had wheels on them. so it was easier get back to Spain- they hit a storm.
to reload them. The storm wrecked many Spanish
The English ships were smaller, quicker and easier to ships and any soldiers who survived
manoeuvre. and swam to Scotland or Ireland
were killed by the locals. The English spotted the Spanish on their way to the
Netherlands and lit beacons along the south coast.
30 10. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 How far was James I to blame for the Gunpowder plot?
Causes of the Gunpowder plot Causes of the Gunpowder plot
James’ actions Reintroduced fines for not attending Church services. Religious issues James announced his ‘utter detestation’ of
Had a very expensive coronation and lots of parties. Catholicism.
Announced his ‘utter detestation’ of Catholicism. James rounded up and fined hundreds of Catholics.
Rounded up and fined hundreds of Catholics. James ordered all Catholic priests to leave England.
Ordered all Catholic priests to leave England. James reintroduced fines for not attending Church
Social issues No-one in authority was doing anything about the plague. services.
The Spanish hated that another Protestant was ruling All Catholics seen as traitors after the discovery of
England. two plots against James in 1603
England was in debt and thousands were starving.
31 11. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Why did Britain colonise North America?
Motives Motives
Religious Protestant, Catholic and Jewish groups went to the colonies Economic Land was plentiful in America
to find religious freedom. Colonists believed North America would bring them riches.
Some groups wanted to spread Christianity with natives. North America had a lot of resources like wood and furs
Political Taking over new land would show England’s strength and give New crops such as tobacco could be grown
them more power. Social People wanted to escape poverty, war, political unrest, food
The English wanted to limit Spain’s expansion shortages and disease.
People wanted to find a better life.
32 12. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Causes of the English Revolution
Date Event Date Event
May 1626 Charles I married a French Catholic Princess. 1633 Laud, the new Archbishop of Canterbury
began to make the Church of England more Sep 1626 Charles imposed a ‘Forced Loan’ without Catholic. Parliament’s approval to raise money for war.
1635 Charles needed money so he imposed the 2nd March 1629 Charles arrested and imprisoned 9 MPs for ‘Ship Tax’ on everyone in England. offences against the state.
10th March 1629 Charles broke up Parliament and ruled alone for
11 years.
33 13. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Causes of the English Revolution
Date Event Date Event
Feb 1638 Charles made Catholic changes to the Scottish 1641 The Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud were
Church. He sent an army to enforce the changes executed on Parliament’s orders.
but was defeated Jan 1642 Charles ordered the arrest of 5 MPs but they
1639 The Scots attacked England because of the escaped.
religious changes. Charles had no money or Aug 1642 Charles’ wife asked Catholics like the Pope for army so he couldn’t fight back money and weapons to fight against Parliament.
Nov 1640 Parliament demanded that they should meet
every 5 years.
34 14. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Events of the English Revolution
Event Description Event Description
Battle of Powick Bridge Royalist victory over Parliament Battles of Lansdowne Both victories for the Royalists.
Sep 1642 and Roundway Down These battles gave the Royalists control over
July 1643 Bristol. Battle of Edgehill No clear victory for either army.
Oct 1642 Solemn League and Parliament formed an alliance with the Scottish. Covenant This gave their army 20,000 extra Scottish soldiers. Battle of Adwalton Moor Royalist victory over Parliament. Aug 1643 June 1643 This gave the Royalists control over Battle of Newbury, Royalists held Gloucester under siege for 1 month. most of Yorkshire Aug-Sep 1643 They were defeated by Parliament at the battle.
35 15. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Events of the English Revolution
Event Description Event Description
Cessation Treaty Charles I formed an alliance with Ireland. Battle of Naseby The New Model Army defeated the
Sep 1643 This treaty ended his conflict with Ireland. Jun 1645 Royalist army.
Battle of Marston Royalists were outnumbered by Parliament’s army. Charles surrendered to Charles believed the Scots would help
Moor Parliament won, giving them control over Yorkshire. the Scottish him.
July 1644 May 1646 Instead they sold him to Parliament for
Creation of the New Commanded by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver £400,000.
Model Army Cromwell. Charles surrendered and the war was
Jan 1645 Well equipped, well-disciplined and efficient. over.
36 16. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 How significant was the English Revolution?
Short term impacts Long term impacts
Radical groups were formed, such as the Levellers and the Diggers, who People of different religions were free to worship however they liked.
campaigned for votes for all men, and land reform. Jews, who had been banished in 1290, were invited back into England. These movements were crushed by 1650. The Navigation Act 1651 only allowed imported goods to arrive in England English society became more equal and ordered because of the Puritans or its colonises in English ships, and that the colonies were only able to Cromwell wanted society to reflect his Puritan beliefs. export their goods in English ships. Puritans believed church and life should be simple, with God as the The system of taxation was reorganised to make it fairer for everyone. most important thing. Parliament passed a law which said that taxes could only be raised if they In the Puritan household, men were in charge, and women had to show gave their consent. religious and social obedience to their husbands. Cromwell won wars against the Spanish and Dutch. Cromwell appointed ‘Major Generals’ to rule the 11 districts he created. This improved England’s reputation abroad. They were very strict and disliked by the population.
37 17. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Cromwell’s actions
Positive actions Positive actions
Created England’s first permanent navy. Refused the title of ‘King’ several times because he was not interested in
This allowed England to become one of the world’s great powers. personal glory.
Ended the Ship Tax. Defended his nation and stopped any threats to the security of England
and the Commonwealth. Reformed laws to make them fairer, removing the death penalty Has been called the ‘Father of Democracy’ because his actions after the for many crimes. Revolution allowed much of the monarch’s power to be given to Changed the way judges were chosen to make sure only fair and Parliament. honest men were appointed. Reformed the army so that men were promoted for being good soldiers, Allowed all faiths to practice their religion without fear of not because of how much money they had. persecution. Banned excessive celebrations at Christmas so that the religious meaning Invited the Jews back to England for the first time in 400 years. could be focused on. 38 18. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Cromwell’s actions
Negative actions
His brutal campaign in Ireland led to the death of around 7000 people.
Banned Christmas celebrations such as presents, drinking and luxurious food.
Was a brutal military leader who believed in crushing his enemies.
Created a new system of government called the Major-Generals.
This split England into 11 districts, each ruled by a Major-General.
They were very strict and seen as military dictators.
39 19. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Life in Restoration England
Religion Religion
Parliament created the ‘Clarendon Code’ in 1660 to discourage Conventicle Act 1664: Religious meetings of more than 5 people were religious freedom. banned unless they belonged to the Church of England.
Corporation Act 1661: Everyone who works for the government Lasted until 1689. must swear an oath of loyalty to the Church of England. Five Mile Act 1665: Ministers who refused to follow the Church of
Lasted until 1828 England were not allowed to come within 5 miles of a town they were
Act of Uniformity 1661: Every Church in England had to use the banned from.
Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Lasted until 1812.
Features of this act lasted until 2010. Jews were allowed to practice their faith as long as it was peaceful and
followed the law.
40 20. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Life in Restoration England
Government and power Government and power
Charles II gained support of many key political figures who had been In 1664 Parliament reversed the Triennial Act 1641, which said important in the Commonwealth and gave them roles in his new that the king had to call Parliament at least once every 3 years. government. This gave Charles complete control over how often Parliament
Charles was worried about Parliament’s attitudes towards religion, so would be in session. he dissolved it and hoped to elect a more Royalist Parliament that Taxes could only be raised with Parliament’s permission would agree with his ideas. Parliament became less easy for Charles II to control. The ‘Cavalier Parliament’ was elected in 1661, containing many Royalist They rejected many of his proposed laws. MPs. During the ‘Exclusion Crisis’ of 1678-1681 they tried to exclude his They limited Charles II’s powers but allowed him to choose his own brother James from inheriting the throne just because he was a ministers and advisors. Catholic.
41 21. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Life in Restoration England
Society and everyday life Society and everyday life
Charles became known as the ‘Merry Monarch’. Everyday life became more relaxed as Charles reversed many of
He had lots of expensive parties and liked to play sports. Cromwell’s strict laws, which had banned things such as:
• Hobbies became popular again, such as: Opening alehouses • • Singing and dancing Doing work or playing sports on Sundays • • Gambling Using the word ‘God’
• Playing sports Charles reintroduced Christmas celebrations.
• Going to the theatre People were allowed to give gifts and eat special foods again.
Exotic goods began to be trade in England: Public executions and other gory events such as bear-baiting • Furs from North America became popular entertainments. • Tea from China
42 22. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Glorious Revolution 1688
Cause Description Cause Description
Religion James II was an enthusiastic Catholic. James’ 1687: James dissolved Parliament.
Appointed Catholics to high ranks in the army and in relationship with He hoped to elect a new Parliament
government. Parliament which would support his belief in the
1687 Declaration of Indulgence: ends punishments Divine Right of Kings.
for being Catholic.
This worried the Protestants in Parliament.
Catholic James’ Protestant daughter Mary was the heir to the succession throne.
In June 1688 James had a son, who was Catholic,
which changed the line of succession.
43 23. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Glorious Revolution 1688
Event Description Event Description
Immortal 7 6 MPs and 1 Bishop wrote to William of Orange Bill of Rights Parliament invited William and Mary to be
June 1688 (James’ son-in-law) to ask him to help England. Feb 1689 King and Queen.
William William of Orange gathered an army and sets sail. They passed the Bill of Rights, which invaded Nov He landed in Torbay in Devon and began to march to limited the power of the monarch
1688 London William and William and Mary became joint monarchs
James lost Many of James’ supporters changed sides and joined Mary are support William’s army. crowned
Dec 1688 This worried James, so he escaped to France with his April 1689
wife and son.
44 24. Year 7 History: 1509-1745 Glorious Revolution 1688
Consequence Description Consequence Description
Bill of Rights Made it illegal for monarchs to rule without Parliament. Act of Settlement Gave the throne to the Hanover dynasty
1689 Made it illegal to raise taxes without the consent of 1701 Ensured all monarchs must be Protestant.
Parliament. Economy Bank of England was founded in 1694. Named Mary’s Protestant sister Anne as the next heir Parliament began to look more closely at the Made it illegal to hold a standing army in peacetime monarch’s spending.
Toleration Act Gave freedom of worship to people of all faiths except Only Parliament was allowed to raise taxes.
1689 Catholics. England and the Netherlands were now
Triennial Act Ordered general elections to be held every three years. allies, which increased trade.
1694
45 Year 7 History
Ideas, political power, industry and empire including Derby as Local History Study
1745-1901
46 1. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Derby and the Enlightenment (1760 – 1830)
Enlightenment Why they are important Enlightenment figure Why they are important figure John Whitehurst Clock and instrument maker. Scientist who
Erasmus Darwin Set up the Derby Philosophical Society in 1783. Great scientist – helped to develop the science of Geology
writing about plant biology. Doctor. Had been a member of the – the study of the Earth’s structure.
Lunar Society. Grandfather of Charles Darwin William Duesbury Successful business man who set up
Joseph Wright Famous Artist and Associate of the Royal Academy . Known for Crown Derby.
his paintings dealing with light and shade and also with William Strutt Member of the Derby Philosophical
scientific themes. Society. Great architect designing fire-
Josiah Member of the Derby Philosophical Society. Successful proof cotton mills.
Wedgwood businessman owning a famous pottery works in Stoke and
developing modern marketing methods.
47 2. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Industrial Derby
Industry Details
Textiles Silk Mills had been set up in Derby by 1727. The Silk industry
was a major employer in the town between the 1720s and
the 1840s.
The Silk Mill was water powered, using the River Derwent to
drive machinery.
Cotton Mills were set up in Derbyshire between 1770 and
1800.
The Derby Lock Out of 1833-34 was one of the earliest Trades
Union disputes when Silk Mill owners banned workers who
had joined a union.
48 3. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 19th Century Reforms
Changes/aspects of life Details
Public Health Industrial development meant that towns grew
quickly.
People moved into the towns and cities to look for
work.
Living conditions were very bad.
Overcrowding was common.
Poor sewerage and poor water supply were
common.
People living in towns had shorter life expectancy
than people living in the country.
49 4. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Industrial Derby
Industry Details
Railways Railways became a big employer of people in Derby after 1839.
In 1839 Derby Railway station was built and Derby was
connected to Birmingham and Sheffield.
In 1844 the Midland Railway based itself in Derby and set up
carriage and waggon works.
As Britain’s railway network grew employment in Derby
developed and the got much bigger.
In 1878 the Great Northern Railway built a second station in
Derby at Friar Gate.
50 5. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Industrial Derby
Industry Details
Rolls Royce The Rolls Royce company was set up in 1906 and moved to Derby in 1908
to make cars.
In 1914 Rolls Royce started to make aircraft engines to power planes in
World War One
In World War 2 many of the RAF’s planes had Rolls Royce Engines and in
1944 the company started to make jet engines.
Rolls Royce works were a target for German air raids in World War 2.
In 1946 Rolls Royce stopped making cars in Derby
51 6. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Derby and Culloden
Key questions Details Key questions Details
Why did the The Jacobites were supporters of the House of How did the James Stuart’s son, Charles Edward Stuart, or
Jacobite Stuart. Jacobites end up in Bonnie Prince Charlie landed in Scotland in 1745 rebellion After Queen Anne’s death in 1714 the House of Derby? and raised an army to win the throne for his happen? Stuart were replaced as Monarchs of the United father.
Kingdom because the remaining family members Bonnie Prince Charlie and his supporters soon
were Roman Catholic. took control of Edinburgh and Scotland and
The Jacobites took their name from the Latin for marched into England.
James. James II had been deposed as King in 1688 They invaded as far south as Derby but turned
because of his Catholic faith. Jacobites wanted his back after a few days believing a large
son to become James III. government army blocked their route to London.
52 7. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Derby and Culloden
Key questions Details
How were the By April 1746 the Jacobite army were back in Scotland and
Jacobites defeated were short of money and food. and what was the The help they expected from France did not arrive. result? Government forces defeated them at the Battle of Culloden.
Many of the defeated Jacobites had been Gaelic speaking
Highland Scots.
Over the next couple of decades Gaelic Highland Scots
culture was swept away.
53 8. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 19th Century Reforms
Changes/aspects of life Details
Chartism – the Chartists After 1832 most men still could not vote. You had to be well
existed as a mass off to vote or be an MP.
movement between Voting was not done in secret.
1836 and 1848. Many felt British politics did not work for ordinary people.
The Chartists wanted to allow all men to vote and be able to
become MPs.
They wanted to reform politics.
They campaigned using petitions, marches, newspapers and
sometimes violence.
54 9. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 19th Century Reforms
Changes/aspects of life Details
Factory Reform There were no laws controlling they way people were
made to work in early factories.
Many children, like Robert Blincoe were treated very
cruelly when they worked in the Mills.
People campaigned to pass laws controlling factory
work.
The Factory Act of 1833 banned children under 9
years old from working in textile mills.
Children Aged 9 to 13 could only work part time and
had to go to school.
55 10. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Queen Victoria’s Reign
1837 1901
Population of the United Kingdom was 26.9 million. Population of the United Kingdom was 41.6 million.
More people lived in villages than towns. Most people lived in towns
Farming was the biggest employer although industry was Britain was an industrial nation and only a small percentage of the developing. population worked in farming.
Most work was done with hand powered tools. Most factories ran on steam power and some used electricity.
Transport and communication was very slow. Railways made quick travel possible.
The railways were new and only beginning to grow. They allowed the development of national newspapers and
Peoples’ lives revolved around their local community. sporting competitions.
People travelled to the seaside for holidays.
56 11. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Queen Victoria’s Reign
1837 1901
Very few people went to school. Everyone aged 5 to 11 years old went to school.
Law and order was still harsh if you were caught. All areas had a police service and prison.
Only the rich could vote. Nearly all men could vote.
The Whig and Tory factions controlled politics. The Liberal and Conservative parties controlled politics.
Britain was a powerful nation with a growing Empire. The Royal Navy Britain was the most powerful nation and controlled a quarter of the was very powerful World’s land. The Navy dominated the Oceans.
57 12. Year 7 History: 1745-1901 Ireland and Home Rule
Date Event Date Event
1801 Ireland becomes a part of the United Kingdom. 1885 Irish Parliamentary Party won the majority of Irish seats in the General
1845 -9 Irish Famine caused by potato blight Election.
1848 Young Ireland Rebellion fails 1886 First Irish Home Rule Bill was defeated in Parliament.
1858 Irish Republican Brotherhood set up to gain Irish 1893 Second Irish Home Rule Bill was passed by the House of Commons but
Independence was defeated in the House of Lords.
1867 Fenian uprising fails 1912 Third Irish Home Rule Bill was passed by the Houses of Parliament. It
was suspended in 1914 on the outbreak of World War 1. 1870 Irish Government Association set up to campaign
for Irish Home rule. 1912 The Ulster Volunteers were set up in Belfast to prevent Irish Home Rule.
1882 Irish Parliamentary Party set up by Charles 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin by the Irish Volunteers is defeated and brutally
Steward Parnell to campaign for Irish Home rule. crushed.
58 Year 7 History
Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world
1901-1918
59 1. Year 7: 1901-1918 Causes of the Liberal Reforms
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1886- Charles Booth’s Charles Booth’s made a survey called ‘Life and 1901 Seebohm Rowntree published his study called
1903 enquiry Labour of the People in London’. Rowntree’s ‘Poverty: A Study of Town Life’ based on the
It found that 30% of employed Londoners study people of York in 1901.
were so poor they could not afford food. 28% did not have the minimum amount of
1899 Boer War The government needed soldiers to fight in money to live on at some time in their life.
the Boer War in South Africa. People feared that Britain would fall behind
Whilst recruiting it was found that 40% of all countries like Germany who had a good
young men who volunteered were unfit to welfare system.
be soldiers.
60 2. Year 7: 1901-1918 Causes of the Liberal Reforms
Date Event Details
1904 ‘Physical Deterioration of The government investigated why so many men did not
the People’ report reach army requirements and created a report.
The report said that many men were too unhealthy to join
the army.
1906 New Liberal Government Some politicians, including Winston Churchill and David Lloyd-
George from the Liberal Party wanted the government to
improve public health.
In 1906 the Liberal Party won the general election and started to
introduce new laws which were aimed to improve the lives of
people in Britain.
61 3. Year 7: 1901-1918 The Liberal Reforms
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1906 School Meals Act This law allowed local councils to provide 1908 The Children This law made children into ‘protected
free school meals to poorer children. and Young persons’ so parents could be punished for
By 1914, over 158,000 children were having Person’s Act neglecting or abusing their children.
free school meals every day. 1911 National This law introduced unemployment benefit, free
1907 Children’s health The government paid for free clinics to be Insurance Act medical treatment and sickness pay.
setup in schools. Pensions were introduced and the first job centres
1907 Educating women From 1907 onwards schools were setup to were built.
educate young women about the benefits 1918 Health From 1918 local councils had to provide health
of breastfeeding, hygiene and childcare. visitors visitors, clinics for pregnant women and day nurseries.
1930 Slum The council began to build new houses for poorer
clearance families.
program By 1930 a huge slum clearance programme began.
62 4. Year 7: 1901-1918 The Liberal Reforms
Keyword Meaning
Poverty The state of being extremely poor.
Recruitment The action of enlisting new people in the armed
forces.
Deterioration The process of becoming progressively worse.
Welfare Government benefits given to poorer people to help
them live to a good standard of living.
63 5. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women's’ Suffrage until 1914
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1906 New Prime New Liberal Prime Minister, Sir Henry 1908 New New Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, was elected who
Minister- Campbell-Bannerman, supported votes Prime was against giving women the vote.
Campbell- for women but his ministers were divided. Minister- The Suffragettes and Suffragists organised demonstrations
Bannerman Some Suffragettes protested outside the Asquith in London but the government changed nothing.
Houses of Commons and were arrested. The Suffragettes launched a window smashing campaign
1907 Mud March The Suffragists organised a march in and chained themselves to the railings outside Downing
London. Street.
Over 3000 women joined the march 1909 Hunger More Suffragettes were sent to prison.
even though it rained. strikes They went on hunger strikes in prison but the
government force-fed them against their will.
64 6. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women's’ Suffrage until 1914
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1910 Black The Suffragettes called off their violent campaigns 1912 Suffragette The Suffragettes started a massive window-
Friday when the PM agreed to work with them. window- smashing campaign, many were arrested.
A law was sent to parliament to give women smashing Many of the prisoners across the country went on
the vote but it was not passed. campaign hunger strikes but were force-fed.
The Suffragettes protested against by fighting the 1913 Death of Violence increased- buildings were bombed/burnt
police. Emily down and turf at golf courses were burned.
1911 Calling of The Suffragettes called a truce hoping that a law to Davison Emily Davison, a Suffragette, tried to pin a ‘Votes for
a truce give women the vote was passed. Women’ badge on the King’s horse during the Epsom
which The government did not give the women the vote Derby but was trampled and killed by the horse.
backfired but instead gave more men the vote instead.
Suffragettes restarted their violent campaign.
65 7. Year 7: Britain since 1901 Women's’ Suffrage until 1914
Date Event Details
1914 The First Suffragette violence increased.
World War The British public were firmly against the Suffragettes due to their
begins violence.
The First World War began so the Suffragettes and Suffragists stopped
their campaigning to help with the war effort.
66 8. Year 7: 1901-1918 Long Term Causes of the First World War
Cause Definition Example Cause Definition Example
Militarism The belief that a By 1914: Imperialism When a country Britain had a big empire and
country should have a Britain had 248,000 soldiers wants to expand its the Kaiser was jealous of this,
strong army and use it Germany had 2,200,000 soldiers power by invading he wanted a big empire too as
when a problem France had 1,800,000soldiers other countries and he felt that Germany should
occurs. Russia had 3,400,000. soldiers colonising them to be seen as a world power.
Alliances When countries agree, Germany, Austria and Italy created make an empire.
sometimes through a the Triple Alliance in 1882. Nationalism When a country felt Germany defeated France
treaty or through Britain, France and Russia formed it was more superior during the Franco-Prussian
promises, to protect an alliance, called the Triple than other countries war, 1871.
one another against Entente in 1907. and tried to prove it. Germany took Alsace-Lorraine,
threats. French land, when they won.
67 9. Year 7: 1901-1918 Short term causes of the First World War
Date Event Date Event
28th June 1914 The Archduke of Austria-Hungary (next in line to the throne), 4th August Britain declared war on Germany in order to protect
Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip who was 1914 Belgium as Britain had an alliance with Belgium (Treaty of
part of a Serbian terrorist group, the Black Hand Gang. London) which was signed in 1839.
28th July 1914 The Austrian government blamed Serbia and declared war on 23rd August Belgium and British forces delayed the Germans at the
Serbia. 1914 Battle of Mons which gave France enough time to prepare.
1st August Russia prepared its army to protect Serbia from Austrian 6th-12th The French fought the Germans at the Battle of Marne.
1914 attack. September This battle saved Paris from German capture, forcing the
Germany declared war on Russia. 1914 Germans to retreat and dig trenches.
3rd August Germany declared war on France, and invaded neutral End of August Russia mobilised (readied) their army sooner than the
1914 Belgium to try and invade France through Belgium. 1914 Germans had hoped and planned for.
This was known as the Schlieffen plan. Germany faced a war on two fronts (sides).
68 10. Year 7 1901-1918: Events of the First World War
Date Event Date Event
1914 The Schlieffen Plan failure and the Battle of Marne 1916 (Feb-Dec) The Battle of Verdun lasts 10 months. The Germans, using
leads to Germany not being able to take Paris. heavy artillery fire from 1200 guns, tried to break the
Both sides dig trenches- the war is in stalemate. stalemate with France.
Russia loses at the Battle of Tannenburg against The Germans were able to make steady advancement
Austria-Hungary. against the French
1915 Bulgaria join Germany and attack Serbia. Italy joins May 1916 At the Battle of Jutland the British and Germans used their
the Allied forces and attacks Austria-Hungary. dreadnoughts against each other.
The Allies planned attack on Turkey fails and led to Britain lost 14 ships whereas, Germany lost 11.
150,000 Allied soldiers being wounded or killed. Germany fled during the night as they had a smaller fleet.
Britain was able to prevent important supplies from getting
into Germany- this was known as a blockade.
69 11. Year 7: 1901-1918 Events of the First World War
Date Event Date Event
1916 (July- The Battle of the Somme began. 1917 American joins the war on the side of the Allies.
Nov) The purpose was to relieve the pressure at Verdun to stop Germany had sank many American supply ships including the
Germany from taking Paris. Lusitania where 128 Americans died.
On the first day of the Somme 60,000 British soldiers died Germany sent a message to Mexico asking them to declare war
this rose to 420,000 by November. on America.
The Germans lost 650,000 soldiers which allowed the French By the end of the war 2 million US soldiers were in France.
to push back at Verdun regaining the territory they had lost. Due to the Bolsheviks taking control of Russia in November,
1917 (July- When the Battle of Passchendaele began there was a Russia agreed to a ceasefire with Germany.
November) stalemate for a month due to heavy gun fire being used. 1918 The Germans launched the Hindenburg Offensive in March but
When the Britain and Canada troops captured Passchendaele were stopped when they were 80km from Paris.
village, it was destroyed, and they only gained 5 miles. German forces to agreed to the end of the war (signing the
Germany was weakened as they were losing troops fast. Armistice) on the 11th November 1918.
70 12. Year 7: 1901-1918 Ireland during the First World War Nationalist: Mainly Catholic and lived in the South. Wanted
Ireland to remain independent.
Unionist: Mainly Protestant and lived in the North. Wanted to
remain part of the UK.
Date Event
1916 Easter rising in Dublin. Even though it was easily Date Event
defeated it increased support for an independent 1920 Britain sends ex-soldiers (Black and Tans) to stop the
Ireland. fighting. This only made the situation worse.
1918 In the election Sinn Fein gain the most seats and 1921 A solution was found. Southern Ireland would become
declare Ireland independent from Britain. independent and the North where most Protestant
The IRA (Irish Republican Army) begin live would become Northern Ireland and remain part
attacking British troops and police. of the United Kingdom.
71 13. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women during the First World War
Date Event Details Date Event Details
From 1914 Suffragists support Millicent Fawcett called for all women to 1915 Shortage of workers By 1915 British factories were facing a
the war effort support the war effort in August 1914. shortage of workers as millions of men left
The Suffragists organized women to take their jobs to fight in the war.
over men’s jobs as they left for war and even 1915 ‘Women’s Right to The Suffragettes worked with the
offered training courses to help women in Serve’ march government to organise a march which
their new roles. encouraged women to take over men’s jobs.
They still had meetings, though, to discuss
how to get women the vote.
72 14. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women during the First World War
Date Event Details
From 1915 White feather campaign Suffragettes started to pin white feathers to men they saw in the streets as onwards the white feather represented cowardice and was used to shame men into
enlisting in the army.
January 1917 Women’s Land Army Due to German submarines targeting British supply ships, food was low and even
though people received rations they still depended on what could be grown in
Britain.
The Women’s Land Army was founded in January 1917 so that enough food was
produced.
However, only 16,000 women joined.
Most of the work on the farms was done by women already living in rural villages.
73 15. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women during the First World War
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1918 Some women Parliament passed an act granting 1928 Equal voting rights The Equal Franchise Act was a law which
gain the vote the vote to women over the age of 30 gave women equal voting rights to men. All
who were householders, the wives of householders, men and women aged 21 and over were
occupiers of property with an annual rent of £5, and allowed to vote.
graduates of British universities.
About 8.4 million women gained the vote.
The voting age for men was 21.
The majority of women who had helped during the war
were young, working class women who did not get to
vote under the 1918 law.
74 16. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women during the First World War
Conditions in Munition factories Conditions in Munition factories
Women working During the course of the Frist World War 1 million TNT poisoning For women handling explosives, in particular TNT, they to support the women took on jobs in munition factories making suffered from flu like symptoms. war shells (bullets) and weaponry to support the soldiers The front of their hair turned orange and their skin turned
fighting in the war. yellow.
Injuries in The conditions in the factories were unsafe with acid They were being slowly poisoned by the TNT. munition burning skin, fumes causing breathing issues and These women were called ‘canaries’ due to the colour of factories exploding shells even causing death. their skin turning yellow like the canary bird’s feathers. Internally the TNT caused some to become infertile which
meant they were not able to have children.
75 17. Year 7: 1901-1918 Women during the First World War
Industry Women employed in 1914 Women employed in 1918 Keyword Meaning
Munitions 200,000 1,000,000 Cowardice Lack of bravery or honour.
Transport 20,000 100,000 Munitions Military weapons, ammunition, equipment, and stores.
Government 10,000 200,000 Rationing Certain foods, such as- sugar, meat and butter were
Agriculture 200,000 250,000 rationed meaning everyone was only allowed a fixed
amount of each.
Franchise The right to vote in public elections.
76 Year 7 History
Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world
1918-present day
77 1. Year 7: 1918-present Britain in the Great Depression
Date Event Date Event
1928 Women over 21 gained the vote in Britain. 1938 Government tried to help and make more money available
1929 Wall Street Crash leads to a Worldwide economic to the hardest hit areas.
downturn (Depression). 1939 The outbreak of war brought more jobs in factories and in
1932 Nearly 20% of workers in the worst hit areas were the military.
unemployed. The worst effects of the Depression were over.
1932 British Union of Fascists is founded by Sir Oswald Mosley.
1936 Jarrow Crusade – march from Jarrow, in Northern England,
to London to take a petition to Parliament.
78 2. Year 7: 1918-present Democracy: People have more freedom in their lives.
Rise of dictators They can vote for who their leader is.
Dictatorship: People have little freedom and cannot vote in elections.
Date Event
1917 Russia becomes Communist, following Karl Marx's Date Event
ideas. 1929 Stalin becomes undisputed leader of the USSR after a brief
power struggle. 1919 Italy is disappointed at its lack of reward from the
Treaty of Versailles after WW1. 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.
1922 Russia becomes the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist 1936-39 Spanish Civil War.
Republics). General Franco wins and establishes a dictatorship in Spain
1922 Mussolini becomes leader of Italy. until 1975.
79 3. Year 7: 1918-present Events of the Second World War
Date Event Date Event
1939 Nazi aeroplanes and tanks attacked Poland in a Blitzkrieg June 1941 Hitler invaded Germany and did well at first.
Bliztkreig (lightning war). Hitler By December 1941, the cold Russian winter set in
Poland was quickly defeated. In May, France was invaded and invades and Nazi equipment froze solid.
defeated as well. Russia The German army was forced to retreat leaving
26 May to 4 British troops in France became trapped and needed to be thousands of soldiers who had frozen to death.
June 1940 rescued by the British Navy. 7th Germany’s ally Japan attacked America‘s naval base
Dunkirk They managed to evacuate 338,226 soldiers from the December at Pearl Harbour. 2,403 Americans were killed.
beaches at Dunkirk. 1941 The following day the USA declared war on Japan and
July 1940- Hitler tried to invade Britain. Pearl Germany declared war on America.
October 1940 The Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe fought the Harbour
Battle of Battle of Britain above southeast England.
Britain It ended in Britain’s first victory in the war.
80 4. Year 7: 1918-present Events of the Second World War
Date Event Date Event
23 Oct 1942 – 11 Germany and Britain were fighting in Egypt over the oil 6th June 1944 The Russians were attacking Germany from the east
Nov 1942 supplies in the Middle East. D-Day so Britain and the USA agreed attack from the west.
Battle of El Alamein The British won. This meant invading France across the English
August 1942- The German general, von Paulus, tried to hold on to the Channel.
February 1943 city of Stalingrad against the brave Russian soldiers. This was the day when the landings on the
Battle of Stalingrad When the ground froze the German tanks could no Normandy beaches began.
longer move. 7 May 1945 Hitler commits suicide.
The Germans had no choice but to surrender in Germany Germany surrendered to the Allies.
February 1943. surrendered
By then 70,000 German soldiers had died.
81 5. Year 7: 1918-present Precision bombing: Hitting specific targets in a city e.g. railways or factories. The Blitz and Dresden Area bombing: Bombing whole areas of a city with no specific target.
Date Event Date Event
7th September The main Blitz campaign against Britain. 13th February 1945 Dresden was bombed.
1940 – 11th May Over 40,000 civilians were killed and two A firestorm started that killed at least 150,000
1941 million homes were destroyed. civilians.
14-15 November Coventry was bombed by the Germans. 9th-10th March 1945 US air force bombed Tokyo.
1940 568 people were killed. Over a million homes were destroyed and over
27th July 1942 Rolls Royce was bombed killing 23 people, the 100,000 people were killed.
city's worst night.
82 6. Year 7: 1918-present Causes of the creation of the Welfare State
Cause Details Cause Details
War Due to the death and destruction of the First and Second Role of the In 1942, Sir William Beveridge wrote a report about the state
World War people believed the government should help individual- of Britain.
support society through welfare. Beveridge It stated everyone in the country had the right to be free of
People wanted a better and fairer healthcare system. the ‘five giants’ that could negatively affect their lives.
Many middle-class families in the countryside had been The ‘five giants’ were: disease, want (need), ignorance,
shocked by the health of some of the evacuee children during idleness and squalor.
WW2. The report became a best-seller with over 100,000 copies
being sold in in its first month of being published.
83 7. Year 7: 1918-present Causes of the creation of the Welfare State
Cause Details
Government After the Second World War a political election-the Labour
Party won.
Labour had promised they would follow the advice of the
Beveridge Report.
Winston Churchill lost the election because his party, the
Conservatives, did not agree with the Beveridge Report.
84 8. Year 7: 1918-present The Labour Government, led by Clement Attlee, kept their promise and The Welfare State introduced several changes which linked to the Beveridge Report of 1942.
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1944 The Education Act Secondary education a free right for 1946 National Insurance Act Benefits were given to any worker who
all. was became unemployed, injured or
The age of school leavers was sick.
increased to 15. 1948 National Health The NHS was set up in 1948 and gave
1945 Family Allowance Families were given a weekly Service Act free healthcare to all.
Act allowance payment to help with 1947 Town and Country Slums and bomb-damaged housing was
childcare costs. Planning Act cleared.
Many of the poorest people in Britain
were relocated to new cities and towns.
85 9. Year 7: 1918-present The Welfare State
Key Individuals Details Keyword Meaning
William He wrote a report about the ‘5 giants’ which Welfare Government benefits given to poorer people to help them
Beveridge negatively affect people’s lives and urged the achieve a good standard of living.
government to help people overcome these Evacuee Many children were evacuated from the cities during WW2
issues. due to the bombings.
Winston Prime Minister of Britain from, 1940-45 during Many of the people in countryside were appalled by the
Churchill WW2. poor health of the evacuated children.
Clement Attlee Prime Minister of Britain from, 1945-51. Idleness When someone does nothing or has nothing to do.
He introduced several laws which created a Squalor Living in extremely dirty conditions due to poverty.
Welfare State in Britain.
86 10. Year 7: 1918-present Causes of Immigration after the Second World War
Cause Details Cause Details
Government The British Nationality Act was passed in Economic In 1956 the London Transport launched a scheme where they paid for
1948 by the British government. migrants’ boat fare to help recruit more workers.
People from the Commonwealth Many immigrants came from the West Indies as the economy there had been
(countries who had been the in the badly affected by hurricanes. War and After gaining its independence in 1947 it was split into India and Pakistan. British empire) were allowed to come violence There was lots of violence especially for people living on the new border and live in Britain.
The National Health Service (NHS) was (mainly Sikhs in Punjab).
opened in 1948. People left India to escape the violence. When Kenya gained its independence in 1963 the Asian community which had The British government recruited people settled there was given a choice- leave Kenya or give up their British passport. from the Commonwealth to work in the Many fled to Britain as they feared being discriminated against. NHS.
87 11. Year 7: 1918-present Experience of Immigrants after the Second World War
Positives Negatives
Many people left their countries to come to Britain for Educated people who migrated to Britain had to accept jobs better job opportunities. they were overqualified for- e.g. teachers/lawyers became
cleaners in Britain. People from the Caribbean were able to take pride in It was difficult to find good housing- many landlords put up helping the ‘Mother country’ once again by helping to signs which said, ‘Rooms for rent, no black need apply’. build it up after the war. There was violence and racism against the new migrants after
the Second World War.
The National Front, a group which believes Britain should only
be for white people, increased in popularity.
88 12. Year 7: 1918-present UK Black Rights since the Brixton Riots
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1981 The Scarman This investigated the causes of the Brixton 1987 First black Bernie Grant, Paul Boateng and Diane
Report Riots and found that overuse of ‘stop and MPs Abbott became the first black Members of
search’ by the police was causing anger in Parliament in England.
black communities. 1988 First British Naomi Campbell became the first black
After the report more black police officers Black model to be on the cover of French Vogue (a
were recruited and the Police Complaints Supermodel fashion magazine).
Authority was created for people to She was also on the cover of British Vogue
complain about unfair treatment by the the year before which had not had a black
police. model on the cover since 1966.
89 13. Year 7: 1918-present UK Black Rights since the Brixton Riots
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1990 First black EastEnders, a British soap television 1999 The Following the Stephen Lawrence murder, there
family on programme, introduced its first black family, Macpherson was an investigation completed by Sir William
EastEnders the Taverniers, to the show. Report Macpherson into if the police did their job
1993 Stephen Stephen Lawrence, a black 18-year old from properly.
Lawrence South London, was stabbed to death waiting The report found that the Metropolitan Police
murder at a bus stop. was institutionally racists, meaning they did not
It took several months before any arrests do everything in their power to investigate the
were made and the 4 suspects were found murder due to the victim being black.
not guilty because there was not enough
evidence.
90 14. Year 7: 1918-present UK Black Rights since the Brixton Riots
Date Event Details Date Event Details
2000 Race Following the advice of the Macpherson 2011 Mark Duggan The England Riots were a serious of riots which
Relations Act Report, the Race Relations Act (a law which and the occurred across England between 6th-11th
Amendment was supposed to ensure ethnic equality) England Riots August.
requires all public institutions, including The riots were in reaction to the shooting and
colleges and universities, to take action to death of Mark Duggan (a 29-year old black man)
promote ethnic equality. by police.
The riots started in London and spread as far as
Manchester, there were even riots/lootings in
Derby.
91 15. Year 7: 1918-present UK Black Rights since the Brixton Riots
Date Event Details Date Event Details
2012 John Terry John Terry was accused of using racist 2019 Stormzy Stormzy became the first black solo British
fined by the language against Anton Ferdinand during a headlines artist to headline and perform at the
FA football match. I Glastonbury Glastonbury festival.
n court Terry was found not guilty as the He was congratulated by other musician for
court said it was a misunderstanding and making ‘cultural history’ and being ‘iconic’,
there was not enough evidence.
The FA fined Terry £220,000 and banned for
four football matches but was still able to
remain as the captain of the Chelsea FC.
92 16. Year 7: 1918-present Women’s experiences from 1939 to 1976
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1939-45 During the Women were recruited into working during 1967 Abortion This law made abortion legal.
Second World the Second World War to replace the men Act
War who left to fight. 1967 Family Allowed the contraceptive pill to be
Eight times as many women took on war Planning given to married women for free
work in the Second World War compared to Act through the NHS.
the First World War.
The government even provided nurseries for
women with children.
93 17. Year 7: 1918-present Women’s experiences from 1939 to 1976
Date Event Details Date Event Details
1969 Divorce This law made it easier for women to get a 1975 Sex This outlawed sexual discrimination in the
Reform Act divorce. Discrimination workplace meaning employers could not
Act discriminate against a person due to their gender.
1970 Matrimonial This law meant that women kept some of the 1976 Domestic This allowed women who were married or living
Property Act property if she divorced. Violence Act with their partner to get a court order to help
1970 Equal Pay Act This law granted equal wages for women and men remove violent
doing the same work. partners /husbands from the home. The law was not enforced until 1975 and did not
deal with the issue of women being passed over for
promotion or training.
94 18. Year 7: 1918-present Women’s experiences from 1939 to 1976
Women’s experiences in the home Keyword Meaning
Technology New technology such as the refrigerator and vacuum cleaner led to Matrimonial Referring to marriage or married people.
women spending less time food shopping and cleaning which gave Discrimination Unfair treatment of someone or a group based
them more time for other activities. on their gender, sexuality, ethnicity, skin colour,
Choice Most women were able to choose to spend their spare time on religion, age etc.
leisure activities, socialising and shopping. Domestic Violent, aggressive behaviour, neglect, mental
Expectations Psychological studies suggested that children benefitted from violence abuse within the home involving one partner
spending the first 5 years of their life with their mothers. abusing another.
Women were torn between caring for their children and wanting
to work.
95 19. Year 7: 1918-present Britain 1950s-2000s
Decade Key changes Britain population World population
(millions) (billions)
1950s 1952 – First jet aircraft took holiday makers abroad. 50 2.5
1955 – over 3 million car owners in Britain and ITV was launched.
1957- USSR launched the first satellite.
1960s 1961 – 2.6 million people went on holiday abroad. First man on the moon (Yuri Gagarin). 53 3
1965 – First PC went on sale.
1969 – Concorde made its first flight.
1970s 1971 – Britain currency went decimal (no more shillings or half pennies) 54 3.7
1973 – Britain joined the European Economic Community (now the EU).
1979 – Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister of the UK.
Unemployment was 1.5 million.
96 20. Year 7: 1918-present Britain 1950s-2000s
Decade Key changes Britain population World population
(millions) (billions)
1980s 1982 – Channel 4 launched. 56 4.5
1984 – Miners' strike in Britain.
1989 – Sky launched, and the World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners Lee.
1990s 1990 – 20 million cars in Britain and around 20 million people took holidays abroad. 59 5.5
1994 – PlayStation One was launched.
1997 – Harry Potter and Philosopher's Stone was published.
2000s 2001 – Apple launched the iPod, followed in 2007 by the iPhone. 61 6
2001 – Terrorists flew planes into the Twin Towers in New York, in 2005 terrorists
bombed buses and trains in London.
2008 – 70% of adults owned a mobile phone
97 21. Year 7: 1918-present Student Protests in the 1960s
Key Dates Description
1965 US sends troops into Vietnam for the first time.
1968 Protests broke out across Europe and America.
May-July 1968 Protests spread throughout the UK.
Students occupied the university at Hornsey Art College.
13th February 1970 Garden House Riot:
Protestors at Cambridge University were protesting events in Greece.
98