1790/DBR/2013

भारत सरकार जल संसाधन मंत्रालय कᴂ द्रीय भूजल बो셍ड GOVT OF MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

महाराष्ट्र रा煍य के अंत셍गत यवतमाल जिले की भिू ल ववज्ञान िानकारी GROUND WATER INFORMATION DISTRICT

By 饍वारा Kartik Dongre का셍तडक 셍ⴂगरे Scientist-C वैज्ञा셍नक ग म鵍य क्षेत्र, नागपुर CENTRAL REGION, 2013 AT A GLANCE 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical Area 13519 sq. km Administrative Divisions : Taluka-16; Yavatmal, Ner, (As on 31/03/2011) , Kalamb, , , , , Mahagaon, Arni, , , , Maragaon, Zhari- Zhamni and Wani Villages : 2108 Population (As per census 2011) : 27,75,457 Male 14,25,593 Female 13,49,864 Literacy 87.00% Sex Ratio 941 Average Annual Rainfall : 850 mm to 1150 mm 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic unit : Three; Satpuda hill range, Plateau and Penganga and plain Major Drainage : Two; Wardha and Penganga, 3. LAND USE (2010-11) Forest Area : 2397 sq. km. Net Area Sown : 8746 sq. km. Cultivable Area : 10095 sq. km. 4. SOIL TYPE Three types of soils, Shallow coarse, Medium black and Deep black 5. PRINCIPAL CROPS (2010-11) Wheat : 160 sq. km. : 3867 sq. km. Jowar : 1092 sq. km. Soyabean : 1664 sq. km. Pulses : 1791 sq. km. 6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (2010-11) Nos./Potential Created (ha) Dugwells : 40945 / 94807 Tubewells/Borewells : 805 / 1921 Tanks/Ponds : 71 / 10095 Other Minor Surface Sources : 7072 / 18360 Net Irrigated Area : 52193 7. GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS (As on 31/03/2011) Dugwells : 46 Piezometers : 19 8. GEOLOGY Recent : Alluvium Upper Cretaceous-Lower : Deccan Trap Basalt Eocene Cretaceous : Lameta Beds Upper Carboniferous - Permian : Gondwana Pre-Cambrian : Vindhyan /Pakhals/Penganga Beds Achaean : Granites/ Gneisses

9. HYDROGEOLOGY Water Bearing Formation : Aquifers belonging to Archean, Penganga Beds, Gondwana, Lameta and Premonsoon Depth to Water : 1.00 to 16.60 m bgl Level (May 2011) Postmonsoon Depth to Water : 0.90 to 15.20 m bgl Level (Nov. 2011) Premonsoon Water Level Trend : Rise: 0.008 to 0.368 m/year (2001-2010) Fall: 0.01 to 0.93 m/year Postmonsoon Water Level Trend : Rise: 0.03 to 0.32 m/year (2001-2010) Fall: 0.009 to 0.91 m/year 10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION (As on 31/03/11) Wells Drilled : EW-78, OW-23, Pz-19 Depth Range : 19.45 to 470.00 m bgl Discharge : 0.13 to 49.40 lps Transmissivity : 2.26 to 202.00 m2/day 11. GROUND WATER QUALITY Good and suitable for drinking and irrigation purpose, except high fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) contamination in parts of Kelapur, and Wani talukas. Type of Water : Ca-HCO3 & Ca-Cl 12. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES- (As on 31/03/2008) Annual Replenishable GW : 1361.65 MCM Resources Total draft (Irrigation + : 421.02 MCM Domestic) Projected Demand (Domestic + : 114.78 MCM Industrial) Stage of Ground Water : 29.85 % Development 13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Mass Awareness Programme : One a. Date : 27/12/04 b. Place : Pahapal c. Participants : 500 Water Management Training : Two Programme a. Date : 12 to 13/03/04 & 28 to 29/10/04 b. Place : Yavatmal. c. Participants : 50 &140 14. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE & RAINWATER HARVESTING Projects Completed : Nil Projects under Technical : Nil Guidance 15. GROUND WATER CONTROL & REGULATION Over Exploited Taluka : None Critical Taluka : None Notified Taluka : None 16. MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Parts of the district i.e., Kelapur, Maregaon and Wani talukas are affected by the high fluoride concentration in ground water.

ii Ground Water Information Yavatmal District

Contents 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 2.0 Climate and Rainfall ...... 4 3.0 Geomorphology and Soil Types ...... 5 4.0 Ground Water Scenario ...... 6 4.1 Hydrogeology...... 6 4.2 Ground Water Resources ...... 12 4.3 Ground Water Quality ...... 16 4.4 Status of Ground Water Development ...... 18 5.0 Ground Water Management Strategy ...... 18 5.1 Ground Water Development ...... 18 5.2 Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge...... 20 6.0 Ground Water Related Issues and Problems...... 21 7.0 Mass Awareness and Training Activities ...... 22 7.1 M.A.P. and W.M.T.P...... 22 7.2 Participation in Exhibition, Mela, Fair etc...... 22 8.0 Areas Notified by CGWA/SGWA ...... 22 9.0 Recommendations ...... 22

List of Figures 1. Location 2. Hydrogeology 3. Depth to Water Level (Premonsoon May-2011) 4. Depth to Water Level (Postmonsoon Nov.-2011) 5. Ground Water Resources 6. Yield Potential List of Tables 1. Studies undertaken by CGWB. 2. Salient Features of Ground Water Exploration. 3. Annual Rainfall Data (2002-2011). 4. Water Level Data (2011) with Long Term Trend (2000-2009). 5. Taluka wise Ground Water Resources (March 2008). 6. Chemical analysis results of Yavatmal district (May-2010) 7. Classification of Ground Water Samples based on BIS Drinking Water Standards (IS-10500-91, Revised 2003). 8. Classification of Ground Water for Irrigation based on SAR and RSC. 9. Nature and Yield Potential of Aquifers. 10. Status of MAP and WMTP.

Ground Water Information Yavatmal District 1.0 Introduction Yavatmal district is one of the eleven districts of Region of Maharashtra. It is bounded on east by district, on south by State and district on west by and districts and on north by and Wardha districts. forms the northeastern boundary of the district. The district lies between 19°26’ and 20°42’ north latitudes and 77°18’ and 79°9’ east longitudes. It falls in parts of the Survey of India Toposheets No. 55L, 55I, 56E, 56I, 56M, covering 13519 sq.km, area. The district headquarters is located at Yavatmal Town. For administrative convenience, the district is divided in 16 talukas viz. Yavatmal, Wani, Maregaon, Pandharkawda, Ghatanji, Ralegaon, Babulgaon, Kalamb, Darwha, Ner, Digras, Pusad, Mahagaon, Umarkhed, Zhari Zhamni and Arni. It has a total population of 27,75,457 as per 2011 census. The district has 13 towns and 2108 villages. The district is well drained by Wardha and Penganga rivers and their tributaries. Central Ground Water Board has taken up several studies in the district. A list of studies conducted in the district is presented in Table-1. Table 1: Studies undertaken by CGWB. S. Officer AAP Type of Survey/Study No. 1. S/Shri V.V. Sable 1967-68 Systematic Hydrogeological K.R. Shrinivasan Survey 2. Shri V.A. Totre 1970-71 -do- 3. Shri V.V. Sable 1971-72 -do- 4. Shri V.V.S. Mani 1972-73 -do- 5. S/Shri A.B. Deshmukh, 1975-76 -do- J.N. Rai and Miss P. Tripathi 6. Shri N. Somasundaram 1981-82 -do- 7. Dr. J. N. Rai 1981-82 -do- 8. Shri S Sudarshana 1986-87 Reappraisal Hydrogeological Studies 9. Shri S.K. Jain 1992-93 -do- 10. Shri G Sudarshan 1992-93 -do- 11. Shri D. Venkateshwaran 1993-94 -do- 12. Shri S.Sudarshana 1993-94 -do-

13. Shri D.Y. Sirsikar 1994-95 -do- 14. Sh. B. R. Lamsoge 2005-06 -do- 15. Sh D. N. Mandal 2005-06 -do- 16. Sh P. Madhnure 2005-06 -do- 17. Sh B. N. Warke 2005-06 -do-

To explore the ground water potential and aquifer properties, exploratory drilling was undertaken by the department during the year 1984 and the drilling programme was completed in the year 1995. Under this programme 78 Exploratory Wells (EW), 23 Observation Wells (OW), and 12 Piezometers (PZ) were constructed. The details of ground water exploration are presented in Table 2 Table 2: Salient Features of Ground Water Exploration. S. Taluka Formation Wells Depth SWL Discharge Zones No. /Aquifer E O PZ (mbgl) (mbgl) (lps) (mbgl) W W 1. Arni Basalt 1 – 2 30.00– 46.50– 0.38 6.0-158.0 200.00 68.00 2. Babul- Basalt 3 1 1 30.00– 5.45– 0.14–3.17 – gaon 128.10 7.65 Sandstone 1 – – 85.40 – – – 3. Darwah Basalt 2 – 1 30.00– 3.45 0.14 – 201.30 4. Digras Basalt 4 – – 189.10– 2.70– 0.60 – 201.30 30.07 5. Ghatanji Basalt 3 – – 173.70– 30.07 0.60– 3.77 46.0-87.0 201.30 Sandstone 1 1 – 201.30 4.00– 1.37– 7.37 – 4.75 6. Jhari- Basalt 1 2 – 77.00– 6.43– 12.18– 12.0-77.0 Jhamni 190.55 6.50 14.88 7. Kalamb Basalt 1 – 1 30.00– – – – 103.70 8. Kelapur Basalt 3 3 2 30.00– 5.70– 3.77–19.66 27.0 - 152.50 50.00 130.0 Limestone 1 – – 201.30 – 1.37 9.0-80.0 9. Maha- Basalt 3 1 – 123.25– 1.90– 1.05–7.76 10.0- gaon 200.00 9.80 138.5 10. Maregaon Basalt 1 1 – 46.95– 13.36– 5.94– 40.8-87.0 48.00 14.00 14.50 Sandstone 1 – – 86.25 2.54 1.37 8.0-19.6 11. Ner Basalt 5 2 1 19.45– 2.20– 0.14– – 201.30 3.38 17.90 12. Pusad Basalt 4 – – 201.30 3.00– 0.14– 1.73 6.0-119.0 23.80

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13. Ralegaon Basalt 1 1 – 130.0– – 3.17–7.76 15.0-75.0 158.0 Limestone 1 – – 201.30 – 1.05 136.0- 140.0 14. Umarkhed Basalt 4 3 – 79.00– 1.55– 1.73–49.40 4.0 -138.0 201.30 10.46 15. Wani Sandstone 31 7 4 31.80– 0.50– 0.13– 10.0- 470.00 19.00 11.60 470.0 16. Yavatmal Basalt 4 1 – 103.70– 3.20– 0.38– – 201.30 64.00 10.98 Sandstone 2 – – 34.30– 6.85– 1.37 24.0 43.95 7.39 Total 78 23 12 19.45– 0.50– 0.13–49.40 10.00 - 470.00 68.00 470.00

Ground Water exploration was aimed at delineating the productive aquifers and ground water worthy areas down to the target depth of 470 metres below ground level (m bgl) in unconsolidated formations and up to 201 m bgl in consolidated formations. The yield ranges from 0.4 litres per second (lps) to 8 lps for a maximum drawdown of 30 m in unconsolidated formations and 0.14 lps to 49.48 lps for a maximum draw down of 49 m in consolidated formation. Productive zones in Basalt are observed down to 138 m bgl, whereas in Sandstone they are observed even down to 470 m bgl. A map of the district showing the taluka boundaries, physical features and location of exploratory and monitoring wells is presented as Figure-1.

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Figure 1: Location 2.0 Climate and Rainfall The Climate of the district is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to September. The temperature rises rapidly after February till May, which is the hottest month of the year. The mean daily maximum temperature during May is 41.8°C and the mean daily minimum temperature during December is 15.1°C The normal annual rainfall varies from about 850 to 1150 mm and it increases from NW to SE direction in the district and reaches maximum around Pandharkawada. The average annual rainfall for the last ten years 2002-2011 ranges from 527.87 mm (Arni) to 985.35 mm (Ralegaon) and the same is presented in Table-3. It is observed that the rainfall has decreased during the last 10 years period.

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Table 3: Annual Rainfall Data (2002-2011). (mm) Taluka 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Yavatmal 1110.40 563.80 661.85 828.40 1288.30 865.86 684.00 540.20 1106.00 845.2 849.40 Babulgaon 761.00 762.00 462.00 612.00 897.30 772.00 456.54 438.50 1013.00 750.1 692.44 Kalamb 1212.00 1218.00 388.12 844.00 1336.00 888.10 483.00 338.40 841.00 578.3 812.69 Darwah 1063.00 594.00 423.66 522.00 1161.40 803.52 569.72 456.80 1209.50 701.4 750.50 Digras 986.30 472.00 462.00 656.00 1253.00 790.00 528.11 738.70 1246.00 864 799.61 Arni 939.00 408.00 282.05 402.00 736.60 468.05 495.00 342.10 708.50 497.4 527.87 Ner 424.00 345.00 329.00 361.00 1051.40 697.00 568.20 481.20 1109.00 911 627.68 Pusad 1325.10 734.80 477.74 687.00 1177.80 673.68 885.40 618.10 1335.80 818 873.34 Umarkhed 647.40 816.30 357.22 512.00 916.50 686.00 570.62 667.30 792.50 865 683.08 Mohagaon 1132.90 1081.00 463.48 1131.00 1051.50 932.50 690.61 638.00 1137.00 839.4 909.74 Wani 658.00 632.90 592.25 697.40 1173.90 958.50 850.80 566.00 1537.00 793 845.97 Maregaon 570.00 496.00 327.04 412.30 1257.00 1197.00 1207.18 631.00 1638.00 1062 879.75 Jhari Jamni 573.00 336.00 323.51 387.00 748.80 525.60 584.40 389.70 879.00 539 528.60 Kelapur 1053.00 742.00 830.00 624.00 1029.90 1007.02 631.13 725.50 1187.00 839.3 866.88 Ghatanji 1114.00 1130.00 438.00 712.00 1402.00 1027.00 853.00 547.20 541.00 774 853.82 Ralegaon 1044.00 1130.00 438.00 712.00 1263.10 1108.00 997.20 829.20 1472.00 860 985.35 District Avg. 913.3 716.36 453.5 631.3 1109 837.5 690.9 559.2 1109.5 783.59 780.41

3.0 Geomorphology and Soil Types The northern fringe of the district is hilly and forms part of Satpura range. South of these hill ranges, covering almost entire north-central parts, constitutes the Alluvial plain. Southern part of the district is characterized by hilly rugged terrain as a part of . Purna is the main river flowing through the district. Other important rivers are Man, Murna and Kate. Three types of soils are observed in the district i.e., (a) The shallow coarse soil which is reddish brown and brownish in colour, occurring in general at higher elevations along the ridges and also at the foothills zone of the major hills (b) The medium black soil is developed along the tributary drainage’s and also along the intermediate gradient area. (c) The deep black soil, which is developed along the lower reaches of Wardha and Penganga riverbeds. They differ from medium black soil in depth and fertility. The soils in the district are slightly alkaline, clayey loamy in texture and contain calcium carbonate.

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4.0 Ground Water Scenario 4.1 Hydrogeology Deccan Trap Basalt is the predominant water bearing formation, followed by Gondwana formation having Sandstone and Shale sequence. Penganga and Quaternary Alluvium aquifers are spread in limited areas. Archean aquifers are limited and have less significance in the area. A map depicting the hydrogeological features is shown in Figure-2.

Figure 2: Hydrogeology

4.1.1 Archean Achaeans, which comprise granites, granitic gneisses and schists occur in Umarkhed taluka. These rocks as such have limited ground water potential. In these rocks only weathered portions and jointed zones possess water-bearing capacity and ground water occurs under unconfined condition in the area.

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4.1.2 Vindhyan In Vindhyans, Limestones are water bearing formation while Sandstone, due to their hard and compact nature, have poor ground water potential and occur in southeastern peripheral parts of Wani taluka. The limestones as such are massive but wherever they are cavernous they are capable of holding water. The ground water occurs under unconfined condition in the area. 4.1.3 Gondwana The Gondwana consists of Kamthi and Barakar Sandstone and Shale and occupy north-south extending elongated stretch in parts of Maregaon and Wani talukas. Sandstone is usually friable and possesses primary porosity due to its granular nature. They are most productive water bearing formations in the district. The ground water occurs under semi confined to confined conditions in the area and water bearing zones have been encountered down to depth of 470 m. 4.1.4 Deccan Trap Basalt Deccan Trap Basalt is widely spread and forms important water bearing formation, which occupies almost entire district except south eastern part. On the whole, Deccan Trap Basalt exhibits a multi aquifer system. Based on the lithologs of 51 exploratory wells and Piezometers, it is observed that weathered Vesicular Basalt mainly forms the predominant shallow aquifer down to the depth of 20 m bgl. Massive Basalt is also encountered at the top thereby forming poor yielding aquifer and also restricting the ground water recharge to the underlying porous Vesicular Basalt. Fractured Basalt is also observed in certain places with limited to significant thickness. In Deccan Trap Basalt phreatic aquifer generally occurs down to 25 m, however, fracture zones have occurred within 80 m range except at few places where it occurs down to 158 m also. 4.1.5 Alluvium Alluvium occurs in patches along the banks of Wardha and Penganga rivers and their major tributaries and consists of clay and silt with lenticular bodies of sand and gravel. In Ralegaon area, it is observed that sand zones are found in the depth range of 20-25 m bgl, while the top 15-16 m is full of clay and silt. Ground water in Alluvium occurs both under unconfined and

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semi-confined conditions. 4.1.6 Water Level Scenario Central Ground Water Board periodically monitors 74 National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS) stations in the Yavatmal district, four times a year i.e. in January, May (Premonsoon), August and November (Postmonsoon). The data on premonsoon and postmonsoon water levels along with fluctuation during 2011 and long term water level trends (2001- 2010) are given in Table- 4.

Table 4: Water Level Data (2011) with Long Term Trend (2001-2010).

Sl. Location Pre- Post- Fluctuation Premonsoon Postmonsoon No. monsoon monsoon (m) Trend (m/yr) Trend (m/yr) (m.bgl) (m.bgl) Rise Fall Rise Fall 1 Pahur2 3.5 2.4 1.1 - - - - 2 Bori (Arab) 14.2 12.5 1.7 - - - - 3 Arni2 6 4.2 1.8 0.1447 - - 0.2370 4 Sakhra (P1) 8.92 11.1 -2.18 - 0.0769 - 0.1105 5 Sakhra (WT) - 6.2 - - 0.4263 - 0.2084 6 Punwat 2.7 1.8 0.9 0.3681 - 0.1518 - 7 New Waghdara 16.6 15.2 1.4 - - - - 8 Marwadi Khurd 6.1 1.5 4.6 0.1118 - 0.0521 - 9 8.4 - - 0.0243 - - 0.3148 10 3.5 2.5 1 - 0.1994 0.1620 - 11 Mohgaon Kasba 6.2 3.8 2.4 0.0974 - - 0.0214 12 Mahagaon 3.6 2.6 1 0.3484 - - 0.0509 13 Lonbhel 6.7 1.45 5.25 - 0.1375 - 0.0243 14 Pusad 5.2 4.1 1.1 - 0.2187 - 0.0992 15 Pahur 5.1 2.1 3 0.0219 - - 0.0644 16 Mardi 6.1 3.4 2.7 - 0.0406 - 0.0581 17 Jodmoha - 6.1 - 0.1038 - 0.1267 - 18 Ghatanji 10.2 4.8 5.4 - 0.0854 - 0.2264 19 Mandeo 12.6 1.8 10.8 0.2100 - 0.2048 - 20 Pahapal 6.15 2.75 3.4 0.0117 - - 0.1009 21 Injhala 13.1 10.6 2.5 - 0.0829 - 0.5894 22 Talegaon 3.8 1.1 2.7 - 0.0141 0.2725 - 23 Mangrule 4.1 3.3 0.8 - 0.5257 - 0.1502 24 Akolabazar 8.35 5.8 2.55 - 0.1603 - 0.3065 25 Madkona 12.1 10.2 1.9 0.0656 - - 0.0713 26 Jamwadi 2.58 2.7 -0.12 0.0086 - 0.1775 - 27 Vai (Lingi) 7.1 4.1 3 0.1959 - - 0.0529 28 Mojhar 2.75 1.4 1.35 - 0.1433 - 0.0915 29 Wadhona 5.75 4.3 1.45 - 0.0506 - 0.2023

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30 Umarda (Nursary) 5.6 3.95 1.65 0.0489 - - 0.1114 31 Kotha 9.3 3.3 6 - 0.1205 - 0.1912 32 Savar 6.9 3.65 3.25 - 0.1918 - 0.3601 33 Chaparda 4.65 3.9 0.75 - 0.2130 - 0.0097 34 Dhanaj (Manekwada) 6.2 3.2 3 0.2266 - - 0.0622 35 Sawali 8.5 2.85 5.65 - 0.1219 0.0771 - 36 Kalamb 10.6 8.4 2.2 - 0.2089 - 0.1479 37 Babhulgaon 5.5 - - - 0.0499 - 0.2761 38 Pandharkawda 1.6 ------39 Mojhar2 - 3.8 - - - - - 40 Ghatwadi - 3.6 - - 0.0529 - 0.1296 41 Pandharkawada 1 0.9 0.1 - 0.2809 0.0368 - 42 Arni 7 5 2 - - - - 43 Dhanoda 9.6 6.7 2.9 - 0.1513 - 0.1416 44 Digras 5.95 2.3 3.65 0.2628 - 0.3222 - 45 Selodi 4.6 2.45 2.15 - 0.0790 - 0.0652 46 Mohada 7.5 6.1 1.4 - 0.2722 - 0.0316 47 Harsi 7.55 1.4 6.15 - 0.1055 - 0.1079 48 Wadgaon 6.6 2.3 4.3 0.3385 - - 0.1206 49 Kolambi 5.25 1.75 3.5 - 0.2017 - 0.0958 50 Sindhi_PZ - 1.7 - - - - - 51 Sangwi RLy_Pz - 5.9 - - - - - 52 Darwha_Pz - 2.3 - - - - - 53 Ghatanji_Pz - 5.4 - - - - - 54 Kurli_Pz - 3.3 - - - - - 55 Shiroli_Pz - 12.1 - - - - - 56 Ner_Pz - 1.8 - - - - - 57 Dhanaj - - - - - (Manekwada)_Pz - 2.9 58 Karanji_Pz - 5.6 - - - - - 59 Pandharkawada_Pz - 4.15 - - - - - 60 Saykheda_Pz - 4.9 - - 0.5022 - 0.4055 61 Ralegaon_Pz - 6 - - 0.0405 - 0.0779 62 Wadki_Pz - 11.2 - - - - - 63 Umarkhed_Pz - 3.85 - 0.0161 - - 0.3945 64 Akolabazar_Pz - 2.7 - - - - - 65 Bhari_Pz - 2.4 - - - - - 66 Yelbara_Pz - 2.8 - - - - - 67 Mukutban_Pz - 8.3 - - 0.8023 - - 68 Patan_Pz - 6.3 - - 0.1530 - 0.6898 69 Kayar - - - - 0.1529 - 0.4286 70 Wani - - - - 0.2865 - 0.9127 71 Maregaon - - - - 0.9338 - 0.0249 72 Dhakni - - - 0.2345 - - 0.2865 73 Phul Sawangi - - - 0.0317 - 0.0357 - 74 Mudana - - - - 0.0770 - 0.3154

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4.1.6.1 Depth to Water Level – Premonsoon (May-2011) The depth to water levels in the district ranges between 1.00 (Pandharkawada) and 16.60 (New Waghdara) m bgl during premonsoon. Depth to water level during premonsoon has been depicted in Figure-3. Shallow water levels within 10 m bgl are seen in almost entire district except few isolated patches in parts of Wani, Kalamb, Ghatangi, Darwha and Yavatmal talukas where water level ranges between 10-20 m bgl. 4.1.6.2 Depth to Water Level – Postmonsoon (Nov-2011) The depth to water levels during postmonsoon ranges between 0.90 m bgl (Pandharkawda) and 15.20 m bgl (New Waghdara). Spatial variation in postmonsoon depth to water levels is shown in Figure-4. Shallow water levels within 10 m bgl are observed in entire district with dominant range being 2-5 m bgl. Very shallow water level of less than 2 m bgl is observed in south western part of Pusad taluka, Northeastern corner of Babulgaon taluka, central part of Ner and Yavatmal taluka. Water levels of 10-20 m bgl are observed in Darwha, Ghatangi, Ralegaon and part of Wani taluka.

Figure 3: Depth to Water Level (Premonsoon- May 2011)

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4.1.6.3 Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation– (May-Nov. 2011) In major part of the district rise in water levels in the range of 0.75 m (Chaparda) to 10.80 m (Mandeo) is observed. Fall in water levels is observed only at Sakhra (-2.81 m) and Jamwadi (-0.12). In almost entire district rise in water levels has been observed. Rise in water levels in the range of 2 to 5 m is observed in major parts of the district. Rise of more than 5 m is observed in Pusad and parts of Arni and Yavatmal, Umarkhed, Babulgaon, Gahtangi Mahagaon talukas. Rise of 0 to 2 m is observed in isolated areas in, Yavatmal, Pusad, Mahagaon, Digras, Arni, Darwah, Ner, Kelapur, Wani, Maregaon, Kalamb and Ralegaon talukas.

Figure 4: Depth to Water Level (Postmonsoon- Nov. 2011)

4.1.6.4 Water Level Trend (2000-09) Trend of water levels for premonsoon and postmonsoon periods for last ten years (2001-2010) have been computed for 54 NHNS and are given in Table-4. Analysis of trend indicates that during premonsoon period, rise in water levels has been recorded at 19 stations and it ranges between 0.008(Jamwadi) and 0.368 m/year (Punwat). Fall in water levels has been

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observed at 35 stations and ranges between 0.01(Talegaon) and 0.91 m/year (Maregaon). During post monsoon period, rise in water levels has been recorded at 11 stations and it ranges from 0.03(Pandharkawda) to 0.32 m/year (Digras), whereas at 43 stations, fall in water levels ranging between 0.009(Chaparda) and 0.91 m/year (Wani) is observed. Thus in major part of the district, both during pre and postmonsoon periods declining trend of water levels has been observed. 4.1.7 Aquifer Parameters Pumping tests of shallow aquifers (down to 20 m depth), reveal that the dugwells tapping weathered vesicular and weathered Massive Basalt have higher specific capacity in the range of 13.95 to and 513 lpm/m. The wells located in the Massive Basalt have the specific capacity in the range of 5 and 67 lpm/m. Jointed Basalt have specific capacity ranging from 14.53 to 83.85 lpm/m. Highly fractured and Jointed Basalt have specific capacity of 663.86 lpm/m. The wells tapping Limestone, Sandstone and Alluvial aquifers show moderate to high specific capacity ranging between 20 and 511 lpm/m. During the course of ground water exploration, pumping tests were conducted at 11 exploratory wells. It was observed that in Deccan Traps the transmissivity varies from 18.74 to 202 m2/day and storativity varies from 3.4x10-4 to 5.2x10-4. In Trap-covered Gondwanas/Vindhyans/Archeans, transmissivity varies from 3.61 to 19.24 m2/day whereas storativity varies from 8.7x10-5 to 1.35 x10-4. 4.2 Ground Water Resources Central Ground Water Board and Ground Water Survey and Development Agency (GSDA) have jointly estimated the ground water resources of Yavatmal district based on GEC-97 methodology. The same is presented in Table-5. The net annual available ground water resources are 1361.65 MCM and the ground water draft is 421.02 MCM. The ground water resources are shown in Figure-5. Ground water development scenario varies in the district, while eastern part consisting of Wani and Jhari-Jhamni talukas are the least developed talukas with less than 15% of development. Pandharkawda, Kalamb, Maregaon and Ghatanji are the next developed talukas with the stage of development between 15 to 25%. Ground water development inYavatmal,

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Ralegaon, Umarkhed, Ner, Mahagaon, Arni and Babulgaon talukas is 25 to 40%. Maximum ground water development is 45% in Pusad taluka. As per the GEC norms all the talukas and 64 watersheds falls in “Safe” category. The western part of the district covered by Deccan Trap Basalt have better ground water development as compared to the eastern part where the Gondwana or Trap covered Gondwana/Vindhyan/Penganga aquifers are observed. The overall stage of ground water development in the district is 30.92%. No taluka or watershed is categorised as “Over-Exploited”/”Critical”/”Semi-Critical” and the area has not been notified by CGWA or SGWA.

Figure 5: Ground Water Resources

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Table-5: Taluka wise Ground Water Resources (March 2008). Administrative Net Annual Existing Existing Gross Existing Provision for Net Ground Stage of Category Unit Ground Gross Ground Water Gross domestic Water Ground Water Ground Draft for Ground and Availability Water Availability Water domestic and Water Draft industrial for future Development Draft for industrial for All uses requirement irrigation {13/10 * irrigation water supply (11+12) supply to development 100}% 2025 (10-11-14) Arni 8500.38 2563.63 317.53 2881.16 652.53 5126.25 33.89 Safe Babulgaon 6498.54 1781.04 581.51 2362.55 1130.59 3531.58 36.36 Safe Daravha 9209.99 3307.55 498.68 3806.24 1002.74 4860.02 41.33 Safe Digras 6008.47 2311.95 270.54 2582.48 538.74 3294.83 42.98 Safe Ghatanji 8301.51 1549.17 328.06 1877.23 663.91 6084.11 22.61 Safe Kalamb 7282.32 1297.72 355.14 1652.86 725.34 5290.78 22.70 Safe Mahagaon 9384.42 3096.26 360.61 3456.87 719.04 5534.93 36.84 Safe Maregaon 5009.50 747.72 153.71 901.43 307.24 3885.69 17.99 Safe Ner 6991.69 1978.77 476.72 2455.49 938.46 4116.51 35.12 Safe Umarkhed 14873.34 4416.75 342.52 4759.27 694.91 9719.75 32.00 Safe Pandharkavada 8520.69 1654.85 213.47 1868.32 429.73 6415.63 21.93 Safe Pusad 12583.09 5309.13 399.53 5708.65 786.01 6569.43 45.37 Safe Ralegaon 7979.72 1711.25 411.16 2122.41 815.75 5457.43 26.60 Safe Wani 8051.81 687.15 279.64 966.80 559.51 6861.53 12.01 Safe Yeotmal 10804.74 3250.62 545.66 3796.27 1102.47 6484.55 35.14 Safe Zara Zamani 6164.95 699.74 204.64 904.38 411.27 5090.63 14.67 Safe Total 136165.16 36363.3 5739.12 42102.41 11478.24 88323.65 30.92 Safe

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4.3 Ground Water Quality In the district, 14 water samples were collected from dug wells (shallow aquifers) during May 2010 and the results are given in Table 6.

Table 6. Chemical analysis results of Yavatmal district.

S.No. District Well No. Village pH EC TA TH NO3 F RSC

1 Yavatmal G/YT-004 Babhulgaon 8.1 1310 660 605 25 0.19 1.10 2 Yavatmal G/YT-005 Pandharkawada 8.0 980 320 285 22 0.93 0.70 3 Yavatmal G/YT-007 Arni 7.8 890 255 215 36 0.01 0.80 4 Yavatmal G/YT-010 Digras 8.2 1230 510 295 7 0.62 4.30 5 Yavatmal G/YT-014 Wadgaon 7.9 1220 275 255 48 0.60 0.40 6 Yavatmal G/YT-021 Ladkhed 7.6 1110 300 270 70 0.26 0.60 7 Yavatmal G/YT-038 Pahapal 7.6 1260 215 365 157 BDL -3.00 8 Yavatmal G/YT-040 Injhala 7.8 1070 285 265 115 0.45 0.40 9 Yavatmal G/YT-042 Mangrule 7.7 2000 485 410 33 0.72 1.50 10 Yavatmal G/YT-045 Jamwadi 7.5 2900 160 1075 17 0.55 -18.30 11 Yavatmal G/YT-051 Umarda (Nursary) 7.4 2900 175 990 1 0.49 -16.30 12 Yavatmal G/YT-053 Savar 7.6 1400 195 330 219 0.45 -2.70 13 Yavatmal G/YT-057 Chaparda 8.0 510 215 185 16 0.54 0.60 14 Yavatmal G/YT-058 Dhanaj (Manekwada) 7.4 1980 325 520 173 0.32 -3.90

4.3.1 Suitability of Ground Water for Drinking Purpose Shallow Aquifer) The suitability of ground water for drinking purpose is determined keeping in view the effects of various chemical constituents in water on the biological system of human being. Though many ions are very essential for the growth of human, but when present in excess, have an adverse effect on human body. The standards proposed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water (IS-10500-91, Revised 2003) were used to decide the suitability of ground water. The classification of ground water samples was carried out based on the desirable and maximum permissible limits for the

parameters viz., pH, TDS, TH, and NO3 prescribed in the standards and is given in Table-7.

The Table-7 shows that the concentrations of NO3 in six samples (43%) are above maximum permissible limits. Fluoride concentration in all the samples are below the maximum permissible limit of the standards, while 21% of samples were found to have TH more than MPL.

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Table-7 Classification of Ground Water Samples based on BIS Drinking Water Standards (IS-10500-91, Revised 2003) Parameters DL MPL Samples Samples Samples with conc. with conc. with conc. < DL in DL-MPL >MPL pH 6.5 8.5 - 14 - TDS (mg/L) 500 2000 - 12 2 TH (mg/L) 300 600 7 4 3 NO (mg/L) 45 No 3 8 6 - relaxation F (mg/L) 1.0 1.5 14 - - (Here, DL- Desirable Limit, MPL- Maximum Permissible Limit) 4.3.2 Suitability of Ground Water for Irrigation Purpose The water used for irrigation is an important factor in productivity of crop, its yield and quality of irrigated crops. The quality of irrigation water depends primarily on the presence of dissolved salts and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) is the most important quality criteria for determining the suitability of water for irrigation. 4.3.2.1 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) is considered to be superior to SAR as a measure of sodicity particularly at low salinity levels.The classification of ground water samples based on RSC values for its suitability for irrigation purpose is shown below in Table-8.

Table-8 Classification of Ground Water for Irrigation based on RSC. RSC <1.25 1.25-2.50 >2.50 C Good Doubtful Unsuitable Total No. of % No. of % No. of Samples % Samples Samples Samples 14 12 86 1 7 1 7

The RSC values of ground water samples collected from the wells is less than 1.25 except in 12 wells, which reflects that the overall quality of ground water in the monitoring wells is good for irrigation purpose. The high value of RSC (>2.50) was found in the ground water of monitoring well from Digras village of the district and is unsuitable for irrigation purpose.

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4.4 Status of Ground Water Development The yields of wells are functions of the permeability and transmissivity of aquifer encountered and varies with location, diameter and depth etc. There are three type of ground water structures i.e. dugwells, borewells and tubes wells in the area. Their yield characteristics are described below. Dugwells tapping Alluvium along Penganga River in Kelapur, Maregaon and Wani talukas have tremendous ground water yield. Yield of dugwells tapping Limestone is rather poor except few dugwells in Wani taluka. The average yield varies between 40 –150 m3/day in winter and 5-50 m3/day in summer. Dugwells tapping Gondwana formation have poor yield except around Kayar in Wani taluka. Dugwells tapping Basalt have shown drastic variation in yield in time and space. They provide seasonal irrigation except isolated patches in Ralegaon and Kelapur talukas where perennial irrigation practices are noticed. Most of the dugwells are located in geomorphic depressions and canal command area. The winter yield varies from 50 to 250 m3/day and 15 to 100 m3/day in summer season. State Government has drilled large number of borewells fitted with hand pumps and electric motors for rural drinking water purposes in Deccan Trap area of the district. In all G.S.D.A, Government of Maharashtra, in the year 2003-04 were successfully operating 5082 borewells fitted with hand pumps and 269 borewells fitted with electric pumps under use for water supply in the district. Ground water development in the district is mostly through dugwells.

5.0 Ground Water Management Strategy Ground water has special significance for agricultural development in the State of Maharashtra. Ground water development in some parts of the State has reached a critical stage resulting in declining of ground water levels. Thus there is a need to adopt an integrated approach of development of ground water resources dovetailed with ground water augmentation to provide sustainability to ground water development. 5.1 Ground Water Development Ground water development scenario of the district is favourable for further ground water development in years to come. However, as the

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development of ground water resources proceeds with increasing ground water withdrawal, the depletion of water table will accelerate resulting into drying or deepening of existing wells. There are many pockets in the district where water levels have deepened and also certain areas lack adequate natural replenishment. Therefore, artificial recharge measures would be required simultaneously so as to augment the ground water resources of the area. There is a need for assessing the scope and extent of artificial recharge potential available at present in the area so as to make a comprehensive management plans for the district. The district is underlain by unconsolidated and consolidated formations, therefore, Direct Rotary (DR) and down the Hole Hammer (DTH) rigs respectively are suggested for deployment. The nature and yield potential of the aquifers occurring in different areas is given below in Table-9, whereas the map is presented as Figure-6.

Table 9: Nature and Yield Potential of Aquifers Sr. Taluka Main Aquifers Yield Potential Type of wells No. Suitable 1 Arni Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 2 Babulgaon Alluvium/Basalt Medium to High Dugwell, DCB 3 Darwha Basalt Low to Medium Dugwell, DCB 4 Digras Basalt Low Dugwell, DCB 5 Ghatanji Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 6 Jhara Jhamani Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 7 Kalamb Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 8 Kelapur Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 9 Mahagaon Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 10 Maregaon Basalt Medium to High Dugwell, DCB 11 Ner Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 12 Pusad Basalt Low to Medium Dugwell, DCB 13 Ralegaon Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB 14 Umarkhed Basalt Medium to High Dugwell, DCB 15 Wani Alluvium/Basalt Medium to High Dugwell, DCB, Tubewell 16 Yavatmal Basalt Medium Dugwell, DCB

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Figure 6: Yield Potential

5.2 Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge As the district receives moderate rainfall, therefore availability of surface water is limited to monsoon period only. Small schemes of water conservation have been completed in the district to augment the water supply directly or indirectly. Total 221 percolation tanks have been constructed in the district, which are helping in augmenting the ground water supply by artificial recharge. 249 Type (KT) weirs provide additional storage for domestic use beyond monsoon months with a potential to irrigate 6386 ha in the district. Number of Under Ground Bandharas (UGB), Village Tanks and

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Gabion structures have been constructed to check the ground and surface water flow in the district. In addition to these, number of Fracture Cement Sealing (FCS), bore hole blasting and hydro fracturing have been undertaken in the district by GSDA, Government of Maharashtra, for sustainable water supply. The area having maximum potential for ground water recharge through artificial measures lies in Wani, Kelapur, Umarkhed, Ghatanji, Ner, Yavatmal and Darwha talukas. The suitable artificial structures recommended are recharge shaft, cement plugs, percolation tanks in soft rock formations and percolation tanks, cement plug, KT-weir, gabion structures in hard rock formations. The volume of water for recharging the unsaturated zone (dry) of phreatic aquifers is estimated by multiplying the taluka wise area with the available unsaturated thickness and the average specific yield of the particular strata. Thus, the total storage potential of phreatic unsaturated aquifer varies from 9.04 MCM in Digras and Arni talukas to 142.56 MCM in Wani taluka.

6.0 Ground Water Related Issues and Problems A detailed study of 26 villages of Kelapur (Pandharkawda) taluka carried out by CGWB has revealed that the high concentration of fluoride in ground water is occurring in deeper zones. The concentration of fluoride varies from place to place in different rock types vertically and laterally. High contents of fluoride ranging from 0.91 (Pimpri) to 13.41 mg/L (Dharna) have been found only in deeper zones whereas the shallow zone has not shown fluoride content beyond 0.93 mg/L (Pandharkawda). The villages like Dharna, Sakhra, Sonurli, Susuri, Wadhona (Bk.), Wadhona(Kh.), Runjha and Govarai have been found affected by Fluorosis. Mottled teeth, stiff joints and muscular pains are reported in these villages. The fluoride problems may be tackled by providing safe drinking water, educating and creating awareness in public and construction of hand pumps in phreatic zones and in the vicinities of surface water bodies preferably. Artificial recharge techniques can be used to dilute the fluoride concentration.

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7.0 Mass Awareness and Training Activities 7.1 M.A.P. and W.M.T.P. Till March 2011, one MAP and two WMTP had been organised in the district. The details are given in Table-10. Table-10: Status of MAP and WMTP. S. No. Item AAP Venue Date No of Persons Attended 1 WMTP 2003-04 Yavatmal 12 to 13/03/04 50 2 WMTP 2004-05 Yavatmal. 28 to 29/10/04 140 3 MAP 2004-05 Pahaphal 27/12/04 500

7.2 Participation in Exhibition, Mela, Fair etc. During the MAP and WMTP at Pahapal and Yavatmal, an exhibition depicting rainwater harvesting model, various ground water related posters, leaflets, literature and technical reports were displayed along with maps of Yavatmal district. The models, maps, posters were explained to the visitors in details.

8.0 Areas Notified by CGWA/SGWA As per ground water resource estimation all the talukas fall under “Safe” category, hence till March 2008, the area has not been notified either by CGWA or SGWA.

9.0 Recommendations 1. Ground Water development has to take place very judiciously in Deccan Traps. Further ground water development should be taken up in difficult and scarcity areas. Ground water augmentation efforts may also be made by constructing percolation tanks, cement plugs and KT weirs at appropriate and need based location on scientific lines. 2. The additional potential of the phreatic aquifers may be harnessed appropriately considering the drinking water scarcity and irrigation needs of the area. It will generate many fold benefits to ameliorate the suffering

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of underprivileged regions and economic up-liftment of the local populations. 3. Appropriate recharge schemes best suited in the area may be identified on the basis of local and site-specific surveys and terrain conditions. 4. A multi-sectoral approach is needed to study the ground water development, augmentation and management perspective. Therefore, all the aspects related to conjunctive use, ground water legislation, involvement of NGO, woman and community participation, mass awareness campaign, selection of appropriate pump sets, adoption of new irrigation methods, tissue culture technology will play an important role in conserving and developing the precious ground water water resources.

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