Significant People Significant People inAUSTRALIA’S HISTORY Contents History makers 4 in Significant People 5 Australia, a global nation Significant People in Australia’s History profiles the people who brought AUSTRALIA’S HISTORY A snapshot of history 6 about important events or changes to Australian society through their in Malcolm Fraser, Prime Minister 8 knowledge, actions or achievements. Explore the fascinating story of Australia, AUSTRALIA’S HISTORY Elizabeth Evatt, Judge 9 Heather McKay, Sportsperson 10 from its ancient Indigenous past to the present day, through the biographies of Graeme Murphy, Choreographer 11 Rupert Murdoch, Businessman 12 these significant people. Kerry Packer, Businessman 13 Gustav Nossal, Scientist 14 Vol Graeme Clark, Scientist 15 ume 9 Mel Gibson, Film star 16 Each volume focuses on a particular Special features include: Rolf Harris, Television star 17 Volume 9 period in Australia’s history and includes: ‘life facts’ mini timeline Jack Davis, Playwright 18 of each person’s life Life Facts Frank Fenner, Scientist 19 background information about the David Williamson, Playwright 20 1580 Born in Holland 1976–today featured time period and achievements 1615 Becomes commander Writer 21

Albert Facey, a timeline of main events of the Eendrach 1976 Bill Mollison, Environmentalist 22 1616 Lands on the western ‘more about …’ Morecoast about of Australia ... Peter Dombrovskis, Photographer 23 illustrated biographies of a wide range – information boxes Dirk Hartog1618 Island Returns to the today Bob Hawke, Prime Minister 24 Netherlands on the of significant people Hartog had landed in an area that was 25 about related Eendrach Ben Lexcen, Designer home to the Malkana people, near Australia, Reg Grundy, Television producer 26 a glossary of terms events and places modern-day Shark Bay in Western Australia. * a comprehensive index. The place where Hartog left the metal Nation Global a Australia, Paul Hogan, Film star 27 plate is now called Cape Inscription and Eva Burrows, Religious leader 28 the island is called Dirk Hartog Island. ‘see also’ a Global Manning Clark, Historian 29 cross-references to Burnum Burnum, Activist 30 Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Artist 31 The nine volumes in the series are: relevant information in other entries. Nation Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Artist 32 Carmen Lawrence, Politician 33 Fred Hollows, Surgeon 34 Roma Mitchell, Governor 35 Mary Gaudron, Judge 36 Eddie Mabo, Activist 37 Lowitja O’Donoghue, Activist 38 Arthur Boyd, Artist 39 Paul Keating, Prime Minister 40 Catherine Hamlin, Surgeon 41

Rees Barrett Cathy Freeman, Sportsperson 42 John Howard, Prime Minister 43 Steve Irwin, Environmentalist 44 Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister 45 Quentin Bryce, Governor-General 46 Glossary 47 Index 48 Glossary words When a word is written in bold, click on Rees Barrett it to find its meaning. History makers Australia, a global nation

Significant People in Australia’s History is about those men and women who have Volume 9: Australia, A Global Nation, 1976 to today consists of the biographies of contributed remarkably to Australia’s identity and heritage. They are significant those Australians who achieved great success and recognition internationally, as well because they were pioneers in their field or because their knowledge, actions or as those at home who worked to make Australia a better nation. These significant achievements brought about important events or changes in Australian society. people are scientists, film stars, artists, environmentalists, surgeons, judges, They represent the wide range of people who have contributed to the story of politicians and activists. Australia. This series describes the history of Australia, from Indigenous beginnings to Bringing the rest of the world closer modern-day Australia, through the life stories of these significant people. Each Australia started 1976 in difficulteconomic conditions. Mining, however, began to volume consists of biographies of people from a particular period in Australia’s produce much of the nation’s wealth and tourism began to flourish. Falling costs of history or descriptions of Indigenous Australian cultural groups. travel and improved telecommunications, such as the Internet, began to bring the rest of the world ‘closer’ to Australia.

Protesters fight against the damming of the Franklin River in Tasmania in the early 1980s.

4 5 A snapshot of history 1976 to today

Since 1976, changes in telecommunications Australia has signed many international Cathy Freeman lights and transport have meant that Australia seems agreements about human rights and the Olympic Flame closer to the rest of the world. Australian environmental issues since 1976. In this period, at the Opening of the Sydney Olympic writers, artists, scientists and sporting heroes women’s rights were improved, Indigenous land Games in 2000. have achieved success and significance both in rights were recognised and the reconciliation Australia and internationally. movement grew stronger.

1976 to today

Indigenous Australian artists, such as 1995 Catherine Hamlin is honoured for her work 1976 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser leads 1981 David Williamson writes the screenplay for Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri and Emily with women in Ethiopia. the resettlement of Vietnamese ‘boat Gallipoli, and Albert Facey publishes his Kame Kngwarreye, begin to enjoy 1999 A referendum to make Australia a people’ and increases immigration from life story, A Fortunate Life. Bill Mollison wins international success. Asia. Elizabeth Evatt becomes the first an international environmental award. republic is defeated. East Timor seeks Chief Justice of the Family Court. 1990 Carmen Lawrence becomes the first independence from Indonesia. 1983 Peter Dombrovskis’ photographs of female State Premier. Heather McKay becomes the world the Franklin River help the ‘Save the 2000 Australia’s population reaches 19 million. squash champion, and choreographer Franklin’ campaign, and help Bob Hawke 1991 Australia sends warships to the Gulf War. Runner Cathy Freeman stars in the Sydney Graeme Murphy directs the Sydney become Prime Minister. Ben Lexcen’s Fred Hollows is named First Citizen of Olympic Games. Eritrea, Africa, for his humanitarian work. Dance Company. Rupert Murdoch winged keel helps the yacht Australia II 2001 Australian troops take part in the invasion Roma Mitchell becomes the first female continues to grow his media empire when win the America’s Cup. of Afghanistan. he buys the New York Post. State Governor. 1985 Uluru is given back to its traditional 2003 Prime Minister John Howard commits 1992 Australia goes into recession and more 1977 Kerry Packer starts his own World Series owners. Reg Grundy produces the troops to the invasion of Iraq. Cricket competition. Gustav Nossal leads television series Neighbours. than 10 per cent of the workforce is 2006 Steve Irwin, ‘Crocodile Hunter’, is killed on immunology research. unemployed. Mary Gaudron helps deliver 1986 Paul Hogan’s film Crocodile Dundee the Mabo judgement in the High Court, the Great Barrier Reef. 1978 Graeme Clark implants the first bionic ear. shows Australia’s natural beauty to the overturning the concept of terra nullius, in 2008 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd apologises to world. Eva Burrows is elected world leader 1980 Australian artists star on the international a land rights case led by Eddie Mabo. victims of the Stolen Generations. Quentin of the Salvation Army. stage, such as Mel Gibson in film,Rolf 1993 Lowitja O’Donoghue, a member of the Bryce becomes Governor-General of Harris in television and Jack Davis as 1988 The bicentennial of the British settlement Stolen Generations, addresses the United Australia. a playwright. Kakadu National Park of Australia is celebrated. Historian Nations’ General Assembly. Artist Arthur is created. Scientist Frank Fenner Manning Clark’s History of Australia Boyd gives his property Bundanon to announces the end of smallpox. features in the celebrations. Burnum Australia. Prime Minister Paul Keating wins Burnum claims England for Indigenous the 1993 election, and leads the passing Australians in protest. New Parliament of the Native Title Act 1993. House opened in Canberra.

6 7 Malcolm Fraser Elizabeth Evatt Prime Minister Judge

Malcolm Fraser became Prime Elizabeth Evatt became the first Minister after the sacking of woman to lead an Australian the Whitlam Government. His Federal Court and became an immigration policies helped build a international human rights leader. multicultural Australia. Evatt became a Life facts Fraser was elected as barrister in Sydney Life facts a Liberal Member of 11 November 1933 Born in in 1955. She moved Sydney Federal Parliament to London, England, 21 May 1930 Born in 1955 Becomes a barrister in Melbourne at the age of 25. He and practised law Sydney there. She returned 1955 Elected to Federal became Minister Fraser visits the Torres Strait Islands in 1976. 1958 Becomes a barrister in Parliament for the Army eleven London, England to Australia to 1966 Becomes Minister for become the first years later. In 1969, as The main achievements of the Fraser 1973 Becomes Deputy Army President of the female Deputy protests against the Government were: 1968 Becomes Minister for Industrial Relations President of the Education and Science Vietnam War peaked, Commission resettling 2059 Vietnamese ‘boat people’, Industrial Relations 1969 Becomes Minister for Fraser become 1976 Becomes first Chief who landed in northern Australia without Defence Minister for Defence. Justice of Family Court Commission. This 1975–83 Serves as Prime official permission, as well as another 56 000 1984 Works with the United was the court Minister In 1975, the Whitlam Vietnamese refugees Nations to end that dealt with 1983 Retires from Parliament Government was discrimination against disagreements about accepting 150 000 immigrants from Asian women 1991 Becomes President of dismissed by the countries into Australia pay and working CARE International Governor-General 1993 Appointed to United Evatt (centre) worked for the fair treatment of establishing a multi-language government- Nations’ Human Rights conditions. all people. 2000 Awarded the Human and Fraser was Rights Medal funded television station, the Special Committee appointed as Evatt became the Broadcasting Service (SBS) caretaker Prime first Chief Justice Evatt was the first Australian appointed to the Minister until new elections were carried out. campaigning in opposition to racism in of the Family Court of Australia in 1976. This United Nations’ Human Rights Committee. She There was some bitterness from the public South Africa was a new court that was started to deal with served on the committee until 2000. about the way Fraser came to power, but the passing a law that supported Indigenous all disputes related to marriage, divorce and Liberal Party won the 1975 elections easily. land rights in the Northern Territory. child custody. When the Family Court of Australia was created, Evatt Fraser led his Government to another two After retiring from Federal Parliament, Fraser International rights leader said that the law: became a human rights leader. He helped bring election victories in 1977 and 1980 before losing Evatt became an international leader when she ‘would have a new purpose, that of applying power to Bob Hawke’s Labor Party. full democracy to South Africa. He worked for principles of fairness and justice to people the United Nations and CARE International, an joined the United Nations’ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women undergoing the misfortune of a broken marriage. Achievements in a difficult era organisation that fights global poverty. The message may take a long time to learn, in 1984. This committee makes sure that all The global oil crisis that had started in 1973 but if it can be learned, then perhaps it can be See also member countries of the United Nations give made economic conditions in Australia very transferred into other areas of human conflict.’ Herbert Evatt (United Nations), Volume 7 women equal rights and do not discriminate difficult during Fraser’s leadership.T he rising Gough Whitlam (dismissal of Whitlam against them. costs of oil increased the costs of other products Government), Volume 8 See also and many people lost their jobs. Bob Hawke, Volume 9 Herbert Evatt (United Nations), Volume 7

8 9 Heather McKay Graeme Murphy Sportsperson Choreographer

Heather McKay became the first Graeme Murphy created a distinctive International success world squash champion in 1976. style of modern Australian dance The turning point in Murphy’s career came in 1976 when he was asked to choreograph a She dominated international squash and made the Sydney Dance dance for the Australian Ballet. He decided to in the 1960s and 1970s. Company internationally famous. be daring and created a dance based on the work of Australian artist Norman Lindsay, McKay grew up Murphy grew up called Glimpses. It was a hit. Soon after, Murphy Life facts in a large family Life facts in Tasmania. He became the artistic director of the Sydney Dance in Queanbeyan. 2 November 1950 Born in learned to dance 31 July 1941 Born in Company. Queanbeyan, New She played a lot of Melbourne after seeing a South Wales different sports. Her 1965 Starts at the Australian touring Tivoli revue. Under the leadership of Murphy and his Ballet School 1960 Wins her first Australian parents encouraged Tivoli was a popular wife, dancer Janet Vernon, the Sydney Squash Championship 1968 Joins Australian Ballet their eleven children form of theatre Dance Company developed an international 1962 Wins her first British 1970–71 Tours America with Open to live active lives Australian Ballet entertainment that reputation. Their creations have been taken all 1973 Wins her 16th Australian and play sport 1976 Directs Sydney Dance included dancing, over the world. Squash championship regularly. Company singing and comedy. Murphy resigned from the Sydney Dance 1976 Becomes first world 2006 Resigns from Sydney Seeing the Tivoli squash champion McKay represented Company in 2006. He passionately promotes Dance Company performance 1977 Wins her 16th British Australia in hockey McKay won many championships during her Australian dancers, composers and designers in Open when she was a sporting career. hooked him. He was dance productions and on film. 1979 Becomes world schoolgirl. She selected for the Australian Ballet School when champion for the took up squash In her whole career, McKay lost only two he was 14 years old. He later toured America Murphy said of Glimpses, his production based on second time Norman Lindsay’s art: to improve her squash matches. When asked the secret of her with the Australian Ballet, before dancing with 1985–98 Coaches at the companies in England and France. Australian Institute of fitness. She was so success, McKay gave three reasons: ‘I am so happy I chose that artist because … he Sport was the first Aussielarrikin in his way. That’s successful at squash, fitness, developed through many hours of 2000 Awarded the Australian it became her top what I was after, I wanted it to have this kind of sports medal training priority. Australian outrageousness.’ technique, perfected with good coaching and practice McKay said of her success: More about ... taking control of her own style of game. ‘I learned what was good for myself, what I Murphy’s productions After she retired, McKay played squash in the enjoyed doing and what worked for me’. Murphy created many dance productions for the Masters competition, which is a competition Sydney Dance Company and the Australian Ballet. World domination in squash for older players. She won eleven Australian They included: Masters Squash Championships and she was • Meander, in 1984 McKay dominated international squash in International Champion in 1984. McKay also • Vast, for Australia’s bicentennial celebrations in 1988 the 1960s and 1970s. At the time, the British coached at the Australian Institute of Sport. Open was considered the unofficial world • Nutcracker, in 1992 She received many honours for her remarkable • Tivoli, a tribute to the Tivoli revue tours, in 2001 championship. McKay won the British Open for sporting achievements. • Swan Lake, in 2002. 16 years in a row, from 1962 to 1977. When the official world championships were established, Murphy composes See also See also McKay won the title twice. dance steps for Margaret Court (female world champion), Volume 8 performances. Norman Lindsay, Volume 5

10 11 Rupert Murdoch Kerry Packer Businessman Businessman

Keith Rupert Murdoch, known as Kerry Packer was an Australian Rupert, inherited a media company businessman who built a media from his father and built it into an empire. He started his own World international media group. Series Cricket competition in 1977. When Murdoch Despite the fact Life facts was 21 years old, he Life facts that he was not 11 March 1931 Born in inherited control of 17 December 1937 Born in a good student, Melbourne the media company Sydney Packer became 1953 Director of News Limited News Limited 1956 Starts at Australian one of Australia’s 1964 Launches The and the Adelaide Consolidated Press most successful Australian newspaper 1974 Inherits family company News newspaper businessmen. When 1976 Buys New York Post 1977 Starts World Series newspaper from his father, Murdoch bought his first American newspaper, the Cricket he was eight years 1979 Forms News Keith Murdoch. New York Post, in 1976. 26 December 2005 Dies in old, he became ill Corporation Murdoch expanded Sydney with polio and spent 1981 Buys London’s The the company. He In 2003, all 175 of Murdoch’s newspapers nine months in an Times newspaper purchased major supported the invasion of Iraq. iron lung, which is a large machine that helps a 1985 Becomes US citizen newspapers in person to breathe. 1996 Starts Fox News channel Murdoch’s estimated wealth in 2007 was Britain and America $US8.3 billion, making him the thirty-third in the 1970s and Family business Packer (right) meets with the West Indies cricket wealthiest American. team in 1977. 1980s. He became an American citizen so he Packer’s grandfather had owned two Sydney could buy television stations in the United More about ... newspapers, and his father Frank had expanded States. He became a global media mogul. the family media empire. When Packer started World Series Cricket The Murdoch media empire working for the family company, his father Packer transformed Australia’s major televised Political influence In 1989, Murdoch formed News Corporation, an wanted him to start ‘from the ground up’. In sport, cricket. Packer had wanted to win cricket international media empire. News Corporation broadcasting rights but his offer to buy the Through his global media empire, Murdoch owns: 1956, Packer started working in the loading has far-reaching influence on what people • newspapers, such as the New York Times dock of one of the family newspapers. rights was not accepted. Instead, he signed up think. Media owners can shape voter opinions • movie companies, such as Twentieth Century Fox many of the world’s best cricketers and started • television companies, such as Foxtel and the In 1974, Packer inherited control of the family by deciding which news stories receive a lot of his own World Series Cricket competition, STAR television group in Asia media company, called Publishing and shown on his Channel 9 television station. coverage and which receive no coverage at all. • cable television companies, such as the National Broadcasting Limited. He built his wealth from Geographic Channel Murdoch has used his political influence to: $100 million to $6.9 billion, becoming the When Packer died, the Boxing Day Test • websites and interactive media, such as MySpace Melbourne Cricket Ground crowd paid their help the Australian Labor Party win the 1972 • a book publishing company richest person in Australia. His empire included • part of Australia’s National Rugby League (NRL). respect with one minute of silence. He is elections property, television networks and magazines, and investments in telecommunications, remembered as a controversial, outspoken support the Governor-General’s dismissal of See also resorts, casinos, manufacturing, mining and Australian who was capable of great generosity. the Whitlam Government in 1975 Keith Murdoch, Volume 5 engineering industries. support British Prime Minister Margaret Gough Whitlam (dismissal of Whitlam See also Thatcher, and then help Tony Blair win office. Government), Volume 8 Elizabeth Kenny (polio), Volume 6 Kerry Packer (media ownership), Volume 9 Rupert Murdoch (media ownership), Volume 9

12 13 Gustav Nossal Graeme Clark Scientist Scientist

Gustav Nossal completed research Graeme Clark invented the bionic Breakthrough on human immunity to disease and ear, an implant that allows deaf Clark found it difficult to raise research funds. Finally, he made a cheap device, called a multi- worked for the United Nations. people to hear. channel cochlear implant or a bionic ear. In Nossal migrated to When he was ten 1978, he implanted the device into a deaf man, Life facts Australia with his Life facts years old, Clark Rod Saunders. It did not work at first but on 4 June 1931 Born in Bad family just before 16 August 1935 Born in dreamed of helping the third try, when ‘God Save the Queen’ was Ischl, Austria the start of World Camden, New South deaf people to hear. played, Saunders heard it and stood to attention. 1939 Migrates to Australia War II. They were Wales His own father was Over the next few months, Clark and his 1957–59 Conducts research refugees escaping 1960 Qualifies as a doctor at Walter and Eliza Hall deaf. Both of his research team fine-tuned the device. Soon from the Nazis in 1967–69 Conducts research Institute at Sydney University parents encouraged Saunders could recognise more words and Austria. Nossal 1965–96 Directs Walter and 1978 Implants first bionic ear him to learn, sentences. Clark said, ‘At that moment I walked Eliza Hall Institute spoke no English 1984 Starts Bionic Ear Institute experiment and be into the next laboratory and cried for joy’. 1973 Joins United when he started creative. Nations’ World school in Sydney. During the 1980s, Clark concentrated on Health Organization Clark qualified as a doctor, then became an He had to overcome proving his invention was safe to use with Committee ear, nose and throat specialist. He left his job many challenges, children. He improved the bionic ear in many 1977 Leads immunology to begin research at the University of Sydney. research particularly ‘the ways. It was commercially produced, and He wanted to invent something that would 2000 Named Australian of hang-ups of being changed the lives of tens of thousands of people. electrically stimulate the hearing nerve in deaf the Year different’. By the Deaf children were given the opportunity to people. Some people thought he was crazy and time he left school, hear and develop their speech. called him ‘that mad doctor’. Nossal was the top student.

Research and humanitarian work Nossal’s research helped improve global health. Nossal was studying to be a doctor when he decided to become a medical researcher. With research, he could change the lives of many He helped to develop cheap vaccines that could people. Nossal began researching at the Walter be used to immunise millions of people in developing countries. In Australia, he has been and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne. He was Clark’s invention, the bionic lucky to have Macfarlane Burnet as a teacher. involved with improving health conditions for ear, has changed the lives of Indigenous Australians. Nossal has also been a Nossal became Director of the Institute in many children. leader of the reconciliation movement, which 1965. He built a world-leading organisation. aims to bring together Indigenous and His research confirmed Burnet’s theory about non-Indigenous Australians. the way the human immune system makes antibodies. See also Throughout his career, Nossal has worked John Flynn (Indigenous health), Volume 6 See also to help people in need. From 1973, he worked Herbert Evatt (United Nations), Volume 7 William McBride (Australian to improve global health through the United Macfarlane Burnet, Volume 8 scientists between 1950 and 1975), Nations’ World Health Organization (WHO). Ellen Kettle (Indigenous health), Volume 8 Volume 8

14 15 Mel Gibson Rolf Harris Film star Television star

Mel Gibson became one of Rolf Harris is an Australian Australia’s best-known film stars musician and artist who became a after the international success of his television star in Britain. film Mad Max in 1980. Harris became a Life facts Gibson migrated to popular television Life facts Australia with his 30 March 1930 Born in Perth star in London, 1952 Studies art in London, England, after he Born in family when he was 3 January 1956 England Peekskill, United States twelve years old. went there to study 1960 Records ‘Tie Me Migrates to Australia art. He returned 1968 After leaving school, Kangaroo Down, Sport’ 1979 Stars in Mad Max to Perth in 1959 to he attended the 1962 Returns to live in 1981 Stars in Gallipoli National Institute London, England work on a children’s 1987 Stars in Lethal Weapon of Dramatic Arts 1968 Starts Rolf Harris Show television show. 1995 Directs Braveheart (NIDA) in Sydney. on British television 2000 Stars in The Patriot 1969 Records ‘Two Little Boys’ Entertainer 2004 Directs and produces Gibson’s acting 1982 Features in Brisbane and artist The Passion of the Christ career began with Commonwealth Games opening In 1960, Harris appearances on 2008 Inducted into the ARIA recorded the song television shows such as The Sullivans and Cop Hall of Fame ‘Tie Me Kangaroo Shop. His big breakthrough came with Mad Down, Sport’. It was Max in 1976. It was a low-budget film, which a humorous song that became a worldwide hit. means that it was made for very little money, A verse in ‘Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport’ was but it earned over $100 million world-wide. seen as offensive to Indigenous Australians. International star Harris later removed the verse and apologised for any offence. Mad Max also made Gibson an international Gibson’s film Braveheart won five Academy Awards. star. When the film was released in the United Harris moved to England after his hit success. States in 1980, the Australian actors’ voices were He became a famous Australian identity. replaced by American voices to appeal to the More about ... He used a wobble board, which is a simple, Harris performs at the Channel 9 studio in Sydney audiences. homemade musical instrument. He also played in 1960. Rebirth of the Australian film industry the didjeridu in some of his songs. Gibson moved to Hollywood and became an Australian films became very popular international film star. He has acted in many internationally in the 1970s. During this time, 134 Harris combined his painting and entertaining Harris was admitted into the Australian popular movies. In the 1990s, Gibson began to Australian films were made. Australia had been a talents on his television shows in Britain. world leader in film before the 1930s, but American Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of make movies as a director and producer. He films had dominated the industry since then. Two At the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982, Fame in 2008. won an Academy Award for directing the film successful Australian films of the 1970s, Mad Max Harris featured in the Opening Ceremony with Braveheart. and Gallipoli, starred Mel Gibson. the mascot, Matilda the Kangaroo. His uniquely See also Australian entertainment style was televised Ceremony (didjeridu), Volume 1 See also around the world. Graham Kennedy (Australian television industry), David Williamson (Gallipoli), Volume 9 Volume 8

16 17 Jack Davis Frank Fenner Playwright Scientist

Jack Davis was a poet and Published poet Frank Fenner is an Australian playwright who wrote about Davis was 53 years old when his first poems scientist who led the work that were published. He had also become a leading the experiences of Indigenous figure in the Indigenous rights movement. One wiped out the smallpox virus. Australians. His plays were of his most famous poems was about John Pat, Just after Fenner performed all over the world. a young Indigenous Australian man who died Life facts qualified as a doctor, in prison. 21 December 1914 Born in World War II broke Davis was a Davis became the best-known Indigenous Ballarat, Victoria out. Fenner joined Life facts Nyungar man who 1940 Joins Army Medical playwright in Australia. Plays such as The the Australian Army grew up in Yarloop, Corps 11 March 1917 Born in Perth Dreamers were performed around the world. Medical Corps and 1970 Publishes The First Born, Western Australia. 1950 Works on myxomatosis They made people more aware of Indigenous virus served in the Middle a book of poems He started writing Australian experiences and ways of life. 1969 Advises World Health East, New Guinea 1980 Writes the play The when he was a Fenner’s research helped wipe out smallpox and Dreamers Organization on and Borneo. teenager. He worked smallpox save millions of lives. 1983 Becomes a member as a stockman for More about ... 1980 Announces end of Early in the war, of the Aboriginal Arts many Australian In 1958, the World Health Organization began a Board many years before smallpox to United No Sugar Nations campaign to wipe out smallpox. Fenner became 1985 Writes the play No moving to Perth to soldiers died of One of Davis’ most famous plays is No Sugar. Set campaign leader. In 1980, he announced that Sugar write full-time. malaria, which is a during the Great Depression, it exposed Australian it had been proven that smallpox no longer 1988 Writes the play Barungin racism at the time. It tells the story of the Millimurra virus carried by mosquitoes in tropical areas. 1991 Publishes his memoir, family and their struggle against discrimination. Fenner convinced army leaders to order soldiers existed in nature. A Boy’s Life to take malaria tablets. Deaths and illness from 17 March 2000 Dies in Perth malaria were reduced. More about ... After the war, Fenner became involved in Smallpox and the World Health Organization developing the myxoma virus, which was The World Health Organization (WHO) is a United Davis sits with an actor eventually used to reduce Australia’s rabbit Nations agency that was formed to improve dressed as a frill-necked international public health. In 1958, WHO began lizard from his play population. to wipe out smallpox. Teams of medical scientists Rainmaker. vaccinated many people around the world to Wiping out smallpox stop the disease spreading. To prove that the disease had been wiped out, Following the war, Fenner worked with WHO checked medical records from different Macfarlane Burnet at the Walter and Eliza Hall countries. In developing countries, such as India, Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne. WHO workers visited millions of homes in half a million Fenner studied a virus in mice that he called villages. They showed pictures of smallpox victims and asked, ‘Have you seen anything like this?’. See also mouse pox. It turned out to be a form of Two years after the last known victim of smallpox, Don Bradman (the Great smallpox. Smallpox is an infectious disease Fenner announced that the world was rid of Depression), Volume 6 that is passed from human to human. It causes smallpox. For the first time in human history, an infectious disease had been completely wiped out. Charles Perkins (Freedom blisters and can result in blindness and death. Rides and the civil rights It is estimated that smallpox killed between movement), Volume 8 300 million and 500 million people during See also David Williamson (Australian the 1900s. Jean Macnamara (myxomatosis), Volume 7 plays), Volume 9 Macfarlane Burnet, Volume 8

18 19 David Williamson Albert Facey Playwright Writer

David Williamson is Australia’s most Albert Facey was a writer whose famous playwright. He has written life story became a bestselling book. plays and films that tell uniquely Australians were inspired by his Australian stories. ability to rise above hardship and Williamson was accept his life without complaint. Life facts brought up in Facey was raised by 24 February 1942 Born in Bairnsdale before Life facts his grandmother Melbourne attending university 31 August 1894 Born in after his father died 1964 Graduates as an in Melbourne. engineer Melbourne on the Kalgoorlie Williamson worked 1966 Lectures at Swinburne 1915 Lands at Gallipoli goldfields in Western Technical College as an engineer at 1922 Farms at Wickepin Australia. When he 1970 His play The Coming of first, but he soon 1934 Forced off farm was just eight years Stork opens found greater 1981 Publishes A Fortunate old, Facey went 1973 His play Don’s Party Life satisfaction writing to work on farms opens plays. 1982 Dies in Perth 1977 His play The Club opens around Wickepin, 1981 Writes screenplay for Plays that tell Western Australia. Gallipoli Williamson has been a popular playwright since He had to teach himself to read and write. 1998 Named a Living Australian the 1970s. Treasure by the stories National Trust A fortunate life? Facey believed he lived a fortunate life, full of 2005 Retires Williamson’s first The Club was first performed as a play in 1977 By the time Facey was 14 years old, he was an good luck and good fortune. 2008 His play Scarlett O’Hara play, The Coming and it was made into a film in 1980. Williamson experienced bushman. For a while he became a at the Crimson Parrot of Stork, was wrote the screenplay. Williamson wrote professional boxer, then a stockman, and then Facey had made notes about his life and his opens performed at La screenplays for many popular Australian films, he built railway lines. experiences. His children encouraged him to Mama Theatre such as Gallipoli, Phar Lap and The Year of When World War I started, Facey joined the write his life story from these notes. A Fortunate in 1970. Melbourne theatres La Mama and Living Dangerously. army. He landed at Gallipoli with the first Life was published nine months before Facey the Pram Factory were the centres of social Anzacs and experienced the tragedy of war. He died. His autobiography became a classic of change and new plays during the 1970s. Soon Williamson said of the 1970s: was badly injured and returned to Australia to Australian literature, and it was made into a Williamson’s plays were being performed in ‘At that time, there was a really exciting feeling recover. Two of his brothers and many of his play and television mini-series. European and American theatres, too. in the air, that at last we were going to get our friends were killed during the war. After the In 1981, Facey said: Williamson’s first plays were very successful. own stories on stage spoken in our own accents, war, Facey returned to Wickepin and started After the social changes of the 1960s, audiences reflecting our own life, because up to that stage wheat farming. With his wife, Evelyn, he raised ‘I have lived a very good life, it has been very wanted more Australian stories. Australian Australian plays had been few and far between.’ a family of seven children. rich and full. I have been very fortunate and I audiences enjoyed Williamson’s plays and the am thrilled by it when I look back.’ When the Great Depression began, the Facey way he made them laugh at themselves. One of See also family was forced to abandon their farm. They his most popular plays, The Club, was about the Graham Kennedy (Don’s Party and The Club), See also Volume 8 had to start again in the city. World War II dramas of an Australian Rules football club. John ‘Simpson’ Kirkpatrick (the Gallipoli Mel Gibson (rebirth of the Australian film industry), brought more tragedy when their eldest son, campaign), Volume 5 Volume 9 Barney, was killed. Don Bradman (the Great Depression), Volume 6

20 21 Bill Mollison Peter Dombrovskis Environmentalist Photographer

Bill Mollison became a world leader Peter Dombrovskis was an in sustainable agriculture and is Australian wilderness photographer called the ‘father of permaculture’. whose pictures helped save the After growing up in Franklin River in Tasmania. Life facts northern Tasmania, Dombrovskis was 1928 Born in Tasmania Mollison worked Life facts born in a refugee 1954–63 Works in forestry in the forestry and camp to Latvian and fishing at CSIRO 1945 Born in Wiesbaden, fishing industries. Germany parents at the end 1968–78 Researches at the Through observing University of Tasmania 1950 Migrates to Australia of World War II. His the natural world, he 1978 Publishes Permaculture 1977 Starts publishing his father died in the photographs One learned how plants last months of the and animals adapt, Mollison’s ideas on permaculture are used around 1983 Creates ‘Save the 1981 Wins the Right the world. war. Dombrovskis Livelihood Award or change to survive. Franklin’ photographs 28 March 1996 Dies in migrated to Australia He decided to study Mollison used his observations of south-west Tasmania with his mother. environmental science at university. nature as a guide. He called his theory of Mollison researched the family trees of interconnectedness ‘permaculture’. The name came from the phrase ‘permanent agriculture’. Capturing the beauty of the descendants of Indigenous Tasmanians. The Tasmanian wilderness Tasmanian Government believed Indigenous Mollison’s ideas are still used around the world. Dombrovskis started a new life on the slopes Tasmanians were extinct, but Mollison’s The Vietnamese Government has translated his of Mount Wellington, near Hobart. His deep research proved the existence of many permaculture handbook and given it to every love of the Tasmanian wilderness grew from his Indigenous Tasmanian families. farmer in the country. His ideas are used by time there. A famous wilderness photographer communities in North America, South America Mollison retreated to a small farm. He was called Olegas Truchanas became his friend and and Africa, and in Arctic areas of northern unhappy with city life. One day Mollison had a teacher. ‘Eureka’ moment, or a flash of inspiration, that Europe. Mollison has received awards for his gave him new ideas about sustainable living. work from around the world, such as the Right Dombrovskis quickly learned the techniques of Livelihood Award, which is often called the wilderness photography and how to capture the Developing the idea of alternative Nobel Prize. beauty of the Tasmanian wilderness. He started permaculture a publishing company to print calendars of his Mollison explained how he came up with the idea of photographs. In this way, he showed people Dombrovskis’ photographs showed Australians the beauty of the Tasmanian wilderness. Mollison created model systems and wrote permaculture: wilderness areas that they would never see books. His ideas came from what he saw in ‘I knew that I needed to convert the principles themselves. nature. Natural systems are diverse. Different of environmental science into directives for plants grow together if they help each other. planning and then the idea of permaculture In the early 1980s, environmentalists Animals adjust their behaviour to changes in came to me. It was like a shift in my brain, and campaigned to stop a dam being built on the their environment. suddenly I couldn’t write it down fast enough.’ Franklin River in Tasmania. Dombrovskis’ photographs of the area were used widely in Mollison began to educate people about See also the campaign. designing and building sustainable settlements Nuenonne people, Volume 1 See also and ecosystems that produced food. Truganini (Indigenous Tasmanians), Volume 4 Bob Hawke (Franklin River), Volume 9

22 23 Bob Hawke Ben Lexcen Prime Minister Designer

Robert Hawke was a trade union Ben Lexcen designed Australia II, The winged keel was kept secret for as long as possible. Australia II eventually won 4 races to leader who became Prime Minister the first non-American yacht to win 3 races against the New York Yacht Club in 1983. the America’s Cup. defender, Liberty. Hawke studied at Lexcen left school It was the first time in 132 years that America Life facts Oxford University, Life facts at the age of 14 and had lost the Cup. Australians celebrated the 9 December 1929 Born in England, in 1953. 19 March 1936 Born Robert built his first boat victory. Skipper John Bertrand and his crew Bordertown, South Back in Australia, Miller in Newcastle, when he was 16 joined Bond and Lexcen as national sporting Australia he worked for New South Wales years old. He became heroes. 1953 Studies at Oxford 1959 Designs and builds the Australian Hawke (left) worked in a successful political a successful yacht 1958 Starts work for ACTU Taipan Council of Trade partnership with his Treasurer, Keating (right). designer and builder. More about ... 1969­–80 Serves as ACTU 1974 Designs Southern Cross President Unions (ACTU) 1983 Helps Australia win He built yachts for The America’s Cup promoting the equality of women and 1980 Elected to Federal as a researcher America’s Cup businessman Alan The America’s Cup is an international yacht race Parliament and industrial outlawing discrimination in the workplace 1 May 1988 Dies in Sydney Bond’s unsuccessful series that is held every three or four years. It began 1983–91 Serves as Prime lawyer. As ACTU starting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait challenges for the in 1851. An American team won the cup every Minister President, Hawke Islander Commission (ATSIC) and taking America’s Cup in 1974, 1977 and 1980. time between 1851 and 1982. Resigns from Parliament The yacht club of the winning team gets to keep 1992 built a reputation steps towards reconciliation between 1994 Publishes The Hawke the America’s Cup at their yacht club until it is Memoirs as a successful Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians A secret weapon won by someone else. The Royal Perth Yacht Club negotiator. Lexcen designed a ‘secret weapon’ for the 1983 kept the America’s Cup after Australia II’s victory leading Australia’s bicentennial celebrations in 1983. In 1987, the America’s Cup race series was Hawke was elected to Federal Parliament in in 1988 America’s Cup challenger, Australia II. The keel, held at Fremantle, Western Australia. The cup was 1980. After only two years, he became Labor completing and opening New Parliament which is the part of the yacht that sits under the lost to Stars and Stripes from the San Diego Yacht leader in time for the 1983 elections. Australia House in Canberra in 1988. hull and is used to guide the vessel, was winged. Club, America. faced difficult economic conditions at the time Late in 1991, Treasurer Paul Keating challenged and had a large national debt of $9 billion. Hawke as Labor leader. Keating won and took Using the slogan ‘Bringing Australia Together’, over as Labor Prime Minister. Hawke led Labor to its greatest win in 40 years. More about ...

Significant achievements The Hawke and Keating partnership Hawke became the longest-serving Labor Prime With his Treasurer Paul Keating, Hawke made Lexcen holds a model Minister with victories in the 1984, 1987 and major changes to the Australian economy. Hawke of Australia II, with its 1990 elections. The achievements of the Hawke and Keating ended the traditional Labor policy of protecting Australian industry from overseas winged keel. Government included: competition. Agreements between businesses using World Heritage listing to stop State and union leaders were negotiated. The number of workers’ strikes dropped and Australian business and Territory Governments damming the became more competitive. Franklin River in Tasmania, logging the Daintree rainforest in Queensland, and See also See also mining uranium in Kakadu in the Peter Dombrovskis (Franklin River), Volume 9 Walter Lindrum (sporting heroes), Northern Territory Paul Keating, Volume 9 Volume 6

24 25 Reg Grundy Paul Hogan Television producer Film star

Reginald Grundy set up a Paul Hogan became an multinational television production international film star playing company in the 1980s and 1990s. Mick ‘Crocodile’ Dundee. Crocodile Grundy started as a Dundee worked as a global Life facts sports commentator, advertisement for the beauty of 4 August 1923 Born in but switched to Sydney hosting radio game Australia’s wilderness. 1957 Becomes radio game shows in 1957. He Hogan’s start in show host transferred his Life facts 1959 Becomes television television came on game show host game show, called 8 October 1939 Born in a talent show called 1973 Starts making TV Wheel of Fortune, Grundy receives an award for his contribution Lightning Ridge, New New Faces. At the dramas onto television to Australian television. South Wales time, Hogan was a 1985 Produces Neighbours two years later. 1972 Appears on New Faces maintenance worker 1995 Sells his television Grundy’s company Through people such as Grundy, television 1973 Starts The Paul Hogan Show on the Sydney company to a British became the leading shows started to become multinational. He company 1985 Named Australian of Harbour Bridge. television game took ideas from other countries and used them the Year His personality and show producer in to make Australian television shows. His ideas 1986 Stars in Crocodile manner of speaking Australia. He adapted American game shows for were also exported to other countries. Grundy Dundee appealed to the Australian audiences. opened his first overseas production office 1988 Stars in Crocodile Australian sense of Dundee II Hogan performs as Crocodile Dundee in 1986. in the United States in 1979. Offices were also humour. During Grundy productions opened in Hong Kong and Brunei. By 1983, his 1996 Stars in Flipper 2001 Stars in Crocodile the 1970s, The Paul From 1973 onwards, Grundy also made drama company, now called Grundy Worldwide, was Dundee in Los Angeles Hogan Show became The filmCrocodile Dundee featured Hogan as serials. Grundy productions such as The Young based in Bermuda. a television hit. an Australian bushman who travels from the Doctors, The Restless Years and Neighbours Hogan co-wrote the show and played many outback to New York, America. It was the most began to dominate Australian television. More about ... characters. successful Australian film that had ever been These popular serials were about the daily made, and it launched Hogan’s international Neighbours events in their character’s lives. They were called Representing Australia film career. It won many awards. None of the Neighbours was one of Grundy’s biggest ‘soap operas’ or ‘soapies’. successes. It is set in suburban Ramsay Street In the 1980s, Hogan became the face of Australia films Hogan has made since have come close to and tells the stories of different neighbours ‘who in tourism advertisements shown in the United the success of Crocodile Dundee. become good friends’. Neighbours started in States. Later, he featured in international 1985 and five episodes were shown each week. It advertisements for Foster’s Lager beer, too. Hogan is famous for a 1984 tourism advertisement that quickly became very popular in Australia. Grundy encouraged Americans to come to Australia. He told exported it around the world and it became a Part of Hogan’s appeal was his Aussie larrikin American audiences: Charlene (Kylie huge hit in Britain. For young stars such as Kylie Minogue) and Minogue and Jason Donovan, it gave them the personality. He was fun-loving, mischievous, ‘I’ll slip an extra shrimp on the barbie for you.’ Scott (Jason start to an international career. down-to-earth, bold and honest. He often Shrimp is the American word for prawn. Donovan) played ‘fish out of water’ characters, who were were popular characters on See also unfamiliar with their surroundings. Often, they See also Neighbours Graham Kennedy (Australian television industry), were Australian bushmen who found themselves Barry Humphries (creating Australian characters), during the 1980s. Volume 8 in sophisticated city situations. Volume 8

26 27 Eva Burrows Manning Clark Religious leader Historian

Eva Burrows became the world Manning Clark was a famous leader of the Salvation Army and its Australian historian who believed global humanitarian work. that understanding the past helped As a teenager, explain the present and the future. Life facts Burrows rebelled Clark’s father was an 15 September 1929 Born in at first against her Life facts Anglican minister Newcastle, New South Salvation Army 3 March 1915 Born in Sydney who migrated to Wales heritage. Burrows’ 1938 Studies in England Australia from 1952–70 Serves in Zimbabwe first assignment was 1970–77 Works in the United 1940 Returns to Australia England. His mother Kingdom in Rhodesia, now 1962 Publishes Volume I of A came from an 1977 Leads in Sri Lanka called Zimbabwe, History of Australia influential Australian 1986 Elected world leader of in southern Africa. 1980 Named Australian of the Year family. Clark was Salvation Army She worked as a a shy boy and he preacher, teacher and 1987 Publishes Volume VI of A History of Australia suffered bullying administrator. She developed a deep respect for 1988 History of Australia at school. He grew the African people. Later, she experienced the Burrows was elected General of the Salvation Army features in celebrations in 1986. to love literature, official racism of South Africa, called apartheid. 23 May 1991 Dies in Sydney history, fishing ‘Blacks’ were not allowed to stand in line with and cricket. After ‘whites’. When Burrows chose to stand in World leader he left school, he became a university history the ‘black’ line she would be told to move. In In 1986, Burrows was elected General, or world researcher and a teacher. protest, she would simply walk away. leader, of the Salvation Army. She was only the Clark’s work on the history of Australia made Salvation Army assignments took Burrows to second woman ever to hold the position. She A history of Australia him famous. many parts of the world, such as the United visited 62 countries and met with people in During the 1950s, Clark started researching Kingdom and Sri Lanka. need, as well as kings, queens and presidents. and writing his major work, called A History of Clark argued that Australia’s history was a Burrows led the Salvation Army into eastern Australia. Between 1962 and 1987, he published More about ... struggle between ‘the old dead tree’, which was Europe to help people in need. After 1989, the six volumes of this history series. This was the British culture, and ‘the young tree green’, which The Salvation Army Cold War ended and many eastern European first detailed examination and assessment of was Australian culture. He was critical of those The Salvation Army is an international Christian countries were freed from communist Australia’s history. His work told stories about who thought Australia was simply a place to get movement. It started in London in 1865 and was dictatorship. Bans on religious groups were the people and the events that had shaped the rich, such as the wool pioneers and the Eureka brought to Australia 15 years later. also lifted. Australian nation. The Salvation Army’s mission is to preach the Stockade rebels. Clark also presented Australian teachings of Jesus Christ and provide practical Burrows’ warmth and compassion for Clark’s work drew praise and criticism. Writer history as a struggle between Catholics and assistance to people in need. It is organised in Don Watson used Clark’s work as the basis of Protestants. Some historians criticised him for military style. Its ministers wear uniforms and have individuals saw her called ‘the People’s General’. titles such as officer. She was described as ‘one of the most respected a script for a musical. A History of Australia this. After his death, Clarke was falsely accused The Salvation Army is a charity and it is also one of and influential Christian leaders of our time’. – the Musical was staged during Australia’s of being a communist spy. the world’s largest providers of social welfare, such bicentennial celebrations in 1988. as care for the elderly and telephone counselling. See also See also In the United States, it helps more than 32 million people. Arthur Calwell (communism in the 1950s), Samuel Marsden (wool trader), Volume 3 Volume 7 Peter Lalor (Eureka Stockade), Volume 4

28 29 Burnum Burnum Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri Activist Artist

Burnum Burnum used imaginative Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri was an ways to make people aware of the Indigenous Australian artist who plight of Indigenous Australians. became world-famous. His paintings Burnum was a were exhibited in London and New Life facts Wurundjeri man, Burnum (left) York in 1988. Born Harry from the Woiworung 10 January 1936 raised awareness Penrith at Wallaga language group. He Born in a dry creek Lake, New South Wales of the unfair Life facts bed, north of Alice was taken by the treatment of Lobbies for referendum 1967 government to a Indigenous 1932 Born near Alice Springs, Springs, Tjapaltjarri 1972 Helps start Tent mission orphanage Australians. Northern Territory was a member of the Embassy Joins Papunya Tula after his mother 1972 Anmatyerre group. 1976 Leads recovery of On Bicentenary Day, 26 January 1988, Burnum artists Truganini’s remains died. Although he Cattle stations staged his most famous stunt. At the famous 1977 Paints Warlugulong 1988 Stakes claim to England was a member of the forced his people white cliffs of Dover in England, he planted 1983 Paints Mulga Seed 18 August 1997 Dies in Stolen Generations, Dreaming off their traditional Sydney he was not bitter an Aboriginal flag. He claimed England for 1988 Exhibits in London and lands when he about his treatment. Aboriginal Australians. It was a clever reversal New York was growing He attended the University of Tasmania and of Governor Arthur Phillip’s actions 200 years 21 June 2002 Dies in Alice up. He called earlier. Springs, Northern these the ‘killing played rugby for Parramatta. Territory Tjapaltjarri stands in front of one of his times’. Although masterpieces. Burnum was part of a delegation to Prime On 26 January 1988 in Dover, England, Burnum Tjapaltjarri had little schooling, he spoke six declared: Minister Harold Holt to negotiate the 1967 Indigenous languages and some English. Tjapaltjarri was called the founder of the referendum. With others, he started the ‘I, Burnum Burnum of the Wurundjeri Tribe, do Western Desert art movement. He was the first Tjapaltjarri became a stockman, learning how Aboriginal Tent Embassy at old Parliament hereby take possession of England on behalf of Indigenous Australian artist to win the praise of to muster and brand cattle. In the 1950s, he House in Canberra. The Tent Embassy the Aboriginal Crown of Australia. In so doing art critics in Europe and North America. was started in 1972 to protest the Federal we wish no harm to you natives, but assure you met Albert Namatjira, a famous Indigenous Major exhibitions of Tjapaltjarri’s work in Government’s refusal to recognise Indigenous that we are here to bring you good manners, Australian painter, who encouraged him to London and New York in 1988 won rave reviews Australian land rights. refinement and an opportunity to make “a fresh become an artist. start”. At the end of two hundred years, we will and had record attendances. Many art galleries Over many years, Burnum negotiated with the make a Treaty to signify occupation by peaceful Becoming a famous artist bought his paintings. Tasmanian Museum for the respectful treatment means and not by conquest. For the more Geoffrey Bardon, a young art teacher at Tjapaltjarri received little of the money made of Truganini’s remains. Truganini was a famous intelligent we bring the complex language of the Papunya settlement in the Northern Territory, from his work. Sometimes, paintings were Indigenous Tasmanian who died in 1876. A Pitjantjatjara, teach you how to have a spiritual encouraged local men to paint their ancestral falsely claimed as his. Tjapaltjarri’s ‘number one century after her death, her ashes were scattered relationship with the Earth and show you how stories. Tjapaltjarri helped start a group of painting’, Warlugulong, was sold for a record on the waters of D’Entrecasteaux Channel, to get bush tucker.’ artists. They used traditional ceremonial designs $2.4 million in 2007. Tasmania. to create ‘dot paintings’. They used complex Taking possession of England See also patterns of dots and stripes and based the See also Impact of invasion (Stolen Generations), Volume 1 paintings on Dreaming stories. The Papunya Dreaming, Volume 1 Burnum changed his name from Harry Penrith Arthur Phillip (First Fleet), Volume 2 Tula artists achieved great success. Ceremony (dot painting), Volume 1 and took his great grandfather’s name in 1976. Truganini, Volume 4 Albert Namitjira, Volume 6 Burnum Burnum means Great Warrior. Faith Bandler (1967 referendum), Volume 8 Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Volume 9

30 31 Emily Kame Kngwarreye Carmen Lawrence Artist Politician

Emily Kame Kngwarreye was an Carmen Lawrence became the first Indigenous Australian painter whose female State Premier in Australia. genius shocked international art Lawrence grew up critics. She started her painting Life facts on a wheat and 2 March 1948 Born in sheep farm to the career in 1988 when she was nearly Northam, Western north of Perth. 80 years old. Australia She worked as a Graduates from the Kngwarreye began 1968 research assistant, Kngwarreye was painting late in University of Western Australia tutor, psychology Life facts a member of the her life. 1979–83 Lectures at the lecturer and public Anmatyerre people. About 1910 Born in central University of Western servant before Australia, Northern She was born before Developing her own art style Australia Territory entering politics. She Europeans came 1986 Elected to Western Kngwarreye was nearly 80 years old when she was elected to the 1977 Starts Women’s Batik to the Country of Australian Parliament Group started painting. She had an eight-year burst of Western Australian her people. In the 1988 Becomes Minister for 1988 Starts painting creativity. At Utopia, Kngwarreye developed her Education State Parliament in 1920s, her people 1990 Paints Wild Potato own unique artistic style. It was different from 1990 Becomes Premier of 198 6. Dreaming lost their Country the style of the successful Papunya Tula artists. Western Australia 1994 Paints Emu Country and their traditional 1993 Becomes Leader of Art collectors flocked to buy Kngwarreye’s work. Labor leader 1995 Paints Earth’s Creation way of life. They Opposition Some tried to put her name on paintings she had 2 September 1996 Dies in were forced to work 1994 Elected to Federal In 1990, Lawrence not produced. Kngwarreye shared all the money Parliament Alice Springs, Northern on cattle stations. became the Premier Territory she earned with her family and community. 2004 Serves as President of Kngwarreye looked of Western Australia. the Labor Party She was the first after domestic Some critics described Kngwarreye’s work as 2007 Retires from politics animals and worked with camel trains. miraculous, because a Central Desert woman female in any was producing the highest quality modern art Australian State Kngwarreye was a leader in Dreaming Lawrence was a political leader for almost 20 years. with no training. In fact, she had been ‘trained’ to achieve this position. Lawrence’s Labor ceremonies. At Utopia Station, she helped start a but in a different way. Her artistic genius had Government faced corruption allegations and Women’s Batik Group, which used wax and dye developed through painting people’s bodies worsening economic conditions. It was defeated to make traditional designs on silk. She became for ceremonies and through drawing in the at the 1993 elections. active in the land rights movement. In 1979, She was courageous in rebuilding her career soft earth. Utopia Station was returned to her people. The following year, Lawrence was elected to after this setback. Federal Parliament, becoming Minister for In 2004, Lawrence achieved another milestone A visitor looks at one of Human Services and Health in Paul Keating’s Kngwarreye’s paintings at when she became the first woman to become Government. The Keating Government was an exhibition. President of the Australian Labor Party. She voted out in 1996. See also campaigned for fairer treatment of asylum Lawrence’s career was put at risk when she Dreaming, Volume 1 seekers. was charged with lying to a Western Australian Ceremony (Papunya Tula artists), Volume 1 Royal Commission. By 1999, however, Lawrence See also Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri had successfully fought the charges and she was Edmund Barton (the public service), Volume 5 (Papunya Tula artists), Volume 9 found not guilty of any wrongdoing. Paul Keating, Volume 9

32 33 Fred Hollows Roma Mitchell Surgeon Governor

Fred Hollows was an eye surgeon Roma Mitchell was the first female At university during the Great Depression, Mitchell grew determined to work for a fairer who helped underprivileged people. Queen’s Counsel, Supreme Court society. In those days, females were not allowed He was named an honorary judge and Chancellor of a university to join the Law Students’ Society, so Mitchell citizen of Eritrea, in Africa, for his in Australia. In 1991, she became formed a new society for women. humanitarian work there. the first female State Governor in As a lawyer, Mitchell quickly built an excellent reputation. In 1962, she was promoted to Hollows was an eye Australia. Queen’s Counsel, which is a senior barrister. Life facts doctor called an From a young age, Mitchell argued for equal pay for women and 9 April 1929 Born in Dunedin, ophthalmologist. He Life facts Mitchell dreamed of for women to sit on juries. She also led criminal New Zealand came to Australia 2 October 1913 Born in becoming a lawyer law reforms and promoted human rights 1965 Moves to Australia to train doctors and equality. She was appointed judge of the Hollows treated thousands of people during Adelaide like her father 1971 Starts Aboriginal in treating eye Medical Service his lifetime. 1934 Becomes a lawyer and grandfather. Supreme Court of South Australia in 1965. diseases. He worked 1976–78 Works in the 1962 Becomes Queen’s When Mitchell’s Counsel In 1965, when Mitchell became the first female judge National Trachoma and in Indigenous In 1985, Hollows worked as a consultant to father was killed in Eye Health Program 1965 Becomes a judge of of a Supreme Court in Australia, she said: Australian the World Health Organization and visited World War I, her 1985 Works as a consultant communities and the Supreme Court of ‘As far as being a woman is concerned, I am countries such as Nepal, Burma and India. He South Australia mother struggled for World Health was shocked by the hopeful that in my lifetime, appointments such Organization visited Eritrea, a war-torn country in Africa, in 1983–90 Becomes as a single parent. number of people Chancellor of the as this will not excite comment.’ 1990 Named Australian of 1987. Hollows began to work towards cutting Mitchell enjoyed University of Adelaide the Year who suffered from the costs of eye care in poor countries. music, dancing and 1991 Named First Citizen of serious eye diseases 1991–96 Serves as Governor Governor of South Australia Hollows’ work was recognised when he was of South Australia studying. Eritrea such as trachoma. Mitchell achieved another first for women named an honorary citizen of the nation of 5 March 2000 Dies in 10 February 1993 Dies in Trachoma is caused when she was appointed Governor of South Sydney Eritrea. Since Hollows’ death, his humanitarian Adelaide by poor living Australia in 1991. People affectionately called her work has been continued by the Hollows conditions and often the State’s First Lady. Her warmth and genuine Foundation. The Hollows Foundation works in leads to blindness. It is easily treated. interest in people won admiration from across over 20 countries. It has helped to restore sight the State. Saving people’s eyesight to over one million people. Given her interest in women’s rights, Mitchell Hollows helped start an Aboriginal Medical Hollows said of his humanitarian work: enjoyed being patron of the Centenary of Service in Redfern, Sydney. He also started the ‘The essence of a human being is our capacity Female Suffrage in 1994. Mitchell actively National Trachoma and Eye Health Program, to help others; it is what separates us from the supported the Indigenous rights organisation which ran from 1976 to 1978. He was very good animals. I studied medicine so I can help others Women for Wik and the High Court’s Wik at convincing others to help. With Federal – set a leg or whatever, and it’s given me a great decision to recognise Indigenous land rights Government funds, the program was able to visit deal of satisfaction.’ on leased farmland. She also argued against more than 465 remote Indigenous Australian Australia becoming a republic. communities. About 100 000 people were See also screened and over 27 000 people were treated Frank Fenner (World Health Organization), See also for trachoma. Volume 9 Mary Lee (suffrage in Australia), Volume 4 Catherine Hamlin (international humanitarian Mitchell (right) was very popular as Governor Don Bradman (the Great Depression), Volume 6 work), Volume 9 of South Australia. Mary Gaudron (equal pay for women), Volume 9

34 35 Mary Gaudron Eddie Mabo Judge Activist

Mary Gaudron became the first Eddie Mabo fought for and won female justice of the High Court the rights to his Country in the of Australia. She was one of famous High Court case Mabo v the justices to deliver the Mabo Queensland. judgement in 1992. Shortly after Life facts Growing up in his birth, Eddie Life facts Moree, Gaudron 29 June 1936 Born Eddie Sambo’s mother Sambo on Murray died. In accordance 5 January 1943 Born in witnessed the Island, Queensland Moree, New South with tradition, his intense racism 1973–83 Directs Black Wales that was part of Community School mother’s brother, Becomes a lawyer 1968 everyday life for 1982 Starts land rights case Benny Mabo, raised 1972 Argues equal pay case some Indigenous 21 January 1992 Dies in him. Later, Eddie 1974 Becomes judge on Australians. It made Brisbane changed his last Arbitration Commission name to Mabo. He 1987 Becomes judge on her determined to High Court fight for a fairer learned about his family’s land in the Torres Strait Islands, where they were part of the Mabo (centre) gathers with lawyers and other 1992 Delivers Mabo society. As an Meriam people during the case. judgement eight year old, she Meriam people. 2002 Retires from the High saw Labor leader Mabo worked on pearling boats then moved Court Gaudron (third from right) was one of seven High The Mabo judgement was a controversial Herbert Evatt urging Court judges. to Townsville, Queensland. He worked on the 2004 Becomes judge for decision. Mabo’s gravesite in Townsville was International Labour people to vote ‘No’ railways and also as a gardener at James Cook vandalised and his remains were then moved Organisation in a referendum University. Between 1973 and 1983, he was the to his birthplace. His people performed their to ban the Delivering the Mabo judgement director of a school for Indigenous Australian traditional ceremony for the burial of a ‘king’. Communist Party. Gaudron asked him what the In 1987, Gaudron became the first female students that promoted Indigenous cultures constitution was. After receiving a pamphlet appointed as a judge on Australia’s High Court. and identity. from him, she was inspired to become a lawyer. Five years later, with Justice William Deane, More about ... A scholarship enabled Gaudron to study law at she made the famous Mabo judgement. They Fighting for his land Mabo judgement university. She won awards for her achievements. described the past treatment of Indigenous In 1981, Mabo was shocked to learn that his The Mabo judgement was delivered by the High Court of Australia on 3 June 1992. The judgement Gaudron had to overcome many hurdles Australians as ‘the darkest aspect of the history family land on Murray Island was Crown land. of this nation’. Gaudron had achieved her dream rejected the idea that terra nullius could be to become New South Wales’ first female Crown land is owned by the State or Federal applied to Australia at the time of British settlement. Queen’s Counsel, which is a senior barrister. of using the law to improve people’s lives. She governments. One year later, Mabo led a land Terra nullius means ‘land belonging to no one’. It was a time when males dominated the legal believed that a fair society was based on equal claim in the courts. The Government argued The Mabo judgement recognised that Indigenous rights and people should never take these rights that when Captain Cook took possession of Australians occupied the land and had land rights, profession. known as native title. for granted. Australian land it belonged to no one. This was Gaudron worked against discrimination. In called terra nullius. 1972, in one famous case, she successfully See also See also Mabo’s case was in the courts for ten years. argued for equal pay for all. Herbert Evatt (communism), Volume 7 Meriam people, Volume 1 He died five months before the High Court’s Roma Mitchell (equal pay), Volume 9 Vincent Lingiari (land rights), Volume 8 Eddie Mabo (Mabo judgement), Volume 9 landmark decision that recognised ‘native title’. Mary Gaudron (Mabo judgement), Volume 9

36 37 Lowitja O’Donoghue Arthur Boyd Activist Artist

Lowitja O’Donoghue is a member Arthur Boyd was a famous artist of the Stolen Generations who has who donated art and land to the become an Indigenous Australian Australian people. leader. Boyd was brought Life facts up in a family Born a O’Donoghue speaks Life facts Yankuntjatjara out about the rights 20 July 1920 Born in of artists. His of Indigenous Melbourne painting, sculpting, 1 August 1932 Born in woman, Australians. 1940 First major exhibition in printmaking and Indulkana, South O’Donoghue had Melbourne Australia pottery skills an Irish father. O’Donoghue received many awards for her 1941 Conscripted into the 1934 Taken to children’s were developed When she was two work helping Indigenous Australians. She army home from boyhood. years old, she was became the first head of the Aboriginal and 1959–70 Works in London, 1954 Wins right to train as England He was inspired nurse taken by religious Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). 1975 Donates work to by Australian 1967 Reunited with her missionaries to a She led negotiations with Paul Keating’s National Gallery of landscapes, the Bible mother children’s home, Government on the Native Title Act 1993, which Australia and his travels. 1984 Named Australian of along with two of 1978 Settles at Bundanon, the Year confirmed native title in Australia.S he addressed her sisters. It was 33 New South Wales 1990 Heads ATSIC the United Nations’ General Assembly in 1993 years before she saw 1993 Gives Bundanon to the Drawing from Boyd paints in his Bundanon studio in 1993. 1993 Addresses United when she was working as part of an Australian Australian people her mother again. his experiences Nations group on the United Nations’ Declaration of 1995 Named Australian of Boyd’s paintings and sculptures focussed on the World War II 2000 Leads reconciliation Rights for Indigenous People. Later she led the the Year Australian bush. They made people think about movement Working for affected Boyd deeply. reconciliation movement. In 2008, she listened 24 April 1999 Dies in land use and wilderness values. 2008 Listens to official Indigenous as Prime Minister Kevin Rudd gave an official Melbourne He was conscripted apology to the Stolen into the army, where Boyd donated several thousand works of art to Generations Australians apology to the Stolen Generations. he made military maps. His paintings of his the National Gallery of Australia in 1975. With O’Donoghue O’Donoghue said about reconciliation: wartime experiences reflect the sorrows of remarkable generosity, Boyd also donated his dedicated her life to ‘working for the betterment racism, violence, concentration camps and the beloved Bundanon to the Australian people in of my people’. She applied to train as a nurse. ‘We have a long way to go but there is no damage to people. 1993. ‘You can’t own a landscape,’ he said. Boyd At first, she was refused because she was an turning back. For Indigenous Australians, the acid test of reconciliation will be improved wanted others to gain spiritual inspiration from Indigenous Australian. Determined to succeed, Boyd’s travels through Victoria’s Wimmera health, better housing, education and the land, as he had. she found supporters in the Aboriginal country and central Australia inspired his work employment. Reconciliation is the way of the in the 1950s. His concern about the plight of Advancement League and she achieved her goal. Boyd said of his art: future, our shared future in which Australia is Indigenous Australians resulted in a series She nursed at Royal Adelaide Hospital. ‘I’d like to feel that through my work there is a united as one people with many rich cultures of paintings on Love, Marriage and Death of In 1967, O’Donoghue began working for the and a commitment to justice and equity.’ possibility of making a contribution to a social a Half-caste, also known as the Bride series. Department of Aboriginal Affairs. When progression or enlightenment’. International critics were impressed. she was reunited with her mother that year, See also O’Donoghue could not communicate in the Impact of invasion (Stolen Generations), Volume 1 During the 1960s, Boyd worked in London, See also same language as her mother and needed to use Unaarrimin (Indigenous reserves), Volume 4 England. When he returned to Australia, he Russell Drysdale (Australian landscape painting), an interpreter. Paul Keating (Native Title Act 1993), Volume 9 settled at Bundanon on the Shoalhaven River, Volume 8 Kevin Rudd (apology to the Stolen Generations), New South Wales. Fred Williams (Australian landscape painting), Volume 9 Volume 8

38 39 Paul Keating Catherine Hamlin Prime Minister Surgeon

Paul Keating became Prime Minister Overthrowing Hawke and Catherine Hamlin is a surgeon after he challenged the leader of becoming Prime Minister who became famous for her his own party. He strengthened In 1991, Keating challenged Hawke as leader of humanitarian work in Ethiopia. She the Labor Party and Prime Minister and won. Australia’s relationships with Asia Major achievements of the Keating Government was given Australia’s highest award and recognised Indigenous land were: in 1995, the Companion of the rights in law. passing the Native Title Act 1993, which Order of the Australia. recognised Indigenous land rights Keating left school Catherine Nicholson strengthening relations with Asia–Pacific Life facts at 14 years old and Life facts graduated as a countries Born in joined the Labor 24 January 1924 Born doctor in 1946. She 18 January 1944 Sydney Party the following changing the training system to help more Catherine Nicholson in began working in Sydney 1969 Elected to Federal year. He became a people gain skills for work a Sydney women’s Parliament 1946 Graduates from Sydney Member of Federal introducing a national superannuation hospital with 1983 Becomes Treasurer Medical School under Bob Hawke Parliament when he scheme to help people save money for their 1959 Starts work in Ethiopia Reginald Hamlin, 1991–96 Serves as Prime was 25 years old. retirement. 1961 Opens first fistula clinic whom she later Minister As Treasurer in Bob Despite falling popularity, Keating led Labor 1974 Starts Addis Ababa married. They were 1996 Retires from politics Fistula Hospital Hawke’s Government to a surprise victory in the 1993 elections. both working as 1995 Honoured as a between 1983 and Three years later, the Liberal Party, led by John gynaecologists, who Companion of the are doctors that are 1991, Keating led major changes to Australia’s Howard, easily won the elections. Order of Australia trained as women’s economy. He warned that unless changes were 2004 Publishes The Hospital In 1992, Keating made a famous speech calling for by the River health specialists. made, Australia would become a poor nation or reconciliation between Indigenous Australians and a ‘banana republic’, which is a nation that relies non-Indigenous Australians. In his speech, he said: Helping women in Ethiopia on only one crop for export. ‘We non-Aboriginal Australians should perhaps Hamlin and her husband dedicated their lives remind ourselves that Australia once reached to helping people in underdeveloped countries. out for us. Didn’t Australia provide opportunity In Ethiopia, a very poor country in Africa, and care for the dispossessed Irish? The poor of they began to train nurses and doctors to help Britain? The refugees from war and famine and Hamlin cares for women in her hospital in Ethiopia. persecution in the countries of Europe and Asia? during childbirth. Many women suffer from … if we can build a prosperous and remarkably fistulas if they have difficult or long births. A childbirth fistula is an internal injury that harmonious multicultural society in Australia, free treatment of fistulas. Reginald died in 1993 results in a leaking bladder or bowel. surely we can find just solutions to the problems but Catherine continued their work. She has In developed countries, such as Australia, a which beset the first Australians – the people to received many honours for her humanitarian fistula can usually be fixed straightaway. In whom the injustice has been done.’ work. To many people, she is a saint. Ethiopia, poverty meant that women were See also doomed to living with physical discomfort See also Bob Hawke (the Hawke and Keating partnership), and social shame. Volume 9 Fred Hollows (international humanitarian work), Keating makes a speech after winning the Federal Lowitja O’Donoghue (reconciliation movement), In 1974, the Hamlins started a hospital providing Volume 9 election in 1993. Volume 9

40 41 Cathy Freeman John Howard Sportsperson Prime Minister

Catherine Freeman lit the Olympic John Howard was a Liberal It looked like Howard’s leadership ambitions had ended, but he grasped his opportunity to Flame to open the Sydney Olympic politician who became Australia’s win back the position in 1993. He became Prime Games in 2000. She carried both second-longest serving Prime Minister in 1996. the Australian and Aboriginal flags Minister. He strengthened Australia’s Strong leadership when she won gold. alliance with the United States. After only one month in office, Howard Freeman’s mother Howard worked in provided strong leadership when 35 people Life facts was born on Palm Life facts the legal profession were massacred at Port Arthur, Tasmania. His 16 February 1973 Born in Island, off the 26 July 1939 Born in Sydney until he was achievements as a Prime Minister were: Mackay, Queensland coast of northern 1974 Elected to Federal elected to Federal managing the economy and keeping 1990 Wins gold at Auckland Queensland, and Parliament Parliament in 1974. Commonwealth unemployment low was a member of the 1977 Becomes Treasurer After only three Games, New Zealand changing laws in response to the High Stolen Generations. 1985–89 Becomes Leader of years experience 1991 Named Young the Opposition Court’s Wik decision recognising Indigenous Australian of the Year Freeman is fiercely 1996–2007 Serves as Prime in Parliament, he 1994 Wins gold at Victoria land rights proud of her Minister became Treasurer Commonwealth introducing a Goods and Services Tax (GST) Games, Canada Aboriginal heritage. in the Fraser Government. He started economic reform that supporting East Timor’s independence 1996 Wins silver at Atlanta Freeman was a Olympic Games, was later continued by the Hawke Government. strengthening Australia’s alliance with America talented athlete. America through the ‘war on terror’ 1998 Named Australian of She first won gold Howard became Leader of the Opposition in committing troops to the invasion of Iraq the Year in 1990 as part of Freeman crosses the line to win gold at the Sydney 1985. He was overthrown by a challenge in 1989. 2000 Stars at Sydney Olympic Games. tightening border control and detaining Olympic Games the Australian relay illegal immigrants. 2003 Retires from team at the Auckland competitive running Commonwealth Freeman was given the honour of lighting the Some of Howard’s most controversial policies Games. When she Olympic Flame at the Opening Ceremony related to Australia’s cultural mix. He believed won gold at the 1994 Commonwealth Games of the Sydney Olympic Games. On Day 11 of multiculturalism worked against a single in Victoria, Canada, Freeman carried both the the Games, she won the 400-metre event in Australian identity. He also believed the British Australian and Aboriginal flags on her victory an exciting finish. Again, she carried both the monarch, the Queen, should remain Australia’s lap. A storm of controversy erupted in Australia. Aboriginal and Australian flags. Australians Head of State. In the 1999 referendum on the Some people thought only the Australian flag were overjoyed. issue, Howard opposed Australia becoming a should be carried. After retiring from competitive running in republic. The referendum was defeated. 2003, Freeman started the Catherine Freeman Howard led Australia for nearly twelve years. He Olympic medallist Foundation. The Foundation helps Indigenous is the second-longest serving Australian Prime In 1996, Freeman won silver in the 400 metres Australians reach their potential through Minister, after Robert Menzies. at the Atlanta Olympic Games, becoming the education and sport. first Indigenous Australian to win an individual See also Olympic medal. Soon after, Freeman was ranked See also Robert Menzies, Volume 8 top in the event. She set her sights on winning Impact of invasion (Stolen Generations), Volume 1 Howard gives a speech at the homecoming of a Malcolm Fraser, Volume 9 gold at the Sydney Olympic Games. Lowitja O’Donoghue (Stolen Generations), Volume 9 navy ship from Iraq in 2003. Bob Hawke, Volume 9

42 43 Steve Irwin Kevin Rudd Environmentalist Prime Minister

Steve Irwin was a wildlife expert Reaching people across the world Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and conservationist known as the In 1996, Irwin started a television series called delivered a national apology to the The Crocodile Hunter. Three years later, it was ‘the Crocodile Hunter’. He brought being screened in 137 countries and had over Stolen Generations in 2008. conservation issues to millions of 500 million viewers. To many people overseas, Rudd grew up on a people through his television show. Irwin became the face of Australia. Life facts Queensland dairy Irwin was passionate about environmental 21 September 1957 Born in farm. He was a Irwin grew up in Nambour, Queensland conservation. He shared his excitement about brilliant student. Life facts his parents’ wildlife 1980s Works in Australian He studied Chinese the natural world with his audience. He said, embassies in Stockholm Born in park. He began 22 February 1962 ‘I consider myself a wildlife warrior. My mission and Beijing language and history Melbourne handling crocodiles 1988 Becomes a leading and became a skilled Moves to Queensland is to save the world’s endangered species’. 1970 when he was nine public servant Mandarin speaker. 1992 Starts Australia Zoo years old. He took Irwin was killed when a stingray barb pierced 1998 Elected to Federal After working 1996 Stars in The Crocodile over the wildlife his heart while he was filming on the Great Parliament Hunter overseas, he returned park and renamed Barrier Reef. 2003 Opposes invasion of 4 September 2006 Dies on Iraq to Queensland and Great Barrier Reef, it Australia Zoo 2006 Elected Leader of became a leading Queensland in 1992. It grew to Australian Labor Party State public servant. be a major tourist See also 2007 Becomes Prime Minister attraction. Paul Hogan (representing Australia), Volume 9 Rudd was elected to Rudd makes an official apology to the Stolen 2008 Delivers national Generations on behalf of the Government of Australia. apology to the Stolen Federal Parliament Generations on his second attempt. He was improving the broadband network for faster soon promoted to Shadow Minister of Foreign Internet access Affairs. He opposed the Howard Government’s overhauling Work Choices, the Howard decision to join the US invasion of Iraq. He Government changes to the industrial argued that the Australian people were misled relations system. in the reasons given for going to war. A number of firsts for Australian women Making major changes occurred under Rudd’s leadership, such as: In November 2007, Rudd became Australia’s Julia Gillard becoming the first female Prime Minister. Rudd’s government quickly Deputy Prime Minister and Acting Prime made major changes and plans, such as: Minister during Rudd’s overseas visits delivering a national apology to the Stolen Quentin Bryce becoming the first female Generations and committing to improve the Governor-General. living standards of Indigenous Australians See also signing the Kyoto Protocol on climate change Impact of invasion (Stolen Generations), Volume 1 and beginning a carbon emissions trading Edmund Barton (the public service), Volume 5 scheme Lowitja O’Donoghue (Stolen Generations), Volume 9 improving access to early childhood John Howard (invasion of Iraq), Volume 9 Irwin cared for many animals at Australia Zoo in Queensland. education and computers in schools Quentin Bryce, Volume 9

44 45 Quentin Bryce Glossary Governor-General

Quentin Bryce became Australia’s activists people who work to bring about political immunity resistance to viruses or diseases first female Governor-General after or social change industrial relations relations between managers alliance union formed for the benefit of both and workers an outstanding career in law and parties larrikin rowdy and sometimes badly behaved work protecting women’s rights. asylum seekers people who have left their person country as refugees and who are seeking a mogul powerful person in the media industry Bryce grew nation’s protection Life facts up in outback multicultural made up of many different cultures barrister lawyer who practises in court 23 December 1942 Born Queensland. She and groups of people in Longreach, trained to be a bicentennial two-hundredth anniversary of an negotiator person who tries to get two parties to Queensland barrister and from event reach an agreement 1965 Becomes first female campaigning working in an organised way to barrister in Queensland 1968 to 1983 became pioneers people who lead the way forward for achieve a goal 1984 Starts Women’s the first female Bryce celebrates her appointment as Governor- others Information Service law lecturer at General, watched by Prime Minister Rudd. Catholics Christians who belong to the Roman Protestants members of Western Christian 1988 Appointed Federal the University of Catholic Church churches, separate from the Roman Catholic Sex Discrimination Queensland. This Through all these positions, Bryce advanced the Commissioner choreographer person who composes the dance Church was a period of great rights of the rapidly growing number of women steps for a performance 2003 Appointed Governor of in the Australian workforce. She is also an reconciliation bringing back a friendly and Queensland change for women communist using a system of government in respectful relationship between people, important role model for Australian women 2008 Becomes Governor- in Australia. Bryce which all property is owned by the people and especially Indigenous and non-Indigenous General of Australia became a leader in and girls. all business is run by the government Australians the women’s rights In recognition of her outstanding public service, conservationist person who works to preserve referendum general vote on a political question movement. She started Brisbane’s Women’s Bryce was appointed Governor of Queensland. and protect the natural environment by all voters in Australia Information Service, which offered support and Five years later, she was appointed Governor- advice to women. constitution document stating the rules for refugee camp camp for people who have been General of Australia by Prime Minister Kevin government forced to flee from their home country Rudd. She is the first woman ever to hold the democracy system of government in which all because of ill-treatment Promoting equal opportunities position. citizens vote refugees people who have been forced to flee In 1984, Federal Parliament passed the Sex from their home country because of ill- After her appointment as Australia’s first female discrimination unjust treatment, especially Discrimination Act 1984. It confirmed Australia treatment as a world leader in creating a fair society Governor-General, Bryce said: because of race, age or gender where all men and women had equal rights ‘I grew up in a little bush town in Queensland of economic relating to the wealth and resources of republic nation that has an elected head of state, such as a president, rather than a king or queen and opportunities. The national Human 200 people and what this day says to Australian a nation Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission women and to Australian girls is that you can do environmentalists people who work for the smallpox disease, caused by a virus, that can kill was established and Bryce was appointed the anything, you can be anything, and it makes my protection of the environment people heart sing to see women in so many diverse roles Queensland Director. Soon after she became the equity fairness sustainable able to be maintained at a balance national Sex Discrimination Commissioner. In across our country.’ and without using up the natural resources heritage traditions and objects that have been 1993, she became a leader in a national childcare telecommunications communications See also passed down from previous generations council. Her role was to ensure that childcare technology, such as the Internet and Jessie Street (women’s rights), Volume 6 services met national standards. humanitarian helping human welfare telephones Elizabeth Evatt (discrimination against women), immigrants people who have come to live in a Volume 9 trade union organisation formed by workers to new country Kevin Rudd, Volume 9 bargain with employers

46 47 Quentin Bryce Glossary Governor-General

Quentin Bryce became Australia’s activists people who work to bring about political immunity resistance to viruses or diseases first female Governor-General after or social change industrial relations relations between managers alliance union formed for the benefit of both and workers an outstanding career in law and parties larrikin rowdy and sometimes badly behaved work protecting women’s rights. asylum seekers people who have left their person country as refugees and who are seeking a mogul powerful person in the media industry Bryce grew nation’s protection Life facts up in outback multicultural made up of many different cultures barrister lawyer who practises in court 23 December 1942 Born Queensland. She and groups of people in Longreach, trained to be a bicentennial two-hundredth anniversary of an negotiator person who tries to get two parties to Queensland barrister and from event reach an agreement 1965 Becomes first female campaigning working in an organised way to barrister in Queensland 1968 to 1983 became pioneers people who lead the way forward for achieve a goal 1984 Starts Women’s the first female Bryce celebrates her appointment as Governor- others Information Service law lecturer at General, watched by Prime Minister Rudd. Catholics Christians who belong to the Roman Protestants members of Western Christian 1988 Appointed Federal the University of Catholic Church churches, separate from the Roman Catholic Sex Discrimination Queensland. This Through all these positions, Bryce advanced the Commissioner choreographer person who composes the dance Church was a period of great rights of the rapidly growing number of women steps for a performance 2003 Appointed Governor of in the Australian workforce. She is also an reconciliation bringing back a friendly and Queensland change for women communist using a system of government in respectful relationship between people, important role model for Australian women 2008 Becomes Governor- in Australia. Bryce which all property is owned by the people and especially Indigenous and non-Indigenous General of Australia became a leader in and girls. all business is run by the government Australians the women’s rights In recognition of her outstanding public service, conservationist person who works to preserve referendum general vote on a political question movement. She started Brisbane’s Women’s Bryce was appointed Governor of Queensland. and protect the natural environment by all voters in Australia Information Service, which offered support and Five years later, she was appointed Governor- advice to women. constitution document stating the rules for refugee camp camp for people who have been General of Australia by Prime Minister Kevin government forced to flee from their home country Rudd. She is the first woman ever to hold the democracy system of government in which all because of ill-treatment Promoting equal opportunities position. citizens vote refugees people who have been forced to flee In 1984, Federal Parliament passed the Sex from their home country because of ill- After her appointment as Australia’s first female discrimination unjust treatment, especially Discrimination Act 1984. It confirmed Australia treatment as a world leader in creating a fair society Governor-General, Bryce said: because of race, age or gender where all men and women had equal rights ‘I grew up in a little bush town in Queensland of economic relating to the wealth and resources of republic nation that has an elected head of state, such as a president, rather than a king or queen and opportunities. The national Human 200 people and what this day says to Australian a nation Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission women and to Australian girls is that you can do environmentalists people who work for the smallpox disease, caused by a virus, that can kill was established and Bryce was appointed the anything, you can be anything, and it makes my protection of the environment people heart sing to see women in so many diverse roles Queensland Director. Soon after she became the equity fairness sustainable able to be maintained at a balance national Sex Discrimination Commissioner. In across our country.’ and without using up the natural resources heritage traditions and objects that have been 1993, she became a leader in a national childcare telecommunications communications See also passed down from previous generations council. Her role was to ensure that childcare technology, such as the Internet and Jessie Street (women’s rights), Volume 6 services met national standards. humanitarian helping human welfare telephones Elizabeth Evatt (discrimination against women), immigrants people who have come to live in a Volume 9 trade union organisation formed by workers to new country Kevin Rudd, Volume 9 bargain with employers

46 47 Index

A H Prime Ministers activists 5 historians 29 Fraser, Malcolm 8 Burnum, Burnum 30 Clark, Manning 29 Hawke, Bob 8, 24, 40 Mabo, Eddie 37 humanitarian work 14, 28, 34, 41 Howard, John 40, 43 O’Donoghue, Lowitja 38 I Keating, Paul 24, 33, 38, 40 America’s Cup 25 immigration 8 Rudd, Kevin 45 apology to Stolen Generations 38, Indigenous Australian groups R 45 Anmatyerre 31, 32 reconciliation movement 6, 14, 24, artists 5, 6, 31 Meriam 37 38, 40 Boyd, Arthur 39 Nyungar 18 refugees 8, 14, 23, 40 Kngwarreye, Emily Kame 32 Woiworung 30 religious leaders Tjapaltjarri, Clifford Possum 31 Wurundjeri 30 Burrows, Eva 28 Australia II 25 Yankuntjatjara 38 S Australian film industry 16 invasion of Iraq 12, 43, 45 Salvation Army 28 B J scientists 5, 6, 19 bicentennial of settlement 11, 24, judges 5 Clark, Graeme 15 29, 30 Evatt, Elizabeth 9 Fenner, Frank 19 bionic ear 15 Gaudron, Mary 36 Nossal, Gustav 14 Burnet, Macfarlane 14, 19 Mitchell, Roma 35 smallpox 19 businessmen L squash 10 Murdoch, Rupert 12 Labor Party 8, 12, 24, 33, 40, 45 sportspeople Packer, Kerry 13 land rights 6, 8, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 43 Freeman, Cathy 42 C Liberal Party 8, 40, 43 McKay, Heather 10 choreographers Stolen Generations 30, 38, 42, 45 M Murphy, Graeme 11 surgeons 5 Mabo judgement 36, 37 Cold War 28 Hamlin, Catherine 41 multiculturalism 8, 43 Hollows, Fred 34 D Murdoch, Keith 12 dance productions 11 Sydney Dance Company 11 N designers T Namatjira, Albert 31 Lexcen, Ben 25 television 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 26, 27, News Corporation media 44 E empire 12 environmentalists 5, 23 television producers O Irwin, Steve 44 Grundy, Reg 26 Olympic Games, Sydney 42 Mollison, Bill 22 television stars equal rights 6, 9, 35, 36, 38, 46 P Harris, Rolf 17 eye disease 34 Papunya Tula artists 31 Hogan, Paul 27 photographers 23 Irwin, Steve 44 F Dombrovskis, Peter 23 terra nullius 37 film stars 5 playwrights Gibson, Mel 16 U Davis, Jack 18 Hogan, Paul 27 unions 24 Williamson, David 20 Franklin River campaign 23, 24 United Nations 8, 9, 14, 19, 38 poets W G Davis, Jack 18 Wik decision 35, 43 Gallipoli film 16, 20 politicians 5 World Health Organization Governors Fraser, Malcolm 8 (WHO) 14, 19, 34 Mitchell, Roma 35 Hawke, Bob 8, 24, 40 World Series Cricket 13 Governors-General 12 Howard, John 40, 43 World War II 14, 19, 21, 23, 39 Bryce, Quentin 45, 46 Keating, Paul 24, 33, 38, 40 writers 6 Great Depression 18, 21, 35 Lawrence, Carmen 33 Facey, Albert 21 Rudd, Kevin 45

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