Appendix Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1944 1-22 7 Bretton Woods, International Monetary and Financial IMF/IBRD Establishment of the IMF and IBRD USA Conference of the United and Asso- (inaugural meeting of Boards of ciated Nations agreed to establish the Governors 8.3.1946, Savannah, USA) IMF and IBRD 1944 Brazzaville, Brazzaville Conference Self-government in the French colon• Congo ies rejected ~ 1945 26 6 San Francisco, San Francisco Conference and UN UN Establishment of the UN ~ USA Charter Preamble signed ~ 1946 De Gaulle first expressed the idea of a The Third Force' later became neu• f:l.. Third Force' in world affairs, consist- tralism and the Afro-Asian bloc ~. ing of African and Asian countries 1947 3 Interim Coordinating Committee of ECOSOC Prepared for ECOSOC the 'Review of International Commodity Arrange- International Commodity Problems' ments established 1947 Harvard, USA Speech by Secretary of State Marshall MARSHALL Europe rebuilt after the proposing European Recovery Pro- PLAN War gramme (ERP, Marshall Plan) 1947 30 10 Geneva, The General Agreement on Trade and GATT To regulate trade and negotiate tariff Switzerland' Tariffs (GA TT) signed by 32 countries reductions. At first it was temporary until the Havana Charter (Mar 1948, signed by 53 countries) was operating with the Organ• isation (ITO), but became permanent. N.B. MFN clause of Article 1: relief

from tariff charges must be granted to ...... all members. Major concessions ...... achieved on free trade by the USA lead in this meeting >-' Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 >-' Most important events italicised N

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1947 11 Cuba International Conference on Trade To establish an International Trade (to Mar 1948) and Employment. Havana Charter Organisation. Initially proposed by signed Mar 1948 UK and USA in 1945 as part of Bret• ton Woods system leading to the eli• mination of trade restrictions and tariff barriers. Contained many es• cape clauses. GAIT led to its demise 1947 Delhi, All-Asian Conference ~ 1948 Bogota, Bogota Conference. Organisation of OAS OAS established American States founded ~ National Party Government under Dr The beginning of the Apartheid policy ~ 1948 ~ Malan in power. 'Apartheid Mani• ~. festo' 1949 COMECON established COMECON 1949 Annecy, France GAIT Conference } Protectionism beginning to reassert itself particularly in USA. No agree• GAIT ment between USA and UK and Com• 1950 Torquay, UK GAIT Conference monwealth 1950 8 ECOSOC authorised the Secretary ECOSOC Commodities General to convene intergovernmental conferences on specific commodity problems 1951 8 ECOSOC asked IBRD to study setting ECOSOClIBRD To provide an additional flow of capi• up an International Finance Corpora- tal from private sources which was in• tion as a subsidiary organisation of ternationally controlled. In April 1952 the Bank the President of the IBRD submitted a report on the proposal for an IFC in favour of the Idcs, and this was esta• blished in 1956 as a affil• iate Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1951 for Cooperative Eco• COLOMBO 21 nations included. Bilateral negotia• nomic Development in South and S.E. PLAN tions, although a system of coopera• Asia in operation tion. The idea began in meeting of Commonwealth Foreign Ministers in 1950 ~ 1951 21 12 Commonwealth Sugar Agreement COMMON• 8-year agreement embodying a con• :g WEALTH ~ tract by the exporting parties to supply ;::: (and by the UK Ministry of Agricul• ~ ture to buy) agreed quantities of sugar ~. each year at fixed prices 1954 1 International Sugar Agreement UN Commodities 1954 28 4 First meeting of Colombo powers NON-ALIGNED· India proposed convening Afro-Asian (to 2 May) (India, , Burma, Ceylon, Conference in 1954 ) 1<';,4 Bogor, Meeting of Colombo powers to decide NON-ALIGNED Bangkok SEATO Conference an• -Indonesia on Afro-Asian Conference nounced a week before meeting, pos• sibly to distract diplomatic interest from the Afro-Asian Conference (SEATO established Sep 1954)

...... w ...... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944--85 ...... Most important events italicised +:0.

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULTI Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1954 30 4 Permanent Advisory Commission of ECOSOC To examine measures designed to International Commodity Trade es- avoid excessive fluctuation in the tablished (ECOSOC Res. 512, 17th prices and volume of trade in primary Session) Commodities, including measures aiming at the maintenance of a just and equitable relationship between the prices of primary commodities and those of manufactured goods in inter• national trade. The Commission was ~ revised in GATT's Ninth Session in ~ ~ 1954 to reduce conflict between eco• ;::: nomic development and other coun• ::::.. ~. tries' short-term interests 1954 Rome, Italy World Population Conference UN Population 1954 28 10 Geneva, GATT Review Conference, Ninth GATT Main principles reaffirmed, and parts (to 7 Mar 1955) Switzerland Session of GATT code strengthened. Proposal for Organisation for Trade Cooperation to administer GATT 1955 Bandung, Asian-African Conference. NON-ALIGNED Reaffirmed the 'Five Principles' first Indonesia Bandung Declaration AND OTHERS formulated by and India in 1954: respect for territorial sovereign• ty, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, equality and mutual benefit, non-aggression, peaceful coexistence. The policy of non-alignment was developed. The conference marked the emergence of China as a political force in Asia Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944--85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT! Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1956 International Wheat Agreement UN Commodities 1956 1 7 International Tin Agreement UN Commodities 1957 Cairo, Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference 1957 Rome, Italy Treaty of Rome which led to establish- EEC Of 6 European countries at first. Part ment of the EEC IV was concerned with the 'Associa- tion of Overseas Countries and Terri- tories' 1958 Geneva, UN Conference on Lead and Zinc UN Commodities ~ Switzerland ~ 1958 Haberler Report to GATT GATT Highlighted the special problems of '"~ Idcs and seemed to presage the grant- >:>... ing of a higher priority to these in ~. GATT 1958 Montreal, Commonwealth Economic COMMON- The subject of commodity stabilisa- Canada Conference WEALTH tion was raised. For the first time the new Afro-Asian members balanced the Western ones in numbers 1959 6 International Agreement on Olive Oil UN Commodities 1959 30 12 International Development Bank UN Created to extend soft loans to coun- tries, in special circumstances 1959 International Wheat Agreement UN Commodities 1960 1 Over' 25 African countries became Decolonisation in Africa (tolan 1965) independent during this period 1960 OPEC's first conference OPEC OPEC established to strengthen petro- leum producers' power >-' >-' VI ...... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944--85 ...... Most important events italicised 0\

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISA TION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1960 UN adopted a target for the amount UN Development aid target first accepted of capital transferred by developed countries to Idcs: 1% of combined national incomes of dcs 1960 UN Capital Development Fund UN - GENERAL Development finance ASSEMBLY 1960 ECOSOC established a standing Com• ECOSOC Industrial development increasingly mittee for Industrial Development recognised as important. In Nov 1961 ::t.. this committee produced a 'Declara• :g tion on the Promotion of the trade of ~ Ldcs' ;: ~ 1960 Geneva, GATT conference GATT Trade and tariff discussions ~. (to 1962) Switzerland 1961 8 Alliance for Progress 20 member states of OAS met to de• sign a long-term programme of re• gional development for South Ameri• ca. Produced Charter of Punta del Este. Launched by the Kennedy Ad• ministration 1961 30 9 OECD formally established OECD OECD in existence 1961 19 12 First UN Development Decade UN lO-year development plan. Goal of 5% annual growth rate in total domes• tic product 1961 Belgrade, First summit meeting of non-aligned NON-ALIGNED Principles of non-alignment establish• Yugoslavia countries (25 members) ed. Attended by 24 Afro-Asian states and Cuba. Dominated by Nehru, Nasser, Nkrumah, Sukarno, Tito. Anti Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT! Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1961 19 12 Centre for Industrialisation Industrial development established 1961 Dillon Round of Tariff Negotiations GATT Carried out partly on a commodity by (to 1962) commodity basis, and partly on an 'across the board' basis 1962 7 3 Second International Tin Agreement UN Commodities 1962 USA US Trade Expansion Act Considerably increased the authority of the President to negotiate cuts in the US tariff ~ ~ 1962 6 Commisioner for Industrial Develop- UN Development-industrial ;:: ment appointed :::.. 1962 9-18 7 Cairo, Egypt Cairo Conference and Cairo Declara- Signed by 36 Ides. Declaration: Ides >:;. tion on Problems of Developing should cooperate to strengthen UN Countries economic and social activity 1962 8 International Wheat Agreement UN Commodities (3 years) 1962 ECOSOC session resolved to convene ECOSOCI To mould international trade into a UNCTAD UNCTAD form more helpful to the Ides 1963 1 1 World Food Programme UN Three year experiment at first 1963 4-20 2 UN Conference on the Application of UN Science and Technology for the Less Developed Areas (UNCSAT) 1963 5 Addis Ababa, Conference of Heads of non-white OAU Draft Charter of the OAU on the con- African States (not Togo and OAU federate pattern adopted. Liberation ...... ) of colonies a major theme ...... -...J ...... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 ...... Most important events italicised 00

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1963 20 7 Yaounde, First Yaounde Convention. In opera• Convention of Association between 6 Cameroon tion from 1 June 1964 EEC states and 18 African states (un• officially signed on 20 Dec 1962). Pro• vided for special and reverse preferen• ces. This gave rise to criticism by the 1963 8 Dakar, First I}1eeting of OAU Council of OAU Union Africaine et Malgache (UAM) Senegal Ministers and Casablanca Bloc disbanded be• ~ cause of their political nature 1963 27 12 International Coffee Agreement UN Commodities ~ ~ 1964 Kennedy Round (6th Conference) GAlT Hopes of gains for Idcs during this ~ (to June 1977) round, so the 'moderate' group in ~. UNCT AD gave its support 1964 International Trade Centre establish- To give trade information and advice ed within GAlT GAlT to Idcs 1964 2 Joint Declaration of the 77 Develop- GROUP OF 77 Group of 77 established to define a ing Countries (currently over 100 joint Idc position with regard to members) UNCTAD 1964 Geneva, UNCTADI UNCTAD The conference put forward strong Switzerland criticisms of the dcs and the interna• tional trade system, and had these accepted by most dcs except the USA 1964 Cairo, Egypt Second summit meeting of non-align- NON-ALIGNED 'Programme for Peace' adopted. Sup• ed countries (47 members) port· given to Palestinians for first time. Concentration on economic development Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944--85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1965 ECOSOC and General Assembly ECOSOC adopted resolutions demanding fur• ther action with regard to the Develop• ment Decade 1965 9 Belgrade, World Population Conference UN Western concern with the population Yugoslavia explosion. These views criticised by the Communist countries 1965 Part IV added to GA TT GATT GSPs introduced, i.e. no 'reciprocity' necessary from Idcs to dcs in tariffs. ~ (Suggestion which gave rise to :g UNCTAD's demands first made with• ~ ~ in GATT in 1961 by India) ~. 1965 10 Accra, OAU Heads of State meeting OAU Debate on giving more power to the OAU (sponsored by Nkrumah) 1965 First and Second sessions of the Trade UNCTAD Board meets and Development Board annually. It has 6 main Committees 1966 1 UNDP formed from EPTA (Expan• UNDP ded Programme of Technical Assis• tance) and the UN Special Fund 1966 Havana, Cuba First Afro-Asian-Latin American NON-ALIGNED First Conference after Bandung (at• People's Solidarity Conference AND OTHERS tempts to hold a 'Second Bandung' in (OSPAAAL) 1965 failed). Second OSPAAAL in 1968 did not take place because of 1967 Middle East War 1966 Rome, Italy World Land Reform Conference UN/FAO/ILO Theme: land reform necessary for >-' development >-' IC) ..... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944--85 N Most important events italicised o

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1966 6 Seoul, Asian Foreign Ministers Conference, ASPAC Objective: to maintain consultations South Korea and Asian and Pacific Council esta- on regional problems and promote blished (AS PAC) regional cooperation and stability. India and Ceylon did not attend. Ini• tiative for conference taken in Bang• kok 1966 30 6 Third International Tin Agreement UNCTAD Commodities 1966 Third Session of Trade and Develop• UNCTAD ment Board 1966 UN Capital Development Fund UN GENERAL To help Ides in economic develop• ASSEMBLY ment by supplementing their existing ~ sources of capital assistance by means ~ of grants and loans. N.B. long-term ~ loans at low or no interest !:l... 1966 HQ in Manila, begins Set up to develop the area's economy ~. operations through international cooperation 1967 HQ in Vienna, UNIDO established UNIDO To promote and accelerate the indus• Austria trial development of Ides and to coor• dinate UN activities in this area 1967 Algiers Group of 77 Ministerial Meeting (86 GROUP OF 77 In preparation for UNCT AD II. members) Charter of Algiers signed Theme: National sovereignty and na• tural resources 1967 ASEAN established ASEAN First Ministerial Conference in Dja• karta in Aug 1968 agreed to set up per• manent bodies to cooperate in certain areas Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1968 UNCTAD becomes a participatory UNCTAD agency in UNDP 1968 2 Delhi, India UNCTAD II UNCTAD Resolution calling for the 'early esta• blishment of a mutually acceptable system of generalised non-reciprocal and non-discriminating preferences which would be beneficial to the developing countries' (GSPs). This would contain specific measures for the least advanced countries 1968 Sugar Agreement UNCTAD ~ 1969 4 Lusaka, Zambia Lusaka Manifesto on Southern Africa Issued after a series of meetings of 14 ~ African states, and adopted by the ~ Sixth OAU Assembly of Heads of !:l... State and Government in Sep 1969. A >:;. commitment to bring about majority rule in Africa by peaceful means at first, but by violence as a last resort 1969 5 Agreement of Cartagena to set up ANCOM Andean Common Market Andean Common Market 1969 29 7 Yaounde, Second Yaounde Convention signed The Common External Tariff dimin• Cameroon (in operation on 1 June 1971) ished Yaounde II's discriminatory effects on non-associated Idcs. Pro• duction aids to permit marketing at world prices were dropped from the ...... agreement N ...... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 ...... N Most important events italicised N

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1969 Pearson Report published IBRD 'Partners in Development' prepared for the World Bank by the Com• mission on International Develop• ment, chaired by Lester B. Pearson. Dealt with the problems and policies of aid, and concluded optimistically. It considered aid a moral obligation. 1969 Jackson Report published UNDP 'A study of the capacity of the UN development system' (UNDO/5), directed by Sir Robert Jackson. It dealt with the effectiveness of multila• teral aid, and was critical of it 1969 10 Rabat, UNIDO promotion meeting for all UNIDO Morocco African countries 1970 Lusaka, Third non-aligned countries Summit NON-ALIGNED Self-reliance was the theme. The non• Zambia of Heads of State (53 members) aligned countries considered control• ling foreign direct investment for the first time 1970 Second Development Decade UN lO-year development plan 1971 Group of 24 set up by the Group of 77 GROUP OF 77/ To coordinate matters related to the GROUP OF 24 international monetary system 1971 26 6 GATT meeting GATT In accord with the broad purposes of Part IV GATT voted 'to authorise the introduction by developed member countries of generalised, non-discrim• inatory preferential tariff treatment for products originating in developing countries' (for 10 years - GSPs) Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1971 10 , Group of 77 Ministerial meeting GROUP OF 77 In preparation for UNCTAD III. (95 members) Theme: national sovereignty over natural resources 1971 18 12 Washington, Washington Monetary Agreement GROUP OFTEN To establish a new set of commodity USA arrangements after President Nixon had suspended the convertibility of the dollar into gold (August) 1972 Santiago, UNCTADlll UNCTAD Charter of the economic rights and Chile duties of states adopted 1972 USA US Tariff Commission produced The report stated that 'governments report on the role of multinational have absolutely no control' and even ~ enterprises in global economics with no 'destructive and predatory ~ motives' the multinationals can cause ~ monetary crises by moving their ~ money between countries ~. 1972 Georgetown, Third Conference of Ministers of the NON-ALIGNED 'Action Programme for Economic Guyana Non-aligned Movement Cooperation' agreed. Decided to esta• blish Committee of Experts of the Non-aligned Countries on private Foreign Investment. Conference in• fluenced by Chinese. Similar to ideas in UNCTAD III 1972 26 7 Committee on the Reform of the COMMITIEE OF To advise IMF/Board of Governors, International Monetary System and 20/IMF and to prepare proposals for compre• Related Issues (Committee of 20) es• hensive reform. Last meeting (6th) ...... tablished by Board of Governors of held June 1974 N the IMF t;.) ...... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 N Most important events italicised oj::.

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENTIRESULTI Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1972 7 ECOSOC resolution asking Secretary• ECOSOCI In 1974 a report was published (The General to appoint Group of Eminent GROUP OF Impact of Multinational Corporations Persons to Study Transnational Enter• EMINENT on Development and International prises PERSONS Relations, ST/ECAl6) recommending that a separate commission on multi• national corporations should be esta• blished as a subsidiary body of ECOSOC; the Secretary-General en• dorsed the report. This followed a re• port in 1973 by the UN Dept of Eco• nomic and Social Affairs ~ (ST/ECAlI90) ~ 1972 10 10 Luxembourg Last meeting under the Yaounde YAOUNDE ~ Agreement l:l... ~. 1973 UK, Ireland and Denmark join the EEC EEC 1973 30 6 International Cocoa Agreement UNCTAD Commodities 1973 9 Algiers, Fourth Summit of the Non-aligned NON-ALIGNED Called for UN 6th Special Session on Algeria Countries (75 members) development and cooperation. Frame• work of the NIEO outlined for the first time, emphasising collective self• reliance, national sovereignty over natural resources, national control over private foreign investment in Idcs. Called for Idc meeting to decide strategy concerning primary products Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1973 9 Santiago, Committee of Experts of Non-aligned NON-ALIGNED Santiago Declaration of results to be Chile Countries on Private Foreign Invest- submitted to 4th Non-aligned Summit ment in Algiers 1973 10 Middle East Oil embargo imposed and oil prices OPEC Oil prices quadrupled. Posted prices: raised during Arab-Israeli War 1.6. 1973: $ 2.898 bId 16.10. 1973: $ 5.119 bid 1.1. 1974: $11.651 bId 1974 17 Rome, Italy Committee of 20 decided to adopt COMMITTEE OF 'Outline of Reform' issued and work ~ evolutionary approach to reform 20 concluded 14 June 1974 :g 1974 18--21 3 Maryland, USA Conference on World Development. OVERSEAS Statement released 2 months before ~ Belmont Statement DEVELOPMENT the 6th Special Session of the UN ;:s >::>... COUNCIU General Assembly. Evidence of sup- ~. CHARLES F. port at the private level in the develop- KETTERING ed countries of the NIEO. Stressed FOUNDATION self-reliance and international reform 1974 9 4 New York, USA 6th Special Session of the UN General UN GENERAL Called for by the Non-aligned Pre- (to 2 May) Assembly ASSEMBLY sident. Declaration and Programme for Action on NIEO adopted (General Assembly resolution 3201 S-VI, 3202 S-VI). Raw materials and develop- ment the main themes, and a special general programme to help the MSA countries adopted 1974 4 Gamani Corea of became UNCTAD

Secretary-General of UNCTAD ...... 1974 7 Kingston Memorandum on Industrial ACP ACP representatives presented poli- N lJl Cooperation cies. Title 3 of the Lome Convention based on these ...... Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 tv Most important events italicised 0\

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1974 19--30 8 Bucharest, UN World Population Conference UN World Population Plan of Action Rumania' 1974 8 10 Cocoyoc, International symposium on 'Patterns UNEP/UNCTAD Declaration endorsed the 'very pre- of Resource Use, Environment and liminary steps' taken by the 6th Development Strategies'. COCOYOC Special Session and encouraged the Declaration early adoption of the Charter of Eco- nomic Rights and Duties of States. Important personal statements by dc and Idc experts 1974 5-16 11 Rome, Italy World Food Conference UN In response to food crisis. Led to various resolutions e.g. the setting up of the World Food Council 1974 12 12 29th UN Session adopted Charter of UN Under negotiation in UNCTAD since Economic Rights and Duties of States 1972 (General Assembly resolution 3281 XXIX). Concerned with multi- national enterprise as well as other reforms 1974 17 12 UN General Assembly adopted a re- UN GENERAL solution on reform of the Interna- ASSEMBLY tional Monetary System 1975 OECD Committee on International OECD Multinationals Investment and Multinational Enter- prises established 1975 5-10 Karachi, Third World Forum inaugural THIRD WORLD NIEO discussed. Supported Santiago Pakistan meeting Declaration. Main function to provide an intellectual platform and support for change in development policies Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1975 4-8 2 Dakar, Conference of Developing Countries UN Theme: raw materials. Set basis for Senegal on raw materials Idc coordination. Call for a F AO• UNCT AD ministerial conference to deal with shortages of food and to maintain stable prices. (UN Document E/AC 62/6) 1975 28 2 Lome, Togo Lome Convention LOME New agreement between EEC and ACP countries. 'Stabex' introduced. Reverse preferences ended. 1975 27 3 Lima, Peru Second General Conference of UNIDO UNIDO transformed into a specialis• UNIDO. Lima Declaration (UN docu• ed agency. A change to the multisec• ment ID/Conf 3/31) toral approach to industrial develop• ment. The indigenous development of science and technology urged. Advo• cated a redeployment of world indus• trial capacity to increase the Idc share. Widened scope of international co• operation 1975 28 ·5 Lagos, Economic Community of West ECOWAS Treaty effective in June 1975. Repre• African States (ECOWAS) sents West African aspirations for co• established operation and development in econo• mic activity. 1975 19 6 Mexico World Conference of International UN Declaration of Mexico. Three aims ...... N (to 2 July) Women's Year adopted: equality, development, -...J peace Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 N Most important events italicised -00

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1975 25-30 8 Lima, Peru Non-aligned Foreign Ministers' Con• NON-ALIGNED Solidarity Fund for Economic and ference (just before UN 7th Special Social Development established. Spec• Session) ial Fund for the Financing of Buffer Stocks of Raw Materials and Primary Products exported by Developing Countries established. Adopted by UN (UN document Al10217) 1975 17 10 Panama City, Latin American Economic System SELA To advance Latin American trade and Panama (SELA) formed cooperation, and to strengthen the bargaining power of the region ~ through coordination ;::'" >::0... 1975 UN 7th Special Session UN GENERAL Theme: Development and Interna• ~. ASSEMBLY tional Economic Cooperation. Con• sensus resolution on 16 Sep. Code of conduct for multinationals suggested 1975 12 Paris, CIEC Conference (North-South CIEC High-level meeting to discuss develop• (to 2 June 1977) France Dialogue) ment between Idcs, oil producers and dcs. Results inconclusive 1976 7 Communique of Intergovernmental GROUP OF 24 International monetary affairs Group of 24 1976 1 Manila, Group of 77 Ministerial Meeting (112 GROUP OF 77 To prepare for UNCTAD IV. Decla• Philippines members) Declaration of Manila ration of Manila signed. The Group of 77's Economic Action Programme was accepted, and a decision to convene an economic conference in 1977 was taken Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1976 5 Nairobi, UNCTADIV UNCTAD Integrated Programme for commodi- ties adopted. Ldc debt problems dis- cussed 1976 31 5 Vancouver, HABIT AT: UN conference on human UN 6th in a series of conferences. Recom- (to 11 June) Canada settlements mended an international secretariat I for human settlements 1976 6 ILO World Employment Conference ILO Programme of Action adopted which endorsed the 'basic needs' approach to development ~ Non-aligned :g 1976 9-19 8 Colombo, Sri Fifth Summit of the NON-ALIGNED Action Programme for Economic Co- ~ Lanka Countries (86 members) operation agreed. Economic warning ;:: ~ to the West ~. 1976 9 Mexico Group of 77 Conference on Economic GROUP OF 77 Decision taken to hold annual minis- Cooperation in Developing Coun- terial meetings instead of simply pre- tries (ECDC) paring for UNCTAD. Support for Integrated Programme for Commodi- ties 1977 3 Geneva, 1st Negotiating Conference on a Com- UNCTAD Broke down but agreed to meet again Switzerland mon Fund soon 1977 29 8 UN Conference on Desertification UN From General Assembly resolution in (to 9 Sep) 1974, following concern about deser- tification. Led to Plan of Action to combat desertification 1977 7 11 Geneva, 2nd UNCTAD Negotiating Conferen- UNCTAD Attended by 104 countries. Common Switzerland ce on a Common Fund Fund and Integrated Programme for f-" Commodities generally seen as an im- N portant part of the NIEO by the Idcs '" ...... w o

Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1978 3 Geneva, Trade and Development Board met UNCTAD Third World debt discussed. Efforts Switzerland to discuss debt to get dcs to write off 'official devel• opment assistance' debts 1979 7 5 Manila, UNCTAD V (pre-conference of senior UNCTAD $87m pledged to the 'second window' (to 3 June) Philippines officials, 3-4 May) (commodity development facility) of ::t. the Common Fund for Commodities. :g Main issues: the NIEO, protection• ~ ~ ism. No agreement ;::,.. 1979 26-28 6 Vienna, OPEC oil prices increased by OPEC ~. Austria 24% 1979 12-20 7 Rome, Italy FAO World Conference on Agrarian FAO Declaration of Principles and Pro• Reform and Rural Development gramme of Action 1979 9 Havana, Cuba Sixth Summit of the Non-aligned NON-ALIGNED Political disputes dominated discus• Countries sion. Little achieved 1979 31 10 Lome, Togo Second Lome Convention Lome Modelled on Lome I with a few mod• ifications and additions, e.g. some products added to 'Stabex' and funds increased; scheme for safeguarding and developing mineral production in ACP countries introduced Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1980 3 Landon, UK The published (North• Independent Com• Theme: interdependence: economic South: A Programme for Survival) mission on Inter• growth in one country depends on national Develop• growth elsewhere. The North depends ment Issues on developing the South for its con• Willy Brandt tinuing prosperity and the South de• (West Germany, pends on the North for its develop• Head of Commis• ment. Main recommendations: mas• sion) sive transfer of resources from dcs to ~ ldcs (concept of international tax :g introduced); restructuring of interna• tional relations, particularly with ~ ~ regard to commodities and indus• ~. trialisation; a World Development Fund should be created; world energy strategy; monetary reform; food pro• gramme; institutional reform (e.g. of World Bank); action programme for the poorest 1980 4 Lusaka, First Southern African Develop• SADCC Declaration 'Southern Africa: To• Zambia ment Coordination Conference wards Economic Liberation' signed by (SADCC) independent States of Southern Afri• ca. Committed to 'work harmoniously to integrate their economies and gra• dually to reduce their dependence, particularly, but not only, on the Re• ,... public of South Africa' ,...w ...... Vol Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 N Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1980 27 5 Vienna, First meeting of Ministerial Council OPEC OPEC Special Fund converted to the Austria of the Fund for International Develop- OPEC Fund for International De- ment velopment. Approved an increase in fund's resources by $1.6bn, to $4bn 1980 14-31 7 Copenhagen, World Conference of the UN Decade UN Theme: equality, development and Denmark for Women peace. Problems of access to health, education and employment for women considered ~ 1980 25 8 New York, Eleventh Special Session of the UN UN No agreement on the procedures for ~ (1) (to 15 Sept) USA General Assembly global negotations in 1981. Consensus ;:: on International Development $:)... >:(. Strategy for the 1980s. Aims: to reduce the gap between rich and poor coun- tries at a faster rate; to end hunger and malnutrition by the end of the century; to improve the situation of the Idcs and other groups facing particular econo- mic problems 1980 4-6 11 Ankara, Islamic Countries' First Conference Islamic Approved Plan of Action towards Turkey for Economic Cooperation Countries Economic Cooperation to develop ties among Islamic States 1980 6 12 New York, Third UN Development Decade UN New International Development USA declared Strategy approved (see Eleventh Spe- cial Session of the UN General Assem- bly) Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULTI Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1981 18 3 Montevideo, Latin American Integration Associa- ALADI Aim: to achieve economic integration Uruguay tion (ALADI) established and a Latin American Common Mar• ket to deal jointly with transnational companies and with the impact of the economic crisis on Latin America. Treaty signed in Montevideo, August 1980 1981 18--19 5 Caraballeda, High Level Conference on Economic Group of 77 Adopted Programme of Economic Cooperation Among Developing Cooperation. This covered trade, ~ Countries (ECDq technology, food and agriculture, :g energy, raw materials, finance and ~ industrialisation; called for exporting ~ Idcs to accord priority in supplies to ~. other Idcs; recommended cooperation among Idcs and implementation of UNCTAD's Trade Information Sys• tem 1981 26-26 5 Abu Dhabi, esta• GCC To cooperate on oil, economic plan• United Arab blished ning, industrial development, finance, Emirates trade and social affairs 1981 22-23 10 Cancun, North-South Summit: International Follow-up to 18 countries represented. Discussed Mexico Meeting on Cooperation and Brandt Report launching of global negotiations, but Development failed to agree on terms for the nego• tiations 1981 21 11 Lusaka, Preferential Trade Area (PTA) for PTA Treaty signed to cooperate on econo• Zambia East and Southern Africa established mic matters. Included proposals to ...... VJ reduce trade barriers VJ ...... u.l Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 ~ Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1982 8 3 New York, Convention of the Law of the Sea UNCLOS Coastal states to exercise sovereignty (to 30 Apr) USA adopted by the Third UN confer• over their territorial seas for up to 12 ence on the Law of the Sea miles. Foreign vessels allowed 'inno• cent passage'. Coastal states have sovereign rights over the continental shelf. A 200 mile exclusive economic zone declared UNCTAD ~ 1982 20 9 Geneva, Agreement on jute and jute Second agreement under UNCTAD's :g Switzerland products adopted Integrated Programme for Commod• (to 1 Oct) ~ ities. International Jute Organization ;: ~ and Council established ~. 1982 24-29 11 Geneva, Thirty-Eighth Session of GATT to GATT Acrimonious meeting. Compromise Switzerland discuss protectionism declaration to freeze protectionism adopted 1983 8--9 Contadora 1st meeting of Contadora Group Contadora Members - Colombia, Mexico, Pana• Island, Group ma, Venezuela. Aim: To achieve Panama through dialogue and negotiation a political solution to Central American conflicts. Main division between those who advocated bilateral peace nego• tiations and those who wanted multi• lateral negotiations 1983 9-13 2 New Delhi, Seventh Summit of the Non-aligned Non-aligned Concentration on the world economic India Countries situation Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT! Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1983 4-7 4 Beijing, South-South Conference. Strategies Chinese Academy First conference of this kind in China. China of Development, Negotiations and Co• of Social Discussion on the stalemate in North• operation Sciences/Third South negotiations and on the possibi• World Foundation lities for South-South cooperation for Social and Economic Studies

1983 6 6 Belgrade, UNCTAD VI UNCTAD A failure. The planned 'Belgrade Dec• ~ (to 3 July) Yugoslavia laration' on global interdependence :g and world economic problems was <':l ;::: replaced by a final statement upon ~ which some dcs expressed reservations !:i" and from which the USA disassociated itself 1983 18-19 10 Libreville, Economic Community of the States ECCAC 11 member states. Aim: to fit in with of Central Africa established (ECCAC) the Lagos Plan of Action 1980

1983 7-18 11 Geneva, UN Conference on Tropical Timber, UN/Commodities Did not regulate prices and supplies; Switzerland International Tropical Timber instead aimed to expand and diversify Agreement trade

1984 9-14 Quito, Meeting of Latin American Countries Latin American Urged West to ease the debt burden. on Foreign Debt debtor countries Did not form a 'debtors' cartel' but called for common negotiating posi- tion in talks with dcs ...... v.; VI ...... t.;.) 0\

Date Chart of Main Events Affecting the Third World 1944-85 Most important events italicised

DATE PLACE EVENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORGANISATION MAIN CONTENT/RESULT/ Year Day Month ORDER COMMENTS

1984 21-22 6 Cartagena, Latin American debtors' meeting Latin American Adopted the Consensus of Cartagena. Colombia debtor countries Outlined solutions to the region's debt problems which would not impose obstacles to the reactivation of growth ~ and development; emphasised the :g

need for debtors and creditors to share ~ equitably the responsibilities of con• !:l... fronting the international debt crisis; ~. drew up a basis for negotiations with the North; created a debtors' consulta• tive and follow-up mechanism 1984 27 6 Rome, Italy World Fisheries Conference FAO Global strategy and special action (to 6 Jul) programmes aimed at the promotion of the rational development and man• agement of fisheries adopted 1984 8 12 Lome, Togo Third Lome Convention Lome Little improvement in aid or trading concessions for the ACP countries Notes

CHAPTER 1: UNCTAD I

1. Quoted in D. Cordovez, 'The making of UNCTAD', Journal of World Trade Law, Vol. 1, No.3 (1967). 2. Ibid. 3. Official records of the Economic and Social Council:' 34th session, 1236th meeting, p. 209, para 17, ECOSOC res 917 (XXXIV) of 3 VIII (1962). 4. (i) The Havana Charter with the concept of an International Trade Organisation (ITO) signed by 53 countries in March 1948. (ii) 30/10/1947 GATT signed, and in 1954 the Organisation for Trade Cooperation (OTC) was agreed to administer GATT. (iii) The Haberler Report was presented to GATT 1958. (iv) 1957 The Treaty of Rome led to the establishment of the EEC. (v) 1961-2 The Dillon Round of tariff negotiations. (vi) November 1961 Declaration on Promotion of Trade of Ldcs agreed. (vii) May 1963 GATT ministerial meeting accepted the Action Programme. (viii) 1964-7 the Kennedy Round. 5. International Trade, GATT Secretariat (1954) p. 128. 6. 'Commodity and Trade Problems of Developing Countries: institutional arrangements', Report of a Group of Experts appointed under Economic and Social Council resolution 919 (xxxiv) Document E/3756 (1963). 7. The Haberler Report (Trends in International Trade: a report by a Panel of Experts, GATT, Sales No. GATT/1950--3, Oct 1958) was submitted to GATT; it highlighted the special problems of Idcs and seemed to presage the granting of a higher priority to them. 8. Report of the OECD Group (OECD doc. TC(64)), 4 February 1964, p.28. Quoted in B. Gosovic, UNCTAD: Conflict and Compromise, Sijthoff, Leiden (1972) p. 23. 9. Statement by the representative of India, Sir Raglavan Pillai, at the ninth session of the Contracting Parties to GATT. Quoted in D. Cordovez, op. cit., p. 268. 10. Sunday Telegraph, 24.9.61. 11. Dawn, 30.1.63. 12. E.g. Indonesia, Dawn, 19.4.64. 13. Memorandum of the Brazilian Delegation to the 1962 General Assembly on the Institutional Framework for the Expansion of International Trade, AlC2/214. Quoted in D. Cordovez, op. cit. 14. UN General Assembly Resolution 1027 (XI). Quoted in F. Parkinson, 'Soviet aid to underdeveloped countries', The Yearbook of World Affairs, Vol. 11 (1957). 15. New York Times, 20.6.64. 137 138 Notes

16. Noted by S. Strange, 'The Commonwealth and the Sterling Area', The Yearbook of World Affairs, Vol. 13 (1959). 17. Dawn, 21.3.64. 18. B. Gosovic, op. cit. 19. Stressed in Dawn, 19.6.64. 20. Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 67-8. 21. om Briefing paper No.3 (1978). 22. Quoted in B. Gosovic, op. cit., p. 291. 23. Ibid.

CHAPTER 2: UNCTAD II, III, IV, V, VI

1. D. Cordovez, 'Unctad and development policy'. In 'Confrontation to strategy', Journal of World Trade Law (1972) p. 75. 2. Ibid., p. 76. 3. Hindu, 8.3.1968. 4. Guardian, 14.2.1968. 5. International Herald Tribune, 8.2.1968. 6. Financial Times, 29.3.1968. 7. Observer, Foreign News Service, 2.4.1968. 8. Newsweek, 22.4.1968, quoted in O. Letelier and M. Moffitt, The International Economic Order, Transnational Institute, Washington (1977). 9. European Community's Press and Information, background note, 10 May 1972. 10. Comment 7, Rich v. Poor, Round 3, Christian Institute for International Relations (CIIR), London (1972) p. 1. 11. The Times, 22.5.1972. 12. Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, UN Yearbook (1974). 13. (i) The Sixth Special Session of the UN General Assembly, and the Declaration and Establishment of a New International Economic Order in 1974. (ii) The Seventh Special Session ofthe UN General Assembly which considered the question of development and international economic cooperation. (iii) The adoption by the General Assembly in 1974 of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. (iv) The UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) Lima Declaration and Plan of Action in 1975, which advocated a redeployment of world industrial capacity to increase the Idc share. (v) The quadrupling of oil prices by OPEC in 1973. (vi) The Conference on International Economic Cooperation, the 'North-South dialogue', begun in Paris in 1975. 14. Church Alert, UNCTAD IV, No.7, SODEPAX, Switzerland (1976) p.23. 15. The tide has turned, Report on the Fourth Conference on Trade and Development, World Development Movement (WDM) (1976). 16. ICDA News, 4 (1979). 17. ODI Review, No.1 (1979) Table A14. Notes 139

18. A. Weston, 'Review of the development scene', ODI Review, No.2 (1979). 19. UNCTAD V Arusha Programme for Collective Self-reliance and Framework for Negotiations (1979). 20. ODI Briefing Paper, UNCTAD V: A Preview of the Issues No.2 (1979). 21. Guardian, 10.5.1979. 22. Hindu, 5.6.1979. 23. Dawn, 6.6.1979. 24. UN Document TD 268 Add. 1 (1979). 25. ODI Briefing paper No.4, UNCTAD VI: Background and Issues, (May 1983). 26. Independent Commission on International Development Issues, North- South: A Programme for Survival, (London: Pan Books, 1980). 27. International Herald Tribune, 7.3.83. 28. International Herald Tribune, 11.4.83. 29. Hindu, 11.4.83. 30. Declaration of Confidence and Resolve, quoted in the Financial Times, 31.5.83. 31. Ibid. 32. International Herald Tribune, 6.6.83. 33. International Herald Tribune, 27.6.83. 34. Third World Quarterly, The Third World Foundation, London, October 1973. 35. International Herald Tribune, 4.7.83. 36. International Herald Tribune, 1.7.83. 37. Guardian, 4.7.83.

CHAPTER 3: THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

1. M. Gavrilovic, 'The vitality of non-alignment', Review of International Affairs, Vol. XXI, No. 482, Belgrade (1970). 2. W. Levi, 'The evolution of India's foreign policy', The Yearbook of World Affairs, Vol. 12 (1958) p. 115. 3. Text of Final Communique of Afro-Asian Parley, Reuters (1955). 4. V. Mendis, 'The policy of non-alignment' in 'Non-alignment and Third World solidarity' , Marga Quarterly Journal, Colombo, Special Issue, Vol. 3. No.3 (1976) p. 36. 5. Declaration of the heads of state or government of non-aligned countries Belgrade, Sept 1961. In 'Non-alignment and Third World solidarity', ibid., p. v. 6. Observer, Foreign News Service, 7.10.1964. 7. UN General Assembly, 19th Session, Document A/5763, 29.10.1964. 8. Hindu, 8.2.1970. 9. Ibid., 3.9.1970. 10. Hindu, 14.4.1970; Observer, Foreign News Service, 20.4.1970. 11. Quoted in 'Non-alignment and Third World solidarity', op. cit., p. xiii. 12. Egyptian Mail, 18.4.1970. 13. K. Kaunda, Bank of London and South America Review, Vol. 8 (1974). 140 Notes

14. Quoted in 'Non-alignment and Third World solidarity', op. cit., p. lix. 15. Ibid., p. xlvii. 16. Ibid., p. xix. 17. O. Letelier and M. Moffitt, The International Economic Order (Part 1), Transnational Institute, Washington (1977). 18. R. Prebisch, Towards a New Trade Policy for Development, Geneva, UNCTAD (1964). 19. Document A/31/1976, UN General Assembly Session, 8.9.1976. 20. Delineated in Africa Development, 10.10.1970. 21. 'Constitution of the non-aligned news agency pool', India and Foreign Review, Vol. 13, No. 20 (1976). 22. Guardian, 7.9.1979. 23. Ibid. 24. Hindu, 11.9.1979. 25. Daily Telegraph, 7.2.83. 26. Egyptian Gazette, 1.3.83. 27. International Herald Tribune, 24.2.83. 28. Dawn, 10.3.82. 29. In January 1983 the non-aligned Co-ordinating Bureau met in Managua to consider and criticise US policies in the region. The meeting was the first in which foreign ministers were convened to discuss a regional matter. 30. Alan Romberg, Hindu, 16.3.83. 31. Egyptian Gazette, 8.3.83. 32. Quoted in Hindu, 13.3.83.

CHAPTER 4: 6TH AND 7TH SPECIAL SESSIONS OF THE UN

1. Christian Science Monitor, 5.4.1974. 2. Financial Times, 5.4.1974. 3. Ibid. 4. New York Times, 29.4.1974. 5. Financial Times, 16.4.1974. 6. Guardian, 17.4.1974. 7. Reported in International Herald Tribune, 23.4.1974. 8. Financial Times, 11.4:1974. 9. Ibid., 18.4.1974. 10. Guardian, 16.4.1974. 11. New York Times, 16.4.1974. 12. Financial Times, 3.5.1974. 13. Guardian, 3.5.1974. 14. Ibid., 2.9.1975. 15. See O. Letelier and M. Moffitt, The International Economic Order (Part 1), Transnational Institute, Washington (1977) p. 36. 16. Christian Science Monitor, 8.9.1975. 17. Ibid. 18. New York Times, 12.9.1975. 19. Herald Tribune, 6.9.1975. Notes 141

20. Financial Times, 3.9.1975. 21. Ibid. 22. International Herald Tribune, 4.9.1975. 23. New York Times, 3.9.1975. 24. The Times, 17.9.1975. 25. Financial Times, 17.9.1975.

CHAPTER 5: OPEC

1. Dawn, 17.8.1960. 2. Financial Times, 22.8.1960. 3. Ibid., 15.9.1960. This matter was reported in only a relatively short paragraph at the time. 4. Ibid., 28.3.1963. 5. The Times, 8.10.1971. 6. Ibid., 25.3.1972. 7. The Financial Times, 19.3.1973. 8. Ibid. 9. Guardian, 23.3.1973. 10. The Times, 24.12.1973. 11. Financial Times, 29.1.1975. 12. Ibid., 18.12.1976. 13. The Times, 22.12.79. 14. The Times, 4.1.80. 15. Marwan Iskander of AnNahar Arab Report and Memo, quoted In International Herald Tribune, 21.10.80. 16. Quoted in International Herald Tribune, 21.10.80. 17. Daily Telegraph, 29.1.83. 18. Hindu, 9.1.1974. 19. Financial Times, 25.11.1975. 20. Shihata and R. Mabro, 'The OPEC aid record', World Development, Vol. 7 (1979), Table 1 (Net disbursement of OPEC aid 1973-7), p. 163. 21. $4334.5 m. OECD, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Paris, December 1984.

CHAPTER 6: CIEC

1. New York Times, 11.1.1975. 2. Egyptian Gazette, 31.1.1975. 3. International Herald Tribune, 18.2.1975. 4. Financial Times, 8.4.1975. 5. International Herald Tribune, 5.4.1975. 6. 'The Paris Conference on International Economic Cooperation', ODI Briefing Paper, August (1976). 7. The Times, 25.4.1977. 8. Financial Times, 6.5.1977. 9. Observer, Foreign News Service, 30.5.1977. 142 Notes

10. Ibid. 11. Hindu, 1.6.1977. 12. See Financial Times, 3.6.1977, for further details. 13. Ibid., 4.6.1977. 14. Guardian, 2.6.1977. 15. 'Development cooperation: efforts and policies of the members of the Development Committee, OECD, 1978', OD! Review, No.1 (1979) Table AS. 16. The Times, 3.6.1977.

CONCLUSION

1. Independent Commission on International Development Issues, North- South: a Programme for Survival (London: Pan Books, 1980). 2. Ibid., p. 281-2. 3. See date chart. 4. See date chart. 5. Domenico Mazzeo, African Regional Organizations (Cambridge University Press, 1984) p. 240. 6. Commonwealth Group of Experts, The Debt Crisis and the World Economy (London, Commonwealth Secretariat, September 1984) p. 13. 7. Ibid., p. 13. 8. Speech by Tom Clausen, January 1984, quoted in ICDA News, International Coalition for Development Action, Brussels, September 1984. 9. ICDA News, International Coalition for Development Action, Brussels, September 1984. 10. Commonwealth Group of Experts, The Debt Crisis and the World Economy (London, Commonwealth Secretariat, September 1984) p. 6. 11. See date chart. Select Bibliography

The subject has a very extensive literature including works concerned with broad issues, documentary sources and articles from a great number of journals; in addition reports from the world's press are particularly relevant to recent events. Some detailed references have been included in the notes and what follows is a very brief selection of more comprehensive works. M. S. Al-Otaiba, OPEC and the Petroleum Industry (London: Croom Helm, 1975). G. Cunningham, The Management of Aid Agencies (London: Croom Helm, om, 1974). T. Czentes, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Budapest: Akademiai, 1971). E. de Kadt and G. Williams (eds), Sociology and Development (London: Tavistock, 1974). P. Donaldson, Worlds Apart: the Economic Gulf between Nations (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971). G. F. Erb and V. Kallab (eds), Beyond Dependency: the Developing World Speaks Out (New York: Praeger, 1975). G. FitzGerald, Unequal Partners (New York: UN, 1979). A. G. Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York: Monthly Review, 1970). B. Gozovic, UNCTAD, Conflict and Compromise (Leiden, Sijthoff, 1972). P. Hallwood and S. Sinclair, Oil, Debt and Development: OPEC in the Third World (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981). A. M. M. Hoogvelt, The Sociology of Developing Societies (London: Macmillan, 1976). Independent Commission on International Development Issues, North• South: a Programme for Survival (London, Pan Books, 1980). H. G. Johnson, Economic Policies towards Less Developed Countries (London: Unwin University Books, 1967). A. Krassowski, Development and the Debt Trap (London: Croom Helm, ODI, 1974). O. Letelier and M. Moffit, The International Economic Order (Part 1) (Washington: Transnational Institute, 1977). I. Livingstone (ed.), Economic Policy for Development (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971). D. Mazzeo (ed.), African Regional Organisations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). P. R. Mooney, Seeds of the Earth: a Private or Public Resource (London: International Coalition for Development Action, 1979). 143 144 Bibliography

K. Morton and P. Tulloch, Trade and Developing Countries (London: Croom Helm, 1977). H. Myint, The Economics of Developing Countries (London: Hutchinson University Library, 1967). G. Myrdal, Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions (London: Duckworth, 1957). C. Payer, The Debt Trap (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974). R. I. Rhodes, Imperialism and Underdevelopment (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970). A. R. Riddell, Restructuring British Industry: The Third World Dimension (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1979). K. P. Sauvant and H. Hasenpflug (eds), The New International Economic Order: Confrontation or Cooperation between North and South? (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1977). S. Schiavo-Campo and H. Singer, Perspectives of Economic Development (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1970). R. Solomon, The International Monetary System 1945-76 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977). M. P. Todaro, Economic Development in the Third World (London: Longman, 1977). C. K. Wilber (ed.), The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment (New York: Random House, 1973). P. Willetts, The N on-Aligned Movement: the Origins ofa Third World Alliance (New York: Nichols, 1978). Index

Abu Dhabi, 89, 92, 93 Australia, 53, 101 Action Programme for Economic Austria, 57 Cooperation, 63, 66 Addis Ababa Declaration, 30 Afghanistan, 69, 70 El-Badry, El-Sayed Omar, 90 Afro-Asian Group (Group of Thir• Baghdad, 87-8 teen),52 Baguio Conference, 52 Ahmed, Gamal Mohammed, 82 Bandaranaike, S. D., 57-8 Aid 1, 11,20,24,30,32,33,77,78, Bandung, see Asian-African Confer- 83,84,97,101,104 ence USA, 31, 32, 53 Declaration, 3, 114 Algiers, 26, 27, 62, 63, 100 Bangkok Declaration, 30 Charter, 26-7, 29 Bangladesh, 76 Algeria, 17,55,60,72,74,87,90,92, Beirut, 85, 87, 91 95,96,99,100,101,102 Belgrade, 3, 58 All-Asian Conference, 112 Conference, see First summit con• Alliance for Progress, 116 ference of non-aligned coun• Amouzegar, Dr Jamshid, 77, 83, 96, tries 102 Bennites, Leopoldo, 75 Arab Development Bank, 85 Bhutto, Z. A., 96 Arab Fund for Economic and Social Bignone, President Reynaldo, 45 Development, 97 Bogor Conference, 52 Arab Fund for the Provision of Loans Bolivia, 57, 60, 67, 109 to African Countries, 97 Boumedienne, Houari, 72, 73, 77 Arab-Israeli conflict, 42 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 81, 102 , 85, 86 BP (British Petroleum), 86 Economic Council 85 Brandt Commission (Independent Araujo, Antonio, 86 Commission on International , 42, 45, 101 Development Issues), 44, 107, Arusha Charter, 40-2 131 ASEAN,70 , 2,17,28,30,57,99,101,109 Asian-African Conference, 3, 52-4, Brazzaville Conference, 111 107 Britain, see UK Asian Relations Conference, 50-2 Buenos Aires, 45 Asian Socialist International, 52 Burma, 18, 22, 52 Associated Overseas Territories, 6 Burundi, 62 Al-Attiqi, Abdel Rahman, 91 Bustani, Emile, 85 145 146 Index

Cairo, 2, 3, 59 Corea, Gamani, 44, 46, 47, 75, 83 Conference on Problems of De• Costa Rica, 42 veloping Countries, 3 Cuba, 17,57,60,67,68 Declaration, 2, 4 Cameroon, 101 Camp David, 67 Dakar, 36 Canada, 101, 103 Fund, 36 Cancun,107 Declaration, 65, 66 Caracas, 88, 94, 95, 108 Declaration on Developing Coun• Cartagena, 109 tries, 80 Carter, Jimmy, 105 Declaration on the Establishment of Casablanca Group, 55 a New International Economic Castro, Fidel, 62, 68, 71 Order, 78-9 CENTO,56 Debt, 11,35,37,40,41,82,83,100, Ceylon, 52, 57 103, 104, 109 Chad, 70 de Gaulle, Charles, 56 Charter of Economic Rights and Deng Xiauping, 76 Duties of States, 34, 80, 126 Denmark,28 Chile, 17,31,42,57,76 Development Decade, 3, 10--11 China, 33, 53,54,56,57,58, 76,82 Diego Garcia, 70 Clausen, Tom, 109 Dillon Round, 117 Conference on International Econ• Dunkel, Arthur, 44 omic Cooperation (CIEC), xiii, 35,36,39,84,99-106,128 Economic cooperation 'among de• Code of conduct for the shipowners' veloping countries, 35, 41 association, 43 Economic Declaration, 63 Cold War, 8, 9, 55 Economic and Technological Coop• Colombia, 42, 109 eration Committee, 61 Colombo, 52 Economic and Social Council Group, 52 ECOSOC), 2-3, 5, 8, 9, 10,21, Plan, 113 22,26,55,78 Commodities, 10,23, 35, 37, 39, 40, Economic Commission for Africa, 17 42, 43, 83, 104, 105 Economic Commission for Asia and agreements, 9-10 the Far East, 17-18 fund, 35 Economic Commission for Latin integrated programme for, 9, 83, America (ECLA), 17 104 Economic Community of West Common Fund, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, African States, 108 43,45,47,84,105,106 ECOWAS, see Economic Com• second window, 39, 41 munity of West African States Commonwealth, 6, 9, 19,30,32,38, Ecuador, 57 76,109 EEC, 6,19,20,32,33,36,38,39,42, Economic Conference, 9 58,73,74,78,79,82,83,84,101 Preference System, 28 Commission, 101 Sugar Agreement, 9, 113 Egypt, 56, 67, 70,101 Conference for International Trade Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, 67 and Employment, 7, 8 Enders, Thomas, 101 Contadora Group, 134 Esso, 86 Copper Exporters' Council, 76 Ethiopia, 2, 76 Index 147

Fifth summit conference of non• Haberler Report, 5, 115 aligned countries, 64--7, 129 Habre, Hissene, 130 Finland, 57, 60 Hammadi, Sadoon, 91,102 First summit conference of non• Hart, Judith, 33 aligned countries, 45, 54--6, 57, Havana Charter, 5, 7,112 59, 116 Hoveyda, Fereydoun, 75 Food and Agriculture Organisation, Heng Samrin, 67 3,136 Holland, 21, 28, 36, 106 Fourth summit conference of non• aligned countries, 62-4, 129 France, 21, 28,30, 56, 100 IMF, 3, 31, 33, 34, 35,40,41,43,46, Fund for Arab Economic Develop• 47,49,78,81,83,97,109,111 ment,74 India, 2, 7,17,18,27,28,36,45,50, 54,56,57,59,62,68,69,76,83, 96,97,99,101 Gadaffi, Mu'ammar, 62 Indonesia, 2, 18, 22, 52, 89, 90, 96, General Agreement on Trade and 101 Tariffs, 3, 4--7, 8,18,20,22,26, International Agreement on Olive 34,39,41,42,43,46,48,72,78, Oil, 10, 115 84,111 IBRD (see World Bank), 111 General Assembly, xiii, 2, 7, 10, 18, International Coffee Agreement, 10, 22,23,25,29,34,60 118 Geneva Formula, 92 International Energy Agency, 79 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 82 International Fund for Agricultural Georgetown, 38, 63 Development, 36 Ghana, 17, 18,22,55 International Sugar Agreement, 9, Gandhi, Indira, 62, 69, 70 113 Giscard d'Estaing, Valerie, 79, 99 International Tin Agreement, 9, 115 Gold Coast, 53 International Trade Organization, Grenada, 67 (ITO), 4--5,22 Group International Wheat Agreement, 9, A, 12, 14,21,40 115,117 B,12,15,20-1,22,29,32-3,36-7, , 63, 67,70,74,77, 89,90,92,93, 41 94,95,96,99,100,101,102 C, 12, 15,40 Iraq, 42, 70, 77, 86, 87,88,89, 90,95, D, 12, 16,21,28--9,33,37 101,102 of77, xiii, 4,12,13,17,18,19,20, Petroleum Company, 89 21,24,26,27-8,30,31-2,33, Italy, 28 34,35-6,37,40,43,45,48,59, 63, 66, 80, 83, 84, 101, 108, 118,133 Jackson Report, 122 of Ten, 31 Jamaica, 101 of Twenty-four, 31 Jamal, Amir, 97 GSP (Generalised System of Prefer- Japan, 36,48, 79,90,92,99,101,102, ences), 27, 28, 31,33 103 , 19 Jobert, Michel, 28, 78 Guinea, 55 Johnson, L. B., 28 Gulf Cooperation Council, 133 Joint Economic and Political Dec• Gulf Oil Corporation, 91 laration, 66 148 Index

Kampuchea, 67, 69, 70 Mexico, 28, 57, 60,101,107,109 Kaunda, Kenneth, 60 Most Favoured Nation (MFN), 6, 7 Kennedy, J. F., 10 Most Seriously Affected Countries Kennedy Round, 7,12,18,26,118 (MSAs),18 Kenya, 36, 38, 76 Mining, seabed, 30 Kenyatta, Jomo, 38 Morocco, 62 Khene, Dr Abdul Rahman, 96 Moynihan, Daniel, 80 Kingston, 38 Multilateral Trade Negotiations Kissinger, Dr Henry, 77, 80, 81, 93, (MTNs), 35, 39, 40, 42 100 Myerson, Jacob, 84 Kuwait, 61, 69, 74, 77, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94,96,100 Nairobi, 35, 40 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 54, 56, 57, 58 LAFTA, see Latin American Free NATO, 53 Trade Area Nehru, Pandit, 50, 54, 56, 57 Latin American Economic System, Netherlands, see Holland 108 News Agencies' Pool, 67 Latin American Free Trade Area, New Delhi, 26, 45, 52, 70, 71 108 meeting, 52 Latin American Group, 17 Round,26 Latin American Integration Associa• New International Economic Order tion, 133 (NIEO), xiii, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, Ldcs (least developed countries), 18, 41,45,48,63,64,65,66,69,73, 19,35,43,78,90,97 76, 83, 84, 101 Liberia, 52 New Zealand, 53 Libya, 62, 70,89,92, 95 Nicaragua, 67 Li Qiang, 82 NIEO, see New International Econ• Lidborn, Carl, 82 omic Order Lima, 30,31,32,65,80 Nigeria, 17,22,28,62,90,92,95,99, Conference, 31,32 101 consensus, 30 Nixon, Richard, 31 Declaration, 31, 36, 80 Non-alignment, 3 Programme for Mutual Assistance Non-aligned group, 3 and Solidarity, 65, 66 movement, xiii, 3, 45, 50--71, 108 Lome Convention, 38, 41, 78, 82,127 North-South Long Term Strategy Committee, 94 conference, see CIEC Lusaka Declaration, 61 dialogue, xii, 41, 44, 49, 71, 103, 104 Mabro, Robert, 95 Norway, 20,106 Al-Mabrouk, Izziddin, 85 Nuclear weapons, 55 MacEachen, Allan, 101 Nyerere, Julius, 60, 61, 62, 68 Malaysia, 7, 18, 38 Mali,76 OAS, 112 Manila, 35,37,38,39,40,43,44 OAU, 17, 60, 96,117 Declaration, 35, 36 OECD, 6, 16,20,33,40,46,80,82, Mansholt, Dr Sicco, 32 91, 116 Manufactures, 23-4, 35 OPEC, xiii, 35, 36, 42, 63, 65, 68, 72, Marcos, Ferdinand, E., 42 73,74,76-7,79,85-98, 100--4, McLean, John G., 90 115, 125, 132 Index 149

Organisation for Trade Cooperation Scali, John A., 74, 79 (OTC),8 Scheel, Walter, 78 Ouddei, Goukouni, 70 Schmidt, Helmut, 103 SEATO, 53, 56 Pakistan, 7,11,17,18,28,52,56,57, Second Development Decade, 61, 63 59,66,67,96,101 Second summit conference of non- Panshilah (Five Principles), 52 aligned countries, 56-9, 118 Paris, 84, 99, 101 Second Window (of the Common Patolichev, N. S., 28-9 Fund), 43 Pearson Report, 122 Security Council, 55 Pena, Felix, 45 SELA, see Latin American Free Perez-Guerro, Manuel, 101, 102 Trade Area Peru, 60, 101 Senegal, 2 Philippines, 17, 18, 65 Seventh Special Session, xiii, 34, 38, Phnom Penh, 70 79-84,128 Political and Economic Declaration, Seventh summit conference of non- 66 aligned countries, 69-71, 134 Pol Pot, 67 Shah of Iran, 90, 100 Portugal, 65 Shastri Lal Bahadour, 57, 58 Prebisch, Raul, 19,22,25,29,31 Sierra Leone, 62 Preferential Trade Area, 108, 133 Sihanouk, Prince, 70 Programme for Peace and Interna- Simon, William, 80 tional Cooperation, 58 Singh, Dinesh, 28 Programme of Action, 78-9 Singh, Swaran, 76 Programme of Action for least de- Sixth Special Session, xiii, 34, 64, veloped countries, 43 72-9,96,125 Pronk, Jan, 37 Sixth summit conference of non- Protectionism, 41, 42 aligned countries, 67-9, 130 PTA, see Preferential Trade Area Solidarity Fund, 65, 80 Punta del Este, 28 Somalia, 62 South Africa, 59, 60, 103 Qatar, 87, 90, 92, 93 Southern African Development Coordination Conference, 108, 131 Rahal, Abdellatif, 72 Soviet Union, see USSR Robinson, Charles, 80 Spain, 90, 101 Romero, Carlos, 42 Special Action Fund, 105 Royal Dutch Shell, 86 Special committee on Latin Amer• Rumania, 21, 65 ican countries, 17 Rumor, Mariano, 82 Special development fund, 96 (SDRs), 32, SADCC, see Southern African De• 40,83 velopment Coordination Con• Sri Lanka, 74, 76 ference Stabex,82 Salman, Mohammed, 85, 87 Streeb, Gordon, 47 Santiago, 31, 33 Sudan, 53, 76 , 36, 69, 77, 85, 86, 87, Sukarno, 54, 57 88,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,99, Surinam, 67 100, 101, 102 Sweden, 21, 28, 57, 82, 101, 106 150 Index

Switzerland, 53, 67 USA, 8, 9, 17,21,28,29,32,37,43, , 22 45,46,48,53,57,72,73,74,78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 99, 100, 102, Tanzania, 76, 97 103, 105, 109 al-Tariki, Sheik Abdulla, 85, 86 USSR, 2, 7, 8, 9, 28, 29, 37, 53, 56, Ten Principles of Coexistence, 54 57,58,62,69,73,82,86 Test Ban Treaty, 56 U Thant, 1, 26 Third conference of ministers of the non-aligned movement, 63 Vance, Cyrus, 105 Third summit conference of non- Venezuela, 8-9,42, 57, 60, 86, 87, 88, aligned countries, 59-62 89,90,92,94,96,101 Third UN Development Decade, 39 Vienna, 89 Thorn, Gaston, 33 Vietnam, 66, 67, 69 Tito, Josip, 54, 55, 56, 57,58,59,60 Trade Reform Act, 80 Tokyo Round, 39 Waldheim, Dr Kurt, 72, 76 Trade, 1, 2, 29 Walker, Herbert, 38 Transfer of Technology, 38 West Germany, 28, 36, 37,48, 81, 82, 83, 101, 103 UAE (), 93 Western Sahara, 67 Uganda, 76 Williamsburg, 46 UK, 5, 20, 33, 36, 37, 38, 48, 53, 59, World Bank, 47, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,92,93 81,96,109 UN Conference on Lead and Zinc, 9 World Food Programme, 117 UN Special Fund, 97 UN World Trade Conference, 7 Yamani, Sheik Ahmed Zaki, 77, 90, UNCLOS,134 91,93,95 UNCTAD, xiii, 59, 63, 65, 68, 117, Yaounde Convention, 118, 121 118,119,120,121,123,124,126, Yugoslavia, 2,54,59,69, 101 129,130 I, 1-24 Zaire, 76, 99, 101 II, III, IV, V, VI, 25-49 Zambia, 60, 76, 101 UNIDO,65 Zhou Enlai, 53 United Arab Republic, 7, 17 Zhou Huamin, 37 Uniting for Peace Resolution, 52 Zimbabwe, 76 Uruguay, 57, 60 Patriotic Front, 67