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J -Borne Dis, March 2017, 11(1): 156–160 S Sadeghi: Mediterranean Recluse …

Short Communication Mediterranean Recluse , Loxosceles rufescens (Araneae: ) from Charkhab Cave, Southern

*Saber Sadeghi, Meysam Dashan, Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

(Received 21 Sep 2014; accepted 27 Jan 2016)

Abstract Background: The best-known dangerous belong to the six genera. The Loxosceles or violin spiders are well known for their ability to cause or . All Loxosceles have medical im- portance due to their necrotizing . The present article reports the occurrence of L. rufescens in Charkhab Cave, south of Iran (Larestan). Methods: The specimens were collected from the Charkhab Cave using handling forceps, paintbrush and aspirator and preserved in 96% ethanol. Results: Loxosceles rufescens, a medically important spider, is recorded from Charkhab Cave in Fars Province (southwest of Iran). Identification of L. rufescens was performed based on external morphology and the features of male genitalia. Conclusion: Presence of L. rufescens in south of Iran especially in a cave confirmed that this species is a widely distributed species in Iran. Therefore, cavers or cave visitors should be aware of this poisonous spider in caves.

Keywords: Arachnida, Loxosceles, Iran

Introduction

Spiders with more than 45,000 described iid spiders are now considered a member of species in the world (Shahi et al. 2013) are Sicariidae (Plantick et al. 1991). Lox- among the better-studied . How- osceles rufescens (Dufour 1820) occurs around ever, approximately 200 species from 20 gen- the entire Mediterranean region, in Asia, North era of worldwide spiders can cause severe hu- Africa, South and Central America (Platnick man injuries, with dermonecrosis, systemic tox- 2013). Several species (troglophile) have been icity, and death. Therefore, less than 0.5% of recorded from caves, houses, subterranean them are actually dangerous for humans (Diaz areas, rural and urban area (Fischer et al. 2009). 2004). The most known dangerous spiders be- Although some unidentified species of the long to the six genera: (black wid- genus Loxosceles reported from Iran during ow spiders), Steatoda (false widow spiders), 1994 to 2013 (Goodarzi 1994, Moradmand Loxosceles (recluse spiders), Atrax (funnelweb and Jäger 2011, Kashefi et al. 2013, and spiders), Phoneutria (banana spiders), Chei- Mirshamsi et al. 2013), the first record of Med- racanthium (foliage spiders) (Yigit et al. 2008). iterranean , L. rufescens, in Iran The recluse spiders (Sicariidae: Loxosceles) was presented by Zamani and Rafinejad (2014) or Mediterranean Fiddle-Back spiders are cos- from Tehran Province. Shahi et al. 2013 also mopolitan, but most commonly in the trop- reported a Loxoscelism from Bandar Abbas ics. Although previously placed in the family in south of Iran. All Loxosceles species have Loxoscelidae (Gertsch 1949, Gertsch and En- medical importance due to their necrotizing nik 1983) or Scytodidae (Gertsch 1967), Sicar- venom, based on Swanson and Vetter study 156 *Corresponding author: Mr Saber Sadeghi, E-mail: http://jad.tums.ac.ir [email protected], [email protected] Published Online: March 14, 2017

J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2017, 11(1): 156–160 S Sadeghi: Mediterranean Recluse …

(2006) “Spiders of the genus Loxosceles cause Collection and Identification necrotic dermatologic injury through a unique The walls and floor of the cave were pre- enzyme, sphingomyelinase D, found only in cisely searched for cavernicoles. The specimens one other spider genus and several bacteria”. were collected by authors during a fieldtrip Tambourgi and et al. (2000) also noted, “En- on January 2014 using common methods such venomation causes dermonecrosis and com- as nets, forceps and soft paintbrush then, they plement (C)-dependent intravascular hemol- preserved in 96% Ethanol and transported to ysis”. Typical symptoms start 2–6 h after the our Entomology Lab. in Shiraz University. bite and the reactions to bites can be variable Some photos were taken by a digital camera from mild to severe, and occasionally leads (Canon DS126251). to death. “Symptoms can include fever, rash, The spiders were distinguished based on nausea, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, bloody external morphology and features of the male urine, renal failure, and shock” (Hufford 1977). genitalia using available keys. Finally, our de- In Iran, The Araneae fauna of Iranian scription was confirmed by Dr YM Marusik caves has been poorly studied. Marusik et al. and Dr RS Vetter, two world specialists of (2014), published a survey of spider species the spiders. The specimens were deposited in from Shirabad Cave, Golestan Province, north the Zoological Museum, Collection of Biol- of Iran, and the first troglobite species of Ira- ogy department of Shiraz University (ZM- nian spiders Trilacuna qarzi Malek Hosseini CBSU). and Grismado, 2015, was reported by Malek Hosseini et al. (2015). Some sporadic studies Results such as Moradmand and Jäger (2011) and

Zamani et al. (2014, 2015) have been con- Laboratory works and separating speci- ducted so far. mens from samples clarified that 5 adult The present contribution reports the oc- males and 3 females were collected. currence of L. rufescens in Charkhab Cave in Loxosceles rufescens or fiddle back spi- south of Iran (Larestan). It may help to cover der unlike most other spiders that have eight a very small part of information gap of our eyes, has six eyes as three pairs in a nearly knowledge of the situation of this important triangular arrangement (Fig. 2). A distinctive genus in Iran and aware caverns about L. “violin” shaped dark pattern is present on the rufescens presence in this cave and possibly cephalothorax of this species. However, us- other caves. ing this overly simplified diagnostic identi- fier will lead to mistakes because some Lox- Materials and Methods osceles species have almost no pigmentation in the violin area and other species have dark Study area maculae on the dorsal body surfaces. A par- Charkhab Cave is in Larestan area, south of ticular diagnostic character of the genus (Lox- Fars Province, 70 km south of Larestan (Fig. osceles) is existence of six eyes, which ar- 1) in Hormoud protected area, near villages ranged in nontouching pairs in a U-shaped of Zad Mahmood and Ahveh with warm and pattern. Most spiders have eight eyes, as a dry climate surrounded by mountains (27º hallmark for this medically important group. 32' 44” N: 55º 20' 21” E), altitude: 639 m a.s.l. The tibia of males’ palpus is short, thick, This cave is one of 51 explored caves in Fars and narrow at base and not very prolonged with valuable habitants especially spider spe- (Fig. 3). The embolus length is about as long cies. The cave was visited on Jan. 8, 2014. as the width of the globular bulb.

157 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 14, 2017

J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2017, 11(1): 156–160 S Sadeghi: Mediterranean Recluse …

Fig. 3. Loxosceles rufescens, male palpus, lateral view

Fig. 1. Sampling localities of genus Loxosceles and species Loxosceles rufescens in Iran reported up to 2015

1: Ilam Province, (Loxosceles sp) Moradmand and Jäger 2011. 2: Tehran Province (35°43'N, 51°25'E), Zamani and Rafinajad 2014. 3: Golestan Province (36°50΄19″N, 54°26΄05″E), Kashefi et al. 2013. 4: Khorasan Province (36°16΄24 95″N, 59°34΄ 75″E), Mirshamsi et al. 2013. 5: Fars Province, Laresthan (27º 32' 44″N, 55º 20' 21″E), present study. 6: Hormozgan Province, Bandar Abbas (27 º 11' 0″N, 56°16΄36.0″E), Shahi et al. 2013. Fig. 4. Loxosceles rufescens, male, Charkhab Cave

Discussion

The Loxoscelinae is a small subfamily with about 120 species in a single genus. Loxos- celes rufescens (Fig. 4) is native to the Eu- rope and North Africa and then spread to other regions by human activity. It occurs in Mediterranean area and Middle East to west- ern Russia, besides has been introduced to Madagascar, southern Asia, Australia, At- lantic and Pacific Islands. In north and south of America, they have also been reported

from many states (Green et al. 2009). Fig. 2. Loxosceles rufescens, arrangement of eyes in Some species have also been introduced three pairs into human habitations, where they have been able to establish permanent populations. Alt-

158 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 14, 2017

J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2017, 11(1): 156–160 S Sadeghi: Mediterranean Recluse …

hough, this species have been reported from Larestan mountaineering group), Miss M some parts of Iran (Mirshamsi et al. 2013, Tahami and Z Shamsoddini for their help in Zamani and Rafinejad 2014) but the present caving and sampling. We also appreciate “Iran report is the first record of the species from National Science Foundation” (INSF) who an Iranian cave. This cave has recently been supported this study. The authors declare discovered and is habitat of many bats, a that there is no conflict of interests. kind of snake (not captured) and a variety of arthropods. Loxosceles rufescens was ob- References served throughout the cave especially at the hypogean part. This species have only been Diaz HJ (2004) The global epidemiology, collected from Charkhab Cave up to now, it syndromic classification, management, probably is partly due to high temperature and prevention of spider bites. Am J and dry weather of the area. However, it does Trop Med Hyg. 71: 239–250. not mean that this species cannot spread to Fischer ML, Bazilio S, Verginia T, dos San- other caves. Therefore, cavers or cave visi- tos B, Grosskopf CB (2009) Diagnósti- tors should be aware of potential dangers of co da ocorrência de aranhas do gênero the poisonous spiders in caves because there Loxosceles Heineken e lowe, 1832 is no evidence-based effective therapy for (Araneae, Sicariidae) no município de loxoscelism at present time. União da Vitória, Paraná, Biotemas. 22 (1): 155–159. Conclusion Gertsch WJ, Ennik F (1983) The spider ge- nus Loxosceles in North America, Cen- The presence of L. rufescens in a cave in tral America, and the West Indies south of Iran confirms that this species is (Araneae, Loxoscelidae). Bull Am Mus also a cave adapted species in Iran, but not Nat Hist. 175: 264–360 distributed widely because we found it only Gertsch WJ (1967) The spider genus Loxos- in one of more than seventeen investigated celes in (Araneae, caves by authors and their collaborators. Scytodidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. However, cavers and other visitors of caves 175: 264–360. have to take care because of some dangerous Gertsch WJ (1949) American Spiders. D spiders with poisonous venom. Our collected Van Nostrand, New York. specimens were morphologically a little Goodarzi HR (1994) An introduction to the different from other areas of the world thus identification and classification of Ira- more studies are needed to reveal their nian spiders. [MSc Thesis]. Plant Pest taxonomic and toxicological differences. and Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. Greene A, Breisch NL, Boardman T, Pagac Acknowledgements Jr BB, Kunickis E, Howes RK, Brown PV (2009) The Mediterranean Recluse The authors are grateful to Dr Yuri M spider, Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour) Marusik (Turku, Finland) and Dr Richard S an abundant but cryptic inhabitant of Vetter (Department of Entomology, Univer- deep infrastructure in the Washington, sity of California Riverside) for useful com- DC area (Arachnida: Araneae: Sicarii- ments and confirmation of the species. We dae). Am Entomol. 55(3): 158–169. are also thankful Mr Alamdar Shafiei, Mr Harvey M (1996) The first record of the Fiddle- Akbar Shafiei and Ms Atefeh Shafiei (Pardis-e back Spider Loxosceles rufescens (Arane- 159 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 14, 2017

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