Warwick.Ac.Uk/Lib-Publications Local Labour Journ~Li3m in England and Wales 1843 to 1891, with Particular Reference to the Newspapers of W
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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79965 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Local Labour Journ~li3m in England and Wales 1843 to 1891, with particular reference to the newspapers of W. Owen and J. T. :Norgan •. Aled Gruffydd Jones. Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Warwick, Centre for the Study of Social TIistory, November 1981. IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl.uk BEST COpy AVAILABLE. TEXT IN ORIGINAL IS CLOSE TO THE EDGE OF THE PAGE SYNOPSIS LIST OF TABLES ABBREVIATIONS ACKlWWLEDGI·fLN'rs and DECLARA'rION INTRODUCTION CF..APl'ER ONE: ·THE RADICAL PRESS •••••• 1 i) The radical tradition .1 'ii) The expansion of the popular press. • ••••• 5 .iii)Periodica1s of mid-Victorian labour •••••• a CHAPl'ER T'w'0:. LABOUR NE'."SfAPERS 1843 - 1891 •••••• 29 i) William Owen •••••• 29 ii) John Thomas Morgan •••••• eo CHAPrER THREE: CONTENT, FORHAT AND S'l'YLE •••••• 95 i) Content •••••• 95 ii) Format and S~yle •••••• 105 .. CIIAPrER FOUR: RP.AD~SHIP •••••• 10e i) The social Context ' •••••• 111 ii)Letters to t!1e Editor •••••• 169 CHAPrER FIVE: FIN A~rCE •••••• 177 i) Expenditure . .i •••••• 178 . ii) Income •••••• 195 ClJAPrER SIX: LABOUR JOURNAl/ISH •••••• 231 i) Politics and Trade .Unionism •••••• 232 ii)Ideas and organisation ' •••••• 268 CONCLUSION APPE1IDICES I Content Analysis - 278 11 Readers' Letters - 284 III 1>1ernbers of: the Com.'lli ttee of the Staffordshire Co-operative Newspaper and General Printing Society (Ltd.), 1878 - 291. IV List of Persons Holding Sha.res in the North Staffordshire Newspaper Company (Ltd.), 16 September 1801 - 293 V Distribution of Examiner Local Editions 1874-1875. Places of Publication. - 294 '. VI Labour Newspapers and their Editors in Hnnley and in Wolverhampton 1843-1880. - 295 VII Index of Fiction, Essay:? and Loca.;L History in the Forest of Dean Examiner 1873-1877.-296 VIII An Example of 'Utopian' Journalism in the \{orkman' s . Advocate.- 300 IX'Newspapers and the La'; 1861-1881:_303. BIBLIOGRAPHY ••• ••• ••• ••• • •• 311 , SYNOPSIS In the summer of 1873 two editors began to publish two distinct groups of explicitly radical working class local newspapers. "Their common objective was to establish a national system of loc~l labour newspapers to challenge the growing dominance of the 'commercial' press. Despite many differences of style, forcat and language - one of Morgan's papers was written entirely in Welsh - these two groups of newspapers attempted to attract a similar type of unionised working class reader, and in many important respects they also propounded a very similar philosop~~ of labour. The thesis outlines the development of "these newspapers and traces the activities of their young and energetic editors. It suggests an explanation of their limited initial successes as journalist agitators and of their subsequent demise in the months and years following 1875, and locates their newspapers within the wider context of radical and Liberal , journalism in the period 1843 to 1891. Four major issues are discussed, the first being the place of the Owen and the Morgan papers in the context of mid to late Nineteenth Century local journalism. The second issue concerns the sociology of the papers' potential readership, whilst the third relates to the financing of the two editors' respective newspaper ventures. Finally, the concept of 'labour journalism' as a distinct form of journalism in this period is examined. Both editors sought to serve the trade unionist and radical- Liberal movements, but both also guarded jealously their editorial independ- ence from either trade union leaders or Liberal politicians. In so doing they not only recorded and fnterpreted events during a turbulent period of labour unrest, but they also provided many diverse groups of semi- and unskilled workers living between North Staffordshire and South Wales with a valuable means of communication and organisation. iv' LIST OF TA.13L~~S Table 1. Newspapers published 1850 to 1879: Proportions in R.Harrison et a~, classification Groups A, E, C. 9 •. 2. Newspapers published 1880 to 1889: Proportions in R.Harrison et aI, classification Groups A, E, C. 10. 3. Highest Five News S~bject Categories, as %oitota1 content. .98. 4. Popula.tion Growth in North,Staffordshire 1861 to 1811. 112. 5. 11a1es and Females aged 20 and upwards employed in Earthenware Manufacture in 1861. 112 6. Wage Rates in 1814 (For Tinplate.Workers, per 12 boxes). 146 1. Day Labour Wages at Aberdare Pits 1810 to 1812 150. 8. Circulation of Staffordshire Newspapers August 1840. 151. 9. Trades. of Parents and the number of persons in those trades in Hanley whose children could and could not read, and who were applicants for Earthenware work between 1 September and 31 December 1866. 162. 1Q.Ana1ysis of the Spoken Language i) South Wales Towns, 1891. 163. 11.Ana1ysis of the Spoken Language ii) The Welsh Counties, 1891. 164 • . 12. Payments for Newspapers and Periodicals, 11echanics Institute, Nilford Haven, Year Ending 31 Harch 1884. 161. 13. New· Printing Hachines : Prices, 1816. 119. 14. Revenue Account for Year Ending 31 Harch 1886 of the Gwalia Newspaper and Printing Company Limited. 181. 15. Wage Rates in the Printing Industry. 183. 16. Compositor Wage Rates 1816 and 1818. 184 11. Membership of the Provincial Typographical Association, February 1813 and December 1816. 186 18. Number of Documents issued between February 1813 and December 1816. 186 19. M~n and Apprentices in Potteries Printing Works, 1866. 187. 20. Summary of }'Tean Share Values per Individual Investor. 203. 21. Incomo of the Gwalia Newspaper and Printing Company for the Year Ending 31 Narch 1086. 213. 22. Advertisements : 5~ of total content (Potteries Examiner , and St~ffordGhire Sentinel). 214. v . , . 23. Advertisements: %of total content '(Labour Pres~ and JVoine'rs' and Horkl!len' s Examiner). 215. 24. Advertisements: %of total content (Wolverhamnton Times). 215. 25. Advertisements: .% of total content (Daily ~1idland Echo). 216. 26. Potteries F.xaminer Advertisement Charges valid from 1 i Harch . 1871. 216. 27. Potteries :E;:caminer Advertisement Charges valid from 8 January 18'16. 217. 28. Potteries Examiner Advertisement Charges from non-Commercial Advertisements balid from 14 September 1878. (Prepaid). 217. Forest of Dean Examiner Advertisement Charges valid from 11 October 1873. 218. Approximate projection of maximum mean Advertisement income per issue (Examiner!Niner). .' 219. 31. Approximate projection of maximum mean Advertisement income per issue (Potteries Examiner). '.. 219. 32. Advertisements: ~ of total content (Workman's Advocate, Amddiffyn;y:dd V G\oJei thhrr, Tarian V Gwei thiwr, Y Gwladgarwr. l'ierth'Tr IreleM'anh, r--:erthyr Express). 220 •. 33.' Advertisements: %of total content (Re;vnolds's, Lloyd's, Edinburqh Reformer). 221. 34. Key to Advertisement Categories. 222. 35. Advertisement Distribution total number of items. 223. 36. Advertisement Distribution relative p~rcentages of categories. 224. 37. Regional Origin of Advertisements. 224. 38. Local Origin of Advertisements (a) Staffordshire, Shropshire, 13irmingham. 225. 39. Local Origin of Advertisements : (b) Wales. 226. vi ABBREVIATIONS A.A.M. Amalgamated Association of Miners. A.S.E. Amalgamated Society of Engineers. (. A.L.U. Bristol, \~est of Englan~ and South Wales Amalgamat~d Labourers' Union. L.T.C. London Trades Council.' N.A.L.U. National Agricultural Labourers' Union. National Association of Mineworkers. P.T.A. Provincial Typographical Association. vii ACKtiO\vLEDGHENTS I wish to tha~~ the late }tts. ~u11icent Copestake for her help and warm encouragement during my researches into the lif~.and work 'Of her grandfathar, Hr. Wi11iam o.ven. I was helped also by many useful ~~d enlightening discussions with Dr. Joyce Be11amy, Dr. Chris Fisher, Dr.' Deian Hopkin, Dr. Louis JaTIles, Dr. Joanne Shattock and with individual members of the University of Wales PeriodicalsGroup. Valuable comments 'and criticisms of earlier draft versions of the thesis were made by Ms. Y~smin Ali, Dr. Stephen Co1tham and by my supervisor, Professor Royden Harrison. Any errors of fact or eccentricities of style which remain are, of course, my own. , DECL.ARATIO;T Some of the material included in the case-study of J.T.Morgan's involvement in the South Wales coal strike of 1875, in C~apter Six section (i), is based on work undertaken during the writing of an earlier dissertation, Jones, A.G., 'John Thomas Morgan and the Workman's Advocate!Amddiffynydd v Gweithiwr: the labour press and trade unionism in South Wales 1871 - 76', University of \.Jar..,rick, Unpublished !1.A.Thesis, 1918. viii INTHO:DUCTION The study of the labour newspaper press in the midt9 late nineteenth century is in reality the study' of a certain kind of working class radical. Weekly news reports were more than simple reflections of world events, they were chronicles of the political and industrial activity of their editors. The history and the perceived functions of labour newspapers were thus closely associated with the political, persuasions and the personal proclivities of the editors and the journalists who were responsible for their production. These journalists placed their craft at the service of the organised trade union movement, but they never countenanced any direct trade union control over their editorial decisions. TheY,ffiaintained an independent existence whilst eagerly engaging in the local struggles of provincial workers. How, and with what success, they were able to satisfy these obj~ctives will be the main subject of this thesis.' To illustrate the dynamism and the diversity of the alternative .