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This report may be cited as:

Fitzmaurice, J., E. St. Jacques, A. Waddell, and R.G. Eilers, 1999. of the Brandon Research Centre - Updated from Hopkins and St.Jacques, 1985. Report prepared by the Land Resource Unit, Brandon Research Centre, and Agri-Food Canada, Special Report Series 99-2.

Copies of this report are available from:

Land Resource Unit Research Branch, Brandon Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Rm 362 Ellis Bldg. University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Phone: (204) 474-6118 Fax: (204) 474-7633 Soils of the Brandon Research Centre - Updated from Hopkins and St. Jacques, 1985

Special Report Series 99-2

By

Fitzmaurice, J., E. St. Jacques, A. Waddell, and R.G. Eilers

Land Resource Unit Brandon Research Centre Research Branch Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ...... v

PART 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 Location and Extent ...... 2 Topography and Altitudes ...... 2 Geological Deposits or of the Soils ...... 3 ...... 5

PART 2 DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS ...... 6 Methodology ...... 6 Map and Legend ...... 6 Generalized Soils Map ...... 6 Generalized Soils Map ...... 7 Series Descriptions ...... 11 Aronet Series (ARN) ...... 11 Assiniboine Series (ASB) ...... 11 Basker Series (BKR) ...... 12 Carroll Series (CXF) ...... 12 Charman Series (CXV) ...... 13 Dorset Series (DOT) ...... 13 Druxman Series (DXM) ...... 13 Eroded Slopes ($ER) ...... 14 Gendzel Series (GDZ) ...... 14 Harding Series (HRG) ...... 14 Hummerston Series (HMO) ...... 15 Janick Series (JIK) ...... 15 Kerran Series (KRN) ...... 15 Lavenham Series (LVH) ...... 16 Levine Series (LEI) ...... 16 Lockhart Series (LKH) ...... 17 Lowroy Series (LOW) ...... 17 Lowton Series (LWN) ...... 17 Mansfield Series (MFI) ...... 18

i Manson Series (MXD) ...... 18 Mowbray Series (MOW) ...... 18 Prodan Series (PDA) ...... 19 Ramada Series (RAM) ...... 19 Sewell Series (SEE) ...... 20 Sigmund Series (SGO) ...... 20 Stockton Series (SCK) ...... 21 Wheatland Series (WHL) ...... 21 Wytonville Series (WVI) ...... 21

PART 3 USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS ...... 22 Derived and Interpretive Maps ...... 22 Derived Maps ...... 24 Slope Map ...... 24 Surface Texture Map ...... 26 Soil Map ...... 28 Map ...... 30 Management Considerations Map ...... 32 Interpretive Maps ...... 34 Agricultural Capability Map ...... 34 Irrigation Suitability Map ...... 36 Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation Map ...... 38 Water Erosion Risk Map ...... 40

APPENDIX A ...... 43 Guides for Evaluating Agricultural Capability and Irrigation Suitability ...... 43 Dryland Agriculture Capability Guidelines for Manitoba ...... 44 Moisture Limitation - Brunisols ...... 46 Moisture Limitation - ...... 46 Moisture Limitation - Dark Grays and Luvisols ...... 47 Moisture Limitation - Black Soils ...... 48 Dryland Agriculture Capability Guidelines for Manitoba: Supplementary Guidelines to the CLI Guide for Manitoba ..49 Soil Features Affecting Irrigation Suitability ...... 53 Features Affecting Irrigation ...... 54

ii Soil and Landscape Conditions Affecting Environmental Impact Rating ...... 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 55

List of Figures

Figure 1. Location of the study area ...... 2 Figure 2. Cross Section of the Assiniboine Valley and Upland Showing Altitude, Slope and Geological Surface Deposits ...... 5 Figure 3. Generalized Soils Map ...... 7 Figure 4. Map Unit Symbology ...... 10 Figure 5. Slope Map ...... 25 Figure 6. Surface Texture Map ...... 27 Figure 7. Soil Drainage Map ...... 29 Figure 8. Soil Salinity Map ...... 31 Figure 9. Management Considerations Map ...... 33 Figure 10. Agriculture Capability Map ...... 35 Figure 11. Irrigation Suitability Map ...... 37 Figure 12. Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation ...... 39 Figure 13. Water Erosion Risk ...... 41

iii List of Tables

Table 1. Areas of delineated on the for the Brandon Research Centre ...... 8 Table 2. Key to the Soil Series (Map Symbol) of the Brandon Research Centre in Relation to Drainage Class, Subgroup and Parent Material ...... 9 Table 3. Slope Classes ...... 24 Table 4. Surface Texture ...... 26 Table 5. Drainage Classes ...... 28 Table 6. Salinity Classes ...... 30 Table 7. Management Considerations ...... 32 Table 8. Agricultural Capability ...... 34 Table 9. Irrigation Suitability ...... 36 Table 10. Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation ...... 38 Table 11. Water Erosion Risk ...... 40 Table 12. Dryland Agriculture Capability Guidelines for Manitoba ...... 44 Table 13. Moisture Limitation - Brunisols ...... 46 Table 14. Moisture Limitation - Regosols ...... 46 Table 15. Moisture Limitation - Dark Grays and Luvisols ...... 47 Table 16. Moisture Limitation - Black Soils ...... 48 Table 17. Soil Features Affecting Irrigation Suitability ...... 53 Table 18. Landscape Features Affecting Irrigation ...... 54 Table 19. Soil and Landscape Conditions Affecting Environmental Impact Rating ...... 54

iv Acknowledgements

The soils were mapped in the field by L. Hopkins and P. Haluschak of the Manitoba .

The map was digitized by A. Waddell of the University of Manitoba.

The final maps were produced by G. Lelyk of the Land Resource Unit using the PAMAP Geographic Information System and by P. Cyr and S. Depoe using Corel Draw 7.

P. Cyr, S. Depot and J. MacLeod, of the Land Resource Unit assisted in the final compilation of the report.

W. Fraser and D. Swidinsky of the Land Resource Unit, reviewed the manuscript.

v vi PART 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Introduction

Soils of the Brandon Research Centre were originally mapped in 1940 (1:10,000) with soil delineations based on soil associations (Manitoba Soil Survey, 1940). A resurvey (1:7920) of the research centre was conducted in 1971 to classify the soils within national standards (Agriculture Canada, 1987). Interpretations for various land uses and capabilities were combined with the 1971 resurvey and published in 1985 (Hopkins and St.Jacques, 1985). The data from the 1985 report has been digitized and compiled into a new report that presents soils data in a manner that reflects the more complex soil and land resource information needed by today’s agricultural researchers. The objective of this study was to provide very detailed soil information at the field level which could be used to aid in field operations related to agriculture research programs and to provide background information for the evaluation of crop performance. This report summarizes the results of the field inventory activities and provides selected assessments of land capability and suitability.

1 Location and Extent

The study is located immediately northwest of the City of Brandon. It encompasses an area of 835.7 ha covering Section 33 and portions of sections 34,28,27,22 and 21 in Township 10,

Range 19 west of the prime meridian (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Location of the study area.

Topography and Altitudes

The land on the Brandon Research Centre Experimental Farm falls into two landscape areas:

(1) the upland terrain, and (2) the Assiniboine River valley. The Assiniboine valley consists of: (a) the relatively steep escarpment-like banks, and (b) the valley floor.

2 The topography of the upland plain area is slightly to gently undulating, and the surface has

a gradual fall from north to south. The surface of the land within the valley, though fairly smooth,

is not flat; it has low rolls running roughly parallel with the river, and slopes from the foot of the

escarpment-like banks to the river flats.

The altitude of the upland terrain on the research centre is approximately 395 to 410 metres

above sea level, and that of the valley floor is around 365 metres above sea level. The escarpment

or northern bank, therefore, has a fall of over 30 metres. The relative altitudes are shown by pen

sketch in Figure 2. This figure (which is a cross-section in a line along the west side of the Research

Centre from the northwest corner of Section 2, Township 11, Range 19, to the southwest corner of

Section 22, Township 10, Range 19), also shows the geological surface deposits on which the soils

were formed.

Geological Deposits or Parent Material of the Soils

The surface geological deposits which form the parent materials of the soils on the research

centre have been derived chiefly as a result of glacial and stream water deposition and erosion.

Hence, the degree of sorting of these materials has varied widely, resulting in a wide range of

textures. Moreover, adjacent to the Assiniboine River the deposition of materials by stream action has continued up to the present time, so that recent deposits occur which have not been in position long enough to permit the development of normal soil profiles. It is apparent, therefore, that both the

degree of maturity and the texture of the soils have been controlled or affected by the age and the

kind of the geological surface deposits.

3 The sketch referred to as Figure 2 shows that boulder deposits first covered the area. The boulder till was later covered by light textured or sandy lacustrine deposits laid down during the period when a glacial lake extended over this area. As the lake receded eastward, the drainage water of the Qu’Appelle and Assiniboine Rivers flowed over the lower portions of the lake basin, removing some of the lacustrine deposits and finally cutting a deep channel into the boulder till.

In the development of this channel, the material along the banks was modified by water action; the finer textured materials were removed and the stones and gravel contained were left as residual deposits. The presence of sandy deposits over the gravel above the banks indicates subsequent deposition.

Within the eroded channel, the valley floor is covered with a variety of water deposited materials. Successive stream levels are responsible for the alluvial flood plain deposits of and over the valley floor. In addition, deposits of occur in the form of alluvial fans at the foot of the slope, where ravines emerge from the escarpment-like banks.

At the present time, the Assiniboine River is normally confined to a narrow channel which meanders through the lowest part of the valley, but in flood periods the river overflows its banks and covers the flooded portions with overwash.

The geological deposits which form the parent materials of the soils on the research centre may be summarized as:

1. The river deposits of varying age, which occupy the valley floor

2. The alluvial fan deposits which occur at the foot of the escarpment-like valley bank

3. The modified and stony eroded till which forms the valley bank

4. The gravel and coarse textured deposits occurring above the eroded till

5. The light or sandy textured lacustrine deposits found on the upland terrain..

4 Figure 2. Cross Section of the Assiniboine Valley and Upland Showing Altitude, Slope and Geological Surface Deposits (Manitoba Soil Survey, 1940).

Climate

The study site has a mean annual temperature of 2.2 oC with a mean annual frost free period

of 104 days. Data from the climate station at the Brandon Research Centre indicates that mean annual precipitation is about 473 mm with about 312 mm occurring during the May 1 to September

30 growing season. (Atmospheric Environment Service, 1991). The seasonal moisture deficit for the period May to August is approximately 250 mm; effective growing degree days (EGDD) above

5/C for the same period is 1400 to 1500. This parameter provides an indication of the heat energy available for crop production (Agronomic Interpretations Working group, 1995). Soil temperature recorded at the research centre indicate that at a depth of 20.0 cm the average soil temperature is

6.3/C with 1707 degree days above 5/C.

5 PART 2 DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

Methodology

Field investigations were conducted 1971. A total of 55 soil inspections were made every 100 m along north-south foot traverses across the field. This grid survey resulted in an average soil inspection density of 1 site per 1.2 ha. Soil characteristics observed in the field were recorded on standard field sheets and each soil profile was classified according to standard soil survey procedures (Agriculture Canada, 1987). The location of soil inspection grid points and sampling sites is shown on the soil map in Fig. 2. Eighty six deeper inspections were made to a minimum depth of 3 m. The location and data for these drill holes can be found in Appendix A.

Soil Map and Legend The soils were originally mapped at a scale of 1:7920 on an air photo base. The base photo was electronically scanned and expanded to the 1:5 000 scale. Soil boundaries were digitized and then overlaid on the photo base using PAMAP GIS software. A Generalized Soils Map is presented in Figure 3 (page 7) and a 1:10 000 scale soils map depicting modern soil series equivalents is included as a fold out map within the back cover. The soil series are summarized in Table 1 (page 8). A general description of each of the soils mapped in this study is provided in Table 2 (page 9) and a description of the map unit symbology is included in Figure 4 (page 10).

Generalized Soils Map The general soil groups provide a very simplified overview of the soil information contained in the digital soil map. The individual soil polygons have been simplified into broad groups of soils with similar parent material origins, textures, and drainage classes. The dominant soil in each polygon determines the soil group, area and colour for the generalized soil map. Gleysolic soils groups have poor to very poor drainage, while other mineral soil groups typically have a range of rapid, well, or imperfectly drained soils.

6 Generalized Soils Map

Figure 3. Generalized Soils Map.

7 Table 1. Areas of soil series delineated on the soil map for the Brandon Research Centre. Soil Symbol Soil Name Area (ha) Percent of Total

ARN Aronet 5.96 0.5

ASB Assiniboine 2.07 0.2

BKR Basker 22.18 1.7

CXF Carroll 3.70 0.3

CXV Charman 11.33 0.9

DOT Dorset 20.82 1.6

DXM Druxman 1.21 0.1

GDZ Gendzel 22.78 1.8

HMO Hummerston 54.87 4.3

HRG Harding 68.22 5.3

JIK Janick 2.48 0.2

KRN Kerran 5.58 0.4

LEI Levine 69.46 5.4

LKH Lockhart 30.87 2.4

LOW Lowroy 2.61 0.2

LVH Lavenham 21.38 1.7

LWN Lowton 8.61 0.7

MFI Mansfield 2.47 0.2

MOW Mowbray 52.00 4.0

MXD Manson 12.92 1.0

PDA Prodan 5.35 0.4

RAM Ramada 46.01 3.6

SEE Sewell 4.49 0.3

SCK Stockton 162.41 12.6

SGO Sigmund 20.32 1.6

WHL Wheatland 118.77 9.2

WVI Wytonville 11.80 0.9

$ER Eroded Slopes 17.22 1.3

$UL Unclassified Land 440.03 34.2

$ZZ Water 37.88 2.9

Total 1285.80 100.0

8 Table 2. Key to the Soil Series (Map Symbol) of the Brandon Research Centre in Relation to Drainage Class, Subgroup and Parent Material

P a r e n t M a t e r i a l

Lacustrine Glaciofluvial Lacustrine Fluvial Mixed Over Till Subgroup Coarse Sandy Sandy over Fine Loamy Coarse Class Loamy over Skeletal Sandy over Sandy Sandy Fine Clayey Fine Clayey Loamy to Glacial Till Skeletal Skeletal Loamy Loamy Fine Loamy

Well to Orthic Eroded Slopes Moderately ($ER) Well

Orthic Black Lockhart Dorset Wheatland Stockton Ramada Janick (LKH) (DOT) (WHL) (SCK) (RAM) (JIK)

Rego Black Carroll (CXF)

Cumulic Aronet Mowbray Manson Regosol (ARN) (MOW) (MXD)

Imperfectly Gleyed Black Wytonville Druxman Lavenham Charman Harding (WVI) (DXM) (LVH) (CXV) (HRG)

Gleyed Rego Mansfiel Gendzel Hummersto Prodan Sigmund Black d (GDZ) n (PDA) (SGO) (MFI) (HMO)

Gleyed Levine Assiniboin Cumulic (LEI) e Regosol (ASB)

Poorly to Rego Humic Fortina Lowroy Sewell Lowton Basker Kerran Very Poorly Gleysol (FTN) (LOW) (SEE) (LWN) (BKR) (KRN)

9 MAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY

Phases

Degree of Erosion Stoniness x noneroded or minimal x nonstony 1 slightly eroded 1 slightly stony 2 moderately eroded 2 moderately stony 3 severely eroded 3 very stony o overblown 4 exceedingly stony 5 excessively stony

Slope Class Degree of Salinity Electrical Conductivity (dS/m) x 0-0.5% level b 0.5-2% nearly level x non-saline 0-4 c 2-5% very gently sloping s weakly saline 4-8 d 5-9% gently sloping t moderately saline 8-15 e 9-15% moderately sloping u strongly saline 15+ f 15-30% strongly sloping g 30-45% very strongly sloping h 45-70% extremely sloping

Figure 4. Map Unit Symbology.

10 Series Descriptions

The soil series of the Brandon Research Centre are described in alphabetical order and includes a general description of the genetic profile type, CSSC taxonomic subgroup classification, texture, parent material, topography and drainage.

Aronet Series (ARN)

The Aronet series is a Cumulic Regosol soil developed on moderately well drained, weakly to moderately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS) eolian deposits. These soils occur on level to hummocky topography along fence rows, adjacent to woodlots and in similar areas where windblown from eroding fields can be trapped. Aronet soils occur in association with Stockton and Lavenham soils. Surface runoff is slow, and permeability is rapid to moderately rapid.

The Aronet soil profile usually has a number of alternating dark and light coloured, loamy fine sand to fine sand textured layers having a total thickness of more than 50 cm. The darker layers are mostly very dark brown, buried Ah horizons, 20 to 35 cm thick. The lighter layers are usually dark brown and distinctly mottled at depths of 75 cm or more. These overblown layers frequently overlie a -like soil profile common to the area. This soil is distinguished from other soils with which it is associated by its lack of soil development.

Assiniboine Series (ASB)

The Assiniboine series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Cumulic Regosol soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly recent deposits of silty clay and clay with stratum of silty clay and clay loam texture. They occur in the flood plain of stream channels. The permeability is moderately slow to slow, and runoff is slow. The topography is level to gently undulating. The native consists of ash, elm with tall prairie to prairie meadow grasses.

The Assiniboine soil is characterized by a weak dark gray to gray Ah or Ap horizon that is somewhat darker than the C horizon. Under moist conditions the surface looks quite dark, but on drying, lightens up considerably. The C horizon is stratified, and may contain dark stratum representing former surfaces. The soils contain iron stains and mottles in the .

11 Basker Series (BKR)

The Basker series consists of poorly to very poorly drained, carbonated, Rego Humic Gleysol soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly moderately coarse to moderately fine textured recent alluvial . The textures of the soil vary from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam. They occur as bottom lands adjacent to stream channels and are subject to flooding and are saturated for a considerable period of time in the spring or following heavy rains. The native vegetation consists of dominantly sedges, rushes and willow.

The profile is characterized by a thin layer (3 to 5 cm) of moderately decomposed organic material, and an olive brown to light yellowish brown weak Ahg or Ckg horizon with iron stains. The subsoil is stratified and may have thin organic layers indicating former surfaces. The soil colours are olive to pale yellow and may have some iron mottles in the sandy strata.

Carroll Series (CXF)

The Carroll series is a Rego Black soil developed on moderately well to well drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL), lacustrine deposits. These soils occur in the Upper Assiniboine Delta and Brandon Plain on very gently sloping to undulating topography, in association with Ramada, Charman, Prodan and Tadpole soils. Surface runoff is moderately slow, and permeability is moderate. Careful management is required to reduce wind and water erosion, especially in undulating topography.

The Carroll soil profile has a very dark gray to black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick; a dark gray AC horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick and a Cca horizon of lime carbonate accumulation, 8 to 14 cm thick. The silty textured, pale brown Ck horizon is very erosive. This soil differs only slightly from the Ramada soil in not having a prominent Bm horizon.

12 Charman Series (CXV)

The Charman soil is a Gleyed Black soil developed on imperfectly drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL) lacustrine deposits. This soil occurs above the escarpment on level to very gently sloping topography in areas where the is often within a meter of the surface associated with Ramada, Carroll, Prodan and Tadpole soils. Surface runoff is slow. Permeability is moderate, but can be restricted due to saturation of the subsoil. In areas of seepage or discharge, soluble salts in the subsoil and can be translocated nearer the surface in quantities sufficient to affect crop growth.

The Charman soil profile has a very dark gray to black Ah horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick; a dark grayish brown Bmgj horizon, 12 to 30 cm thick; a thin transitional BC horizon approximately 5 cm thick, and a pale brown, silty textured, erosive Ckgj horizon with yellowish brown iron mottles. A light gray Cca horizon of lime accumulation is usually present. Also, gypsum crystals frequently occur below the Cca horizon in some areas. This soil differs from the similar Prodan series in that it has a prominent Bmgj horizon and is free of calcium carbonate in its .

Dorset Series (DOT)

The Dorset series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soils, developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified outwash and glaciofluvial deposits of medium sand to gravelly texture. These soils occur on gently sloping to irregular, gently rolling topography. On the complex topography, they occur as a complex with other soils. Runoff is moderate to moderately rapid; permeability is very rapid.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon, 12 to 18 cm thick and a brown to dark brown Bm horizon (BA and Bm), 15 to 22 cm thick. The Cca horizon is 6 to 12 cm thick.

Druxman Series (DXM)

The Druxman series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Black soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 60 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, fine loamy sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous medium sand to gravelly textured deposits. These soils occur in gently sloping to level topography. They have a high water table during the spring and early summer. Runoff is moderately slow; permeability is moderate in the upper loamy sediments, and rapid in the coarser sediments below, when not restricted by a high water table.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon 15 to 24 cm thick, a dark yellowish brown to olive brown Bm horizon with yellowish brown mottles; the depth of solum depends on the depth of the loamy sediments, with the Bm or BC terminating at the contact of the underlying coarser textured sediments. A lime accumulation horizon is often present at or immediately below this contact.

13 Eroded Slopes ($ER)

The soils in this complex are found on the steep banks of the ravines dissecting the escarpment. This soil category passes through a number of parent materials such as , gravels and .

Gendzel Series (GDZ)

The Gendzel series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 60 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, sandy sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous medium sand to gravelly textured sediments. The soil occurs in a level to gently sloping topography. Runoff is moderately slow; permeability is moderately rapid to rapid, but may be restricted in the subsoil during periods when the water table is high.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray to black Ahk horizon, 10 to 16 cm thick, a dark gray to light gray AC horizon 5 to 9 cm thick and a lime accumulation horizon 6 to 12 cm thick. In the soils with a shallow solum, the lime accumulation horizon occurs at the transition of the sandy to gravelly sediments.

Harding Series (HRG)

The Harding series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Black soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, silty clay to clay lacustrine deposits. These soils occur on level to very gently sloping topography. Runoff is slow; permeability is moderately slow to slow. Most of these soils occur within a discharge region characterized by an upward pressure of groundwater or a lateral flow of water through the underlying very strongly calcareous till which occurs at depth of one to two meters. Appreciable soluble salts may be present within the rooting zone and gypsum crystals are common.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon 12 to 22 cm thick, a dark grayish brown, prismatic to subangular blocky Bmgj horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick with fine yellowish brown mottles; a lime accumulation horizon is common. Salt pseudomycelium and gypsum concretions are common in the olive brown to olive Cgj horizon.

14 Hummerston Series (HMO)

The Hummerston series is a carbonated, Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on imperfectly drained, weakly to moderately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS) lacustrine and fluvial sediments. The surface texture ranges from loamy fine sand to loamy very fine sand. These soils occur above the escarpment within the Brandon Lakes Plain and Upper Assiniboine Delta in association with Stockton, Lavenham and Sewell soils. Topography is level to gently undulating and runoff is moderately slow. Permeability is moderately rapid, but some impediment to downward movement of water can occur during the spring and early summer due to a high water table. Wind erosion has caused some surface damage to these soils.

The Hummerston soil profile has a very dark gray Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick; a dark gray AC horizon, 10 to 18 cm thick, and a yellowish brown Ckgj horizon with prominent mottles. This soil differs only slightly from the similar Lavenham series in not having a prominent Bmgj horizon.

Janick Series (JIK)

The Janick series consists of well to moderately well drained Orthic Black soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous silty clay to clay lacustrine deposits. These soils occur on a nearly level to gently undulating topography in the mid and upper slope positions. Permeability is slow; runoff is moderately slow.

The soil profile is characterized by a very dark gray to black Ah horizon 10 to 18 cm thick, a dark grayish brown to brown, fine subangular blocky Bm horizon 8 to 15 cm thick and a pale brown BC horizon. The C horizon is light grayish brown to pale brown. Some mottles and duller colors occur below the 75 cm depth.

Kerran Series (KRN)

The Kerran series consists of poorly to very poorly drained Carbonated Rego Humic Gleysol and Carbonated Rego Gleysol soils on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly clayey recent deposits of silty clay and clay with stratum of silty clay loam and clay loam texture. They occur in the level to depressional sites in the flood plain of stream channels and are subject to flooding, or are saturated for a considerable period of time in the spring or following heavy rains. The native vegetation consists of dominantly sedges, rushes and willow.

The Kerran soils are characterized by a thin organic layer of 1 to 2 cm, and either a weakly developed dark gray Ahk horizon of 10 to 15 cm thick or a light gray to pale brown recent depositional (Ck) layer. The C horizon is usually mottled, stratified, and may contain former surface layers.

15 Lavenham Series (LVH)

The Lavenham series is a Gleyed Black soil developed on imperfectly drained, weakly to moderately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in the Upper Assiniboine Delta on level to very gently sloping topography, in association with Stockton, Hummerston and Sewell soils. Surface runoff is slow, and permeability is moderately rapid. Downward movement of water is restricted in the subsoil during periods of high water table. The water table ranges from 1 meter shortly after spring runoff, to 3 meters below the surface in late fall and winter. These soils are also susceptible to erosion.

The Lavenham soil profile has a very dark gray to very dark brown Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick; a dark brown to yellowish brown Bmgj horizon, 20 to 40 cm thick, with distinct brown mottles in the lower part of the horizon; a lime carbonate accumulation (Cca) horizon, 12 to 20 cm thick, and a pale brown C horizon with distinct to prominent brown mottles. This soil profile differs from the very similar Hummerston soil series in having a prominent Bmgj horizon. Lavenham and Hummerston soils are coarse textured and more permeable than the finer textured Gateside and Pleasant soils.

Levine Series (LEI)

The Levine series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Cumulic Regosol soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly loamy textured recent alluvial deposits. They occur as part of the flood plain associated with the Assiniboine River and other rivers and creeks in the region. The topography is level to undulating. Runoff is slow to moderately slow, and permeability is moderate, but restricted during periods of high water in channels. These soils have been subject to inundation during years of above average water flows.

The soil is characterized by dark gray to grayish brown Ap or Ah horizons 10 to 15 cm thick, and a pale brown to light yellowish brown C horizon. The underlying strata may vary in color from light to dark and may have thin former surface and organic strata. Yellowish brown mottles of iron are common throughout the soil.

16 Lockhart Series (LKH)

The Lockhart series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 60 cm) of very fine sandy sediments (VFS, LVFS, FSL) over a thin strata (10 to 50 cm) of very strongly calcareous loamy glacial till of limestone and granitic origin, over a strongly calcareous loam to clay loam glacial till of shale, limestone, and granitic origin. These soils occur on gently sloping to undulating topography. Runoff is moderate to moderately rapid; permeability is moderately rapid in the upper sandy strata and moderately slow in the underlying till. These soils have been slightly eroded.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon 18 to 25 cm thick and a grayish brown to brown Bm horizon 12 to 20 cm thick. The depth of solum varies with the depth of the sandy overlay with the BC terminating at the contact of the sandy surface and very strongly calcareous till.

Lowroy Series (LOW)

The Lowroy series consists of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated soils developed on thin mantle (25 to 60 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS) sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous medium sand to gravelly textured sediments. These soils occur in a level to depressional topographic landscape; runoff is slow to negligible; permeability is rapid, but restricted by a high water table throughout the growing season.

The soil is characterized by a thin, moderately decomposed organic layer of 2 to 3 cm thick, a very dark gray to black Ahk horizon of 15 to 24 cm thick, a dark gray AC 4 to 6 cm thick, and a lime accumulation layer. The subsoil is light olive brown to olive with yellowish brown mottles of iron.

Lowton Series (LWN)

The Lowton series consists of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous silty clay to clay lacustrine deposits. The topography is level to depressional; runoff is negligible to very slow; permeability is slow to very slow. Glacial till underlies these soils at a depth of 1 to 2.5 meters. Most of these soils occur within a discharge region characterized by an upward pressure of groundwater or a lateral flow of water through the underlying, very strongly calcareous glacial till. Appreciable soluble salts may be present within the rooting zone; gypsum crystals are common.

The soil is characterized by a moderately decomposed organic layer of 1 to 5 cm, a very dark gray to black Ahk horizon, 5 to 20 cm thick, and a dark gray to olive gray AC horizon with yellowish brown mottles. A lime carbonate horizon may be present. The subsoil is olive gray to olive and has fine yellowish brown mottles and white calcium carbonate pockets.

17 Mansfield Series (MFI)

The Mansfield series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified outwash and glaciofluvial deposits of medium sand to gravel. The topography is level to gently sloping; runoff is moderately slow; permeability is rapid, but may be restricted in the subsoil during the spring when the water table is near the surface.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon 15 to 25 cm thick, a dark gray to grayish brown AC horizon 8 to 15 cm thick and a lime accumulation horizon. Yellowish brown mottles are present throughout the C horizon.

Manson Series (MXD)

The Manson series consists of moderately well drained Cumulic Regosol soils on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified dominantly clayey alluvial deposits of silty clay and clay with stratum of silty clay loam and clay loam. These soils are located in flood plain areas that have been inundated during years of high flood waters. Topography is gently sloping to gently undulating; runoff is moderate; permeability is moderately slow to slow.

The soil is characterized by a dark gray to gray surface horizon (Ah or Ap) 8 to 15 cm thick and generally lighter colored substratum, but some dark stratum consisting of former organic material or Ah horizon may be present.

Mowbray Series (MOW)

The Mowbray series consists of moderately well drained Cumulic Regosol soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly loamy textured recent alluvial deposits. They occur as part of the flood plain associated with the Assiniboine River and other rivers and creeks in the region.

Topography is gently sloping to gently undulating; runoff is moderate; permeability is moderate, but restricted during periods of high water in channels. These soils have been subject to inundation during years of above average water flows.

The soil is characterized by dark gray to grayish brown Ap or Ah horizons 8 to 15 cm thick and generally lighter colored substratums, but some dark stratums consisting of former organic material or Ahb horizons may be present.

18 Prodan Series (PDA)

The Prodan series is a carbonated, Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on imperfectly drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in the Upper Assiniboine Delta and Brandon Lakes Plain on gently sloping topography in association with Ramada, Charman, Carroll and Tadpole soils. Surface runoff is moderately slow, and permeability is moderate to moderately slow. A seasonal water table frequently occurs within 70 cm of the surface.

The Prodan soil profile has a very dark gray Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick; a dark gray to gray Ack horizon, 8 to 15 cm thick, and a Cca horizon. The Ck horizon is light brownish gray with yellowish brown mottles. This soil differs from the similar Charman series in not having a prominent Bmgj horizon. Prodan soils are finer textured and less permeable than the similar loamy textured Taggart and Torcan soils. The very similar Capell soils have coarse, sandy and gravelly textured that are very rapidly permeable.

Ramada Series (RAM)

The Ramada series is an Orthic Black soil developed on well to moderately well drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in the Upper Assiniboine Delta, and Brandon Lakes Plain on very gently sloping topography or on mid and upper slope positions of undulating topography associated with Barren, Carroll, Charman, Prodan and Tadpole soils. Surface runoff is moderately rapid, and permeability is moderate to moderately slow.

The Ramada soil profile has a very dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick; a dark grayish brown to brown Bm horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, and a BC horizon, 6 to 10 cm thick. A Cca horizon is usually present. The Ck horizon is pale brown to light yellowish brown. This soil differs slightly from the Carroll soil in having a prominent Bm horizon. Ramada soils are finer textured and less permeable than the similar coarser textured, loamy Fairland soils, as well as the Croyon and Zarnet soils which have coarse sandy and gravelly textured subsurface layers and very rapid permeability.

19 Sewell Series (SEE)

The Sewell series is a carbonated, Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on poorly drained, weakly to moderately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS), lacustrine and fluvial sediments. These soils occur in the Upper Assiniboine Delta and Brandon Lakes Plain on level to depressional topography in association with Stockton, Lavenham and Hummerston soils. Surface runoff is negligible. Permeability is usually moderately rapid, but is restricted when the water table is within 1 meter of the surface.

The Sewell soil profile has a moderately decomposed organic layer, 2 to 5 cm thick; a very dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 18 cm thick; a dark gray to gray AC horizon with yellowish brown mottles; usually a Cca horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, and an olive to pale olive Ck horizon with yellowish brown iron mottles and fine black manganese mottles. This soil differs from the very similar Mockry series, which is found on more uniformly fine, sandy eolian deposits in being somewhat more stratified in its subsurface layers. Sewell soils are coarser textured and more permeable than the finer textured coarse loamy Poolex soils and the loamy textured Vordas and Tadpole soils. The poorly drained Carvey soils have finer textured surface layers and coarser textured subsurface layers than Sewell soils.

Sigmund Series (SGO)

The Sigmund series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous silty clay to clay, lacustrine deposits. These soils occur on very gently sloping to gently undulating topography that appears morainal. The clay is underlain by glacial till deposits at depths of 1 to 2.5 meters. Runoff is moderately slow to slow; permeability is slow. Many of these soils are affected by subsoil seepage or upward pressure of groundwater. Where the water contains appreciable soluble salts, a sufficient concentration of salts may occur to inhibit or retard the growth of crops.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon, 15 to 24 cm thick, a dark gray AC horizon 5 to 15 cm thick, and a lime accumulation horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick. The C horizon is light olive brown to olive with yellowish brown mottles and may have gypsum crystals below the lime accumulation. In saline areas, the Ah and AC usually have white pseudomycelia of salt.

20 Stockton Series (SCK)

The Stockton series is an Orthic Black soil developed on moderately well to well drained, weakly to moderately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in the Upper Assiniboine Delta, the Brandon Lakes Plain and a few areas within the Lower Assiniboine Delta on very gently sloping to irregular undulating topography in association with Lavenham, Hummerston and Sewell soils. Surface runoff is moderate, and permeability is rapid. Wind erosion is common if the soil is not protected with adequate surface or trash cover.

The Stockton soil profile has a very dark gray to very dark grayish brown Ah, 18 to 25 cm thick; a brown to grayish brown Bm horizon, 12 to 22 cm thick; a pale brown to light yellowish brown BC horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, and a very pale brown Ck horizon with a few yellowish brown mottles below 0.7 m depth. A Cca horizon is also frequently present. The sandy Stockton soils are coarser textured and significantly more rapidly permeable than the increasingly more finer textured Prosser, Fairland and Ramada soil series. The similar Croyon series is finer textured and less permeable in its surface layers and coarser textured in its subsurface layers than the Stockton soils.

Wheatland Series (WHL)

The Wheatland series consists of well to moderately well drained Orthic Black soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 60 cm) of moderate to strongly calcareous sandy sediments (FS, LFS, LS) overlying moderate to strongly calcareous medium sand to gravelly textured deposits. Topography is very gently to gently sloping; runoff is moderately slow; permeability is rapid in the upper sandy strata and very rapid in the underlying coarser strata. These soils, if cultivated, are very susceptible to wind erosion.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray to very dark grayish brown Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick, a brown to yellowish brown Bm horizon, 12 to 24 cm thick, and a light yellowish brown BC horizon. The solum extends to the contact of the coarser textured strata. A lime accumulation usually occurs at the top of the coarser strata.

Wytonville Series (WVI)

The Wytonville series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Black soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 50 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous sediments of VFS, LVFS, FSL, SL texture, overlying moderately to strongly calcareous medium sand to gravelly textured deposits. Topography is gently sloping to irregular, undulating; runoff is moderately slow; permeability is moderately rapid on the upper strata, and very rapid in the lower strata unless restricted by a water table within a meter of the surface during the spring or following heavy rains.

The soil is characterized by a very dark gray to very dark grayish brown Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick, a brown to dark brown weakly mottled Bmgj horizon, 14 to 22 cm thick and a light yellowish brown BC with strong brown mottles. A lime accumulation horizon occurs at the upper surface of the coarse strata.

21 PART 3 USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS

Derived and Interpretive Maps

A large variety of computer derived and interpretive maps can be generated from the digital

soil and landscape databases. These maps are based on selected combinations of database values

and assumptions.

Derived maps show information that is given in one or more columns in the computer map

legend (such as soil drainage, soil salinity, or slope class).

Interpretive maps portray more complex land evaluations based on a combination of soil

and landscape information. Interpretations are based on soil and landscape conditions in each

polygon. Interpretative maps typically show land capabilities, suitabilities, or risks related to sustainability.

Derived and interpretive maps are included in this information bulletin:

Derived Maps Slope Surface Texture Drainage Salinity Management Considerations

Interpretative Maps Agricultural Capability Irrigation Suitability Potential Environmental Impact Water Erosion Risk

22 The maps have all been reduced in size and generalized (simplified) in order to portray conditions for an entire rural municipality on one page. These generalized maps provide a useful overview of conditions within a municipality, but are not intended to apply to site specific land parcels. On-site evaluations are recommended for localized site specific land use suitability requirements.

Digital databases derived from recent detailed soil inventories contain additional detailed information about significant inclusions of differing soil and slope conditions in each map polygon.

This information can be portrayed at larger map scale than shown in this bulletin.

Information concerning particular interpretive maps, and the primary soil and terrain map data, can be obtained by contacting the Manitoba Soil Resource Section of Manitoba Agriculture, the local PFRA office, or the Manitoba Land Resource Unit.

23 Derived Maps

Slope Map

Slope describes the steepness of the landscape surface. The slope classes shown on this map are derived from the digital soil layer database. Specific colours are used to indicate the dominant slope class for each soil polygon in the RM. Additional slope classes may occur in each polygon area, but cannot be portrayed at this reduced map scale.

Table 3. Slope Classes1

Slope Class Area Percent (ha) of Total

0 - 2 % 279 21.7

2 - 5 % 406 31.6

5 - 9 % 69 5.3

9 - 15 % 36 2.8

15 - 30 % 1 0.1

> 30 % 17 1.3

Unclassified 440 34.2

Water 38 2.9

Total 1286 100.0

1 Area has been assigned to the dominant slope class in each soil polygon.

24 Slope Map

Figure 5. Slope Map.

25 Surface Texture Map

The soil textural class for the upper most of the dominant soil series within a soil polygon was utilized for classification. Texture may vary from that shown with soil depth and location within the polygon.

Table 4. Surface Texture1

Surface Texture Area Percent (ha) of Total

Organics 0 0.0

Coarse Sands 0 0.0

Sands 408 31.7

Coarse Loamy 52 4.0

Loamy 211 16.4

Clayey 120 9.3

Eroded Slopes 17 1.3

Marsh 0 0.0

Unclassified 440 34.2

Water 38 2.9

Total 1286 100.0

1 Based on the dominant soil series for each soil polygon.

26 Surface Texture Map

Figure 6. Surface Texture Map.

27 Soil Drainage Map

Drainage is described on the basis of actual moisture content in excess of field capacity, and the length of the saturation period within the plant root zone. Six drainage classes plus four land classes are shown on this map.

Very Poor - Water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table remains at or on the soil surface for the greater part of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess water is present in the soil throughout most of the year.

Poor - Water is removed so slowly in relation to supply that the soil remains wet for a large part of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess water is available within the soil for a large part of the time.

Poor, drained - Water is removed slowly in relation to supply and the soil remains wet for a significant portion of the growing season. Although these soils may retain characteristics of poor internal drainage, extensive surface drainage improvements enable these soils to be used for annual crop production.

Imperfect - Water is removed from the soil sufficiently slowly in relation to supply to keep the soil wet for a significant part of the growing season. Excess water moves slowly down the profile if precipitation is the major source.

Well - Water is removed from the soil readily but not rapidly. Excess water flows downward readily into underlying materials or laterally as subsurface flow.

Rapid - Water is removed from the soil rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water flows downward if underlying material is pervious. Subsurface flow may occur on steep slopes during heavy rainfall.

Drainage classification is based on the dominant soil series within each individual soil polygon.

Table 5. Drainage Classes1

Drainage Class Area Percent (ha) of Total

Very Poor 0 0.0 Poor 35 2.7 Poor, drained 0 0.0 Imperfect 267 20.8 Well 488 38.0 Rapid 17 1.3 Rock 0 0.0 Marsh 0 0.0 Unclassified 440 34.2 Water 38 2.9 Total 1286 100.0

1 Area has been assigned to the dominant drainage class for each soil polygon.

28 Soil Drainage Map

Figure 7. Soil Drainage Map.

29 Soil Salinity Map

A saline soil contains soluble salts in such quantities that they interfere with the growth of most crops. Soil salinity is determined by the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract in decisiemens per metre (dS/m). Approximate limits of salinity classes are:

non-saline < 4 dS/m weakly saline 4 to 8 dS/m moderately saline 8 to 15 dS/m strongly saline > 15 dS/m.

The salinity classification of each individual soil polygon was determined by the most severe salinity classification present within that polygon.

Table 6. Salinity Classes1

Salinity Class Area Percent (ha) of Total

Non Saline 785 61.0

Weakly Saline 2 0.1

Moderately Saline 4 0.3

Strongly Saline 0 0.0

Eroded Slopes 17 1.3

Marsh 0 0.0

Unclassified 440 34.2

Water 38 2.9

Total 1286 100.0

1 Area has been assigned to the most severe salinity class for each soil polygon.

30 Soil Salinity Map

Figure 8. Soil Salinity Map.

31 Management Considerations Map

Management consideration maps are provided to focus on awareness of land resource characteristics important to land use. This map does not presume a specific land use. Rather it portrays the most common and wide spread attributes that apply to most soil in the province.

These maps highlight attributes of soil-landscapes that the land manager must consider for any intended land use.

- Fine texture - Topography - Wetness - Medium texture - Bedrock - Organic - Coarse texture

F = Fine texture - soil landscapes with fine textured soils (clays and silty clays), have low infiltration and internal permeability rates. These require special considerations to mitigate surface ponding (water logging), runoff, and trafficability. Timing and type of tillage practices used may be restricted.

M = Medium texture - soil landscapes with medium to moderately fine textures ( to clay loams), and good water and nutrient retention properties. Good management and cropping practices are required to minimize and the risk of erosion.

C = Coarse texture - soil landscapes with coarse to very coarse textured soils (loamy sands, sands and gravels) have a high permeability throughout the profile, and require special management practices related to application of agricultural chemicals, animal wastes, and municipal effluent to protect and sustain the long term quality of the soil and water resources. The risk of can be minimized through the use of shelter belts and maintenance of crop residues.

T = Topography - soil landscapes with slopes greater than 5 % are steep enough to require special management practices to minimize the risk of erosion.

W = Wetness - soil landscapes that have poorly drained soils and/or >50 % (due to seasonal and annual flooding, surface ponding, permanent water bodies (sloughs), and/or high water tables), require special management practices to mitigate adverse impact on water quality, protect subsurface aquifers, and sustain crop production during periods of high risk of water logging.

O = Organic - soil landscapes with organic soils, requiring special management considerations of drainage, tillage, and cropping to sustain productivity and minimize subsidence and erosion.

R = Bedrock - soil landscapes that have shallow depth to bedrock (< 50 cm) and/or exposed bedrock which may prevent the use of some or all tillage practices as well as the range of potential crops. They require special cropping and management practices to sustain agricultural production.

Table 7. Management Considerations1 Land Resource Characteristics Area Percent (ha) of Total

Fine Texture 106 8.2 Fine Texture and Wetness 14 1.1 Fine Texture and Topography 0 0.0 Medium Texture 219 17.1 Coarse Texture 326 25.3 Coarse Texture and Wetness 6 0.5 Coarse Texture and Topography 75 5.8 Topography 48 3.7 Bedrock 0 0.0 Wetness 14 1.1 Organic 0 0.0 Marsh 0 0.0 Unclassified 440 34.2 Water 38 2.9 Total 1286 100.0

1 Based on dominant soil series for each soil polygon.

32 Management Considerations Map

Figure 9. Management Considerations Map.

33 Interpretive Maps

Agricultural Capability Map

This evaluation utilizes the 7 class Canada Land Inventory system (CLI, 1965). Classes 1 to 3 represent the prime agricultural land, class 4 land is marginal for sustained cultivation, class 5 land is capable of perennial forages and improvement is feasible, class 6 land is capable of producing native forages and pasture but improvement is not feasible, and class 7 land is considered unsuitable for dryland agriculture. Subclass modifiers include structure and/or permeability (D), erosion (E), inundation (I), moisture limitation (M), salinity (N), stoniness (P), consolidated bedrock (R), topography (T), excess water (W) and cumulative minor adverse characteristics (X).

This generalized interpretive map is based on the dominant soil series and phases for each soil polygon. The CLI subclass limitations cannot be portrayed at this generalized map scale.

Table 8. Agricultural Capability1 Table 8. Agricultural Capability1(cont.)

Class Area Percent Class Area Percent Subclass (ha) of Total Subclass (ha) of Total

1 27 2.1 5 187 14.5 5 1 0.1 2 212 16.5 5EM 8 0.6 2I 59 4.6 5M 101 7.8 2M 1 0.1 5ME 42 3.3 2MT 2 0.1 5T 1 0.1 2T 18 1.4 5W 15 1.2 2TI 23 1.8 5WI 19 1.5 2W 105 8.2 2X 4 0.3 6 17 1.3 6T 17 1.3 3 147 11.4 3 1 0.1 Unclassified 440 34.2 3ET 3 0.2 3I 62 4.8 Water 38 2.9 3M 73 5.7 3T 6 0.5 Organic 0 0.0 3TE 2 0.1 Total 1286 100.0 4 218 16.9 4 3 0.2 1 4M 171 13.3 Based on dominant soil, slope gradient, and slope length of each 4ME 9 0.7 soil polygon. 4MT 11 0.9 4N 2 0.1 4T 15 1.1 4TE 8 0.6

34 Agriculture Capability Map

Figure 10. Agriculture Capability Map.

35 Irrigation Suitability Map

Irrigation ratings are based on an assessment of the most limiting combination of soil and landscape conditions. Soils in the same class have a similar relative suitability or degree of limitation for irrigation use, although the specific limiting factors may differ. These limiting factors are described by subclass symbols at detailed map scales. The irrigation rating system does not consider water availability, method of application, water quality, or economics of irrigated land use.

Irrigation suitability is a four class rating system. Areas with no or slight soil and/or landscape limitations are rated Excellent to Good and can be considered irrigable. Areas with moderate soil and/or landscape limitations are rated as Fair and considered marginal for irrigation providing adequate management exists so that the soil and adjacent areas are not adversely affected by water application. Soil and landscape areas rated as Poor have severe limitations for irrigation.

This generalized interpretive map is based on the dominant soil series for each soil polygon, in combination with the dominant slope class. The nature of the subclass limitations and the classification of subdominant components is not shown at this generalized map scale.

Table 9. Irrigation Suitability1

Class Area Percent (ha) of Total

Excellent 0 0.0

Good 331 25.7

Fair 309 24.1

Poor 168 13.0

Organic 0 0.0

Unclassified 440 34.2

Water 38 2.9

Total 1286 100.0

1 Based on dominant soil, slope gradient, and slope length of each soil polygon.

36 Irrigation Suitability Map

Figure 11. Irrigation Suitability Map.

37 Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation Map

A major environmental concern for land under irrigated crop production is the possibility that surface and/or ground water may be impacted. The potential environmental impact assessment provides a relative rating of land into 4 classes (minimal, low, moderate and high) based on an evaluation of specific soil factors and landscape conditions that determine the impact potential.

Soil factors considered are those properties that determine water retention and movement through the soil; topographic features are those that affect runoff and redistribution of moisture in the landscape. Several factors are specifically considered: , hydraulic conductivity, salinity, geological uniformity, depth to water table and topography. The risk of altering surface and subsurface soil drainage regimes, soil salinity, potential for runoff, erosion and flooding is determined by specific criteria for each property.

Use of this rating is intended to serve as a warning of potential environmental concern. It may be possible to design and/or give special consideration to soil-water-crop management practices that will mitigate any adverse impact.

This generalized interpretive map is based on the dominant soil series and slope class for each soil polygon. The nature of the subclass limitations, and the classification of subdominant components is not shown at this generalized map scale.

Table 10. Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation1

Class Area Percent (ha) of Total

Minimal 133 10.3

Low 183 14.2

Moderate 12 1.0

High 480 37.4

Organic 0 0.0

Unclassified 440 34.2

Water 38 2.9

Total 1286 100.0

1 Based on dominant soil, slope gradient, and slope length of each soil polygon.

38 Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation

Figure 12. Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation.

39 Water Erosion Risk Map

The risk of water erosion was estimated using the universal soil loss equation (USLE) developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1965). The USLE predicted soil loss (tons/hectare/year) is calculated for each soil component in each soil map polygon. Erosion risk classes are assigned based on the weighted average soil loss for each map polygon. Water erosion risk factors include mean annual rainfall, average and maximum rainfall intensity, slope length, slope gradient, vegetation cover, management practices, and soil erodibility. The map shows 5 classes of soil erosion risk based on bare unprotected soil:

negligible low moderate high severe

Cropping and residue management practices will significantly reduce this risk depending on crop rotation program, , and landscape features.

Table 11. Water Erosion Risk1

Class Area Percent (ha) of Total

Negligible 382 29.7

Low 263 20.4

Moderate 53 4.1

High 25 2.0

Severe 84 6.6

Unclassified 440 34.2

Water 38 2.9

Total 1286 100.0

1 Based on the weighted average USLE predicted soil loss within each polygon, assuming a bare unprotected soil.

40 Water Erosion Risk Map

Figure 13. Water Erosion Risk.

41 42 APPENDIX A

Guides for Evaluating Agricultural Capability and Irrigation Suitability

43 Table 12. Dryland Agriculture Capability Guidelines for Manitoba

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Subclass No significant Moderate limitations Moderate severe Severe limitations that Very severe limita- Soils are capable only No capability for arable Limitations limitations in use for that restrict the range of limitation that restrict restrict the range of tions that restrict soil of producing perennial culture or permanent crops. crops or require the range of crops or crops or require special capability to produce forage crops, and pasture. moderate conservation require special conservation practices perennial forage crops, improvement practices practices. conservation practices. or both. and improvement prac- are not feasible. tices are feasible. Climate (c) All Ecodistricts1 within Ecodistricts: Ecodistricts: ARDA boundary not 356, 357, 358, 359, 664, 666, 668, 670, explicitly listed under 363, 366, 663, 665 671, 672, 674, 675, None within ARDA boundary 2C and 3C. 676, 677, 714, 715, 716 Structure and/or Granular Clay Massive Clay Solonetzic intergrades Black Permeability (d) Slow permeability Very slow Permeability Extremely slow Erosion2 (e) Moderate erosion Severe wind or water erosion lowers the basic rating by one class to a minimum rating of Class 63. Low fertility (f) Not class determining Inundation (i) No overflow during Occasional overflow (1 Frequent overflow (1 in Frequent overflow Very frequent (1 in 3 Very frequent Land is inundated for growing season in 10 years) 5 years) Severe crop damage years) 5-10 weeks most of the season Some crop damage Grazing > 10 weeks Moisture limitation4 Loamy Sands Sands Skeletal Sands Stabilized sand dunes (m) Low moisture holding Very low moisture Very severe moisture capacity holding capacity deficiency Salinity5 (n) NONE WEAK MODERATE (s) STRONG (t) VERY STRONG (u) a.00-60cm depth < 2dS/m* 2-4 dS/m 4-8 dS/m 8-16 dS/m 16-24 dS/m > 24 dS/m Salt Flats b.60-120cm depth < 4ds/m 4-8 dS/m 8-16 dS/m 16-24 dS/m >24 dS/m Stoniness (p) Slightly Stony (1) Moderately Stony (2) Very Stony (3) Exceedingly Stony (4) Excessively Stony (5) Consolidated 50-100 cm 20-50 cm < 20 cm Surface bedrock Bedrock (r) Adverse Soil Characteristics (s) Topography (t) a, b (0-2%) c (2-5%) d (6-9%) e (10-15%) f (16-30%) g (31-60%) h (> 60%) Excess Water (w) Well and Imperfectly drained Fine textured Gleysols Coarse textured Poorly drained, Very Poorly drained Open water, marsh with improved drainage Gleysols with improved no improvements drainage Cumulative minor adverse Characteristics6 (x)

44 * DeciSiemens/metre

1 Smith, R.E., H. Veldhuis, G.F. Mills, R.G. Eilers, W.R. Fraser, M. Santry, 1996. Terrestrial Ecoregions and Ecodistricts of Manitoba, En Ecological Stratification of Manitoba's Natural Landscapes. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Brandon Research Centre, Manitoba Land Resource Unit, Winnipeg, MB. Report and Provincial Map at scale of 1:1.5m.

2 If erosion is moderate, a subclass of E is assigned as a secondary limitation, but the basic rating is not lowered. If erosion is severe, the basic soil rating is downgraded by one class, and E becomes the primary limitation. For example, if a soil has a basic rating of 4T, the presence of moderate erosion will result in a rating of 4TE. If erosion is severe, the rating will be lowered to 5TE. Erosion will be the sole limitation only if the basic rating has a subclass of X. For example, a soil with a rating of 3X will be assigned a rating of 3E if moderate erosion is present.

3 The rating is not lowered from class 6 based on erosion. A rating of 6TE indicates a soil with g topography and either moderate or severe erosion.

4 Ratings as indicated are based on the assumption of a single parent material, using the most readily drained representative of each textural class. Climatic Ecodistrict, drainage and stratification will affect the moisture limitation accordingly.

5 Soil will be classed according to the most saline depth. For example, if a soil is non-saline from 0-60cm but weakly saline from 60-120cm, the soil will be classed as weakly saline (2N).

6 Use only for soils with no other limitation except climate. The subclass represents soils with a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect of two or more adverse characteristics which are singly not serious enough to affect the rating. Because the limitation is moderate, soils may only be downgraded by one class from their initial climate limitation. Therefore, a soil wil a climate limitation of 2c and 2 or more minor adverse characteristics will be rated as 3X. This symbol is always used alone.

45 Table 13. Moisture Limitation - Brunisols

Moisture Limitation - Brunisols

1 2W 2M 3M 4M 5M 6M

Well CL SF SS* drained soils SF/CY SS SS/LY SC/RK

Imperfect- SF/CY SF ly drained SS soils SS/LY

* The only Brunisol that is rated 6M in Hunt.

Table 14. Moisture Limitation - Regosols

Moisture Limitation - Regosols

1 2W 2M 3M 4M 5M 6M

Well CL SF(lacu) SF(eoli) drained soils SF** LS/RK

Imperfect- CY(fllc) CL SF ly drained SF/SC soils

** This is a Cumulic Regosol (Aronet) which is overblown with topsoil; it therefore has a higher water holding capacity (and lower moisture limitation than other fine sandy Regosols.

46 Table 15. Moisture Limitation - Dark Grays and Luvisols

Moisture Limitation - Dark Grays and Luvisols

1 2W 2M 3M 4M 5M 6M

Well FL CL SF1 (DG) SF (GL) SS/RK2 drained FL/FL CL/SS soils CL/SS/FL SY SS CL/SS/SF SS/CY SS/LY CY/SS/CY

FL/SS

SF/LY SF/CY/LY

Imperfect- CL/CY CL SF (DG, SF (GL) ly CL/FL DGL) drained CL/LY LY/SS SS soils CL/CY/LY SY/CL SS/CY SF/CY SS/LY CY SF/LY CY/CY SF/CY/LY CY/LY

FL FL/CY FL/FL FL/LY

LY

1 The exception to this rule is Davidson, which is rated 3M because it is in an ecoclimate which receives higher rainfall.

2 This represents one soil, Lynx Bay, an Orthic Dark Gray which is rated 6RM

47 Table 16. Moisture Limitation - Black Soils

Moisture Limitation - Black Soils

1 2W 2M 3M 4M 5M 6M

Well CY CL/CY CL CL/SS SC drained CY/FL CL/FL CL/LY CL/SS/FL SC/FL soils CY/SF LY/SF FL/SS SF1 SF/SS FL FL/SS/LY SF/SS/LY FL/CY SS FL/FL LY/SS SS/FL FL/LY LY/SS/SF SS/LY2 FL/SF LY/SS/FL LY/SS/RK SY/SS LY LY/FL SF/FL LY/FL/SF SF/LY

Imperfect- FL/CY CL/CY CL CL/SS SF/SS ly CL/FL CL/LY CL/SS/CY SF/SS/FL drained LY/SF CL/SF CL/SS/FL soils CY SC CY/CL FL/SS SF CY/CY FL/SY/SF SF/CS SS CY/FL SF/SC SS/FL CY/LY LY/SS SS/LY CY/SF LY/SS/FL SS/RK CY/LY/CY SF/CY SY FL SF/FL FL/CY SF/LY FL/FL FL/LY FL/SF

LY LY/CY LY/FL LY/LY LY/SF LY/FL/SF

1 The only exception to this rule is Gilbert, which is rated 3M because it is in an ecoclimate which receives a higher amount of rainfall.

2 The exception is the Benchlands series, which is rated 3M.

48 Dryland Agriculture Capability Guidelines for Manitoba: Supplementary Guidelines to the CLI Guide for Manitoba

August, 1997

All subclass limitations are ranked according to the ease with which they may be overcome. Climate, as the subclass limitation which cannot be improved, is listed first. Subclasses following it are listed in order of increasing ease with which land with such limitations could be improved. Two subclasses which were not included in the rating guide are fertility (F) and adverse soil characteristics (S). It was decided that since fertilizer use is widespread, low natural soil fertility is easily overcome, and should not be considered in rating land use capabilities. Adverse soil characteristics (S) is generally used in place of moisture (M), salinity (N), structure (D) and fertility (F) limitations, either individually or as a group, on some 1:250,000 scale maps. This subclass is not as descriptive as listing the individual limiting subclasses, and is therefore not used in assigning a class to the soils. A maximum of two subclasses can be assigned to a class. Generally, only those subclasses which determine the class of the land are assigned, with exceptions as listed in the CLI Guide Table. The subclasses are listed in the order given in the table (from top to bottom), with exceptions as given in the CLI Guide Table footnotes. If more than two subclasses are class determining, the first two subclasses as listed in the guide table are given as limitations, and the remaining limitations are dropped for classification purposes. Land is always classed according to its most limiting subclass.

Subclasses (in order indicated in table)

Climate ( C) - Climate is limiting to a minimum class of 3, as indicated in the table. Ecodistricts of Manitoba as reported by Smith et al, 1996, were used. No ecodistricts deserving of a climate rating lower than 3C are found within the ARDA boundary. It should be noted that soils placed in this subclass have no other limitation but climate and are therefore the highest rated soils in their subregion. Subregions are those areas that have adverse as compared to the median climate (1C) of the entire region. Generally, the median climate includes the Black and Dark Grey soils, while Luvisols below 3000 feet have a highest possible class of 2C, and Luvisols above 3000 feet have a highest possible class of 3C. The climatic rating is the starting point from which all limitations subsequently downgrade the class rating. However, the soil can only be downgraded if the additional limitation is at least equally as limiting as climate. For example, an imperfectly drained soil in the median climate may be rated 2W. A soil with similar drainage in the 2C climate will be downgraded to 3W; but a soil with similar drainage in the 3C subregion will remain rated as 3C. In this case, the excess wetness limitation is not as great as the climatic limitation, so the soil will not be downgraded. Conversely, a soil with an additional limitation much greater than the climatic limitation will not be downgraded due to climate. For example, a very poorly drained soil will be rated 6W regardless if it is in the median climate or either of the subregions.

49 Consolidated bedrock (R) - Soils in this subclass have a rooting zone restricted by consolidated bedrock. The presence of bedrock below 100 cm of the soil surface does not affect the capability class of the soil. Bedrock within 100 cm of the soil surface results in a soil capability rating of 4R or lower as indicated in the Guide Table.

Moisture Limitation (M) - This subclass group includes soils which are subject to drouthiness owing to inherent soil characteristics. These soils are generally coarse textured, but are rated also according to drainage, stratigraphy and ecoclimate. Logic for this subclass rating system is given in the CLI Guide Table and is supplemented by a separate table on Moisture Limitations of various soil great groups found in Manitoba. The Manitoba Dryland Agricultural Capability Guidelines differ from that of the Soil Capability Classification for Agriculture (1965) in that the Manitoba Guidelines allow the use of 2M as a soil classification. Under the new Guidelines for Manitoba, moisture (M) and excess water (W) are NEVER used together to define a subclass limitation. Please see the supplementary table on Moisture Limitations of various soil great groups of Manitoba for a list of subclass assignments.

Topography (T) - This subclass is composed of soils where topography is a limitation for agricultural use. The topographic classes are based on the most limiting slope covering a significant portion of an area of complex, variable slopes. Map units with long, unidirectional slopes may be considered equivalent, or one class worse due to an increased erosion hazard.

Structure and/or permeability (D) - Soils with adverse structure or permeability. These soils may have a restricted root zone due to inherent soil characteristics (not depth to water table or consolidated bedrock). Class 2 soils include massive clay and till soils, while class 3 soils are solonetzic intergrades and class 4 soils are Solonetzes. (Exception: Morris series (MRS) is a very weak solonetzic intergrade undeserving of the 3D rating assigned to stronger solonetzic intergrades and is therefore rated 2DW).

Salinity (N) - This subclass is composed of soils adversely affected by the presence of soluble salts. Class determining values of soil salinity (dS/m) are given for two depths: 0-60 cm and 60-120 cm. Soils will be classed according to the most saline depth. For example, if a soil is non saline from 0-60 cm but moderately saline from 60-120 cm, then the soil will be classed as moderately saline (3N). Strongly saline (u) soils are rated 5N with the exception of poorly and very poorly drained soils, which are rated 6NW.

50 Inundation (I) - Soils which are subject to inundation from streams or lakes are assigned this subclass. Limits as given for the CLI in the Canada Land Inventory Report No.2 (1965) were used in the construction of the CLI Guide Tables. The following guidelines were developed for the classification of fluvial soils:

2I - well drained fluvial , if they can still flood. (Very high terrace soils that never flood are rated the same as lacustrine soils of the same texture). 2I - well drained fluvial Regosols 2IW - imperfectly drained fluvial Chernozems 3I - imperfectly drained fluvial Regosols (lack of Chernozemic A horizon indicates more frequent flooding). 5WI - all poorly drained fluvial Gleysols 6WI - all very poorly drained Gleysols. (Inundation receives secondary limitation status for Gleysols because excess wetness is a more serious limitation than periodic flooding on these soils).

Inundation may also be listed as a secondary subclass for fluvial soils, if there are less than 2 limiting subclasses. In this case, inundation is not class determining, but may become a limitation if the soil is otherwise improved.

Excess Water (W) - Soils which are limited in their agricultural ability by excess water not brought about by inundation are assigned this subclass. These conditions may be a result of poor soil drainage, runoff from nearby fields, high water table, or seepage. If drainage is feasible at the farm level, or has been improved by some method, the soil is rated based on the continuing limitations after drainage. Guidelines developed for Manitoba indicate a maximum limitation of 2W for all imperfectly drained soils. Subclass assignments for well and imperfectly drained soils are listed in a supplemental table on Moisture Limitations for various soil great groups in Manitoba. Unimproved poorly drained soils of any texture are rated 5W. Coarse textured Gleysols with improved drainage are upgraded to class 4W, while improved loamy to fine textured Gleysols are upgraded to 3W. This is due to the fact that coarse textured Gleysols generally result from seepage or high water table, which requires continued efforts for improvement, while loamy to fine textured Gleysols mainly have a problem with surface drainage, which may more easily be improved, and may be a one-time improvement.

Stoniness (P) - Soils with enough stones to significantly increase the difficulty of tillage, planting and harvesting are assigned this subclass. Whereas the Canada Land Inventory Soil Capability Classification for Agriculture (1965) determined that soils with stoniness classes 1 and 2 (slightly and moderately stony) would not be limiting to agriculture, the new guidelines for Manitoba have assigned moderately stony soils a rating of 2P. Generally, these soils have enough minor limitations to result in a rating of 2X, so assigning a rating of 2P to these soils does not downgrade the soil class. It does, however, present a clearer picture of the limitations facing use of these soils for agriculture. Very stony soils (3) will always be rated 3P, but exceedingly stony soils (4) will be rated 4P unless their primary physical composition is sandy skeletal or their parent material is till. In either or both of these cases, the soil will be rated 5P. All excessively stony soils (5) are rated 6P.

51 Erosion (E) - Soils of this subclass have actual damage from wind or water erosion which limits the use of land for agricultural use. This subclass is not class determining in itself, but is used to downgrade soil ratings if erosion is severe. If erosion is moderate, a subclass of E is assigned as a secondary limitation, but the basic rating is not lowered. If erosion is severe, the basic soil rating is downgraded by one class, and E becomes the primary limitation. For example, if a soil has a basic rating of 4T, the presence of moderate erosion will result in a rating of 4TE. If erosion is severe, the rating will be lowered to 5ET. A basic rating of class 6 will not be downgraded due to erosion and erosion will be assigned as a secondary limitation whether it is moderate or severe. Erosion (E) will be the sole subclass limitation only if the basic rating has a subclass of X or C. For example, a soil with a basic rating of 2X will receive a rating of 2E if moderate erosion is present, 3E if the erosion is severe. Some Orthic Regosols have been mapped in place of erosion 3 phases of Chernozems. These soils should be rated the same as their equivalent Chernozem soils with severe erosion. These soils are as follows:

Eroded Regosol Uneroded Equivalent Soil

BXF Baldur FWK Froswick CHT Charlton RPR Reaper DET Denton DZW Dezwood, PBI Pembina MXH Madill SWR Stewart, SXB Statley WOR Worden DGF Darlingford AIZ Arizona SCK Stockton BAE Barren CXF Carroll, FIR Firdale BWD Brownridge HAL Halstead FDY Findlay LYT Lyleton FHL Fairhill UHL Underhill KLS Knolls FND Fairland PUE Plum Creek DBW Denbow ROD Roddan CLN Clementi

The soils above are predominantly finer textured lacustrine and till Regosols that originally had Chernozemic soil development that was later eroded by cultivation. Eolian Regosols are an exception to the above rule, because they never had profile development, and are therefore not rated based on erosion.

Cumulative Minor Adverse Characteristics (X) - This subclass represents soils with a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect of two or more adverse characteristics which are singly not serious enough to affect the rating. This symbol is used only for soils with no other limitation except climate and because the limitation is moderate, soils may only be downgraded by one class from their initial climate limitation. Therefore, a soil with a climate limitation of 2C and two or more minor adverse characteristics will be rated as 3X. This subclass is always used alone.

All guidelines were adapted from the Canada Land Inventory Soil Capability for Agriculture (1965).

52 Table 17. Soil Features Affecting Irrigation Suitability Degree of Limitation Symbol Soil Feature None(1) Slight(2) Moderate(3) Severe(4)

d Structure Granular, Single Columnar Massive Massive Grained, Prismatic, Platy Blocky, Subangular Blocky

k Ksat (mm/hr) >50 50 - 15 15 - 1.5 <1.5 (0 - 1.2m)

x Drainability (1.2 - >15 5 - 15 0.5 - 5 <0.5 3m) (mm/hr)

m AWHC subhumid >120 120 - 100 100 - 75 <75 mm/1.2m (>10) (8 - 10) (6 - 8) (<6) (% vol.) subarid >150 120 - 150 100 -120 <100 (>12) (12 - 10) (10 - 8) (<8)

q Intake Rate (mm/hr) >15 1.5 - 15 1.5 - 15 <1.5

s Salinity depth(m) (dS/m) 0 - .6 <2 2 - 4 4 - 8 >8 .6 - 1.2 <4 4 - 8 8 - 16 >16 1.2 - 3 <8 8 - 16 >16 >16

n Sodicity (m) (SAR) 0 - 1.2 <6 6 - 9 9 - 12 >12 1.2 - 3 <6 6 - 9 9 - 12 >12

g Geological 0 - 1.2m 1 Textural 2 Textural 2 Textural Groups 3 Textural Groups Uniformity Group Groups, Coarser Finer Below Finer Below Below 3 Textural Groups Coarser Below

1.2 - 3m 2 Textural Groups 3 Textural Groups 3 Textural Groups Coarser Below Finer Below

r Depth to Bedrock >3 3 - 2 2 - 1 <1 (m)

h Depth to Watertable >2 2 - 1.2 2 - 1.2 <1.2 (m) (if salinity is a (if salinity is a problem) problem)

w Drainage Well, Moderately Imperfect Imperfect Poor, Class Well, Rapid, Very Poor Excessive

*Texture (Classes) L, SiL, VFSL, FSL CL, SiCL, SCL, C, SC, SiC HvC 0 - 1.2m FSCL, SL, LVFS VFS, LS, CoSL GR, CoS, LCoS, S

*Organic Matter % >2 1 - 2 1 - 2 <1

Surface Crusting Slight Low Low Moderate Potential

* Other important factors used to interpret type and degree of limitation but which do not present a limitation to irrigation themselves. No symbol is proposed for these factors since they will not be identified as subclass limitations.

53 Table 18. Landscape Features Affecting Irrigation

Landscape Degree of Limitation Symbol Features None(A) Slight(B) Moderate© Severe(D)

t1 Slope (%) (Simple) <2 2 - 10 10 - 20 >20

t2 Slope (%) (Complex) - <5 5 - 15 >15

e Average Local <1 1 - 3 3 - 5 >5 Relief (m)

p Stoniness Classes 0, 1 & 2 3 4 5 (% Cover)

I Inundation (Freq.) 1:10 1:5 1:1 1:<1 Flooding (yr) (yr) (annual-spring) (seasonal)

Table 19. Soil and Landscape Conditions Affecting Environmental Impact Rating Soil Property and Potential Degree of Impact Landscape Feature Minimal Low Moderate High

Textural Groups1 (Classes2) MF (SCL,CL,SiCL) M (Si,VFSL,L,SiL) Mco (CoSL,SL, Vco (VcoS,CoS); Surface Strata (1.2m) F (SC,SiC,C) FSL,VFS,LVFS) Co (LcoS,LS, VF (HC) FS,LFS)

Geological Uniformity MF to VF / M to VF; MF / Mco to Co; M / Mco to Co; VCo to Co Weighted Textural Groupings3 M / MF to VF F / Co; Co / M; / VCo to Co; Surface Strata (1.2m) Mco to Co / MF to Vf MF / VCo MCo / Co to VCo; / Substrata (1.2-3.0m) Co / VCo to MCo; M / VCo

Hydraulic Cond < 1.5 1.5 - 15 15 - 50 > 50 Ksat(mm/hr)

Depth to Water Table (m) > 2m (2m------1m) < 1m

Salinity (dS/m) 0 - 4 4 - 8 8 - 15 > 15

Topography (% Slope) 0 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 9 > 9

Textural Groups1: VF = Very Fine, F = Fine, MF = Moderately Fine, M = Medium, MCo = Moderately Coarse, Co = Coarse, VCo = Very Coarse Texture Classes2: Very Coarse - Vco Moderately Coarse - Mco Moderately Fine - MF VCoS - Very Coarse Sand CoSl - Coarse Sandy Loam SCL - Sandy Clay Loam CoS - Coarse Sand SL - Sandy Loam SiCL - Silty Clay Loam S - Sand FSL - Fine Sandy Loam CL - Clay Loam VFS - Very Fine Sand LVFS - Loamy Very Fine Sand Fine - F Coarse - Co Medium - M SC - Sandy Clay LCoS - Loamy Coarse Sand Si - Silt SiC - Silty Clay LS - Loamy Sand VFSL - Very Find Sandy Loam C - Clay FS - Fine Sand L - Loam LFS - Loamy Fine Sand SiL - Silt Loam Very Fine - VF HC - Heavy Clay

3Slash indicates surface strata (1.2m) overlying substrata (1.2-3.0 m), ie: MF to VF / M to VF

54 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agriculture Canada. 1987. The Canadian System of Soil Classification. 2nd Ed. Expert Committee on Soil Survey. Agriculture Canada, Pub. 1646. 164 pp.

Anon, 1965. Land Capability Classification for Agriculture. Report No. 2. Canada Land Inventory, Canada Department of Regional Economic Expansion, Ottawa. 16 pp.

Atmospheric Environmental Service, 1982. Environment Canada.

Ehrlich, W.A., L.E. Pratt and E.A. Poyser, 1956. Report of Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Rossburn and Virden Map Sheet Areas. Report No. 6. Manitoba Soil Survey. Published by Manitoba Department of Agriculture.

Hopkins, L. and E. St.Jacques. 1985. Soils of the Brandon Research Station with Interpretations for Agriculture, Engineering and Recreational Land Use. Soils Report No. D7. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey.

Manitoba Soil Survey, 1940. Detailed Soil Survey of the Dominion Experimental Farm, Brandon, Manitoba. Manitoba Soil Survey, Winnipeg.

Working Group on Irrigation Suitability Classification, 1987. An Irrigation Suitability Classification System for the Canadian Prairies. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, LRRC Contribution 87-83.

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