DOCSLIB.ORG

A Phylogenetic Analysis Using Heat Shock Protein 90

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Phylogenetic Analysis Using Heat Shock Protein 90 Euglena: 2013 A Phylogenetic Analysis Using Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) and Concatenated Small Subunit and Large Subunit Ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S) to Determine the Placement of the Hacrobiae within the Eukarya Domain. Austin Iovoli, Steven Cole, Erica Meader, Danielle Reber. Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870. Abstract We investigated taxa of the Eukarya domain in order to determine the phylogentic placement of the Hacrobiae among the Archaeplastida, Excavata, Unikonta, Alveolatae, and Stramenopile clades. In addition, we examined the different relationships between the phyla within the Hacrobiae. Using heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and concatenated small and large subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU and LSU rRNA), a maximum likelihood tree for each was constructed using the Jones-Taylor-Thorton (JTT) model and the Jukes-Cantor model, respectively. These molecular trees were used to generate a consensus tree that defined the relationships between the Hacrobiae and other eukaryotic kingdoms. Our consensus tree indicated that the Hacrobiae taxa emerge in an association with the Archaeplastida. This suggests that the phyla of the Hacrobiae should be removed from the Chromalveolata Supergroup and that their relationship with the archaeplastids should be redefined. Please cite this article as: Iovoli, A., S. Cole, E. Meader, and D. Rever. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis using heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and concatenated small subunit and large subunit ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S) to determine the placement of the Hacrobiae within the Eukarya domain. Euglena. doi:/euglena. 1(2): 66-73. Introduction Cavalier-Smith (2003) united members by the The organization of the phylogenetic presence of plastids that were obtained from red relationships of eukaryotes is a very controversial algae in a secondary endosymbiotic relationship topic (Burki et al. 2007). The Hacrobia taxa are (Burki et al. 2007; Hackett et al. 2007). More recent difficult to place within supergroups. The evidence also suggests that most chromalveolates supergroups are a predicted classification in which (with the exception of cryptophytes) also contain multiple related kingdoms fall under. Burki et al. mitochondria with tubular cristae (Hackett et al. (2007) and Hackett et al. (2007) suggest six 2007). The organization of Chromalveolata has been eukaryote supergroups: Opistakonta, Amoebozoa, under much scrutiny for the past few years with the Archaeplastida, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, and biggest concern being which kingdoms fall into this Excavata. The suggestion of Bauldauf (2008) uses category (Hackett et al. 2007; Harper et al. 2005). only four supergroups. This hypothesis places the Chromalveolata is now typically associated Rhizaria in the supergroup Chromalveolata and with four member kingdoms: Stramenopile (also suggests that Amoebozoa is related to Animalia and known as Herokontae), Alveolatae, Rhizaria, and Fungi; thus, belonging in the supergroup Unikonta Hacrobiae (Holt and Iudica 2013). The major (Holt and Iudica 2013). There are many different problem with this supergroup is the lack of molecular theories about the evolution of eukaryotes with most support for the monophyly of its member kingdoms only having moderate support (Burki et al. 2007). (Baurain 2010). Nuclear-based analyses have The number and membership of kingdoms in the suggested that the Stramenopiles and Alveolates are Chromalveolate supergroup has caused one of the sister taxa, and that they are closely related to the most disputed of these supergroup classifications Rhizaria (Burki et al. 2012). Burki et al. (2007) (Hackett et al. 2007). dubbed this relationship the SAR group. Burki et al. The supergroup Chromalveolata is a (2012) have also shown a close relationship between grouping of eukaryotes that arise from both members of the phyla Haptophyta and Cryptophyta, photosynthetic and heterotrophic lineages (Baurain which have been proposed as members of the 2010). The Chromalveolate hypothesis developed by kingdom Hacrobiae by Cavalier-Smith (2010). 66 Euglena: 2013 The Hacrobiae clade, established by Analysis (Tamura et al. 2011) to generate molecular Cavalier-Smith (2010), includes the Cryptomonads, phylogenetic trees. The sequences for SSU and LSU Haptomonads and Centrohelomonads although other were then aligned separately by ClustalW and phyla (Telonemids) have also been suggested for the trimmed repeatedly to 1709 and 560 base pairs, kingdom (Okamoto et al. 2009). Nikolaev et al. respectively. This ensured the sequences were well (2004), Okamoto et al. (2009) and Burki et al. (2009) aligned and trimmed them all to the same length for also formally established Hacrobiae as a diverse each gene. The sequenced data was then concatenated monophyletic clade in their molecular analyses. The to create a larger sequence for every species by inclusion of Hacrobiae in the Chromalveolates combining the SSU and LSU trimmed and aligned expands the supergroup to encompass several sequences. Following this, the newly concatenated eukaryotic lineages that were originally not expected SSU and LSU sequences were aligned again by to be related to the Chromalveolates (Burki et al. ClustalW to ensure they were appropriately paired. 2012) allowing this supergroup to now account for Once the sequences were aligned, the species about 50% of the known protist and algae species sampled were ready to be analyzed by statistical (Harper et al. 2005). The Hacrobiae represents the estimation methods. For the HSP90 amino acid presence of a second lineage of Chromalveolates sequences, the same process was repeated to ready separate from the SAR group. The plastids in the sequences for analysis except without the members of this group (mainly Haptophytes and concatenation step. The trimmed and aligned HSP90 Cryptophytes) have a unique lateral gene transfer sequence included 570 amino acids. which is not present in Stramenopiles, Alveolates, or With the aligned concatenated SSU and LSU nucleic Rhizarians (Burki et al. 2012). The Cryptophytes also acid sequences for every sampled species, a have the derived feature of flattened cristae, which Maximum Likelihood (Figure 1) phylogentic tree separates these species (Hackett et al. 2007). was generated using MEGA5. We constructed Figure Because many of the species belonging to the phyla 1 using the Jukes-Cantor model. With the aligned for this kingdom are seemingly unrelated to the other HSP90 sequences, another ML tree (Figure 2) was Chromalveolates, the placement of the Hacrobiae generated using the Jones-Taylor-Thorton model. In kingdom in this supergroup has received some debate each phylogenetic analysis, a bootstrap method of (Burki et al. 2012; Harper et al. 2005; Hackett et al. 1000 bootstrap replications was used. The bootstrap 2007). The purpose of this paper is to determine the values generated through this aid in supporting the phylogenetic placement of the Hacrobian taxa among accuracy of the results. Using MEGA5, a consensus the Eukaryotes and to examine the relationships of tree based on Figure 1 and 2 was constructed that phyla within the Hacrobiae. defines the phylogenetic relationships between the Hacrobiae and the rest of the Eukarya Domain. Materials and Methods The sample size consisted of 29 species Results (Table 1) from within the Eukarya Domain for the Figure 1 is split into eight clearly defined concatenated small subunit and large subunit clades. In the rRNA tree there are 29 species listed. ribosomal RNA analysis and 39 species (Table 2) for Figure 1 places the phyla of the Hacrobiae in a the heat shock protein 90 analysis. Within the polytomy with the Rhizaria, Stramenopiles, and Eukaryotes, the study included eight species from the Archaeplastida. This is suggested by the high support Archaeplastida, eight species from the for this polytomy emerging as a clade. Within the Cryptomonada, two species from the Telonemids, Hacrobiae phyla, the divisions of the Cryptomonada, seven species from the Haptomonada, four species Haptomonada, and Centrohelomonada clades are from the Centrohelomonada, eight species from the shown to be equally related to the Rhizaria, Stramenopiles, seven species from the Alveolatae, six Archaeplastida, and Stramenopiles. The Alveolatae species from the Unikonta, six species from the appear as a sister clade to this polytomy, suggesting a Excavata, and two species from the Rhizaria (Tables more separate relationship to the Hacrobiae than the 1 and 2). groups from within the polytomy. The Unikonta and Using the National Center for Excavata emerge separate to the Alveolatae and the Biotechnology Information (NCBI) online database, polytomy consisting of the Hacrobiae, Rhizaria, sequences for concatenated small subunit and large Stramenopiles, and Archaeplastida. subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU and LSU) and heat Similar to Figure 1, HSP90 tree suggests shock protein 90 (HSP90) were found for each of the that the Hacrobiae appear in a polytomy alongside species analyzed. For the nucleotide analysis, the the Archaeplastida. Figure 2 is separated into six sequences for SSU and LSU were then individually major clades and displays several relationships uploaded to Molecular Evolutionary Genetic between them. The Cryptomonada, Haptomonada, 67 Euglena: 2013 Centrohelomonada, and Telonemid groups within the appear in a large polytomy consisting of the proposed Hacrobiae emerge as closely related and are Excavata, Unikonta, Stramenopiles, Alveolatae, and represented in a polytomy with the Archaeplastida. Hacrobiae
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basal Body Structure and Composition in the Apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E
    Francia et al. Cilia (2016) 5:3 DOI 10.1186/s13630-016-0025-5 Cilia REVIEW Open Access Basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E. Francia1* , Jean‑Francois Dubremetz2 and Naomi S. Morrissette3 Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa encompasses numerous important human and animal disease-causing parasites, includ‑ ing the Plasmodium species, and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Apicomplexans proliferate by asexual replication and can also undergo sexual recombination. Most life cycle stages of the parasite lack flagella; these structures only appear on male gametes. Although male gametes (microgametes) assemble a typical 9 2 axoneme, the structure of the templating basal body is poorly defined. Moreover, the rela‑ tionship between asexual+ stage centrioles and microgamete basal bodies remains unclear. While asexual stages of Plasmodium lack defined centriole structures, the asexual stages of Toxoplasma and closely related coccidian api‑ complexans contain centrioles that consist of nine singlet microtubules and a central tubule. There are relatively few ultra-structural images of Toxoplasma microgametes, which only develop in cat intestinal epithelium. Only a subset of these include sections through the basal body: to date, none have unambiguously captured organization of the basal body structure. Moreover, it is unclear whether this basal body is derived from pre-existing asexual stage centrioles or is synthesized de novo. Basal bodies in Plasmodium microgametes are thought to be synthesized de novo, and their assembly remains ill-defined. Apicomplexan genomes harbor genes encoding δ- and ε-tubulin homologs, potentially enabling these parasites to assemble a typical triplet basal body structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Culturing and Targeted Pacbio RS Amplicon Sequencing Reveals a Higher Order Taxonomic Diversity and Global Distribution
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/199125; this version posted October 8, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes: Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution Orr Russell J.S.1,2*, Zhao Sen3,4, Klaveness Dag5, Yabuki Akinori6, Ikeda Keiji7, Makoto M. Watanabe7, Shalchian-Tabrizi Kamran1,2* 1 Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 2 Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 3 Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway 4 Medical Faculty, Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway 5 Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology (AQUA), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 6 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Sciences and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan 7 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan * Corresponding authors: Russell J. S. Orr & Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi Email: [email protected] Mobile: +4748187013 Email: [email protected] Mobile: +4741045328 Address: Kristine Bonnevies hus, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway Keywords: Diphyllatea, PacBio, rRNA, phylogeny, diversity, Collodictyon, amplicon, Sulcozoa 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/199125; this version posted October 8, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Denis BAURAIN Département Des Sciences De La Vie Université De Liège Société Royale Des Sciences De Liège 20 Septembre 2012 Plan De L’Exposé
    L’évolution des Eucaryotes Denis BAURAIN Département des Sciences de la Vie Université de Liège Société Royale des Sciences de Liège 20 septembre 2012 Plan de l’exposé 1. Qu’est-ce qu’un Eucaryote ? 2. Quelle est la diversité des Eucaryotes ? 3. Quelles sont les relations de parenté entre les grands groupes d’Eucaryotes ? 4. D’où viennent les Eucaryotes ? Qu’est-ce1 qu’un Eucaryote ? Eukaryotic Cells définition ultrastructurale : organelles spécifiques • noyau (1) • nucléole (2) • RE (5, 8) • Golgi (6) • centriole(s) (13) • mitochondrie(s) (9) • chloroplaste(s) • ... http://en.wikipedia.org/ A eukaryotic gene is arranged in a patchwork of coding (exons) and non-coding sequences (introns). Introns are eliminated while exons are spliced together to yield the mature mRNA used for protein synthesis. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/ Gene DNA Transcription Exon1 Exon2 Exon3 Exon4 Exon5 Exon6 pre-mRNA Alternatif splicing mature mRNA Translation Protein In many Eukaryotes, almost all genes can lead to different proteins through a process termed alternative splicing. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/ REVIEWS Box 2 | Endosymbiotic evolution and the tree of genomes Intracellular endosymbionts that originally descended from free-living prokaryotes have been important in the evolution of eukaryotes by giving rise to two cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria arose from α-proteobacteria and chloroplasts arose from cyanobacteria. Both organelles have made substantial contributions to the complement of genes that are found in eukaryotic nuclei today. The figure shows a schematic diagram of the evolution of eukaryotes, highlighting the incorporation of mitochondria and chloroplasts into the eukaryotic lineage through endosymbiosis and the subsequent co-evolution of the nuclear and organelle genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of a Novel Fused Gene Family Implicates Convergent
    Chen et al. BMC Genomics (2018) 19:306 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4685-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Identification of a novel fused gene family implicates convergent evolution in eukaryotic calcium signaling Fei Chen1,2,3, Liangsheng Zhang1, Zhenguo Lin4 and Zong-Ming Max Cheng2,3* Abstract Background: Both calcium signals and protein phosphorylation responses are universal signals in eukaryotic cell signaling. Currently three pathways have been characterized in different eukaryotes converting the Ca2+ signals to the protein phosphorylation responses. All these pathways have based mostly on studies in plants and animals. Results: Based on the exploration of genomes and transcriptomes from all the six eukaryotic supergroups, we report here in Metakinetoplastina protists a novel gene family. This family, with a proposed name SCAMK,comprisesSnRK3 fused calmodulin-like III kinase genes and was likely evolved through the insertion of a calmodulin-like3 gene into an SnRK3 gene by unequal crossover of homologous chromosomes in meiosis cell. Its origin dated back to the time intersection at least 450 million-year-ago when Excavata parasites, Vertebrata hosts, and Insecta vectors evolved. We also analyzed SCAMK’s unique expression pattern and structure, and proposed it as one of the leading calcium signal conversion pathways in Excavata parasite. These characters made SCAMK gene as a potential drug target for treating human African trypanosomiasis. Conclusions: This report identified a novel gene fusion and dated its precise fusion time
    [Show full text]
  • A Morphological Re-Description of Ploeotia Pseudanisonema, and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Ploeotia
    A Morphological Re-Description of Ploeotia pseudanisonema, and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Ploeotia by Andrew Buren Brooks (Under the direction of Mark A. Farmer) Abstract The genus Ploeotia represents a group of small, colorless, heterotrophic euglenids commonly found in shallow-water marine sediments. Species belonging to this genus have histori- cally been poorly described and studied. However, a Group I intron discovered within the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene of Ploeotia costata, makes P. costata the only euglena- zoan known to possess an actively splicing Group I intron. This intron contains conserved secondary structures that indicate monophyly with introns found in Stramenopiles and Ban- giales red algae. This project describes the internal and external morphology of a related species, Ploeotia pseudanisonema, using light and electron microscopy, and investigates the possibility of a Group I intron within P. pseudanisonema. Using recently obtained SSU rRNA sequences, we also examine the phylogeny of Ploeotia, and comment on the relationship of the genus Keelungia to Ploeotia. Index words: Ploeotia pseudanisonema, Ploeotia costata, Ploeotia vitrea, Keelungia pulex, Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Small subunit rRNA, Euglenozoan Phylogeny A Morphological Re-Description of Ploeotia pseudanisonema, and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Ploeotia by Andrew Buren Brooks B.S., University of Alabama, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Athens, Georgia 2010 c 2014 Andrew Buren Brooks All Right Reserved A Morphological Re-Description of Ploeotia pseudanisonema, and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Ploeotia by Andrew Buren Brooks Approved: Major Professor: Mark A.
    [Show full text]
  • Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
    Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algae 91 (2020) 101587
    Harmful Algae 91 (2020) 101587 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review Progress and promise of omics for predicting the impacts of climate change T on harmful algal blooms Gwenn M.M. Hennona,c,*, Sonya T. Dyhrmana,b,* a Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States c College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Climate change is predicted to increase the severity and prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the past Genomics twenty years, omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have trans- Transcriptomics formed that data landscape of many fields including the study of HABs. Advances in technology have facilitated Proteomics the creation of many publicly available omics datasets that are complementary and shed new light on the Metabolomics mechanisms of HAB formation and toxin production. Genomics have been used to reveal differences in toxicity Climate change and nutritional requirements, while transcriptomics and proteomics have been used to explore HAB species Phytoplankton Harmful algae responses to environmental stressors, and metabolomics can reveal mechanisms of allelopathy and toxicity. In Cyanobacteria this review, we explore how omics data may be leveraged to improve predictions of how climate change will impact HAB dynamics. We also highlight important gaps in our knowledge of HAB prediction, which include swimming behaviors, microbial interactions and evolution that can be addressed by future studies with omics tools. Lastly, we discuss approaches to incorporate current omics datasets into predictive numerical models that may enhance HAB prediction in a changing world.
    [Show full text]
  • Microorganisms – Protists: Euglena
    Microorganisms – Protists: Euglena Euglena are unicellular organisms classified into the Kingdom Protista, and the Phylum Euglenophyta. All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. They are not completely autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment. Euglena usually live in quiet ponds or puddles. Euglena move by a flagellum (plural flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts like a little motor. The flagellum is located on the anterior (front) end, and twirls in such a way as to pull the cell through the water. It is attached at an inward pocket called the reservoir. Color and label the reservoir grey. Color and label the flagellum black. The Euglena is unique in that it is both heterotrophic (must consume food) and autotrophic (can make its own food). Chloroplasts within the euglena trap sunlight that is used for photosynthesis and can be seen as several rod-like structures throughout the cell. Color and label the chloroplasts green. Euglena also have an eyespot at the anterior end that detects light, it can be seen near the reservoir. This helps the euglena find bright areas to gather sunlight to make their food. Color and label the eyespot red. Euglena can also gain nutrients by absorbing them across their cell membrane, hence they become heterotrophic when light is not available, and they cannot photosynthesize. The euglena has a stiff pellicle outside the cell membrane that helps it keep its shape, though the pellicle is somewhat flexible, and some euglena can be observed scrunching up and moving in an inchworm type fashion.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioremoval of Copper and Nickel on Living and Non-Living Euglena Gracilis
    1 Bioremoval of copper and nickel on living and non-living Euglena gracilis 2 3 4 5 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master 6 of Science in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 TRENT UNIVERSITY 14 Peterborough, Ontario, Canada 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Environmental and Life Sciences MSc. Graduate Program 22 April 2016 23 © Cameron Winters 2016 24 i 25 Abstract 26 Bioremoval of Copper and Nickel on living and non-living Euglena gracilis 27 Cam Winters 2016 28 This study assesses the ability of a unicellular protist, Euglena gracilis, to remove 29 Cu and Ni from solution in mono- and bi-metallic systems. Living Euglena cells and 30 non-living Euglena biomass were examined for their capacity to sorb metal ions. 31 Adsorption isotherms were used in batch systems to describe the kinetic and equilibrium 32 characteristics of metal removal. In living systems results indicate that the sorption 33 reaction occurs quickly (<30 min) in both Cu (II) and Ni (II) mono-metallic systems and 34 adsorption follows a pseudo-second order kinetics model for both metals. Sorption 35 capacity and intensity was greater for Cu than Ni (p < 0.05) and were described by the 36 Freundlich model. In bi-metallic systems sorption of both metals appears equivalent. In 37 non-living systems sorption occurred quickly (10-30 min) and both Cu and Ni 38 equilibrium uptake increased with a concurrent increase of initial metal concentrations. 39 The pseudo-first-order model was applied to the kinetic data and the Langmuir and 40 Freundlich models effectively described single-metal systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Multigene Eukaryote Phylogeny Reveals the Likely Protozoan Ancestors of Opis- Thokonts (Animals, Fungi, Choanozoans) and Amoebozoa
    Accepted Manuscript Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opis- thokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis PII: S1055-7903(14)00279-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 Reference: YMPEV 4996 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 24 January 2014 Revised Date: 2 August 2014 Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Snell, E.A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Lewis, R., Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ympev.2014.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts 2 (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa 3 4 Thomas Cavalier-Smith1, Ema E. Chao1, Elizabeth A. Snell1, Cédric Berney1,2, Anna Maria 5 Fiore-Donno1,3, and Rhodri Lewis1 6 7 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • A Persistent Giant Algal Virus, with a Unique Morphology, Encodes An
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.228163; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 A persistent giant algal virus, with a unique morphology, encodes an 2 unprecedented number of genes involved in energy metabolism 3 4 Romain Blanc-Mathieu1,2, Håkon Dahle3, Antje Hofgaard4, David Brandt5, Hiroki 5 Ban1, Jörn Kalinowski5, Hiroyuki Ogata1 and Ruth-Anne Sandaa6* 6 7 1: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan 8 2: Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 9 CNRS, INRA, IRIG, Grenoble, France 10 3: Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, 11 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 12 4: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway 13 5: Center for Biotechnology, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany 14 6: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 15 *Corresponding author: Ruth-Anne Sandaa, +47 55584646, [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.228163; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 16 Abstract 17 Viruses have long been viewed as entities possessing extremely limited metabolic 18 capacities.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution and Comparative Morphology of the Euglenophyte
    EVOLUTION AND COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE EUGLENOPHYTE PLASTID by PATRICK JERRY PAUL BROWN (Under the Direction of Mark A. Farmer) ABSTRACT My doctoral research centered on understanding the evolution of the euglenophyte protists, with special attention paid to their plastids. The euglenophytes are a widely distributed group of euglenid protists that have acquired a chloroplast via secondary symbiogenesis. The goals of my research were to 1) test the efficacy of plastid morphological and ultrastructural characters in phylogenetic analysis; 2) understand the process of plastid development and partitioning in the euglenophytes; 3) to use a plastid- encoded protein gene to determine a euglenophyte phylogeny; and 4) to perform a multi- gene analysis to uncover clues about the origins of the euglenophyte plastid. My work began with an alpha-taxonomic study that redefined the rare euglenophyte Euglena rustica. This work not only validly circumscribed the species, but also noted novel features of its habitat, cyclic migration habits, and cellular biology. This was followed by a study of plastid morphology and development in a number of diverse euglenophytes. The results of this study showed that the plastids of euglenophytes undergo drastic changes in morphology and ultrastructure over the course of a single cell division cycle. I concluded that there are four main classes of plastid development and partitioning in the euglenophytes, and that the class a given species will use is dependant on its interphase plastid morphology and the rigidity of the cell. The discovery of the class IV partitioning strategy in which cells with only one or very few plastids fragment their plastids prior to cell division was very significant.
    [Show full text]