Issue V January – June-2016 ISSN: 2395-860X

I Artícle Agricultural Sciences January-June 2015 Vol.2 No.3, 143-6

Volume III – Issue V January – June-2016 ISSN: 2395-860X

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ROSILES del Barrio, Luis, MsC. Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science, Volume 3, Issue 5, January-June-2016, is a Rector journal edited semiannually by UTSOE. Valle -Huanimaro highway Km. 1.2, Valle de ROSILES del Barrio, Luis, MsC. Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip Code: 38400. Web:

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OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico. RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD. (CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD. (Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico. TARQUIS- Ana, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD. GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.

CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. GIRET-Adriana, PhD (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain. (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

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ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD. (Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.

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RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Business Development - Marketing Area Information Technology and Communication

ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC Universidad de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Electrical Engineering Information Technology and Communication

THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD CANO CONTRERAS-Martín, MsC Universidad de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Management Information Technology and Communication

GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC Universidad Autonoma de Mexico Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Mechanical -Industrial Area Materials

ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Mechanical- Industrial Area Medical Physicist MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Business Development - Marketing Area Eletronic ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD Business Development - Marketing Area Universidad de Guanajuato Electrical Engineering URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD Business Engineering and Management Universidad de Guanajuato Food Biochemistry SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Accounting LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD Universidad de Guanajuato ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC Food Biochemistry Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Accounting

AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC Information Technology and Communication Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Industrial -Maintenance Area

CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC Information Technology and Communication Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Industrial- Maintenance Area

CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-José, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Food Processes Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato Gastronomy LOPEZ RAMIREZ-María, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- María, MsC Sustainable Agriculture and Protected Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Information Technology and Communication GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Mechatronics Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Business Development - Marketing Area TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC Universidad de Guanajuato RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, MsC Electrical Engineering Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Industrial -Maintenance Area ARROYO ALMAGUER- Marisol, MsCC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Presentation

In the fifth number seven sections are included. The Section of Agricultural Sciences includes the article Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach by TOSCANO-Lydia, OGDEN-Kimberly L., SONG-Gao, QIU-Renhe with adscription to Instituto Tecnológico de Mexicali, MEXICO and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, USA., respectively. In the Section of Natural Sciences, the included article is Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model by PEREZ –Eva, RODRÍGUEZ- Karina and CHAVIRA-Alberto. Adscription: Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua, México. In the Section of Exact Sciences, the article Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin- citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi is included. The autor is: ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda with adscription to Centre of Biological Sciences and Agriculture, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco. México. And Comparative Genomics Centre, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In the Section of Engineering Sciences, the following article is included: Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure, by the authors: ANGUIANO-Jorge, VARGAS-Lidia, OCAMPO-Juan de Dios and CABRERA- Eduardo with adscription to Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Facultad de Ingeniería. México. The Section of Technology Sciences includes the arcticle: Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery by ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío, PURATA PÉREZ Nora Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERAL Juan Manuel, RAMOS GALVÁN Claudia Esmeralda. Adscrited to Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, México. In the Section of Social Sciences the Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses is included. Its authors are DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA GALINDO Jennifer Adelina, with adscription to Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, México, and in the Section of Administrative Sciences the article Quantitative and Qualitative Models in Management and Project Management (PERT / CPM), to Contribute to the Development of Economic Administrative Areas in the Companies of the Mixteca Poblana Region: diagnosis in Chiautla de Tapia, Huehuetlan el Chico and Tulancingo del Valle is included. This work is authored by MERINO VIAZCÁN -Janet †, SOLANO PALAPA -Nathaly, UC MUÑOZ- Luis Alfonso with adscription to Universidad Tecnológica de Izúcar de Matamoros, México.

Content

Article Page

Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An 1-5 Approach TOSCANO-Lydia, OGDEN-Kimberly L., SONG-Gao, QIU-Renhe Instituto Tecnológico de Mexicali University of Arizona

Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit 6-12 theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia, RODRÍGUEZ CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua, México.

Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a 13-22 dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda University of Guadalajara, Jalisco. México James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure 23-29 ANGUIANO-Jorge, VARGAS-Lidia, OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA-Eduardo Universidad Politecnica de Victoria, México

Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery 30-34 ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío , PURATA PÉREZ Nora Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERAL Juan Manuel, RAMOS GALVÁN Claudia Esmeralda Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, México

Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in 35-42 blended learning courses. DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, México

Quantitative and Qualitative Models in Management and Project Management (PERT / 43-53 CPM), to Contribute to the Development of Economic Administrative Areas in the Companies of the Mixteca Poblana Region: diagnosis in Chiautla de Tapia, Huehuetlan el Chico and Tulcingo de ValleFIGUEROA-Esther, GODINEZ- Lucila, PÉREZ- Francisco Universidad Tecnológica de Izúcar de Matamoros, México

Instructions for Authors

Originality Format

Authorization Form 1 Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach Agricultural Sciences January-June, 2016 Vol.III Issue.V 1-5

Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach

TOSCANO-Lydia, OGDEN-Kimberly L., SONG-Gao, QIU-Renhe Chemistry Engineering Dept., Instituto Tecnológico de Mexicali, México Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, USA. ______

Abstract

In this study, growth of C. sorokiniana in batch culture was investigated in relation to serial cultivation from one generation to another factor could affect the biomass yield and lipid production. For this purpose, synthetic culture medium for C. sorokiniana was prepared and the culture was kept under a 12 hour light regime daily and carbon dioxide supply. A total of ten consecutive subcultures were followed under same growing conditions. Biomass yield and lipid content were measured on each algae generation, and cell differences among generations were also tried to be determined. The biomass content varied with respect to optical density (OD), also it was registered an increased on biomass yield after the seventh generation. The lipid content didn’t showed a tendency among the subcultured generations. Cells observation showed a slight cell size increasing in 9th and 10th generations.

Keywords: Chlorella sorokiniana, subcultures, lipids.

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Citation: TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN-Kimberly, SONG-Gao, QIU-Renhe. Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 1-5. ______

† Researcher contributing as first author.

2 Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach Agricultural Sciences January-June, 2016 Vol.III Issue.V 1-5

Introduction medium was placed in 4 L Erlenmeyer flask used as photo-bioreactor. The growth medium was Microalgae are a very diverse group of aquatic inoculated with the microalgal strain followed photosynthetic organisms that account for by daily determination of O.D., and pH almost 50% of the photosynthesis that takes measurements, magnetic agitation was provided place on Earth. Algae are proposed to play a role for mixing. The culture temperature was the in the global carbon cycle by helping remove room temperature (23±1°C). Fluorescent lamps carbon dioxide from the environment. Recently, were arranged aside the photo-bioreactor to algae are recognized as a promising biodiesel supply illumination. The cultures were kept at source due to their efficient absorption and illumination period of 12 h/12 h, light/dark conversion of solar energy into chemical energy cycle. The cultures were kept in fermentation by [1]. Using microalgae for lipid production has 10 days. CO2 was supplied to the cultures by several advantages, like microalgae have ability connecting industrial CO2 to the air connection to fix atmospheric CO2 and convert it into of the culture room. sugars, which are then converted into fuel after biochemical processing, microalgae do not Biomass determination compete for land and can grow anywhere - The biomass of the cultures was estimated for freshwater, brackish water, and also wastewater, every 24 h by measuring the optical density at they demand less water and nutrients for their wavelength of 680, 540, and 750 nm [3]. Cells growth as compared to terrestrial crops [2]. Thus were harvested after 10 days growing and used for successful commercialization of algal biofuel for further experiments. To estimate dry weight technology, integrated approach such as (DW), cultures were centrifuged at 6000 rpm at production of biomass/biofuels, and production 4°C, washed with distilled water to remove salts of value-added products is essential. In this and dried at 70 °C overnight. paper, Chlorella sorokiniana microalgae was cultivated in synthetic culture medium for Lipid extraction and estimation biomass and lipid production. The objective of The total lipids from harvested cell mass were this work was to cultivate microalgae by serial extracted by the MAE method using the mixture transfer in batch mode and to study the influence chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v) as solvent [4]. 0.3 of transferring microalgae cultures from one – 0.5 grams of dried and grounded biomass from generation to another over the biomass yield and cultures were added to microwave tubes. Then10 lipid productivity. mL of chloroform and methanol were added and vortexed for a few seconds. This mixture was Materials and Methods allowed to remain overnight under the fume hood at room temperature, and extraction of Culture collection and growth condition lipids was carried on with a CEM MARS 6 Based on the availability and culture microwave digestion and extraction system at 60 acclimatization, Chlorella sorokiniana was °C for 60 min. The mixture was filtered through obtained from NAABB/LANL/Strain glass fiber to recover the chloroform-methanol Collection, characterized and identified as layer containing the lipids in a glass test tube and Chlorella DOE 1412 (M. Huesemann). The the solvent was allowed to evaporate at room culture was grown in autoclaved Pecos Media temperature under the fumes hood. Lipid (urea, MAP, magnesium sulfate, potash, iron estimation was carried out according to the citrate and trace metals), pH 7 controlled by CO2 method. addition. For culture of microalgae, 3 L of

TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN-Kimberly, SONG-Gao, QIU- ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Renhe. Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for UTSOE® All rights reserved. Biofuel Applications – An Approach. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 1-5. 3 Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach Agricultural Sciences January-June, 2016 Vol.III Issue.V 1-5

Fatty acid analysis 20 1.20 18 The fatty acid profile of the extracted oil sample 16 1.00 of Chlorella sorokiniana was determined by 14 0.80 12 converting the fatty acids in the oil to fatty acid 10 0.60 methyl esters (FAMEs). The Fame composition 8 0.40 was determined by Gas-Chromatography (GC) 6 Lipid contentLipid (%) 4 0.20 Biomass & final OD using an Agilent 7890 GC System with a MS 2 0 0.00 detector Agilent 5975C and capillary column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Omegawax 250, Supelco, Bellefonte (length: 30 Generation m; ID: 0.25 mm). Helium was used as carrier gas. The column was held at 90°C for 2 min and Lipid content (%) OD final (Abs 750 nm) Biomass content (g/L) -1 ramped at 240 °C at a rate 3 °Cmin , and it was 750 nm then held at 240 °C for 15 min. Standards were Figure 1. Lipid content, final OD , and biomass content used to give rise to well-individualized peaks from 10 serial generation cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana. that allow the identification of the fatty acid composition. The relation between optical density (OD) and pH culture medium for Chlorella sorokiniana Results and Discussion through serial cultured generations are shown in Figure 2. Generations 1, 2, 8, 9 and 10 showed All serial cultures grew under the same room higher growing rate, mainly due to a steady pH temperature and aeration rate at 200 rpm control 6 – 8. magnetic agitation. The growth rate reached The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters derived 0.9850 g/L dry weight after 10 days in batch from Chlorella sorokiniana algal oil was culture system from 9th generation. Same determined by GC and is shown in Table 1. The generation showed the highest lipid content 18.6 most abundant saturated fatty acid was % of dry biomass. Figure 1 shows a comparison Hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) known as Palmitic of biomass production, lipid content and final acid. The most abundant unsaturated fatty acid OD750 among serial generations of C. was 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,methyl sorokiniana. ester, known as Linoleic acid.

TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN-Kimberly, SONG-Gao, QIU- ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Renhe. Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for UTSOE® All rights reserved. Biofuel Applications – An Approach. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 1-5. 4 Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach Agricultural Sciences January-June, 2016 Vol.III Issue.V 1-5

A In a previous research [5], palmitic, stearic, oleic and 10 9.1 9.4 linoleic acids were recognized as the most common 9 7.8 fatty acids contained in biodiesel. 7.3 7.6 8 6.8 6.3 7 5.9 5.9 5.8 6 Table 1. Fatty acid profile for Chlorella sorokiniana 5 4

AveragepH 3 2 Fatty Acid Content (%) 1 0 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 57.52 1st 2nd 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th (C16:0) Generation 7,10-Hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester 11.38 2.5 (C16:2) B 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 19.56 2.0 (C18:2) 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-, methyl 11.54 1.5

540 ester (C18:3)

OD 1.0

0.5 The serial cultivation of microalgae in closed photo- bioreactor didn’t showed remarkable differences 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 among the serial generations over the biomass Days production and lipid content. The differences showed were a result of variation of medium pH value, which C 3.0 proved to be optimum at 6.3-7.8 range value. No 2.5 other similar study was found in the literature. 2.0

680 Conclusions 1.5 OD 1.0 Compared with terrestrial crops which take a season 0.5 for production and only contain a maximum of 5% 0.0 oil content, microalgae, grow much faster and 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 contain higher oil content. This is why microalgae Days are paid so much attention in the biofuels area. Oil content of microalgae is usually 20%, while some D 2.0 strains show as much as 50%. Hence, the present 1.5 study was made on serial microalgae culturing, growth, oil content and cell changes by using ASTM

750 1.0 standards. The results obtained from this work OD 0.5 revealed that Chlorella sorokiniana is easy to cultivate and serial subculturing doesn’t affect the 0.0 lipid content. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Days Acknowledgement 1st 2nd 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Lydia Toscano Palomar thanks Dr. Kimberly L. Figure 2. Graphics with the average pH (A), OD540 nm (B), Ogden from the University of Arizona for providing OD680 nm (C), and OD750 nm (D) profiles of 10 serial culture financial support to make this work possible and for generations, under same growth conditions. her kind mentoring.

References

TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN-Kimberly, SONG-Gao, QIU- ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Renhe. Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for UTSOE® All rights reserved. Biofuel Applications – An Approach. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 1-5. 5 Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An Approach Agricultural Sciences January-June, 2016 Vol.III Issue.V 1-5

1. Moroney, J. V., Ynalvez, R. A. 2009. Algal biodiesel production. Engineering Journal, Photosynthesis. In: Encyclopedia of Life 16(5), 157-166. Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. 5. Knothe, G. (2005). Dependence of biodiesel 2. Rashid, N., Rehman, M. S. U., Sadiq, M., fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid Mahmood, T., & Han, J. I. (2014). Current alkyl esters. Fuel processing technology, status, issues and developments in microalgae 86(10), 1059-1070. derived biodiesel production. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 40, 760-778.

3. Myers, J. A., Curtis, B. S., & Curtis, W. R. (2013). Improving accuracy of cell and chromophore concentration measurements using optical density. BMC biophysics, 6(1), 1.

4. Prommuak, C., Pavasant, P., Quitain, A. T., Goto, M., & Shotipruk, A. (2012). Microalgal lipid extraction and evaluation of single-step

TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN-Kimberly, SONG-Gao, QIU- ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Renhe. Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for UTSOE® All rights reserved. Biofuel Applications – An Approach. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 1-5. 6 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared with theoretical predictions of Marcuse model Natural Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 6-12 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model.

PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua, México.

Abstract This paper presents a review of the Dietrich Marcuse model, this model predicts the behavior of light attenuation, Dietrich Marcuse model was evaluated for optical fiber coils of small radii. Power attenuation data from a number of optical fiber coils were collected using an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR), and they data were compared whit the theoretical predictions of the Dietrich Marcuse model. The Dietrich Marcuse's model fails to predict the behavior of the attenuation in a coil of small radii of curvature is because it consider the mode propagation parameter in the straight optical fiber β as a constant.

Keywords; Optical fiber multimode, light power attenuation, attenuations prediction models

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Citation: PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto. Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. UTSOE- Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 6-12. ______

PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ ISSN-On line: 2395-860X CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto. UTSOE® All rights reserved Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 6-12.

7 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared with theoretical predictions of Marcuse model Natural Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 6-12 a base to develop a new model that could characterize more accurately the data of I. Introduction attenuation of optical fibers bended several times Fiber optic sensors have a variety of with small radii curvature. applications; telecommunications, aerospace industry, civil engineering and sensors, II. Experimental measuring micro cracks in large concrete structures [C.K.Y. Leung, 2001] and thermal A Thorlabs multimode fiber was used (the fiber effects [X. Xu, 2010 ]. Optical fiber sensors characteristics are listed in Table 1). The fiber have been evolving consistently and now are was coiled around steel cylinders of 18 different capable of measuring different physical and radii (from 1500 microns to 10000 microns), and chemical parameters, such as temperature, the power loss was measured for different strength and pressure on a structure. They can be number of loops around each cylinder as well used as well to locate hydrocarbon leaks in (from 1 to 4 loops), as shown in Fig. 1. An pipelines, and to control unmanned sailing and OTDR FM8513, from Tektronix, was employed radio-controlled vehicles [C.K.Y. Leung, 2001]. to measure the power loss the long of the fiber. They have been implemented in the use of This equipment works with laser pulses of 10us optical gyroscopes [B. Lee, 2002 and A. Sharon, width and wavelengths of either 850nm or 200] and monitoring temperature distribution in 1310nm (see Table 2). The equipment use transformers [A. F.Picanco, 2010]. connectors type SC-UPC, without fusion splice The optical fiber coil is a geometric design that or mechanical unions. Also, a software that has been implemented recently. It is employed covert the binary data to more common for various applications: gyroscopes, automated information format (XYASCII) compatible with ships, radio-controlled vehicles and hydrocarbon several commercial graphic software was leaks detection are a few examples. Then, it is developed and employed for this work. quite important to have an analytic model capable to describe, or at least predict accurately, Parameters Optical fiber the light power behavior inside a coiled optical fiber. Currently, there are a few models that try Core diameter 125 ± 0.7 µm to predict said behavior with a certain degree of accuracy. Some models have been developed Cladding Diameter 245 ± 5 µm that calculate the error in the reflection of the coiled optical fiber [X. Xu, 2010]. Others models Numerical Aperture 0.275 ± 0.015 can be employed to predict the attenuation produced in an optical fiber coil. The Dietrich Marcuse model for power loss [D. Marcuse, Table 1. Parameters: Optical Fiber Parameters. 1996]. In this work, the Dietrich Marcuse model was tested and compared with experimental Paremeters OTDR results of power attenuation in optical fiber coils. This model underestimate the attenuation Wavelength 850 mm a 1300 mm observed in small radii coils, it could be used as PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ ISSN-On line: 2395-860X CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto. UTSOE® All rights reserved Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 6-12.

8 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared with theoretical predictions of Marcuse model Natural Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 6-12 Pulse width 10 µs / 1000 m

Output 26.5 dB III. Experimental results

Operating range of 850 nm ± 20 nm. wavelength Fig. 2 shows the overall power loss results. As expected, the smaller curvature radii produce the Table II. OTDR Parameters greater losses. However, it is noted that for any radius smaller than 5000 microns, the power loss increases significantly, especially with a radius of 1500 microns. Furthermore, it is interesting to observe that; for small radii, below 2500 mm, the power losses produced by a new loop have an average increment of 30% in respect to the previous loop, instead of the 100 % that the current models predict. Also, unexpectedly, the power loss scarcely increases after the fourth loop. This non-cumulative behavior is in contradiction with current power loss models [D. Marcuse, 1996; R.T, S. Musa 2004 and E.A.J. Marcatili, 1999]. Indeed, the current models in literature the total power loss into a fiber as the arithmetically cumulative local losses due to

different local bending, at the long of a fiber. The Figure 1. Experimental set up. A) Optical fibers present results shows that this consideration is rolled up in a steel cylinder no valid for optical fiber coils.

Figure1. Experimental set up. b) Diagram of the experimental set up.

9 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared with theoretical predictions of Marcuse model Natural Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 6-12

5 1978 and D. Gloge, 1992]. However, we have

4.5 selected only one model to work with the Dietrich Marcuse model [6]. The Marcuse model 4 establish the following expression for the power 3.5 loss coefficient per unit length (2α): 3 1 loop 2.5 2 loops 2 3 loops 2  2 exp[ ( 3 /2)R] 1.5 2,v  0 4 loops 2  3 e   Local loss (dB) loss Local 3 / 2 2 v 1 ev V RKv1(a)Kv1(a) 1,v  0

0.5 (1)

0 0 2000 4000 6000 800010000  Curvature Radii (microns)  Where R is the curvature radius; is the core field decay rate; V is a normalized frequency parameter, is the cladding field decay rate, β is Figure 2. Power loss experimental results. the mode propagation parameter in the straight optical fiber β; and the fiber radius.

In Figure 2, it can be observed that the smaller the cylinder curvature radius is, the larger the According to Marcuse, the equations of the power losses are. Actually, the power loss respective components of the electric field in a increases significantly faster when the radius of cylindrical system are: curvature is smaller than 6000 μm. However, the power loss does not increase nor decrease linearly with radius. Indeed, the power loss does   not double with two loops, neither triples with Jv (ka) (1) iR Ez  A (1) Hv (ir')(cos v)e three loops. The losses increase only a rough Hv (i) 33% with each loop, and it rests almost constant (2) after 6 loops.   A J v ( ka) (1 ) (1 )  i  R  IV. D. Marcuse model E   (1 ) H v 1 (i  r ' ) sin(v  1)   H v 1 (i r ' ) sin(v  1)  e 2  H v (i  ) (3)

Some power loss models were found in the literature [D. Marcuse, 1996; S. Musa, 2004; Where Ez y Eθ are electric field components; A E.A.J. Marcatili, 1999; A.T. Augousti, 2005; is the amplitude of the wave; Jv, is the Bessel K.T. Wan, 2007; N. Olson, 2005; C. Winkler, function; Hv(1) is the Hankel function of the first PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ ISSN-On line: 2395-860X CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto. UTSOE® All rights reserved Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 6-12.

10 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared with theoretical predictions of Marcuse model Natural Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 6-12 kind and order v; a is the fiber radius, k is the Figure 3. Comparison of 2α data (power loss propagation constant of a plane wave, is the coefficient) of Marcuse model and experimental data. cladding field decay rate, β is the mode VI. Discussion. propagation constant.

The results presented here seem to indicate that there are new mechanisms affecting light V. Comparision between the Marcuse model leakage in a coiled fiber with a number of loops. and the experimental data. Those mechanisms produce, at the first loop, a power loss parameter value of 2α much larger

than theoretically predicted, when the radii are Furthermore, in order to obtain the values of the smaller than a critical value (in the present case power loss parameter 2α the values of the smaller than 6000 μm). However, the rest of the previous looses were divided by the fiber length light power still confined in the fiber seems to coiled in each cylinder. Then, we compare the leak more slowly on subsequent loops, experimental data with the predicted values of producing the decrease of the previous the Marcuse model. The results are shown in parameter. Figure 3. First of all, it is noted that; unexpectedly, for shorter radii to 6000 μm the Finally, and more importantly, some modes start power loss parameter is not a constant but a to interact and merge with each other. Such function of the number of loops (or more profound changes in the fiber mode distributions properly a function of the optical path.) generate significant changes in the modal Secondly, the parameter 2α calculated for a propagation constants compared to the straight single loop is larger than those calculated for or quasi-straight fibers. Due to this behavior we additional loops. cannot continue considering the power loss

parameter 2α as a constant for small radii, but a

0.00025 more complex function is necessary to describe this parameter.

0.0002 Concerning the Marcuse model taken into 1 account in the mode propagation constant of the 0.00015 loo

p wave guide (β). However, as a new modes m)

μ configuration is probably produced at small 0.0001

dB/ radii, this parameter stops being a constant.

Nevertheless, once this new arrangement is 2α ( 2α 0.00005 settled, the rate of light leaking for further loops is fixed and a new value of 2α can be determined. 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Indeed, in Figure 3 the value of 2α seems to tend Curvature Radii (microns) to a new constant level. In a next contribution, we will introduce a model where this phenomenon is considered. PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ ISSN-On line: 2395-860X CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto. UTSOE® All rights reserved Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 6-12.

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B. Lee, “Review of the present status of optical VII. Conclusions fiber sensors,”Optical Fiber Technology. Seoul National University, Vol. 2,pp. 57-79, August

In this work the Marcuse model was tested as a 2002. tool to predict the attenuation behavior in coiled A. Sharon, S. Lin, “Development of an optical fiber with different radii of curvature. It was found that this model only predicts automated fiber optic winding machina for accurately the power loss for non-critical radii. gyroscope production,” Robotics and Computer Indeed, for smaller radii values to 6000 μm, the Integrated Manufacturing. Boston University, model underestimates the 2α values. In fact, it is Vol. 17, pp.223-231, June 2001. possible that new mechanisms of light leaking are present, due to the extreme distortion of the modes configuration into the fiber at small radii. Those mechanisms cannot be described by a A. F.Picanco, M. L.B. Martinez, P. C. Rosa, model that considers the power loss parameter “Bragg system for temperature monitoring in 2α, and more specifically the mode propagation distribution transformers”Electric Power constant of the wave guide (β) as constants. Then Systems Research, Vol. 80,pp. 77–83 (2010) it is important to develop other models where the previous parameters can be considered as functions of the optical path. D. Marcuse, “Curvature loss formula for optical fibers” J. Opt. Soc. Am.Vol. 66,pp. 216-220, VIII. References September 1996.

C.K.Y. Leung, “Fiber optic sensors in concrete: S. Musa, A. Borreman, A. Kok, M. Diemeer, the future,”NTD&E international. Hong Kong, “Experimental study of bent multimode optical Vol. 3, pp. 85-94, March 2001. waveguides,” Optical Society of America. Vol. 68, pp. 5705-5707, October 2004.

X. Xu, C. Chunxi, Z, Xiong, “Study of reflection error in closedloop polarization- E.A.J. Marcatili, S.E. Miller, “Improved maintained interferometric fiber optic relations describing directional control in gyroscope,”Optik. Beihang University, Vol. electromagnetic wave guidance,” Bell Systems 121, pp. 1170-1175, July 2010. Technological Journal. Vol. 48, pp. 2161-2188, January 1999. PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia†, RODRÍGUEZ ISSN-On line: 2395-860X CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto. UTSOE® All rights reserved Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 6-12.

12 Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared with theoretical predictions of Marcuse model Natural Sciences

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A.T. Augousti, F.X. Maletras, J. Mason “The D. Gloge, “Bending Loss in Multimode Fibers use of a figure –of-eight coil fibre optic with Graded and Ungraded Core,” Index. respiratoryplethysmography: Geometrical Applied Optics. Vol. 2, pp. 2506-2513, Index. analysis and experimental Characterization,” Applied Optics, 2506-2513, August 1992. Optical Fiber Technology. Kingston University,

Vol. 106, pp.346-360, October 2005.

K.T. Wan, C.K.Y. Leung, “Fiber optic sensor for the monitoring of mixed mode cracks in structures,” Sensors and Actuators A Physical.

Hong Kong University, Vol. 135, pp.370-380, April 2007.

N. Olson, C. Leung,A. Meng, “Crack sensing with a multimode fiber: experimental and theoretical studies,” Sensors and Actuators. Hong Kong University, Vol. 118, pp. 268-277, February 2005.

C. Winkler, J.D.Love, A.K. Ghatak, “Loss calculations in bent multimode optical Waveguides,” Optical and Quantum Electronics.Vol. 11, pp. 173-277, April 1978.

13 Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi Natural Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 13-22 Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi

ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda1,2 † 1 Research Fellow of the Mexican Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Department of Ecology, Centre of Biological Sciences and Agriculture, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco. México. 2 Comparative Genomics Centre, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. [email protected] ______

Abstract

The Australian box jellyfish Malo kingi occurs in the northern waters off the Australian coast, it has a dangerous sting that has resulted in at least three deaths this decade in North Queensland. Despite its medical importance, surprisingly little is known about the molecular composition of its venom or other proteinaceous components aimed for defence, competition or predation and deterrence of the foe.

In here is reported the identification and molecular characterization of a related pathogen-like protein (MkPR) and MkDTx, a dermatopondin cytotoxin-like protein. two proteins that were identified by analysis of a private collection of expressed sequence tags from the cubozoan M. kingi cDNA library.

MkPR includes a distinctive C-terminus region that bears a high level of homology to ShK/SXC/Tox1, a bioactive K+ blocker channel toxin originally isolated from the anemone Stichodactyla heliantus. Interestingly, six out of ten cysteines present in MkPR are found within this domain and show a conserved cysteine signature to those found in anemones. Moreover, analyses of amino acid composition indicate an average of 32 % identity and approximately 13 % similarity with the most representative anemone toxins. MkDTx was identified by comparative analyses of BlastP with an e-value range of 2e-10 to 8.5 with MCTx-1 a toxin from the nematocysts of the fire coral, Millepora Sp, a relative of box jellyfish. Comparative gene and molecular architecture studies indicated that both of these gene products are likely used for defence mechanisms and are highly expressed in adult of M.kingi.

Keywords: Cnidaria, Box jellyfish, ShK toxin motif, cytotoxic, pathogen.

______

Citation: ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda1. Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5:13-22. ______

ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

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Introduction the Mowbray River to the north of Trinity bay and around Cairns to the south (9). The first Cubozoa class (box jellyfish) is a small group of Irukandji jellyfish species -Carukia barnesi approximately 50 species (1) that belong to the (Figure1D) was discovered in Australian north early diverging metazoan phylum Cnidaria tropical waters more than 62 years ago (10). The (Anemones, corals, hydras, true jellyfish and illness is not restricted to Australia nor to C. barnesi box jellyfish); a diploblastic lineage, that stands as Irukandji stings have been reported worldwide as the sister group of triploblastic animals and such as Bon Air off Florida (11), the French West presumably, the first organisms to have evolve a Indies in the Caribbean (12), Thailand (13), Malaysia nervous system (2, 3). Compared to other (14), East Timor and Papua New Guinea (15) among cnidarians, box jellyfish not only possess an others. elaborate behavior with a well-developed vision system but also have evolved a complex and efficient repertoire of toxic components produced but not restricted to the nematocytes; the cells that define the filum. Members of the class Cubozoa are considered as the most venomous organism in the animal kingdom.

Irukandji causing jellyfish, stings and syndrome Irukandji jellyfish is a small group within the Class Cubozoa, this group consists of at least 16 species ranging in size from very large to diminutive (4). The sting of these jellyfish produce “Irukandji syndrome” from mild to potentially lethal depending on the particular stinging species. The illness is characterized by a 30 minute delay followed by severe low back pain, muscle cramps in the legs, abdomen and chest accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Figure 1 Irukandji box jellyfish: Malo kingi and Carukia Barnesi- Irukandji jellyfish include Morbakka fenneri (5), In A, picture of a mature specimen of Malo kingi; B, Carukia barnesi, Carukia shinju, Malo maxima discharged tentacular microbasic mastigophore (6), Malo kingi -Figura 1A-(7). Malo bella, nematocyst showing the fired strand and its spines full Alatina mordens (6), Keesingia gigas (8), length; C, Malo maxima (a close relative to M. kingi). D, Adult Carukia barnesi, E, close up of elongated tentacles Gerongia rifkinae, and others. were it can be observed fired nematocysts and F, firing of nematocyst. Scale bars in A = 3 cm; in B, C and E = 10 The name Irukandji comes after an aboriginal µm, D=1 cm, E=0.5 cm and F=20 µm. Photographs A-C tribe which inhabited the coastal region between ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 13-22 kindly provided by L. Gershwin. E-F Copyright G. Ávila- cDNA library was generated using ZAP-cDNA Soria. synthesis and Gigapack III Gold Cloning kit (Stratagene). The phague library was Between 100 to 200 cases of Irukandji syndrome transformed into a phagemid library using the are reported each year. Two deaths in 2002 from mass excision protocol of the supplier. Irukandji syndrome have been reported: one in Transformed E.coli were plated on agar with the Whitsunday Islands, and the second in the carbonicillin and plates incubated over nigh. tropical Great Barrier Reef region (16), M. kingi is presumed to be responsible for one of these Isolation of cDNA and sequence identification fatalities (17). 1700 cDNA clones were randomly picked from Currently there is no cure or antivenom for the M. kingi cDNA library and sequenced at Irukandji box jellyfish sting and studies in all Macrogen inc, Korea. Resulted sequences were areas of research have been hampered by their edited to discard vector, adaptor region and low small size, seasonality, absence of colour quality regions. In order to identify putative gene resulting in general lack of knowledge regarding products, good quality data was compared these marine stingers. In this research the box versus against the data bases at the National jellyfish Malo kingi is the main study target due Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI to its public health hazard following its using Blastn, Blastx and Blastp programs. implication as the cause of a fatality in 2002 and the absence of specific information on the Data bases search and characterization of biochemistry and pharmacological properties of cDNAs and translated products its venom. The presence transmembrane regions and potential locations of signal peptide cleavage site Material and methods precursor amino acid sequences were predicted Sample collection by accessing the SignalP 3.0 Server and Phobius Live specimens of Mk were obtained during the (18,19). The predicted mature sequences were late summer months of 2004-2005 from offshore searched for significant homologous proteins in of Port Douglas at the northern section of the databanks at NCBI using the Blastp algorithm outer Great Barrier Reef, North Queensland, program (20,21) hosted at Australia and kindly provided by Mr. Russell http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. The sequences Hore. that gave the best scores were compared using the alignment program Clustal W at the EBI web cDNA library construction, mass excision, site (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/), transcripts sequencing and cDNA clones identification analyses and translations were done using In concise: Total RNA was isolated by glass Macvector (Accelerys). pearls disruption into Trizol reagent according with the manufacturer instructions. RNA sample For comparison Nematostella vectensis V.1.0, was tested for integrity in a 1% agarose gel. protein filtered models were downloaded from mRNA was isolated using polyATrack as the JGI genome portal http://genome.jgi- described by manufacturer (Promega). The psf.org/Nemve1/Nemve1.home.html ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

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amino acid residues. The ORF terminates with a TAA transcription stop codon, preceded by a Results and discussion 3’non-coding region including 248 bp containing an alternative polyadenylation signal Identification and isolation of cDNA clones (AAAATAAA) upstream of the polyadenylation Two expressed sequences tags encoding proteins tail. SignalP indicated a cleavage site between potentially involved in defence mechanism were alanine in position 22 and the glycine in 23, identified during the course of a pilot and private corresponding to the leader sequence of 22 EST project from the Cubozoa M. kingi. residues long and characterized by non-polar residues, including a tight aromatic region (See According to comparative analysis using the Figure 2). BLASTp platform at the NCBI, one of the tags bears high degree of similarity to pathogenesis related proteins found in bacteria and distributed in eukaryotes including fungi, metazoans and plants and in here it is referred as Mk pathogen- like protein (MKPR).

The second tag codes an amino acid sequence that retrieved results of BlastP non redundant db, with strong match in e-value ranges of 2e-10 to 8.5 with MkDTx (Accession number AB299385), a nematocysts toxin from the fire coral Millepora sp (23).

Fullness cDNA clone sequences were Figure 2. cDNA clone nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of MkPR determined for both expressed tags and together with the conceptual amino acid sequence have The signal peptide is black underlined. The ORF ends been deposited to GeneBank under the following with a transcription stop codon preceded by a 3’UTR. In accession numbers: nucleotide MKPR italics and underlined indicates a variant of a (EU410456), MkDTx (FJ705830) and protein polyadenylation signal followed by a typical polyadenylation tail. The cysteines are boxed in red. IDs: ABZ10815, ACX30673.1 respectively. Residues highlighted in green correspond to the CAP domain and in red correlates to the ShK toxin domain. In Molecular characterization of cDNA and bold and underlined are conserved amino acids among the encoded precursor of MkPR M. kingi MkPR and all of the N.vectencis related proteins. The most complete cDNA clone of MkPR is 1096 bp long, lack the 5’ non-coding region but The mature protein has a calculated molecular contains the triplet required for initiation of weight of 27.96 kDa and high isoelectric point transcription, the open reading frame (ORF) is 10.18 as a result of the amino acid composition: 841 bp, encoding a precursor polypeptide of 277 32.8 % are non-polar residues, 43.75 % Polar, ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

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14.06 % basic and the remaining 7.03% are Figure 3 Sequence homology between anemone acidic residues (arginine and lysine) and only 5 potassium channel toxins and ShK domain from MkPR. Alignment includes ShK from Stichodactyla helianthus, histidine occurs and these are restricted to the Metridin from Metridium senile, BgK, from Bunodosoma first 105 residues. A chemical pattern feature is granulifera, HmK from Heteractis magnifica, kaliseptine detected starting in arginine 173 and ending in (AsKS) from Anemonia sulcata, AeK from Actinia equina glutamine 193, this region has a bias for residues and the ShK domain in MkPR from M. kingi. Sequences with amphiphilic (alanine and glycine) and were aligned at cysteine residues. hydrophilic neutral properties. (e.g. asparagine, threonine, glutamine and cysteine) Furthermore Searches into the starlet Nematostella vectensis this area appears to be flanked by chemically proteome of larval developmental stage, reveled hydrophobic residues. 66 predicted proteins containing CAP and 48 containing ShK toxin domain but only six have Two conserved domains were detected in mature similar protein architecture to MKPR from M. MkPR using domain architecture web tools (24- kingi and in comparison, the toxin domain in N. 26), The most N-terminus feature and making up vectensis pathogen related proteins is never a significant proportion of the protein is within located at the C terminal but has the ShK alone residues 7-140, sharing a high level of sequence or in tandem either at the N terminal (ShK/CAP conservation with SCP-Tpx-1-Ag 5/-Or-1-Sc7 XP_001630691, XP_001622182, (or CAP according to the Pfam data base) with XP_001636850, Shkx2/CAP XP_001626621.1, E-values of 1.42e-27. ShKx3/CAP XP_001638462) or in between two CAP domain (CAP/ShKx2/CAP The C-terminus region between residues 222- XP_001638526). 255 bears high level of homology to ShK/SXC/Tox1 a bioactive K+ blocker channel toxic domain, originally isolated from the Other proteins similar to MKPR includes; anemone Stichodactyla heliantus (27, 28), six mammalian cysteine rich secretory (CRISP) out of ten cysteines present in Mk pathogen like proteins (29, 30), rodent sperm-coating protein are found within this domain and shows glycoprotein; mammalian testis-specific protein a conserved cysteine signature to those found in (Tpx-1); lizard helothermine, a toxin that blocks short toxins of anemones. Further, analyses of ryanodine receptors and cyclic nucleotide-gated amino acid composition of the ShK toxin ion channels (22, 31); venom allergen from domain present in the MKPR in comparison to wasps and ants. and various hematophagous those of anemone toxins shows and average of insects such as mosquitos, sand flies, and also in 32 % of identities and approximately 13 % of some insects’ digestive track or in testes (32), similarities with the most representative mammalian sperm proteins, parasitic nematode anemone toxins (Figure 3). secreted proteins (33). Also related to MKPR is human glioma pathogenesis-related protein GliPR (34, 35)

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Proteins containing SCP/Tpx-1/Ag 5 /Or-1/Sc7 In comparison to MCTx-1, the cytotoxic protein share common feature of pH, proteolytic from the fire coral M dichotoma (23), the stability, common structural core, the domain predicted amino acid sequence of M.kingi vary in length from 120 to 170 residues and showed 21 % degree of similarity and 31 % of adopts a highly conserved alpha-beta-alpha identity. conformation, with a number of conserve amino acid residue in strategic positions, high isoelectric point (9.4) (36). Suggesting that all SCP/CAPS domain containing proteins share a common biological activity (37). Other authors remarkably suggest that members of the pathogenesis related protein may exhibit serine protease activity (36). Figure 4 Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of Molecular characterization of cDNA and MkDTx. Prediction of a transmembrane helice in MkDTx in green, dermatopondin domain is shaded in blue. encoded precursor of dermatopondin like toxin from M. kingi MkDTx. High similarity of MkDTx is also found with

predicted proteins from the starlet anemone The most complete cDNA clone in the M. Kingi Nematostella vectensis, library of MkDTX is a 828 bp long, lacking 5’ hemagglutinin/amebocyte aggregation factor non-coding region. 548 bp of the clone and dermatopondin, an extracellular matrix correspond to open reading frame (181 residues) molecules from representatives of other eukarya ending in a TAA codon; the 3’ non coding region lineages ranging from porifera occurring in does not contain poly (A) but a potential gastropods and in vertebrates. polyadenilation signal of 14 nucleotides

(AATTATTAAAAATA) is observed. According to the SMART data base and the

Blastp at the NCBI there is no resemblance to According with SignalP there is no signal know conserved protein domain other than the peptide, however according to the ProP 1.0 dermatopondin domain (20, 21) located in Server a signal peptide cleavage site is predicted: MkDTx form residues 40 to 181 (Figure 4). between residues 34 and 35: alanine-threonina, according with this prediction the mature Conclusions product is 147 amino acids long with a calculated molecular weight of 17.89 kDa and A pilot EST project from a whole box jellyfish theoretical isoelectric point of 10.92. On the cDNA library has yielded new information from other hand, according to the TMHMM Server a poorly studied jellyfish. For instance, this v.2.0, a transmembrane feature is located survey into the M.kingi transcriptome resulted to between residue histidine 15 to glutamine 38 be an efficient molecular method to identify (Figure 4). transcripts potentially involved in defence

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 13-22 mechanism. Further, since the ESTs come from References a non-normalized primary cDNA library (without amplification), the putative defence- Bentlage, B, et al. (2010). Evolution of box related proteins reported here represents highly jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa), a group of highly expressed transcripts, as only a small proportion toxic invertebrates. Proceding of the Royal of the transcriptome would have been Society B. 277(1680):493-501. sequenced. It is important to remark that it is required to elucidate the biological activity of Anderson, P.A.V, Holman, M.A, and MkPR and MkDTx using recombinant proteins Greenberg, R.M. (1993). Deduced Amino-Acid- in animal models, to confirm the in silico Sequence of a Putative Sodium-Channel from predictions. the Scyphozoan Jellyfish Cyanea-Capillata. Proceedings of the National Academy of With sequencing and other molecular Sciences of the United States of America. technologies becoming more sophisticated, the 90(15):7419-7423. cost and time involved in transcriptome, proteome and genome research will decrease and Lindgens, D., Holstein, T.W, and Technau, U. undoubtedly a more complete analysis of the (2004). Hyzic, the Hydra homolog of the venom proteins from cubozoans that produce zic/odd-paired gene, is involved in the early Irukandji syndrome in humans will emerge. specification of the sensory nematocytes. Development 131(1):191-201.

Acknowledgments Gershwin, L.A, et al. (2013). Biology and This research was partially sponsored by the ecology of Irukandji Jellyfish (Cnidaria: School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, Cubozoa). Advances in Marine Biology,, ed James Cook University, Australian Lions Lesser SEM. Vol 66. Foundation, Queensland Government through CRC Reef and the Mexican Council of Science Gershwin, L.A. (2008). Morbakka fenneri: A and Technology (CONACYT): Scholarship new genus and species of Irukandji jellyfish 196605 to Ávila-Soria, G. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 54(1):23-33.

Ávila-Soria, G., conceived and designed the Gershwin, L.A. (2005). Two new species of method with the direction of professor James jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) Nigel Burnell. Ávila-Soria, G., analyzed the data form tropical Western Australia, presumed to and wrote the paper. I wish to thank all the cause Irukandji Syndrome. Zootaxa 1084:1-30. volunteers during the field trips as well as Dr. Lisa Gershwin, Dr. Ken D. Winkel, Dr. Victor Gershwin, L.A. (2007). Malo kingi: A new Hugo Beltran and Surf Life Saving Australia for specie of Irukandji Jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: all its assistance in this research. Carydbeida), possibly lethal to humans. Zootaxa. 1659:55-68. ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

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Gershwin, L.A. (2014). Two new species of box Fenner, P.J., and Hadok, J.C. (2002). Fatal jellies (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from envenomation by jellyfish causing Irukandji central coast of Western Australia, both syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia. presumed to cause Irukandji Syndrome. Records 177(7):362-363. of the western Australian, museum. 010-019. Gershwin, L.A. (2007). Malo kingi: A new Barnes, J.M. (1964). Cause and effect in species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Irukandji stingings. Medical Journal of Cubozoa: Carydeida), possibly lethal to humans, Australia. (1):897-904. from Queensland, Australia. Zootaxa. 1659.

Flecker, H. (1952). Irukandji sting to north Kall, L., Krogh, A., and Sonnhammer, E.L.L. Queensland bathers without the production of (2007). Advantages of combined weals but with severe general symtoms. Medical transmembrane topology and signal peptide Journal of Australia:89-91. prediction - the Phobius web server. Nucleic Acids Research. 35:W429-W432. Grady, J.D., and Burnett, J.W. (2003). Irukandji- like syndrome in South Florida divers. Annals of Bendtsen, J.D., Nielsen, H., Von Heijne, G., and Emergency Medicine. 42(6):763-766. Brunak, S. (2004). Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0. Journal of molecular Pommier, P., Coulange, M., and De Haro, L. biology. 340:183-795. (2005). Envenimation systemique par meduse en Guadeloupe: Irukandji - like syndrome ? Gish, W. and States, D.J. (1993). Identification Medicine tropicale. 25:367-369. of Protein Coding Regions by Database Similarity Search. Nature Genetics. 3(3):266- de Pender, A.M.G., Winkel, K.D., and Lighelm, 272. R.J. (2006). A probable case of Irukandji syndrome en Thailand. Travel Medicine. Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, 13:240-243. E.W., and Lipman, D.J. (1990). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Journal of Molecular Lippmann, J.M., Fenner, P.J., Winke, k.D., and Biology. 215(3):403-410. Gershwin, L.A. (2011). Fatal and severe boxjellyfish stings, including Irukandji stings, in Brown, R.L., Haley, T.L., West, K.A., and Malaysis, 2000-2010. Journal of travel medicine Crabb, J.W. (1999) Pseudechetoxin: a peptide 18(4):275-281. blocker of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Procedings of the National Academy of Little, M., Pereira, P., Carrette, T., and Seymour, Sciences. USA 96:754–759. J. (2006). Jellyfish responsible for Irukandji syndrome. QJM-an International Journal of Iguchi, A., Iwanaga, S., and Nagai, H. (2008). Medicine. 99(6):425-427. Isolation and characterization of a novel protein ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

21 Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 13-22 toxin from fire coral Biochemical and Kratzschmar, J., et al. (1996). The human Biophysical Research Communications cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family. 365:107-112. Primary structure and tissue distribution of CRISP-1, CRISP-2 and CRISP-3. European Letunic, I., Doerks, T., and Bork, P. (2009). Journal of Biochemistry. 236:827–836. SMART 6: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic Acids Research. Morrissette, J., et al. (1995). Primary structure 37:D229-D232. and properties of helothermine, a peptide toxin that blocks ryanodine receptors. . Biophysics Geer, L.Y., Domrachev, M., Lipman, D.J., and Journal. 68:2280–2288. Bryant, S.H. (2002). protein homology by domain architecture. Genome Research. Kovalick, G.E., Schreiber, M.C., Dickason, 12:1619–1623. A.K., and Cunningham, R.A. (1998). Structure and expression of the Antigen 5-related gene of Schultz, J., Milpetz, F, Bork. P., and Ponting, Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Biochemistry C.P. (1998). SMART, a simple modular and Molecular Biology. 28:491-500. architecture research tool: Identification of signaling domains. Proceedings of the National Chalmers, I.W., et al. (2008). Developmentally Academy of Sciences of the United States of regulated expression, alternative splicing and America. 95(11):5857-5864. distinct sub-groupings in members of the Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like Castaneda O, et al. (1995). Characterization of a (SmVAL) gene family. BMC Genomics. Potassium Channel Toxin from the Caribbean 9(89):doi:10.1186/1471-2164-1189-1189. Sea-Anemone Stichodactyla-Helianthus. Toxicon. 33(5):603-613. Rich, T., Chen, P., Furman, F., Huynh, N., and Israel, M.A. (1996). RTVP-1 a novel human Pennington MW, et al. (1995). Chemical gene with sequence similarity to genes of diverse Synthesis and Characterization of Shk Toxin - a species, is expressed in tumor cell lines of glial Potent Potassium Channel Inhibitor from a Sea- but not neuronal origin. Gene. 180: 125–130 Anemone. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 46(5):354-358. Murphy, E.V., Zhang, Y Zhu, W., and Biggs, J. (1995). The human glioma pathogenesis-related Kjeldsen. L., Cowland, J.B., Johnsen, A.H., and protein is structurally related to plant Borregaard, N. (1996). SGP28, a novel matrix pathogenesis-related proteins and its gene is glycoprotein in specific granules of human expressed specifically in brain tumors. Gene. neutrophils with similarity to a human testis- 159:131–113. specific gene product and a rodent sperm- coating glycoprotein. FEBS Letters 380 246– Serrano, R.L., et al. (2004). Structural analysis 250, . of the human Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis related protein GAPR-1 implicates ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda †. Identification, sequencing ISSN-On line: 2395-860X and molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and UTSOE® All rights reserved a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 13-22.

22 Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 13-22 dimerization as a regulatory mechanism. Journal Duckert, P., Brunak, S., and Blom, N. (2004). of Molecular Biology. 339(1):173-183. Prediction of proprotein convertase cleavage sites. Protein Engineering, Design and Henriksen, A., et al. (2001). Major venom Selection. 17(1):107-112. allergen of yellow jackets, Ves v 5: structural characterization of a pathogene-sis-related protein superfamily. Proteins. 45(4):438-448.

Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

Engineering Sciences January-June, 2016 Vol.III Issue.V 23-29

Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA-Eduardo

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Facultad de Ingeniería. Blvd. Benito Juárez S/N. CP. 21280. Mexicali, Baja California, México.

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Abstract

Glass containers are commonly used to contain beverages at high pressures so they are susceptible to internal microfractures which can cause failure of the container and subsequent economic losses.The main factors involved in the fracture strength of a glass container are geometric features such as wall thickness and material used for its manufacture which provides mechanical properties. In this work clear glass containers were subjected to different pressures to cause failure and thus characterized, by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the fracture behavior generated. The results of experimental tests and numerical simulation by the finite element allowed the identification of critical areas susceptible to fractures such as the shoulder area, the contact area and the heel area of the container.

Keywords: Glass containers, fracture, internal pressure

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Citation: ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA-Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29 ______

ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia,

24 Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 23-29

Introduction concentration of strains (efforts) being of great utility during the product design and analysis. The glass is an amorphous material with the structure of a liquid that has been supercooled and is technically defined as an inorganic product of fusion, On the other hand, the fractography is a method to which has cooled to a rigid condition without analyze the characteristics of the fracture, to be able crystallization. Today, flat glass and glass containers to determine the mechanism and the root cause of the with a high diversification of designs remain as failure. In this technique are defined the influence indispensable and sustainable solution for various aspect of different elements of the fracture surface, applications in multiple markets, such as food, as well as their method of formation. With the use of beverages, cosmetics, fragrances and fractography is intended to: pharmaceuticals, as well as automotive and architectural. On the other hand, it is very common that imperfections or damages, which occurred during manufacture, handling, transportation and a) Determine the direction of propagation of the storage, reduce the resistance of the container and crack. induce cracking and failure. b) Learn the sequence of crack propagation.

c) Locate the point of origin of the crack. In the case of non-returnable glass containers d) Observe any interaction between the front of the (NRGC), they contain beverages subject to an crack or inclusions and defects induced. internal pressure of CO2. When the pressure applied during filling process is greater than the pressure established in the design, there is a possibility that impacts that regularly occur during the handling or To observe a fracture in the NRGC can be used from transfer cause the bottle to explode. As the fracture the simple sight to the observation by electronic propagates, a release of stored energy occurs which microscopy widely applied in the characterization of can cause a burst and as a result, the fragments of the materials. glass come off detached.

This research was carried out in three main stages. Numerical simulation using the Finite Element First, the experimentation was conducted with the aid Method (FEM) is a valuable tool for analyzing the of an internal pressure device; then, a finite element stresses and deformations that occur in a glass simulation was performed using the MSC Patran container bring under internal pressure. It consists of software and finally, a fractography analysis was solving the matrix systems that represent the carried out with scanning electron microscopy for the boundary conditions and the pressures to which a characterization of the fractures. particular type of glass container is exposed. In this way, the FEM allows determining the maximum stresses and deformations as well as the zones of ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29. 25 Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

Engineering Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 23-29

Experimental Testing 3. Volumes of gas

For the experimentation, crystalline NRGCs were 4. Color of glass used from a company dedicated to its fabrication in 5. Container height the State of Baja California (Figure 1). 6. Shoulder height

7. Labeling zone height The glass containers were previously inspected to discard any contamination or defects of quality 8. Weight detectable to simple sight or low magnifications. 9. Type of Crown

10. Larger diameter

11. Smaller diameter

12. Spill liquid capacity

13. Liquid capacity to fill line

14. Center of Gravity without Liquid

15. Average theoretical thickness of the glass container

16. Cavity number

17. Manufacturer number

18. Year of manufacture

Figure 1 Non-returnable crystalline glass container. 19. Point code

The internal pressure tests were performed under the guidelines of norm ASTM C-147-86 "Standard test For the design and development of the tests the methods for the resistance to internal pressure of following characteristics were considered: glass containers." This type of test is destructive since it includes the determination of the resistance to the fracture and failure caused by breakage of glass 1. Type of glass container containers. Figure 2 shows the pressure test equipment used to internally pasteurize glass 2. Type of liquid

ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29. 26 Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

Engineering Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 23-29 container filled with water at a temperature of 23 ° C ± 2 ° C.

A total of 20 glass containers, with an average weight of 186 grams, were submitted to an internal pressure 1. Creation of a Database at a constant speed until fracture-breakage of the 2. Import geometry specimen occurred. 3. Creation of mesh

4. Apply restrictions

5. Application of Pressure

6. Selection of Glass Materials (Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio)

7. Type of analysis

8. Data Processing

9. Results

Fractography

The crystalline NRGC subjected to internal pressure tests were analyzed to identify critical areas with presence of microcracks. The fractography was carried out in the following stages:

Figure 2 Internal pressure equipment.

1. A mapping of the samples was performed to determine visible fractures at 400x with Numerical Simulation an optical microscope (Figure 3). 2 The numerical simulation was carried out using the 2. From the mapping, samples of 1x1 cm with a thickness of 2.2 millimeters were FEM of the internal pressure effect in the glass marked, where they were cleaned with containers to obtain the distribution and isopropyl alcohol to discard some concentration of stresses and deformations. In this contamination by handling. way, the theoretical results of the simulation were 3. For its observation at higher correlated with those achieved in the experimental magnification by electron microscopy, the tests. For the simulation the following activities were sample was conductive by applying a thin performed: ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29. 27 Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

Engineering Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 23-29

sputtering gold coating and a thin strip of From the analysis obtained with the scanning copper was placed to land it (Figure 4). electron microscope, the topography of the crack can 4. Finally, the sample was mounted on a be observed on the surface of the specimen, which base for observation in the scanning electron has a high probability of propagation by strain release microscope. (Figure 6).

Table 1 Internal pressure results.

Breakage Sample Hoop Mold Weight Duration Stress Number (gr) Pressure (min) Number (PSI) (PSI) Figure 3 Fracture on the inner surface seen with an optical microscope at 400x. 1 17 186 200 1 3119

Cooper strp 2 49 185 220 1 3431

3 43 186 200 2 2119

Sample 4 27 188 320 0.5 4991

1 x 1 5 7 186 250 1 3899 2 cm 6 41 186 200 1 3119

7 20 185 200 1 3119 Figure 4 Sample prepared for MEB. 8 12 186 200 1.5 3119

9 13 186 200 1 3119 Results 10 63 185 200 1 3119

Table 1 shows the glass container identification data, 11 51 186 200 4 3119 weight, test duration, hoop stress and internal 12 31 186 175 3 2729 pressure recorded at the time of glass container breakage. Of the twenty samples with an average 13 12 185 300 1 4679 weight of 186 grams, 70% failed with a pressure of 200 psi. The experiments showed the different zones 14 56 186 200 1 3119 where the fracture was initiated and its propagation. 15 47 186 200 2 3119 The failure areas were the shoulder, the contact zone and the heel area of the bottle. 16 17 185.5 350 1 5449 17 18 186 200 1 3119 When the velocity of the crack propagation reaches the maximum value, a branching is generated on the 18 43 186 200 1 3119 surface as shown in Figure 5. ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29. 28 Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 23-29

19 6 186 200 1 3119

20 30 186 200 2 3119 From the correlation performed between the data obtained with the FEM and the data from the tests

carried out with internal pressure, it was possible to

determine that the critical failure areas of fracture- breakage due to internal pressure are those corresponding to shoulder and contact zone and heel of the glass container.

contact zone

neck area

a) b) Shoulder area

Figure 5 Beginning of fracture in a) shoulder area and b) heel area contact area and heel.

Figure 7 Results of simulation by finite element.

Conclusions

This research work is related to the analysis of the behavior of fractures in glass containers subjected to internal pressure in the cavity. The results of the experimental tests and numerical simulation by finite element method, agreed in the determination of critical areas susceptible to fracture and failure due to breakage, being: shoulder area, the contact zone, and heel area. Figure 6 Image topography with crack. The fractography performed on the test specimens, using the scanning electron microscope, evidenced the presence of microcracks in the topography of the During the numerical simulation, an internal pressure surface. of 175 psi was used. The analysis shows the different critical areas of the glass container that correspond to As future work, it is proposed to perform a study of those of the experimentation (Figure 7). microcracks to know how critical it is to the

ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29. 29 Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure

Engineering Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 23-29 mechanism of propagation of the fracture (fracture mechanics). Capel, Francisco. La fractura del Vidrio. España: s.n., 2009.

Bibliographic references Emhart, Glass. Glass Container Defect. s/f. TW0738/1191. Serope Kalpankjian, Steven R. Schmid. Manufactura, Ingeniería y Tecnología. México: Arana, José Luis y González, Javier Jesús. Pearson, 2008. Mecánica de Fractura. Bilbao: s.n., s/f. 84-

Navarro, José María Fernández. El Vidrio. 8373-455-9. España: Artegraf, S.A, 2003. 84-00-08158-7

ASM, International Handbook. Fractography.

1987. Vol. 12.

ASTM, Designation: C147-86. "Standard

Internal Pressure Strength of Glass Containers".

Ropp, R.C. Handbook of Glass Fractography. Bloomingtone, Indiana : Autorhouse, 2008. 978- 1-4343-9883-3.

ANGUIANO-Jorge†, VARGAS-Lidia, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. Eduardo . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-5: 23-29. Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery Technology Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 30-34

Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery

ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERAL Juan Manuel, RAMOS GALVÁN Claudia Esmeralda Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Frontera km 3.5, Cd. Industrial C.P. 86010 ______

Abstract

New blends based on methylcellulose (MC) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), were prepared as thin films for applied as a controlled system for drugs release. Swollen MC/PAA gels were prepared in water at different temperatures (33º, 35º, 37º and 39ºC) with neutral pH. PAA and MC were cross-linked with 1% wt. of glutaraldehyde (GA) and N,N’methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) to obtained films of PAA/MC gels. Films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe changes in the surface morphology, concluded that the films are formed by two homogeneous three-dimensional network. The micrographs presented small agglomerations due to cross- linking between PAA and MC (50/50) and can see a porous structure capable of retaining and transferring liquids after swelling. On the other hand, can observe that incrustations are not present due to the effects of the Ketoprofen (KTP), and because gels tend to suffer changes in the morphology as a result of KTP delivery. The application for PAA/MC gels are several, (medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, perforation, etc.), but the results showed that can be used for drugs delivery, controlled on three temperatures 33º, 35º and 37ºC at neutral pH. However, the MC + showed compatibility with NH4 cations due to the electronegative site in this derivative.

Keywords: Gel, ketoprofen, delivery, methylcellulose

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Citation: ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERA Juan Manuel. Surface morphology of PAA/CMC gels ketoprofen delivery.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 30-34 ______

ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERA Juan Manuel. Surface ISSN-On line: 2395-860X morphology of PAA/CMC gels ketoprofen UTSOE® All rights reserved. delivery.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 30-34 31 Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery

Technology Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 30-34

Introduction Synthesis of PAA/MC gels.

Gels are hydrophilic polymeric network with The gels were elaborated following the sensitivity to swelling transitions which procedure proposed by Rivas [5], gels were dependent on pH, temperature and ionic forces prepared based in PAA and MC at three different of surrounding environment or any other ratios (25/75, 50/50 and 75/25), for their solvents [1]. Polymers have become an evaluation in the incorporation of KTP. The gel important component in many new products in synthesis was carried out in a reactor of 3 neck the market; they have had a great development flask at 80º C for 3 hours under an inert in the biomedical field [2]. This material is atmosphere and continuous agitation. The PAA nothing but an example of what have been polymerization was carried out by free radicals named as hydrogels or super absorbent using potassium persulphate as initiator and polymers, cross-linked materials which have the glutaraldehyde and N,N’methylbisacrylamide as property of absorbing great amounts of water cross-linking. After the synthesis the PAA/MC and other aqueous solutions without dissolving gels were loaded with KTP by swelling of the [3]. Nowadays hydrogels are used for the gels in a KTP solution, the KTP (50 mg/mL) was incorporation and liberation of the drug by dissolved in an Ethanol-Water (1:1) solution; absorption of the contact surface, which is and loaded during late time until obtained of 1 to possible due to the response capacity of the 5% of KTP relative to the macromolecular hydrogel [4]. In this work, was realized a study components. The swelling tests for the xerogel about gels in thin film, including synthesis and form gels were analyzed with pH 7 and three evaluation of the gels used, for the incorporation temperatures (35, 37 and 39ºC). The gels were of a drug (ketoprofen), based in poly (acrylic characterized by FTIR, SEM and DSC. acid) (PAA) and methylcellulose (MC). Determinations of swelling preliminary tests for Characterization gels were with pH 7 and at three temperatures (35, 37 and 39º C). The gels in xerogels form and The samples were characterized by Fourier incorporated with ketoprofen (KTP), were Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform (Perkin Elmer), using the ATR technique. The Infrared) analysis using the method of KBr surface morphologies of gels were examined tablet, these spectrums showed the typical peaks using a scanning electron microscope JEOL JSM of all the materials used in this system PAA, MC 5900 with an operating voltage of 5 kV. and the KET and by DSC (Differential Scanning Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) was Calorimetric), shown the glass transition done on a TA Instruments 2010 model under temperatures for each PAA/MC rate. However, nitrogen atmosphere, by heating from 0 to 200º the measurement principal was by SEM C at 30º C/ min rate. (Scanning Electronic Microscopy) for the different ratios of MC/PAA gels, in xerogel and incorporated with the KTP. 2. Results and Discussion

The characteristics of the PAA/MC gels in thin 1. Metodology film and xerogel were semitransparent, rough surface and flexible. In gels, the characteristics ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERA Juan Manuel. Surface UTSOE® All rights reserved. morphology of PAA/CMC gels ketoprofen delivery.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 30-34 32 Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery

Technology Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 30-34 according to the content of polymers during the Number Dry Dry KTP % KTP synthesis used, show that while PAA rises they sample sample fixed gel are more flexible and loose their flexibility when (g) + KTP (mg) the MC rises. The swelling tests of gels in pH 1 0.2022 0.2149 13 6.84 solution at different temperatures were analyzed 2 0.1998 0.2114 12 6.43 to determine its absorption capacity, when these 3 0.2013 0.2153 14 7.42 reach the absorption equilibrium point, it is also Table 1. Amounts of drug incorporated for 25MC/75PAA. observed how does temperature affects in this phenomenon over gels; noticing that they have been affected by the increase of temperature in Gel 75PAA 50PAA 25PAA the swelling (while this increases the swelling /25MC /50MC /75MC decreases), as shown on figure 1. The previous % KTP gel 6.5 6.2 6.3 behaviour is because the influence of the temperature relaxes the structure chains when Table 2. Amount of drug incorporated for MC/PAA gels they are at 33º C and 35º C, meanwhile at 37º C and 39º C the gel contracts at determined time, FTIR Spectroscopy the spaces are reduced. Figure 2 shown FTIR spectrometer of PAA/MC where at 3200 cm-1 appears a sharp peak 600 T 33 T 35 T 37 T 39 belonging to an OH flexion from the COOH 500 -1 group from the PAA, at 2943 cm there is a CH3 400 stretch vibration due to presence of the substitute 300 -1 group of the MC. At 2838 cm appears a CH2 200 Swelling Swelling (% w/w) stretching group and in the fingerprints region 100 can seen and corroborate the presence of the MC 0 substitute group due to the CH3 flexion at 1399 25MC/75PAA 50MC/50PAA 75MC/25PAA -1 cm . The bands corresponding to PAA are Graphic 1. Swelling of MC/PAA gels at three temperatures 33º 35º, 37º and 39º C.

In table 1 it is shown the values used for the calculation of the amount of KTP loaded by swelling of the 25MC/75PAA gels of more swelling by the difference between the dry gel after loading the drug and the gel without drug, getting an average of this values we have that 25MC/75PAA gels contain 6.2% of KTP. The calculations for the other gels ratios are obtained accentuated when exist an increasing in the from the percentage of the KTP loaded drug, as contents of the sample and when increases the shown in table 2. content of MC can seen one peak at 2933 cm-1

due to MC for substitute group presented the CH3 stretching increases. ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERA Juan Manuel. Surface UTSOE® All rights reserved. morphology of PAA/CMC gels ketoprofen delivery.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 30-34 33 Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 30-34

the film related with the content of MC in the matrix; in the figure 4b can observed the folds Graphic 2. FTIR Spectra of MC/PAA gels without KTP at and reliefs given by PAA chains and can seen concentration different (a) 25/75, (b) 50/50 and (c) 75/25 regions of white crystals due to KTP, corroborated the inclusion of KTP in the film. Figure 3 shown the FTIR spectrums of PAA/MC loaded with KTP where at 1736 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching vibrations of dimmers carboxylic group provided by the PAA, the analysis can be in the carboxylic stretching regions of KTP where the region was studied of 2000 cm-1 to 1500 cm-1 due to the wide of some bands. The KTP presented instead band located at 1690 cm-1 and corresponds to the dimmer (a) (b) carboxylic stretching, undergoes a shift towards Figure 1. SEM pictures of 25MC/75PAA gels a) without higher wavelengths due to carbonyl groups KET and b) within KET. provided by the PAA and the KTP. Figure 2(a) presented small agglomerations due to cross-linking between PAA (50% wt) and MC (50% wt) and can see a porous structure capable of retaining and transferring liquids after swelling. On the other hand, in Fig. 2(b) it is observed that incrustations are not present due to the effects of the Ketoprofen (KET), and because gels tend to suffer changes in the morphology as a result of delivery drugs (KET).

Graphic 3. FTIR spectra of MC/PAA gels within KTP at concentration different (a) 25/75, (b) 50/50 and (c) 75/25 with KTP (a) (b) Figure 2. SEM pictures of 50MC/50PAA gels a) without Study of surface morphology KET and b) within KET.

Figure 1 shown a micrograph which shows the The application for PAA/MC gels (Films) are physical appearance of gels, for 25MC/75PAA several, (medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, gel without KTP (see Fig. 1a) can seen small perforation, etc.), but the results of this research clusters due to PAA and tiny white particles showed that can be used for delivery drugs, attributed to the PAA with no reaction, it also controlled on three temperatures 33º, 35º and shows the irregular surface and dark sections in 37ºC at neutral pH. However, the MC showed ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERA Juan Manuel. Surface UTSOE® All rights reserved. morphology of PAA/CMC gels ketoprofen delivery.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 30-34 34 Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery

Technology Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 30-34

+ compatibility with NH4 cations due to the References electronegative site in this derivative. 1. Soo Shin H., S. Yeon Kim and Y. Moo Lee Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) (2004); Permeation of Solutes through Interpenetrating Polymer Network DSC thermograms analyzed for gels at different Hydrogels Composed of PVA and PAA, J. ratios, shown both transition temperature, which Appl. P. Sci., 479-486. corroborate the forming of two three- dimensional networks the PAA and the MC. For 2. Peppas N.A., Bures P., Leobandung W., 25MC/75PAA ratio the Tg is 53 °C , for Ichikawa H. (2000); Hydrogels in 50MC/50PAA the Tg is 56 °C and for pharmaceutical formulations, European J. 75MC/25PAA the Tg is 71 °C corresponding to of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, PAA and 128 °C corresponding to MC; on the 50, 27-46. other hand the cross-linked MC has a Tg of 50 °C and the cross-linked PAA of 152 °C. 3. Sáez V., Hernáez E., Sanz Angulo L. (2003); Liberación controlada de fármacos: Hidrogeles, Revista Iberoamericana de 3. Conclusions Polímeros, 4(1), 21-71.

It is possible obtained gels based on PAA and 4. Wei Xue, Champ S., Malcolm B. H. (2001); MC, where gels with more amount of PAA New superabsorbent thermoreversible presented swelling up to 531%, and at less hydrogels, J. Polymer, 42. temperature 33, 35 °C obtained a higher swelling due to the relaxation of the polymeric network. 5. Rivas, V. (2008); Síntesis y Caracterización The loaded gels with KET, presented the highest de geles a partir de ácido acrílico y absorption for the 25MC/75PAA ratio up to derivados de celulosa; Tesis Doctoral; 6.5% of KTP loaded in gels, the inclusion of Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero. KTP was corroborated by the FTIR analysis, where the typical KET bands were analyzed, as well as the principal functional groups of gels. The SEM pictures showed that the increasing of the MC results in a smooth surface without reliefs; the micrographics corroborate the presence of KTP inclusion. DSC thermograms showed two temperatures for each gel, demonstrating the phase separation of the gel, in other words, the formation of two three- dimensional networks.

ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío †, PURATA PÉREZ Nora ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERA Juan Manuel. Surface UTSOE® All rights reserved. morphology of PAA/CMC gels ketoprofen delivery.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 30-34

Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

Social Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42

Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses.

DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Instituto Tecnológico De Sonora (ITSON) ______

Abstract

A study was carried out to determine the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure the perceptions of students participating in blended learning courses in the College of Education and Early Education at the Sonora Institute of Technology (ITSON). It was a descriptive study with a sample size of 162 students, and a quantitative methodology was used. The reliability of the items on the scale was determined, and it was decided that items with a Cronbach’s Alpha score below .30 would be eliminated. In order to determine the construct validity of the instrument, a factorial analysis was used. Kayser Mayer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests were conducted to show that the data were adequate for this type of analysis. The KMO yielded a value of 0.75, and Bartlett’s sphericity test showed significance (X2 =1107.37, p< .000), indicating that the instrument reduced to two factors, and therefore was adequate for obtaining the students’ perception.

Keywords: Blended learning, psychometric properties, distance education.

______

Citation: DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 ______

DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 36 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

Social Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42

Introduction enrollment (Kilmurray, 2003). This causes frustration for the student, they abandon the course, In recent years, technological advances have directly and are reluctant to take further online classes. Some impacted universities and their use and adaptation of 80 % of these initiatives have failed, and 60% of the new pedagogical strategies such as virtual and students did not complete the courses according to blended learning models. It is critical that Cebrián (2003). universities move towards curricular offerings that Thence arises the need to create an emphasize the use of information technology and instrument to measure the perception of the students communication (TIC) (Pérez, Sarmiento & Zabalza, about blended learning courses, since it is extremely 2012). important to know the factors that influence the Ortega (2002) defines virtual teaching as a success or failure of these courses. Furthermore, the system which is characterized by the establishment different personal and academic characteristics of the of interactive communication both student-to students in these courses can be analyzed to see their student, and student-to-professor through computers relationship with the success rate. A measurement connected to servers through telematic networks. At instrument for online courses should encompass the same time, e-learning, is becoming an attractive different aspects, according to Ruiz (2007), such as: instructional model with a considerable level of a) the affective dimension, b) student satisfaction social-embeddedness, which has an ever greater (Keith & Duarte, 2005), c) attitude (Yushau, 2006); presence in universities that traditionally provided d) interest (Monguet, Fábregas, Delgado, Grimón & in-person courses (Gamboa & Carballo, 2010). Herrera, 2006). Alternately, Díaz-Barriga & With the unprecedented technological Hernández (2007) focus on the motivation from advances, universities have recognized the need to various points of view: a) factors related to the offer these types of courses to students, even though student; b) factors related to the instructor; c) the student and, in some instances, the professors are contextual factors; and d) instructional factors. not prepared or able to participate in such courses. With the growing dependence on information Purpose systems, and the increasing rate at which new technologies are being introduced in the learning Determine the psychometric properties of an environment, identifying the critical factors related to instrument focused on the measurement of student the acceptance of the technology by users continues perception about blended learning courses in the to be an important question (Yi & Hwang, 2003). College of Education and Early Education at the Many barriers have cropped up that impact Sonora Institute of Technology (ITSON), with the the integration of education technology in higher goal of finding out the degree of acceptance of these education, such as the technological infrastructure, courses. the effort of faculty members, satisfaction with technology, and having sufficient technology skills (Surry, Ensminger, & Haab, 2005). Many universities that offer blended learning courses have tremendous difficulty in achieving successful strategies with issues such as the delivery, efficacy, and acceptance of the courses. The challenge of offering an unimaginable amount of information and trying to replicate the Research Method classroom experience online cannot completely meet the needs of student s and can cause a drop in Participants DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 37 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

Social Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42

The population of the study included students in their An exploratory factor analysis was used to 4th, 6th, and 8th semester of their Bachelor of Science collect and process the data, and Cronbach’s Alpha in Education (LCE) and Bachelor of Early Education reliability test was applied using the statistics (LEI) program in ITSON’s Obregon Campus. The application SPSS version 2.2. majority of the students in these programs are female, and their ages range from eighteen to twenty four Results years of age. In order to carry out the study, a convenience Reliability sample of 162 students from ITSON was used, of The reliability of the items on the instrument was whom 114 (70%) belonged to an LCE program, and determined, and items with a Cronbach’s Aplha 48 (29.6%) to an LEI program. 132 (81.5%) were value were less than .30 (De Vellis 2012) were female, and 30 (18.5%) were men. The average age eliminated. Eight items were eliminated using this of the students was between 21 and 22 years of age, rule (see table 1). with 50% of the participants falling in this age group. It was found that 95.7% of the students had their own computer at home. Item Cronbach’s Alpha with Decision

Instrument Alpha the element The instrument described here is quantitative, and eliminated was developed primarily from consulting the existing theory and models related to the process of 1 .503 .854 Include evaluating the perspective and opinion about the application and use of technology in schools as well as companies. 2 .455 .854 Include Then the criteria to be evaluated were specified, and a measurement instrument was 3 .516 .852 Include developed, which was revised and validated by a team of experts in the area before use. Responses on 4 .479 .853 Include the instrument use a Likert scale with 5 options which ranged from: 0% (Never), 25% (rarely), 50% (regularly), 75% (almost always) y 100% (always). 5 .640 .849 Include

Procedure 6 .553 .851 Include The development of this instrument is part of a project named PROFAPI which is conducted at 7 .482 .853 Include ITSON, therefore in order to start collecting information, help was requested from the faculty responsible for said project. Having secured the data 8 .444 .854 Include on the students for whom the instrument would be applied, permission was requested in order to go into 9 .448 .854 Include the classrooms to conduct the survey. The process of applying the instrument took about a week; 10 .451 .854 Include researchers entered 18 classrooms of students who were majors in LCE and LEI with the support and active participation of students and Professors. DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 38 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

Social Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42

11 .503 .853 Include 30 .198 .860 Do not include 12 .305 .858 Include Table 1. Reliability of the instrument’s items to measure 13 .269 .859 Do not the perception of students in blended learning courses. include

18 .348 .858 Include Validation of design

19 .380 .856 Include The Kayser Mayer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests were carried out to demonstrate that the 20 .285 .861 Do not data was adequate for this type of analysis. The include KMO yielded a value of 0.75, and the Bartlett demonstrated significance (X2 =1107.37, p< .000) (see table 2). 21 .262 .859 Do not

include Ítem Load Factor 22 .168 .862 Do not M DE F1 F2 ퟐ include 풉

3. The blended 3.81 1.112 .631 - .403 23 .444 .854 Include learning courses .287 24 .244 .859 Do not include include interactive learning 25 .284 .859 Do not materials, a set include of learning resources, 26 .386 856 Include tutorials, webquests, 27 .432 .855 Include among other 28 .305 .858 Include resources.

29 .197 .860 Do not 4. The professor 3.87 1.022 .687 - .472 uses different .259 include instructional DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 39 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

Social Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42

techniques to and master the promote course content. learning during 8. I am able to - blended learning organize my courses: time so that I am electronic able to complete portfolios, 3.99 1.000 .230 .867 .756 assignments in project methods, all my classes on case studies, and time. problem-based

learning among 9. I use an . . others. agenda or

calendar to 5. The - manage instructional 3.30 1.432 284 .580 344 homework and techniques that recreational the professor commitments. uses help me 3.79 .962 .772 .489 .653 generate 10. I complete strategies to self- the academic 3.98 1.092 .274 .707 .501 regulate and to assignments that achieve the goals are logged in my of the course. agenda or calendar. 6. I use -

interactive 15. I receive

learning timely responses

materials 3.73 1.028 .648 .404 .458 on my questions (learning during the 3.73 1.008 .634 .169 .405 resources, course as tutorials and described in the webquest among blended learning others) to review course

DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 40 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

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January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42

guidelines blended learning 5 (within 48 courses. 6 hours). 15 16. I receive adequate 16

feedback from 17 my professor in 3.86 .888 .547 .128 .303 the blended 7 learning course. 8 17. The tutoring . I get from my F2 Time management 9

professor 10 supports me in feeling confident Table 3. Specifications of the version of the questionnaire in my learning 3.98 1.045 .612 .108 387 that resulted from the factor analysis.

process and helps me to be successful in the Conclusion course. It can be determined that the reliability and Table 2. Results of exploratory factor analysis to measure content validation instrument for measuring the the perception of students in blended learning courses. perception of students in blended learning Validation of content classes that is used in ITSON’s college of A factor analysis process was used to measure Education is supported by evidence. the perceptions of students in blended learning The instrument was subjected to various courses (see table 3). tests of validity and reliability; the first trial that happened was the validation by experts where a group of professionals in the field approved the Factor Definition Ítem instrument for this application. After applying the instrument to 162 F1 Teaching and 3 students of the Bachelor of Science in Education learning process, and Early Childhood Education at the Sonora 4 Institute of Technology, in order to know their and tutoring in the perception of blended learning classes, the results were processed using SPSS to get their

DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 41 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

Social Sciences

January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 35-42 degree of reliability, construct validity and Tourism. Consulted on February 20th, content validity. 2015. Found on: Based on the results obtained, it is http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10. recommended that the instrument may be used 1300/J172v04n04_02 for future research, making appropriate Kilmurray, J. (2003). E-learning: it´s more than adaptations to the specific needs. As Marshall automation. The Technology Source (2004) mentions, one of the biggest challenges archives. Found on: of blended learning courses is to create http://technologysource.org/article/elear regulatory standards that are both flexible and at ning/. the same time adaptable to the needs of a specific Marshall, S. (2004). E-learning standards: Open blended learning classroom course; it has also enablers of learning or compliance strait been shown that standardization limits the good jackets?. Found on: development of the courses. http://www.ascilite.org/conferences/pert h04/procs/marshall.html Monguet, J., Fábregas, J., Delgado, D., Grimón, References F. & Herrera, M. (2006). Efecto del blended learning sobre el rendimiento y Cebrián, M. (2003). Innovar con tecnologías la motivación de los estudiantes. Found aplicadas a la docencia universitaria. on: Madrid: Narcea. http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?pid Díaz-Barriga, F. & Hernández, G. (2007). =S0378- Estrategias docentes para un 18442006000300008&script=sci_arttext aprendizaje significativo. México: Ortega, J. (2002). Principios para el diseño y McGraw-Hill. organización de programas de enseñanza Gamboa, S. & Carballo, R. (2010). La virtual: sistematización a la luz de las incorporación de las TIC en el aula teorías cognoscitivas y conductuales. virtual en la Universidad Juán Misael Materiales para la enseñanza Saracho. En A. Gewerc (Coord.), El universitaria: las nuevas tecnologías en lugar de las TIC en la enseñanza la Universidad de Badajoz. Instituto de universitaria: estudio de casos en las Ciencias de la Educación de la Iberoamerica (pp. 229-258). Málaga: Universidad de Extremadura, pp.75-132. Aljibe. Pérez, A., Sarmiento, J. & Zabalza, M. (2012). Gulsecen, S., Urlu, I., Ersoy, M., & Nutku, F. Las prácticas de enseñanza de los (s/f). A comparative research in b- mejores profesores de la Universidad de learning: state university vs private Vigo: el ámbito de conocimiento university. Consulted on February 25th, tecnológico. Revista de Docencia 2015. Found on: Universitaria, 10 (1), 145-175. http://wwwscielo.org.ve Ruiz, C. (2007). El blended learning: Evaluación Keith, D. & Duarte, B. (2005). Exploring the use de una experiencia de aprendizaje en el of b-learning in tourism education. nivel de posgrado. Red de Revistas Journal of Teaching in Travel &

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ISSN-On line: 2395-860X GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the UTSOE® All rights reserved. perceptions of students in blended learning courses.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 42 Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses

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Científicas de América Latina y El efficacy, enjoyment, learning goal Caribe, España y Portugal. orientation, and the technology Found on: acceptance model. International Journal http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=2 of Human-Computer Studies. Found on: 01017307010 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar Surry, D. Ensminger, D. & Haab, M. (2005). A ticle/pii/S1071581903001149 model for integrating instructional Yushau, B. (2006). The Effects of Blended E- technology Into higher education. Learning on Mathematics and Computer British Journal of Educational Attitudes in Pre-Calculus Algebra. Technology. Found on: Found on: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/1 http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/a 0.111%28ISSN%291467-8535/earlyvie rticles/21372296/effects-blended-e- Yi, M. & Hwang, Y. (2003). Predicting the use learning-mathematics-computer- of web-based information systems: Self- attitudes-pre-calculus-algebra

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Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

Quantitative and Qualitative Models in Management and Project Management (PERT / CPM), to Contribute to the Development of Economic Administrative Areas in the Companies of the Mixteca Poblana Region: diagnosis in Chiautla de Tapia, Huehuetlan el Chico and Tulcingo de Valle.

MERINO VIAZCÁN -Janet †, SOLANO PALAPA -Nathaly, UC MUÑOZ- Luis Alfonso

______

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the diagnostic that was applied to MSMEs in The Mixtec region of Puebla, specifically in Chiautla de Tapia, Tulcingo Valle and Huehuetlan el Chico. It is focused on contributing to the economic development of themselves.

Beforehand, it is noticed that most of MSMEs in the region lack of management theory, this is due to several factors including that employers do not have the knowledge because of their education, lack of time or disinterest for training, which represents a limiting factor for proper development and growth thereof; therefore planning their projects or daily activities is minimal having to survive day to day in a competitive environment in large measure.

In this first stage of the project, was detected through a diagnosis that empirical administration continues to predominate, also it is remarkable and exposed by entrepreneurs ignorance of models, that are designed to prevent exposing the advantages that bring these because they are relatively simple to apply and allow to obtain important information for planning, control, decision making and optimize the development of the organization.

Keywords: Diagnostic, Cualitative, cuantitative and models, ,

______Citation: MERINO VIAZCÁN-Janet, SOLANO PALAPA Nathaly, UC MUÑOZ, Luis Alfonso. Quantitative and Qualitative Models in Management and Project Management (PERT / CPM), to Contribute to the Development of Economic Administrative Areas in the Companies of the Mixteca Poblana Region: diagnosis in Chiautla de Tapia, Huehuetlan el Chico and Tulcingo de Valle. .UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-5: 35-42 ______

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

quantitative and qualitative models for the and appliances White line, etc., are 500 units achievement of its objectives. Merino Viazcán, economic. Janet, Rojas-Nando, Julio, Solano-Palapa, Nathaly, (2015)

How is the Mixtec region of Puebla formed?

The state of Puebla is made up of 217 municipalities and seven socioeconomic regions INEGI (2015), as mentioned previously the research is carried out in some municipal headwaters of Region VI Mixtec.

Chiautla de Tapia, is in the southwest part of the state of Puebla, belongs to the socioeconomic region number VI Izúcar de Matamoros.

Huehuetlan el Chico

It is in the southwest part of the State of Puebla, belongs to the socioeconomic region number VI Izúcar de Matamoro

Per data from INEGI (2015) in its wholesale and retail trade division: groceries, food, beverages, ice, tobacco, textiles, footwear, pharmaceuticals, perfumery, recreational items, minor appliances

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53 s. Tulcingo de Valle

Tulcingo de Valle is in the Municipality of Tulcingo (in the State of Puebla). There are 4906 inhabitants. Tulcingo de Valle is at 1100 meters of altitude.

Per data from INEGI (2015) in its wholesale and retail division in: groceries, food, beverages, ice, tobacco, textiles, footwear, pharmaceuticals, perfumery, recreational items, minor appliances and appliances of white line, etc., are 286 economic units. Per data from INEGI (2015) in its wholesale and retail trade division: groceries, food, beverages, ice, tobacco, textiles, footwear, pharmaceuticals, perfumery, recreational items, minor appliances and appliances of white line, etc., are 366 economic units.

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

each other, to form or structure a plan, technique or norm that is given for the achievement of an objective.

Quantitative Method

Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Kipp (2011), affirm that the Quantitative Methods constitute models of real systems trying to arrive at quantitative results that serve as base for economic, technical, social or military decisions; Considering as the main premise of the Quantitative Methods the decision making, ignoring the specific situation, can be considered as a systematic process in general.

As mentioned above, quantitative methods can be developed and implemented in organizations of all kinds, whether in the public or private sector; Davis and McKeown (1987) consider Models that this is one of the main functions of an Bermon (2012) tells us that humans have always administrator. The construction and tried to express their ideas and represent them for implementation of models is a means that allows the understanding of their environment, the use administrators to analyze and study problems, as of models is not something recent or unknown. well as examine different alternatives. This is not a new idea, the process has been used since the In the administrative science exist models that 60's, often unconsciously, in situations of basic could well be a powerful tool for the problems. development of any company and its use is not limited by any criterion. Its importance lies in Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Kipp that they provide adequate guidance for a better (2011) argue that to successfully apply functioning of the organizations. quantitative analysis to decision making, the The Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy analyst must work closely with the manager or (RAE) (2001) defines a model as: Archetype or user of the results. When both the quantitative reference point to imitate or reproduce it. analyst and the administrator agree that the problem has been adequately structured, one can The Dictionary of Administration and Finance begin to develop a model that represents the (1994), defines a model as a theory that problem in a mathematical way, and it is here comprises several elements that are related to that solution procedures are used to find the Best

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53 solution for the model. This better solution then administrator's final decision to consider other becomes a recommendation for decision makers. points of view and analyze from a different The process of developing and solving models is perspective. the essence of the quantitative analysis process.

Organizational Philosophy PERT/CPM López & Alfonso (2013), define that the organizational philosophy is the set of values, Networks and PERT / CPM critical path method. practices and beliefs that are the reason of being Activities and time available for delays, allows of the company and represent the commitment of the manager to manipulate certain activities to the same to the society. This has been a alleviate these problems. Davis, McKeown fundamental issue for the development and (1992) states that PERT is applied and used in competitiveness of organizations since the 1980s the construction industry and in industrial to the present. enterprises for applications such as maintenance scheduling, fixed asset installation, plant design, Johnson & Media (2015) tells us that the benefits planning and program management Research it provides to the organizations that have it is that and development and profit planning at the it develops and practices a defined culture to enterprise level. CPM focuses on reducing the which all the staff adheres, as well as time needed to complete a task or activity, using strengthening the relationship with the client; more / fewer workers or resources. The values are placed in the minds of people internally and externally to the company and one of the most important provides a reference point Qualitative Method: for decision making and can give the company Qualitative methods currently make an an advantage and vision of competitiveness important contribution in the economic- since it owns A clear vision of how customers administrative area, despite the persistent and competitors are expected to perceive it. contribution of information from quantitative Organizational structure research. Olive (2014) Chiavenato (2011), in his book Administrative From another approach, Grijalva (2008) states Process, mentions the theories of organizational that qualitative analysis is based primarily on the structure at the beginning of the 20th century, manager's reasoning and experience; Includes which were: Henry Fayol con the classical the administrator's intuitive "impression" of the theory, Max Weber with bureaucracy theory and problem, and is a facet that can be identified with structuralist theory. the art of decision-making. However, if the administrator has had little experience with DuBrin (2000), in his management book, similar problems, or if the problem is complex mentions that the structure of an organization is enough, then it may be very important in the the combination of people and tasks to achieve

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53 the goals of the organization. The structure The population was the human capital of the specifies who depends on whom, and who does companies that accepted to participate with us, what. The structure of an organization is like the located in the different Municipalities previously framework of a building or the skeleton of a mentioned. As a non-experimental field research body. for the development of this project, a survey was elaborated, which was validated by content, Münch (2012), in his book Fundamentals of since the components of the content domain of Administration mentions that the word the variables to be measured in that instrument organization has three meanings: an are represented (Hernández, 2010). etymological that comes from the Greek organon that means instrument; Another that refers to the The analysis that was performed is a quantitative organization as an entity or social group; And analysis of the data made by means of a data another that refers to the organization as a matrix. process.

If we analyze these meanings we can conclude Results that all three involve the idea of a structure, In the qualitative diagnosis of the albeit with different implications. entrepreneurs they answer the following Methodology to be developed :

With the objective of making a diagnosis to Do you have an established know about the existence and application of the organizational philosophy? philosophy and organizational structure of the

MiPyMEs of the Mixteca Puebla region and to 83.34 100 75 determine if the implementation of a model with 57.14 respect to these subjects is necessary, an 42.86 50 25 empirical investigation was carried out, for 16.66 which they visited micro, small and medium 0 enterprises, asking if they would allow to work Si No in an investigation like this one. Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo

Quantitative and qualitative research with a descriptive research design (survey study) since Graph 1 Organizational Philosophy. Own elaboration it was diagnosed if human capital recognizes the mission, vision, values, hierarchies, division of labor and departmentalization. This was done through the application of a survey used as an instrument with dichotomous questions, as well as considering the unstructured interview and direct observation.

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

They have organization chart?

Do you know the mission? 100 100.00 78.57 62.50 83.33 100 75 50.00 37.50 57.14 21.43 42.86 0 50 25 16.67 0.00 Si No 0 Si No Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo

Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo Graph 5 Organization chart. Own elaboration Graph 2 Mission. Own elaboration Do you identify who your immediate boss is? Do you know the vision?

87.5 85.71 83.33 100 75 100 50 50 57.14 42.86 50 12.5 14.29 50 16.67 25 0 0 Si No Si No Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo

Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo Graph 6 Identify your boss . Own elaboration

Graph 3 Vision. Own elaboration Do you identify the relationship of your position with another? Do you know about institutional values? 100 75 83.33 100 71.42 66.67 100 64.29 35.71 50 33.33 28.58 16.67 25 50 0 0 0 Si No Si No Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo

Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo Graph 7 Identify the relationship of your position . Own elaboration

Graph 4 Institutional Values . Own elaboration In the quantitative diagnosis the following was detected:

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

Do you purchase Raw Materials based on Do you know the PERT model? Planning? 100 100 87.5 78.57 80 80 62.566.6764.28 60 60 37.5 40 33.33 21.42 40 21.43 14.3 12.5 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SIEMPRE CASI SIEMPRE ALGUNAS VECES NUNCA SI NO

Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo

Graph 8 Acquisition of raw material based on planning Graph 11 Do you know the PERT model? Own . Own elaboration elaboration

How do you carry out the planning? Will it allow you to observe the planning 100 83.33 process in your company? 80 71.42 62.5 60 100 83.33 37.5 75 78.57 40 28.58 16.67 20 0 0 0 50 25 0 16.67 21.43 LIBRETA COMPUTADORA NINGUNA DE LAS ANTERIORES 0 SI NO Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo Graph 9 Do you plan on? Own elaboration Graph 12 Will it allow you to observe the planning process in your company? Own elaboration Is planning and strategy used to determine objectives? Conclusions 100 87.5

50 50 We can conclude that in terms of the 50 28.57 33.33 organizational structure, there is a large area of 16.67 14.28 12.5 7.15 0 0 0 opportunity for improvement in the companies 0 in which the instrument was applied. These SIEMPRE CASI SIEMPRE ALGUNAS VECES NUNCA micro and small companies, in the range of 4 to Chiautla Huehuetlan Tulcingo 25 employees, exist in The market with an age

Graph 10 Is planning and strategy used to determine greater than 2 years; It is also known that they objectives? Own elaboration are currently stable, but although the results show that 67.31% know the organizational philosophy, entrepreneurs comment that the qualitative part is not implemented, the staff

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53 knows what to do and does well , But there is no Anderson, David., Sweeney, Dennis., Williams, adhesion that the entrepreneurs, owners, Thomas., Camm, Jeffrey y Kipp, Martin. (2011). managers or managers of the company expect, Métodos Cuantitativos Para Los Negocios, 11a Ed. México: Cengage Learning. ISBN # 978- impacting on many occasions in an 607-481-697-6 organizational culture as changing as the rotation of personnel itself. Davis, K y McKeown, Patrick. (1986). Modelos Cuantitativos Para Administración. México: In addition to the above, a review of the mission, Iberoamérica. ISBN #968-7270-18-7 vision and values was made, perceiving that there is confusion in the drafting of these Grijalva, YbniosElí. (2008). Métodos elements, organizational theories, organizational Cuantitativos Para Los Negocios. Perú: design variables and some other administrative Universidad peruana los andes issues, showing that empirical administration Is Hernández, Roberto. , Fernández, Carlos. y still predominant, which we consider could be a Baptista, Pilar. (2010). Metodología de la limiting factor for the development of Investigación 5ª. Edición. Perú: Mc Graw Hill. companies. ISBN # 978-607-15-0291-9.

The academic body in the analysis of the Much, Galindo (2012). Fundamentos de quantitative instrument identified that the administración casos y practicas, Quinta edición. planning with the business strategy implemented Editorial trillas. by the managers, this does not agree with the objectives, since it was observed that they are not Andrew J. Dubrin (2004). Fundamento de administración. 5ª edición. Editorial revised or updated periodically, we determine International Thomson Editores. México that at least once a year or when there are significant changes that merit it must be updated, Chiavenato, I. (2011). Administración Proceso regarding PERT / CPM there is ignorance, since Administrativo. 3ª edición. McGraw Hill. this is a term little known by the personnel of the México organizations. Montaño, Agustín. (2006). Iniciación Al Método For all the detected, it is proposed that the Del Camino Critico. México: Trillas. ISBN companies diagnosed in the following and in a #968-245497-2 next stage of the project will be working with the Serra, Daniel. (2007). Métodos Cuantitativos sensitization, training to entrepreneurs and Para La Toma De Decisiones: Gestión 2000. personnel, to achieve the implementation of ISBN #9788480889407 qualitative and quantitative models. Web page

Real Academia Española (2001). Diccionario de References la lengua española. 22.a edición. http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=modelo

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

Diccionario de Administración y Finanzas (1994)., Editorial Océano. México

Bermon, L. (2012). Modelos: recuperado el 9 de abril de 2015, de Instrument for the project “Quantitative and Qualitative Model in Project Management and http://www.virtual.unal.edu.co/cursos/sedes/ma Administration (PERT / CPM), to contribute to the Development of Economic-Administrative Areas in the Companies of the Mixteca Poblana Region” nizales/4060010/lecciones/Capitulo1/modelo.ht QUALITATIVE STAGE DIAGNOSIS ml We are conducting an academic research, which is why we are interested in hearing your opinion. Instructions: Read carefully and mark with an X the answer that is appropriate for you. 1. Does the company have an organizational philosophy (mission, vision and values) established? Neme Calacich, S. (2008). Propuesta de un A) Yes B) No modelo de intervención universitaria. a. If no, go to question 5 2. Do you know the Mission of the organization? http://www.uacya.uan.edu.mx/VI_CIAO/ponen A) Yes cias/10_intervencion/10_6.pdf. B) No 3. Do you know the Vision of the organization? A) Yes B) No Rojas-Nando, Julio, Solano-Palapa, Nathaly, 4. Do you know the Institutional Values? A) Yes Merino Viazcán, Janet, (2015) B) No 5. Does the company have an established organization chart? http://www.ecorfan.org/spain/researchjournals/ A) Yes Negocios_y_PyMES/Revista%20de%20Negoci B) No 6. Do you identify hierarchical levels within the organization? os%20&%20PYMES.pdf A) Yes B) No 7. Identify who is your immediate boss A) Yes Merino Viazcán, Janet, Rojas-Nando, Julio, B) No 8. Do you clearly define the functions of your position? Solano-Palapa, Nathaly, (2014) A) Yes B) No 9. Do you identify the relationship of your position with others within the organization? https://www.utcj.edu.mx/Publicaciones/Docum A) Yes B) No ents/Congreso%20Universitario%20UTCJ%20 2014%20- Your support and our participation contribute to the development of the region, Thank you very much %20Publicaciones%20en%20Extenso.pdf

INEGI(2015) http://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias

/informacion/pue/territorio/div_municipal.aspx ?tema=me&e=21

Johnson, R y Media, D., (2015). Filosofía corporativa http://pyme.lavoztx.com/ejemplos- de-filosofa-corporativa-6371.html

Administrative Sciences January-June 2016 VoIII Issue V 43-53

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA IZÚCAR DE MATAMOROS

We are conducting an academic research, which is why we are interested in hearing your opinion. I. GENERAL DATA OF THE ORGANIZATION Name: Address: Town: Phone:: Email:

Web page: Sector: Size of Organization

( ) Public Type ______Small ___ Medium_____ Large_____

( ) Private Type ______How many employees do they have? ______

Antiquity:______

Preponderant activity:

II. DATOS GENERALES DEL ENCUESTADO

Name: Profesion: Position: Area: Seniority in Position

III. Instructions: Read carefully and mark with an X the answer that is appropriate for you.

1. Does the acquisition of the raw material or merchandise acquire it through a planning?

a) always b) almost always c) sometimes d) never

2. How do you carry out the planning?

a) Book b) Computer c) None of the above

3. How often do you plan your activities?

a) Daily b) Twice a week c) Once a week d) Every fifteen days

4. Do the staff know the planning and strategy you carry out in the company?

a) Always b) Almost always c) Sometimes d) Never

5. Does the planning and strategy incorporate a set of basic objectives, well defined and attainable?

a) Always b) Almost always c) Sometimes d) Never

6. Is planning and strategy used for goal setting?

a) Always b) Almost always c) Sometimes d) Never

7. Do you know the PERT Quantitative model?

a) Yes b) No ***If no, go to question 9

8. Have you contributed to the achievement of your goals? a) a) Yes b) No

9. Would you like to hear a talk about the PERT model? a) Yes b) No

10. Could you observe the planning process in your organization? a) Yes b) No ISSN-On line:Your 2395 support-860X and our participation contribute to the development of the region, Thank you very much UTSOE® All rights reserved.

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Figure 1 Perception of Corruption in Italy

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- Articles: Kejun, Z. (2012). Feedback Control Methods for a New Hyperchaotic System. Journal of Information & Computational Science, No.9. Pp :231-237.

- Books: Barnsley, M. (1993). Fractals Everywhere. Academic Press. San Diego.

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UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science

Serial Cultivation of Microalgae in Synthetic Media for Biofuel Applications – An

Approach TOSCANO-Lydia, OGDEN-Kimberly L., SONG-Gao, QIU -Renhe Instituto Tecnológico de Mexicali University of Arizona

Attenuation behavior of multimode optical fibers bended several times compared whit theoretical predictions of Marcuse model. PEREZ ORTEGA Eva Claudia, RODRÍGUEZ CARMONA Karina, CHAVIRA ÁLVAREZ Alberto Universidad Tecnológica de Chihuahua, México.

Identification, sequencing, molecular characterization of a pathogen protein and a dermatopondin-citotoxin like from the Irukandji Box jellyfish Malo kingi ÁVILA-SORIA, Griselda University of Guadalajara, Jalisco. México James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Fracture analysis in glass containers subjected to internal pressure ANGUIANO-Jorge, VARGAS-Lidia, OCAMPO-Juan De Dios and CABRERA- Eduardo Universidad Politecnica de Victoria, México

Surface Morphology of PAA/MC gels for ketoprofen delivery ANTONIO CRUZ Rocío , PURATA PÉREZ Nora Alicia, URRIETA SALTIJERAL Juan Manuel, RAMOS GALVÁN Claudia Esmeralda Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, México

Psychometric properties of an instrument that measures the perceptions of students in blended learning courses. DEL HIERRO PARRA Elizabeth, MORTIS LOZOYA Sonia Verónica y VALENZUELA GALINDO Jennifer Adelina. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, México