Radical Right-Wing Attempts and Government Responses To

CEU eTD Collection

R adical Right adical In fulfilment ofthe partial Securitizing a ‘Roma Issue’ in Hungary, 2006 Securitizing inHungary, a‘Roma Issue’ - wing Attempts Government Responses and toConstructing wing and Adv Nationalism Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University isors: Budapest, Hungary

Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted Tamás Csiki

Professor Antal Örkény Professor András Pap 2014 requirements for thedegreeof By

- 2010

CEU eTD Collection Keywords attempts diverted or delayed securitization timeframe t However, 2009. in government the by initiated process desecuritization the for explanations society. within conflict of potential heightened a and ide neighborhoods shown: protected’. Roma the securitizing term analytical otherness’ ‘Roma centralizing othering, radical and scapegoating increased conce These regression. economic and safety public criminality, as such concerns prevalent on building capital, political generate to anti strong the and resentment societal used successfully t 2010?’, and 2006 between Hungary right could how) (and ‘Why security. societal to concern a as it presenting and discourse right right radical of behalf on discourse political ethnicizing/racist 2008 in individuals Roma targeting violence of Acts Abstract ee lentv epaain sil ed o e tde ad eiid eod h 2006 the beyond verified and studied be to need still explanations alternative hese - ig cos n ugr wo ie a cntutn a Rm ise thro issue’ ‘Roma a constructing at aimed who Hungary in actors wing

het ace o prmltr ognztos uh s ayr ád i rural in Gárda Magyar as such organizations paramilitary of marches threat

: Roma, Hungary,: Roma, secu to see to what extent desecuritization was successful or government measures only only measures government or successful was desecuritization extent what to see to Through methods of process tracing and discourse analysis t analysisdiscourse and processtracing of methods Through –

ntified as ‘Roma neighborhoods’, physical violence targeting Roma people people Roma targeting violence physical neighborhoods’, ‘Roma as ntified s ky oi o rdcl ih wn dsore n stig h see for scene the setting and discourse wing right radical of motif key a as

ouain f ugr ‘rm hm aoiy oit sol be should society majority whom ‘from Hungary of population - wing political entrepreneurs create a securitized ‘Roma issue’ in issue’ ‘Roma securitized a create entrepreneurs political wing ritization, rightritization, rns were presented in a much distorted way through through way distorted much a in presented were rns he .

thesis 2

- wing Magyar Gárda extremism,

rus th argues - - Roma attitudes of Hungarian society Hungarian of attitudes Roma 00 asd ulc teto t an to attention public raised 2010 h thesis The Seeking answers to the question, question, the to answers Seeking t aia rgt ig actors wing right radical at - wing politicians and extreme and politicians wing also he practical resultpractical he offers –

used here as an as here used ugh political political ugh

alternative alternative - 2010 2010 s are s

CEU eTD Collection people infear shall regardless notlive of and work continued my with is that society a building to research contribute to hope I shown been have I example the Along haveand attention. endless for shownme, their and love,care the backgroundfor me providing for family my to thanks and gratitude my express sufficiently cannot I Finally, Norbert me influenced o number a to goes appreciation sincere My Ivarious problems during faced work. my support practical and Németh theoretical Bence thank to want particularly whose to obliged much am I academic institutions. develop intellectual of means a granting CEU, support who philanthropists those all and Soros George to thankful am I sense f freedom and time necessary the Defense and Strategic for Center theprime abeen has who Tálas(Budapest), Péter Studies at director current my to thankful specifically am I who were eager tohelp theproperapproachto finding Mária Professor to thanks my render to unique. like and would original something create to order in asked be to questions the about had we discussions numerous the for and years past the p their for Örkény Antal Professor and Pap András Professor advisors, my to thanks my express to like would I thesis. this composing and researching designing, of process the throughout support invaluable their for people of number great a to indebted am I redhp n aaei ipt ae en invaluable been have input academic and friendship .

n aiu ways, various in my

prolonged studies intellectual partners and friends and partners intellectual

nldn Krls Sm, ak Bin Fus, Dániel Fruzsi, Brian, Mark, Samo, Karolis, including et hog euain n h fr o flosis and fellowships of form the in education through ment uig y eerh n Zot st fr being for Csete Zsolt and research my during or study, research and writing. and research study, or Acknowledg

more just, equal and peaceful, a Hungarian society where where societyHungarian a peaceful, andequal just, more , for the example of hard and workexample the , for their abilities, practices abilities, or their

f people f ,

3 Máté Németh Németh Máté

em , Kovács and Professor Szabolcs Pogonyi Szabolcs Professor and Kovács

ents who have shown me me shown have who driver behind this project, providingme project, this behinddriver this sensitive topic. sensitive this

who offered who

n Jlj Sardelic Julija and the proper research focus and focus research proper the hogot h ps years. past the throughout

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CEU eTD Collection Annex Bibliography Conclusions IV.Government tothesecuritization attempt responses III.The attempt targeting securitization inHungary, Roma 2006 II.Radical right I.Public otherness’ perceptions of‘Roma inHungary Introduction I.1.Prevailing attitudes and stereotypes towards Roma Hungary in the in 1990s The analytical framework Setting the proper research f Theoretical foundations IV.1.Desecuritization measures undertaken by the central government in 2009 III.3.Discourse analysis III.2.The key securitization: to successful radical othering III.1.Process tracing II.2.Why doradical and extreme right II.1.The evolution of Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom I.2.Strengthening negative perceptions after the turn of millennium the securitizing speech act III.3.3.Examining a local focus point: Interviews in Miskolc regarding the III.3.2.The formal political III.3.1.Media discourses

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...... - wing actors wing

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...... ramework without analytical fallacies discourse of Jobbik on Roma and‘Roma criminality’

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88 81 77 72 44 36 25 72 69 67 58 56 55 48 40 38 31 27 18 15 10

CEU eTD Collection Vajda 6 States 5 Slovakia jeopardy in rights Roma Factsheet: 4 Hungary in against Roma Attacks Violent International, Bulgaria. July and 2011 September Between fatalities. 11 least at of total combined a in resulting Slovakia in attacks 13 and Republic Czech the in attacks 40 Strategies; Integration Roma National the of 3 Analysis Coalition, Policy Next?” What Strategies: Integration Roma National 2013: Rights “Roma Dezideriu, Roma European EU; the in Roma Non and Inclusion Social the for Tools the Improving Bedard, and Guy Integration; Promoting 2 o Challenges Party,the Jobbik Hungary’s counter analyses, Country Europe. in extremism Trans al., et Mammone Europa in Rechte Right path? „right” the on Europe 1 traits second a by complemented often issues on focuses primarily that one sociological tripartite a follow the relations ofRoma(minority) and n and anti and abuses right minority and human beyond a more become also have practices and tendencies anti populist, nationalist, years. recent organizations paramilitary

Political Capital Political See for example: example: for See Hungary, in Roma against attacks violent 48 least at registered has Center Rights Roma European 2008 Since Abbas et al., al., et Abbas uci, mgaosái iáyá tréee Bne, “ Binder, története; cigányság magyarországi A Dupcsik, eai H Rm “Anti Ram: H. Melanie S right strengthening The highlighted repeated cases of violence of cases repeated highlighted - ; ,

ainl oprto o right of cooperation national and

uis ouig on focusing tudies Nemzeti Társa Nemzeti oiis f identification of politics

ERRC Dupcsik, 1 Right ,

, Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe. From Local to Transnational; to Local From Europe. Contemporary in Right Extreme the Mapping of examination the includes that analysis of framework wider this Within ; tak aant oa n ugr, h Ceh eulc n Slovakia. and Republic Czech the Hungary, in Roma against Attacks Backed by Backed

European Union Ag Union European

C Goodwin et al., al., et Goodwin - dalmi Felzárkóztatási Stratégia dalmi Felzárkóztatási ountry Report on Ethnic Relations Ethnic on Report ountry ig xrms i Cnrl uoe A Overview An Europe. Central in Extremism wing

–

- discrimination Policy and the Roma”; OSCE OSCE Roma”; the and Policy discrimination overlapping often

- popular demand: Demand for right wing extremism (Derex) index (Derex) extremism wing right for Demand demand: popular Semitic and anti and Semitic the situation of Roma Roma of situation the –

in Central Europe has been a subject subject a been has Europe Central in ; wing extremism extremism wing - ig xrmss n East in extremists wing - 2012 14 attacks against Roma and their property had been registered in in registered been had property their and Roma against attacks 14 2012 Bodnárová and Vicenová, Vicenová, and Bodnárová

ig xrms and extremism wing h nw aia rgt Voet n non and Violent right: radical new The n integration and ency for Fundamental Ri Fundamental for ency f European Ethno f European anthropological on Introduction - Roma (majority)communities. Roma - - taeis n labor and strategies immigration elements as well, extremist anti extremist well, as elements immigration 3

–

as well as well as 5

approach

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require Nationalism and the and Nationalism right and a third third a and - nd more studied. Some analyses Some studied. more nd of oua mvmns pltcl ate and parties political movements, popular cultural approach invoking Roma cultural Roma invoking approach cultural - - cgno” ay a vagy cigányok” A eta Erp; ezr n Serafin, and Melzer Europe; Central discrimination policy recommendations, policy discrimination

poverty, housing and (un)employment; and housing poverty, - ghts, Anti ig ouim n Europe in populism wing

examples for attempts at securitizing at attempts for examples interdisciplinarity n h region: the in -

extremist Strategies of Political Parties in Parties Political of Strategies extremist The Situation of Roma in 11 EU Member Member EU 11 in Roma of Situation The - akt retd xt strategies exit oriented market . ; ua rgt / ea approach legal / rights human

Langenbacher and Schellenberg, Schellenberg, and Langenbacher –

- Future of the European Project. theEuropean of Future ODIHR, Addressing Violence, Violence, Addressing ODIHR, iln mvmns n Europe in movements violent to increased scrutiny in in scrutiny increased to

„ iáyéds története? cigánykérdés” 4

first, tu traditionally thus ,

;

e also: See Schiedel, Schiedel, - discrimination of discrimination descriptive a , 56 , - have have 61.; 61.; Right

; Amnesty Amnesty Extreme Extreme -

Dettke, ERRC, ERRC, Roma Mareš go - wing ne Is ” 5 2 ; ; ,

CEU eTD Collection Roma Violence in Hungary. RomaViolence Rights Human and Health for Center FXB Hungary 7 a tracing process of be should methods society Through majority protected’. whom ‘from Hungary of population Roma the securitizing term analytical centralizing othering, radical and scapegoating increased through way distorted much a in presented were concerns These regression. economic and safety public criminality, as such concerns prevalent on building capital, political generate to anti strong the and resentment societal used successfully actors wing right radical that argues thesis the 2010?’, and 2006 between Hungary in issue’ question, the to answers Seeking security. societal to concern a as it presenting and discourse political right extreme and pol ethnicizing/racist an to attention population ofRoma Centraland Europe specifically soci of level the from issue an ’upgrades’ that politicization of version extreme an as Securitization years. recent until present been not have violence communal repeated of form the taking tension hand, other the one while framework, legal a in with dealt usually are cases criminal violent hand, years of couple past recently, education in segregation rights, women’s on focusing

e fr example for See oee, cs f ilne agtn Rm idvdas n 2008 in individuals Roma targeting violence of acts However, Roma targeting violence and Insecurity h hihee lvl f neuiy eeoig into developing insecurity of level heightened the ; European Union Ag Union European

on ‘Why (and how) could right could how) (and ‘Why hate crimes.hate et l n pltcl discour political and al – United States Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2013 2013 Practices Rights Human on Reports Country State, of Department States United

- wing actors in Hungary who aimed at constructing a ‘Roma issue’ through through issue’ ‘Roma a constructing at aimed who Hungary in actors wing s ky oi o rdcl ih wn dsore n stig h see for scene the setting and discourse wing right radical of motif key a as

have been have

ency for Fundamental Rights: Making Hate Making Rights: Fundamental for ency

less at the forefront of research of forefront the at less itical discourse on behalf of radical right radical of behalf on discourse itical – -

e o h lvl f euiy discourse security of level the to se wing political entrepreneurs create a securitized ‘Roma ‘Roma securitized a create entrepreneurs political wing Harvard Sc Harvard giig more gaining , 6

hool of Public Health: Accelerating Patterns of Anti of Patterns Accelerating Health: Public of hool of Hungary had ,

anti d icus aayi te practical the analysis discourse nd - Roma attitudes of Hung of attitudes Roma ‘Roma otherness’ ‘Roma -

discrimination practices discrimination ytmc hnmn o societal of phenomena systemic motne n visibi and importance - crime Visible in the European Union; Union; European the in Visible crime

for two reasons. One the one the One reasons. two for

been atypical. been - 00 asd public raised 2010

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wing politicians politicians wing used here as an as here used arian society arian

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CEU eTD Collection further sources on the g theon furthersources recommendations. policy include discrimination int (fostering questions oriented policy and etc.), rights, women’s unemployment, inequality, socio specific are’), Roma ‘who Thus argumentation. of structure streamlined and focus clear 8 to thus Other’, ‘negative a against values and population Hungarian non and Roma between tension increase and resentment societal underlying the on building in interested were entrepreneurs political these that argue I Here attempt. securitization the out carrying actors wing right extreme and political the of assessment an provides to besuccessful. research the with accordance in that argue framewo will I Hungary. in aspect every in strong anti detail more in examined be will segregation’ and differentiation societal unemployment, attitude, conflicting Roma build summarized are thought social blaming and scapegoating right on building radical to open medium, receptive a created that attitudes negative thesis, my of core the at stand society Hungarian securitization. people andpotential of c a heightened Roma targeting violence physical neighborhoods’, ‘Roma as identified neighborhoods rural in consequences

A number of related or somewhat relevant issues are not are issues relevant somewhat or related of number A - After of concept overarching the under approach interdisciplinary an on builds thesis the Thus, Roma sentiment, negative and also discriminative attitudes towards Roma have have Roma towards attitudes discriminative also and negative sentiment, Roma n the in rk (see below) these provided a key factor for the securitization attempt in question in attempt securitization the for factor key a provided these below) (see rk this , enhancing crime prevention, improving public order public improving prevention, crime enhancing ,

8 , also e also ,

are shown: threat marches of paramilitary organizations such as Magyar Gárda Magyar as such organizations paramilitary of marches threat shown: are

1990s nih o insight s oitl ecpin n rltd tiue, stereotypes attitudes, related and perception societal As

iven issue. iven

, valuating trends up until 2010. until up trends valuating where n

h soci the - economic economic

hr ncsay cmlmnay omns r icue, lo providing also included, are comments complementary necessary, Where

anti - et oa tiue ad troye rltd o ‘criminality, to related stereotypes and attitudes Roma characteristics and and characteristics l akrud f h scrtzto atmt Catr 2 Chapter attempt, securitization the of background al ing onflict society. within backgroundthroughintrod . First, the stereotypes the First, . - R on the on oma 7

populations in order to order in populations empirical studies on the social perception of of perception social the on studies empirical directly directly the politics of identification (i.e. the question of of question the (i.e. identification of politics the vulnerabilities of Roma (segregation, education, education, (segregation, Roma of vulnerabilities As the available research results show, results research available the As C addressed in the thesis in order to preserve its preserve to order in thesis the in addressed atr 1 hapter

etc.

) are not dealt with. dealt not are ) related to related ucing and examining radicalexamining ucingand nrdcs hs prevailing those introduces appear as protectors of protectors asappear an oiia support. political gain oai Hungarian in Roma towards Roma Roma towards - The thesis does not does thesis The ig discourse wing egration prevailed

and anti and in -

CEU eTD Collection circumstances prevail, there was a need to prepare for civil war’. (See below.) civilfor (See war’. prepare to need was a there prevail, circumstances march 10 thesis. the throughout spelling 9 extrem discursively then is which problem the of core the perceive actors provide also interviews The observed. be could Th non and Roma between tension societal of dynamics to order in 3 Chapter in provided is executives former and a Therefore, act’ speech securitizing ‘successful the as framework (go state for demand the verifies and it to subscribes audience target the if successful deemed be only can years. recent in out carried analyses qualitative and quantitative othe radical process, securitization the of element key the how demonstrate to serves analysis Discourse below.) framework analytical the (See analyzed. and identified are Roma) against attacks physical of series a and Gárda crimina ‘Roma on (discourse moves securitization three and locations) Sajóbábony Veszprém, Olaszliszka, (at events trigger three process, securitization place took escalati gradual a that argue I analysis discourse and tracing process Through right extreme and radical that 2009 2 in and Parliament elections European in gains significant by demonstrated was motives such of success The

Hungarian names of persons, locations, institutions and organizations etc. are displayed according to Hungarian Hungarian to according displayed are etc. organizations and institutions locations, ofpersons, names Hungarian

A e region is one of the hot spots where the radicalization of Roma Roma of radicalization the where spots hot the of one is region e

clash clash the anti Chapter 3 provides the main argument of the thesis analyzingChapter attempt mainargumentof 3provides thesis thesecuritization the of the n aóáoy n etme 1, 2009 15, September on Sajóbábony in e

right wing took place between between place took ,

- n Roma campaignRoma of increasing thesolesource was political support). eventually enet action, vernment) assessment of five interviews conducted in Miskolc with local representatives representatives local with Miskolc in conducted interviews five of assessment .

eoig scesu scrtzto attempt. securitization successful a becoming

local Roma residents and members of extremist organizations organizations extremist of members and residents Roma local - wing 010 national parliamentary elections (even though though (even elections parliamentary national 010

h cnet of context the actors

targeting Roma in Hungary between 2006 and 2010. and 2006 between Hungary in Roma targeting o hc te ao o te ery iy ikl ratd s ‘if as reacted Miskolc city nearby the of Mayor the which to ring worked. In doing so, doing In worked. ring 8

one

cmaaie xml o hw different how of example comparative a

ae ht s dniid n h analytical the in identified is that case - Roma residents in Northeast Hungary. Northeast in residents Roma 10

il e ad oue attention. focused paid be will lity’, threat marches by Magyar by marches threat lity’, lbrt uo te underlying the upon elaborate

As the securitization attempt securitization the As abused by the ra the by abused I can rely on a sample of of sample a on rely can I – When analyzing the the analyzing When

non - conducting a threat threat a conducting Roma relations Roma I do not claim not do I on of tensions of on

dical and dical 9

CEU eTD Collection Roma Violence in Hungary, in Hungary, RomaViolence 14 13 important an has contributio it memb when representatives party of individual or administration, behalf and government local on to refer also remark I and Occasionally party. governing major the just not speech government, coalition the of member any public is that government; any discourse’ ‘government consider process a giving for Racism, necessary where upon touched be also Rights, (2009 (2006 Fundamental Bajnai Gyurcsány the and means 2009) it 2010, and for 2006 between discourses political and Agency events on focuses assessment Union European see: 12 developments Hung and Greece in from experiences extremisms: learning and intolerance discrimination, recent of assessment crimes, motivated racially speech, hate of acts on reports However, yet. published been not have 2012 beyond period the for cases violent of summaries Attack ERRC, OSCE 2012. respectively. September by 2009, reported been had 2008 cases January further Hungary: in 8 Roma against respectively. 2009 in 19 and 2008 in 11 super ‘election weak’. practices’ intimidation Jobbik’s towards circumstances. th authority, legitimate to redirected be politics normal can attempt an such how of conclusions practical the Hungary in actors temporaryin 2011. calmer period 2009, in electio elections) parliamentary European at 14.77% (gaining parliament) national the into making not and votes of 2.20% (gaining 2006 between political argumentation my to according

Dettke ERRC reported 5 cases of physical violence that tar that violence physical of cases 5 reported ERRC FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health: Accelerating Patterns of Patterns Accelerating Health: Public of School Harvard Rights, Human and Health for Center FXB hogotte hssI s tetr gvrmn’t ee otentoa gvrmn fHnay A my As Hungary. of government national the to refer to ‘government’ term the use I thesis the Throughout With the prevailing discourse on ‘Roma criminality’, in the period running up to the 2014the to up running period the criminality’,in ‘Roma prevailing on the discourse With Beyonda theoretical analysis ofthesec 2010 and 2006 between set is framework research The ns 14 ,

Hungary’s Jobbik Party Jobbik Hungary’s ). On the other hand, other the On ). support n to the analysis, but on such occasions I clearly define the background and significance of the case. significanceof and background define the clearly I occasions such but on analysis, the n to followed by the first signs of government action to desecuritize th desecuritize to action government of signs first the by followed

- 12 – er (ainl n Erpa primnay n lcl oenet elections government local and parliamentary European and (national year’

for Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom Magyarországért Jobbik for However, as it has been pointed out, ‘the Government had remained tolerant remained had Government ‘the out, pointed been has it as However, desecuritized desecuritized -

2010) government 2010) – 36 e central government (the state) is entitled to act among such such among act to entitled is state) (the government central e

. DH, drsig ilne Pooig nerto, 56 Integration, Promoting Violence, Addressing ODIHR,

15.

the securitization attempt at the focus of the thesis the of focus the at attempt securitization the

– ,

11 the radical right carried out securitization in order to boost to order in securitization out carried right radical the ‘military trainings’ by extreme right organizations are available. For an For available. are organizations right extreme by trainings’ ‘military by the state should also be drawn. be also should state the by

–

s. Indirectly some measures of the Orbán government (2010 government Orbán the of measures some Indirectly s. September 2012. OSCE listed 22 and 23 violent cases in 20 in cases violent 23 and 22 listed OSCE 2012. September 13

uritization moveofextreme rightwing radicaluritization and n i gnrl ‘oenet epne hd been had responses ‘government general, in and geted Roma in 2010 and 4 cases in 2011 2011 in cases 4 and 2010 in Roma geted 9

- oriented explanation. For the purposes of my thesis I I thesis my of purposes the For explanation. oriented

and 2010 (gaining 16.67% (gaining 2010 and that can be spectacularly measured measured spectacularly be can that for two reasons. On the one hand, one the On reasons. two for As the most capable and capable most the As ers of the respective respective the of ers ary. - 64. Comprehensive Comprehensive 64. ese issues and a a and issues ese

–

compared to 23to compared

has peaked has at national at 2009 , - 08 and 08

) will ) Anti

- - CEU eTD Collection 15 determines ofsecurity thelevel characterizes asociety new focus challenges that and the on to forces security of criteria objective the beyond But act. to needs state clearly cases q definable, classical In etc.). citizens territory, sovereignty, (national to security threat national potential a regarding securitization initiates who favorable government) (central of state set the a as or them, against protect perceivabl no implies that circumstances and threats avert or deter prevent, to Theoretical of introduction brief a government intermspolitical of response action legal,and police offer will right 4 extreme Chapter Hungary, and in radical Roma of regarding attempt securitization responses government tangible the on glimpse a volume. another encompass would practices desecuritization government the in the as thesis current the of limitations the practices and havereturned sinc ever by 2012 prevailed these 2011 in restraint temporary a following contrary: the On 2010. beyond ceased not have groups vigilant local of formation the and marches threat of conduct the as such practices, discourse wing right radical securitizing the that shows evidence practical the anti with around loaded centered less issues be prioritized to previously seems discourse media mainstream and declined violence 2009 in than organized marches threat fewer are there place) taking

Ibid, 29 Ibid, The most fundamental need of any society is security security is society any of need fundamental most The Therefore the 2010 the Therefore –

- it is the subjective perception of security (lack or presence of fea of presence or (lack security of perception subjective the is it 31 and 37 and 31 uantifiable (usually military) threats are identified as threats against which the the which against threats as identified are threats military) (usually uantifiable foundations - 40 .

- 2014 government period needs to be further studied, going beyond going studied, further be to needs period government 2014

e threats at all. Usually it is the most powerful actor, actor, powerful most the is it Usually all. at threats e - 10 depth analysis of these developments vis developments these of analysis depth

- oa etmns A te ae time same the At sentiments. Roma e. 15 –

whether it is defined as an ability an as defined is it whether –

such as the number of armed of number the as such in 2009 - 00 wh 2010, - 2010. r of insecurity) that that insecurity) of r and intimidation intimidation and

In order to give to order In

l physical ile - á - vis CEU eTD Collection 19 18 17 attacked be the measures 16 non to security of understanding Criticism studies, security in schools of extraordinary thename in means of security. l the from issue an ’upgrades’ that politicization of version extreme an is Securitization security. of matter a into transformed is issue certain a how examines security, of conception oriented developed was conditions.’ what under least, not and results, what with why, object), (referent whom for (threats), issues what on securitizes, ‘who understand to aims the on research int an as Securitization securitization. processof their focusing studies, security international of School Copenhagen the of foundation the down laid who colleagues his and Buzan Barry by addressed been has state t of part and prioritized becomes issue an how understanding for with. dealt be could security of (sectors) areas new such which in considered be to was analysis’ for framework new ‘a War Cold the After organizations. international military primarily the andto societal issues economic, political, environmental adding place, took issues security of perception the of most in concern priority Europeancountries’ security policy after2001). top became terrorism international how example (for security

Wæver 32 Wilde, de and Wæver Buzan, Buzan, Originally this dualism was pointed out by Arnold Wolfers termed as: ‘Security is any objective sense, sense, objective any is ‘Security as: termed Wolfers Arnold by out pointed was dualism this Originally As international security studies explain, during the Cold War era the gradual broadening gradual the era War Cold the during explain, studies security international As vn huh h cntutvs Cpnae Sho hs eoe n o te dominant the of one become has School Copenhagen constructivist the though Even evel of soci of evel , People, States and Fear and States People,

“Securitization and Desecuritization” and “Securitization .’ evolved Wolfers, “ Wolfers, absence of threats to acquire values acquire to threats of absence

et from al and political discourse to the level of security discourse, enabling the use the enabling discourse, security of level the to discourse political and al

National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol Ambiguous as an Security National rdal truhu te 90 when 1990s the throughout gradually

this this osrciit huh truhu te 90, n a a process a as and 1990s, the throughout thought constructivist ; note

. Buzan

worthy ,

Wæver and de Wilde de and Wæver - iiay aspects military ; criticism criticism Wæver, “ Wæver, , in a subjective sense, the the sense, subjective a in , 11 19 16

Societal Security: The Concept” The Security: Societal

has also been developed associated with it. with associated developed been also has - - subjective and socially constructed process process constructed socially and subjective etrd euiy gna f s of agenda security centered ,

Security Security ”, ”, –

150. e phenomena new –

A New Framework for Analysis for ANew Framework – absence of f of absence

The concept of securitization of concept The building on the extended extended the on building escrt gnao any of agenda security he ear that such values will values such that ear

epcal the especially , 17

Thus the need the Thus tates and and tates .

- CEU eTD Collection 21 20 thesis. my throughout investigating ‘ because well, in potential non by abused be can issue an securitizing this However, consequences. unintended normally such avoid to securitizer responsibility the is it framework, security (societal) when a Second, in issues reaction. certain nationalist addressing and xenophobia for legitimization of tool a as serve o politics the factors:risk non by security’ societal to ‘challenges as identified under brought been questionably had asylum and migration like phenomena, certain that risk acceptable an it is whether question conditions. certain among policy’ d security becomes Other / Self the and identification of politics the the explored he There 1990s. the of half first the in discourse political European Western in securitized on these debates considered be to has criticism methodological other the on while conceptual, hand one anti (with anti actor on build could political that agenda) immigration a been has securitizer the cases, these In government. central state non a but state, the not when securitization, of cases atypical of practice and theory the of scrutiny. (and migration of securitization

Huysmans, “Defining Social Constructivism in Security Studies Security in Constructivism Social “Defining Huysmans, of Dangers Problem: Security As a “Migrants Huysmans, In his 1995 study, Jeff Huysmans investigated the logic along which mi which along logic the investigated Huysmans Jeff study, 1995 his In actor is the securitizer, acquiring authority in a field which normally should belong to the belonga normally fieldshould to acquiringwhich authority in actor isthesecuritizer, These debates debates These ‘ – first, as in many cases issues related to societal security are identified in terms of of terms in areidentified security societal to related casesissues many in as first, f identification (along a spectrum of ‘Us and Others’), such interpretations can can interpretations such Others’), and ‘Us of spectrum a (along identification f

then security is what agents make of it of make agents what is security when establishingtheanalytical background thesis. ofthe –

newly defined sphere of societal security and centered his work around work his centered and security societal of sphere defined newly are instructive with regard to my thesis as these provided an analysis an provided these as thesis my to regard with instructive are

the integration of immigrants) in Western Europe came under under came Europe Western in immigrants) of integration the h sm ubel a dus n troim when terrorism and drugs as umbrella same the Therefore, Huysmans argued that instead of of instead that argued Huysmans Therefore, - state actors (social movements, poli movements, (social actors state - 1 immigrant sentiment of the p the of sentiment immigrant 2

“Securitizing” Societal Issues” Societal “Securitizing” ’ . 20 ’ 21 -

state actors. Huysmans pointed out two out pointed Huysmans actors. state H

” ichotomy, pointing out ‘how culture culture ‘how out pointing ichotomy, This will be the exact case that I am I that case exact the be will This

is conceptual criticism conceptual is

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. He used the case study case the used He .

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Balzacq, “ Balzacq, Analysis” Securitization for AFramework New “Enquiries Methods: into Balzacq, “ Balzacq, Throughout the thesis I use ’Roma’ with quotation marks when I refer to the constructed, abstract image, the the image, abstract constructed, the to refer I when marks quotation with ’Roma’ use I thesis the Throughout eetaig ewe pioohcl n scooia apoce t scrtzto, e put he securitization, to approaches sociological and philosophical between ferentiating - ehdlgcl criticis Methodological tt atr aue securitization abused actors state The Three Faces of Securitization: Political ofSecuritization: Faces Three The Political ofSecuritization: Faces Three The urity in terms ofpublic order.urity interms 29 hich to examine security practices in real situations: ‘For instance, many instance, ‘For situations: real in practices security examine to hich

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hc h wse t epaie more emphasize to wished he which I will argue that that the securitization attempt of the radical right radical the of attempt securitization the that that argue will I m e, as a corrective, Balzacq put Balzacq corrective, a as e,

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Charrett, Huysma McDonal As I am not developing an argumentative study about scholarly debates on securitization on debates scholarly about study argumentative an developing not am I As Balzaq, with line In First, academically only not is Roma on focusing research sciences social and political As ns, Jef. “Revisiting Copenhagen” “Revisiting Jef. ns,

A critical application of securitiztion theory securitiztion of application critical A d, as Catherine Charrett also points out points also Charrett Catherine as

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- 34, 35)’ 34, d the Construction ofSecurity” the Construction d 31 Matt

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Krekó, Juhász Krekó, ncy: to analyze those actors, political entrepreneurs who are exploiting societal tensions in tensions societal exploiting are who entrepreneurs political actors, those analyze to ncy: thesis However, one needs to deal with this problem in order to avoid the analytical fallacy of fallacy analytical the avoid to order in problem this with deal to needs one However, ofexplorethequestion to attempts one appearswhen problem conceptual same the Third, dqae n rcie bcue hr i n cery eial dmrain between demarcation definable clearly no is there because practice, in adequate s etrd rud u ‘anti but around centered is - - ig acc wing and and ig ouim (fe ue a snnm) s tobe, eae polm of problem debated troubled, a is synonyms) as used (often populism’ wing Molnár

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“ A szélsőjobboldal iránti társadalmi ker iránti társadalmi Aszélsőjobboldal - - wing thinking and ideology for different motives. A widely held widely A motives. different for ideology and thinking wing wing actors (nationalist, u (nationalist, actors wing

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But such theoretical classification proves toprovestheoretical classification such But Se e Chapter 1 Chapter e - wing based on the assumption that the that assumption the on based wing ltra - eslet növekedése Magyarországon”, növekedése eslet - ig, ‘right wing’, by - for other reasons (such as protest protest as (such reasons other for conservative or other) necessarily necessarily other) or conservative - ih Fds’ n xrms, r a or extremist, an Fidesz’ right - case scrutiny in legal practice), legal in scrutiny case ) Thus, it is not ‘Roma’ that ‘Roma’ not is it Thus, ) - igdrcl at o break to act directly wing Jobbik - wi ng radicalism’ or or radicalism’ ng them thatmatter. Magyarországért

53.

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y to gain legitimacy for their actions. Leading members of political extremist groups extremist political of members Leading actions. their for legitimacy gain yto 2011. “ 2011. ). Domestic extremism extremism Domestic ,

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subjective and socially constructed process it aims to understand ‘who understand to aims it process constructed socially and subjective

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garians). Matt McDonald Matt 41

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ation and full and ation - depth analysis would go beyond the current analysis current the beyond go would analysis depth 24

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CEU eTD Collection Ladányi and Szelényi Ladányi and Szelényi 48 47 who self objective the with coincide necessarily not does which society Hungarian in otherness’ ‘Roma of perceptions address need to about concerns obvious Havas. and Kertesi Szelényi, debate the of puzzle outstanding an (see Hungary in would self of identification. patterns static having ‘groups’, as society in communities bound clearly identify methodological debates systems, redistribution chauvinism present Hungarian in society, social of transformation a caused that recession pol government of failures including ‘enablers’, of set wider a in factor determining predominant a but Jobbik, of discourse securitizing successful it securitizing and issue’ ‘Roma capital political generate to Jobbik by used successfully was create attitudes thesis my of core the at stand society Hungarian Roma of image constructed and

Brubaker, Brubaker, Hava

Regarding my analysis on a highly sensitive contempo sensitive highly a on analysis my Regarding As identify themselves asidentify bei themselves

s attempt to attempt

the analytical framework of the thesis has explained,has the thesis the analyticalof the framework “ n Kemény and Az etnikai besorolás objektivitásáról” besorolás etnikai Az “E thnicity without groups without thnicity ’ I. 47 d a receptive medium receptive a d

the Public perceptions of‘Roma otherness’ inHungary

Also any attempt to identify cultural or any other set of characteristics that characteristics of set other any or cultural identify to attempt any Also ‘

objectively “

Még egyszer az etnikai besorolás objektivitásáról” besorolás etnikai az egyszer Még self ,

“ mgaosái romákról magyarországi A - image, or any set of cultural or other characteristics of any individuals individuals any of characteristics other or cultural of set any or image, - , we , identification of ‘Roma’ ‘Roma’ of identification analytical fallacies described in the Introduction the in described fallacies analytical

must keep in mind what what inmind keep must 48 ’

ng‘Roma’. characterize individuals belonging to ‘Roma’ has been fruitless fruitless been has ‘Roma’ belongingto individuals characterize ), ”,

therefore I therefore . I do not claim that it is the exclusive driver behind the the behind driver exclusive the is it that claim not do I .

166

n related and

open to open ; long Havas et al. et Havas

do not attempt either to do so. do to either attempt not do

”; 25 the - term criminalityterm etc. trends, aáy ad Szelényi and Ladányi

negative here

anti . ,

Rogers BrubakerRogers pointed

“ - as t during the 1990s by Kemény, L Kemény, by 1990s the during A relatív cigány a klasszifikációs küzdőtéren” klasszifikációs a cigány relatív A Roma Roma icies, the negative effects of economic of effects negative the icies, crig o y li, hs negative these claim, my to ccording he he tiue, troye pealn in prevailing stereotypes attitudes, rary issue of politics of issue rary thesis

radical right radical

fe 2006 after subjective soci subjective is focused on the subjectivefocused onthe is

“ i a Ki

, actually there is no is there actually , - cigány?” wing discourse that that discourse wing

by Besides avoiding Besides

out: out: tog welfare strong et osrcig a constructing

and a topic of of topic a and al perceptional ; ‘ Ladányi and and Ladányi we cannotwe adányi, - ;

CEU eTD Collection 50 cigányképe. cigányvizsgálatok Hungary 49 fi important most the summarize will subchapters as well as institutions, research and educational other several and Sciences of Academy Hungarian the at Studies Minority University Loránd Eötvös at Sciences Social of Faculty the well a on majority regarding society Hungarian of crossroads the importance out. carried population, whole the across housing and employment poverty, on research comprehensive of examinations etc. opportunities, employment status, and income education conditions, housing example for live, people related while traits, cultural the describe to aim studies ethnographic informal definitionof ‘Roma’. h research Empirical discourse. colloquial in ‘Roma’ being as externally identified are who individuals those all of representation societal the is who Thus, Hungary. in empirically be might reality what of independent connotations

See for example: Kertesi, example:for Kertesi, See e fr example: for See Relevant empirical research is characteristically based on two main approaches: approaches: main two on based characteristically is research empirical Relevant Roma’ of image constructed ‘socially The ‘Roma’ .

An overview of research literature on Roma can be found in Dupcsik, A magyarországi magyarországi A Dupcsik, in found be can Roma on literature research of overview An - developed research base and literature built on TÁRKI Social Research Institute, Research Social TÁRKI on built literature and base research developed , but society’s image society’s but , 50

are and how Roma people identify themselves or are externally identified, but it it but identified, externally are or themselves identify people Roma how and are Regarding wider sociological studies describe those circumstances among which Roma Roma which among circumstances those describe studies sociological wider eéy Jny n Lengyel and Janky Kemény, sociological and socio and sociological ae o which on based 49

The Employment of Roma Roma of Employment The n ay ae w cn eoe ifrain rm cross from information recover can we cases many In the current the

h floig ucatr are subchapters following the

of on the work of of work the on ,

thesis, it is not is it thesis, and and oue teai aaye rfrig o oa ih be might Roma to referring analyses thematic focused - minority relations, xenophobia relations, minority - opinion about these about opinion psychological research on the on research psychological ,

– ayrrzg cgnsg 1971 cigányság magyarországi 26

EvidenceHungary from

ndings of relevant research relevant of ndings – th

pno plig gnis Te following The agencies. polling opinion ht oty er ngtv faue and features negative bears mostly that is set of set is –

s lo en sn sc a colloquial, a such using been also as has already been extensively studied studied extensively been already has customs and customs . This .

characteristics that are that characteristics not of Sciences, the Institute for for Institute the Sciences, of . special

discussin

and habits of Roma people, Roma of habits values and values - 2003

ized prejudice that relies that prejudice ad describing and g ; on the prevailing prevailing the on

Kemény, question lies at lies question a ttitudes of ttitudes of centralof - oa of Roma cutting CEU eTD Collection 52 51 R segregated have 1990s somewhat improving picture that fact the despite parasitic’ and uneducated dirty, unreliable, lazy, not or people Roma living. of way the and contacts relations, personal to related mostly were stereotypes negative these that and period, pr were Roma about stereotypes negative mostly that conclusion the to came He 1992. and 1987 from results comparing society, the of members by Roma to attributed Roma, of representation social the examining in summarized were period regime of I. how theseincertain changed, have aspectsdeteriorated and attitudes

1. Ibid. 58 Ibid. Lázár P The research results on the social attitudes towards Roma in Hungary in Roma towards attitudes social the on results research The r Table 1: , as indicated in Table 2. Table in indicated as , evailing attitudesevailing ,

codn to According “ . A felnőtt lakosság nemzeti identitása a kisebbségekhez való viszony tükrében viszony való kisebbségekhez a identitása nemzeti lakosság felnőtt A

Unfriendly Antipathetic Poor Joyful Parasitic Uneducated Dirty Unreliable Lazy Violent ‘Roma people‘Roma are…’ stereotypes towards ‘Roma’ that have prevailed in Hungary and will point out point will and Hungary in prevailed have that ‘Roma’ towards stereotypes C haracteristics attributed to Roma peopleharacteristics toRoma attributed

oma within society had decreased by 16 per cent, of those who would have have would who those of cent, per 16 by decreased had society within oma

Guy sgiiat aoiy f responden of majority significant a

When When and stereotypesand , percentage whoagreed)respondents of

eaie stereotypes negative

between 1987and 1992,

asked

etween 1987 and 1992 the proportion of those who would would who those of proportion the 1992 and 1987 etween

ab (N=874) out whether certain characteristics characteristics certain whether out 1987 41 50 52 59 70 71 76 68 78 79 towards Romatowards cmrhnie study comprehensive a

ee eknn b te einn o the of beginning the by weakening were ae n seset f h characteristics the of assessment an gave

as showninTable 1. (N=1201) in the past decade according research toGuy’s 1992 28 41 45 53 62 62 63 65 68 71

in Hungary in s hrceie Rm a ‘violent, as Roma characterized ts

y áá Guy Lázár by Difference

in the 1990s in the ” - - -

------13 13 10 in Hungary. 9 7 6 8 9 3 8

around

were attributed to attributed were results

esent in this this in esent

the change change the revealed

. (the 51

When

a CEU eTD Collection 56 vélemények.”, 55 54 53 by and SZDSZ liberal extremeright (24MIÉP points) (64points). (MSZP o characteristic fundamental a not was sentiment non on discourse political increased the to attributed was which 100 of scale a on 44 to points 56 from decreased 2002 minorities. ethnic self and representation political the institutionalizing as well as rights, minority and freedoms political norms, democratic of conscious more people making Roma for more do people. should government Hungarian The Roma should people become Hungarian society.of rest the from separated completely be should people Roma Roma donot deserve people support. Roma will not people integrate into Hungarian society. Roma enriches culture Roma not should give uptheir customs habits. and Roma be should forced to live way the other people do. There are worthy Roma but most of people, them are not. among waswho thoughtpreserve it important to those cultural traits. Roma increase cent per 7 and Roma to autonomy granted have would who those among increase R not believe did who those and people good ordinary, not were Roma thought who those of while 12%, by them assimilated have would who those of 13%, by fell them against coercion used

Enyedi al. et Ibid. Ibid. o a oe eald xlnto see: explanation detailed more a For This positive change was attributed by social scientists to the democratization the to scientists social by attributed was change positive This

79. Table 2: Respondents’ opinion aboutpeopleTable Roma according 2:Respondents’ opinion toGuy’s research

–

m cud i it scey y pr et Adtoal, hr ws 1 pr cent per 13 a was there Additionally, cent. per 2 by society into fit could oma 46 points, Fidesz Fidesz points, 46

, 4

“ 62. Nőttek

- e az előítéletek Magyarországon?” előítéletek az e codn t Eyd e a te anti the al et Enyedi to According

Hungarian culture. Statement – -

iciiain itgain n sca icuin Anti inclusion. social and integration discrimination, 48 points), while the two ends of the spectrum were represented represented were spectrum the of ends two the while points), 48

spl, áin ad Sík, and Fábián, Csepeli, in in every aspect.

f any major political party during these years these during party political major any f ,

385

- 386. - Rom

(N=762) 1987 “ 23 37 39 33 66 66 69 78 91 eoói é a cig a és Xenofóbia sniet ewe 19 and 1994 between sentiment a

56 and political of governance

(N=1200) 1992 18 25 23 20 64 67 76 65 87 53

ányságról alkotott alkotott ányságról

Difference of society, society, of

54 - - - - +1 +7 - - - - 12 16 13 13

5 2 4 Roma

CEU eTD Collection 61 60 társadalomban.” 59 58 57 discriminationinclination to andthe societal ofpoverty image Cs and Örkény higher [ minorities ethnic to provided benefits anti main of the source ethnocentrism Besides poverty. ethnicizing of dangers the about warned 2002) (Ladányi scientists social phenomenon, this Regarding soc of conflicts local system, welfare social the of transformation the of result a ‘As Roma: for unfavorable especially were strata social within gap growing a and impoverishment increasing about brought that regime regardingcultural otherness andethnic and thought. social of forefront the changed has poor the and poverty to relation tensions societal increased in resulted period transformation the as impetus an xeno workers skilled sky in resulting employed, been had of minorityconsidered were that underpinned research

Székelyi, Örkény and Csepeli Örkényand Székelyi, Enyedi Fábián, Kemény, Havas and n seset f hs processe these of assessment An the Enyedi et al et Enyedi regime of change the followed that years the In phobic attitudes and prejudices that already then attributed Hungarian society were given were society Hungarian attributed then already that prejudices and attitudes phobic

Hungarian economy practically erased many of those sectors in which Roma people people Roma which in sectors those of many erased practically economy Hungarian – et al. al. et Tekintélyelvűség és előítéletek Tekintélyelvűség

Cs. T.] could endanger the sustainability of the whole welfare system.’ welfare whole the of sustainability the endanger could T.] Cs. “

Nőttek - epeli came epeli oa sen Roma on the job market that was was that market job the on also “ - e az előítéletek Magyarországon?” Magyarországon?” előítéletek az e A magyarországi romákról.” magyarországi A

pointed out that the negative the that out pointed as

, social that fear the chauvinism”, “welfare become has timents

to the conclusion that ‘there wa ‘there that conclusion the to “ hs ietfe b mjrt scey s eogn t the to belonging as society majority by identified those Romakép a mai magyartársadalomban” mai a Romakép losers of the change of regime.change the of losers

a itrs hd fe be bree b a ehi undertone. ethnic an by burdened been often had interest ial s

58 s ie by given is .

hs ietfe a Rm hd o ae aall revulsions parallel face to had Roma as identified Those - oktn uepomn and unemployment rocketing among whom the ratio of poor was proportionately proportionately was poor of ratio the whom among

the negative attitudes poor. towards the the negative

zkli Örkény Székelyi, 29 for the more negative more the for vn oe ifcl ta before than difficult more even

375 . socio period, - – economic effects of the change of of change the of effects economic

s a strong correlation between the between correlation strong a s 57

n Csepeli, and

zlni 02 Gábos 2002, Szelényi both experience and sociological and experience both

, - The fundamentaltransformationThe

stricken Roma people.’ Roma stricken 32 .

and in

“

oaé a a magyar mai a Romakép was brought more to more brought was situation a . Thus . . Meanwhile Meanwhile . 60 59

Székelyi, – society’s o low for 61

Szívós

Roma - CEU eTD Collection nagyvilágon e kívül…”e nagyvilágon 63 in chapter. this included research empirical of decades two on based http://konfliktuskutato.hu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=278 2014. 62 transformation economic W measures. protection rights minority anti more including culture, political changing of effects positive the society of democratization the to attributed regime of change the around relative certain was there observe hand, one can the On 1990s. we the in tendencies because multiple 2000, beyond results research with complemented tendencies show to subchapter next the in context broader a into put are results these of Some Hungary. strengthen all that chauvinism welfare and xenophobia ethnocentrism, by characterized much very is general in society Hungarian representation ofRoma inHungary

Csepeli, “Cigányok és zsidók: diszkrimináció és intolerancia a mai magyar társadalomban.” Accessed May 2, 2, May Accessed társadalomban.” magyar mai a intolerancia és diszkrimináció zsidók: és “Cigányok Csepeli, Fábián, Fábián, In sum, studies sum, In ------ae o eprcl evidence, empirical on Based

intolerance(forced homogenization). segregation inschools; Romaphobia’ (anticipationof fear); collective want paranoia (‘Roma doharm’); to a preferencewaysforresolution (deportation, radicalofsocietalconflict segregation); strong inblamingembodied prejudices (‘thief’, often ‘crim Hungarian society; number absolute the of overestimation great distancing; societal Tekintélyelvűség és előítéletek és Tekintélyelvűség

as early as in the 1980s the in as early as

strengthened ethnocentrism and anti and ethnocentrism strengthened

, Székelyi et al., “Romakép a mai magyar társadalomban”, Csepeli, “ Csepeli, társadalomban”, magyar mai a “Romakép al., et Székelyi ,

along eightalong György quoted throughout the thesis. A sample of these research results is is results research these of sample A thesis. the throughout quoted hile on the other hand other the on hile ed

and repeatedly during the 1990s the during repeatedly and disinclination disinclination

spl smaie te hrceitc o the of characteristics the summarized Csepeli 30

s negative stereotypes

and the growth rate of Roma people within people Roma of rate growth the and

n prejudices and

the burden put on society on put burden the - Roma sentiment in the form of of form the in sentiment Roma inal’); :

- These conclusions are are conclusions These iciiain and discrimination and later thanks to thanks later and towards Roma Roma towards 63

highlighted that highlighted improvement

by the the by in A

CEU eTD Collection 65 2012? in WeStand al., et Bernát fejekben”; norma. 64 agre respondents of cent per 60 still Furthermore, agreed supported two decades; past the in fragmentary been have results research empirical comparable society. systematic, Hungarian in aspect every in strengthening significantly sentiment Roma I. Hungarianwithin and thespecifical society prejudice of level high generally the on build could phenomena These chauvinism. welfare N let not in. are Roma where discos and clubs right is It bloodthe Roma.of started in is criminality to inclination The finally they working. if solved be would Roma of problems The Negative items attend samethe class as non RomaAll have children be should given Roma to non to than benefits social More Positive items

Bernát et al, 4. al, et Bernát spl ta. “ al., et Csepeli Strengthening negative perceptions the millennium turn afterof the eadn sca b social Regarding 1990s the compare we If ”

Accessed April 20, 2014 http://www.publicus.hu/blog/ciganyellenesseg_norma/ http://www.publicus.hu/blog/ciganyellenesseg_norma/ 2014 20, April Accessed n 2011 in

that there are still pubs, still are there that

ht oe hud be should more that those availablehave r Table 3

Xenofóbia é Xenofóbia

ht hi polm wud e ovd i te fnly tre working’. started finally they ‘if solved be would problems their that ngtv ad also and negative , : Attitudes towards Roma in Roma towards : Attitudes The Roots of Radicalism and Anti and Radicalism of Roots The

the rightto nft poie t Rm pol, o people, Roma to provided enefits - Roma. - s a cigányságról alkotott vélemények” alkotott cigányságról a s Roma.

with

evealed rvdd o them to provided

the 1994 988 46 64 89 15 -

first decade of the new millennium new the of decade first

Ratio ofRatio respondents agreeing thewith

these trends trends these discriminative attitudes towards Roma have been been have Roma towards attitudes discriminative

ly strong negative sentiments felt towards Roma. strongly negativesentiments felt 31 3,857 1997

10 47 the 1990sand Hungary 2000sin

- - - - Roma Attitude Roma

, ed that ‘the inclination to criminality is in is criminality to inclination ‘the that ed

hl sil oe hn / o respondents of 4/5 than more still while as it is summarized in as issummarized it 1,521 2000 15 38 55 85 88 ; Publicus Research, “ Research, Publicus ;

s on the Far Right. Far the son

l 1 pr et f respondents of cent per 11 nly

1,022 2002 12 33 53 88 89

Despite the fact that that fact the Despite

Table 3. ent “nercó a “Integráció Bernát,

we find that find we Hungary: Where Do Hungary: 4,040 2008 Cigányellenesség a Cigányellenesség statement 36 60 78 86 8

3,040 2011

11 42 60 82 82 a nti

- CEU eTD Collection 68 http://www.publicus.hu/blog/ciganyellenesseg_norma/ 67 66 Roma aboutdiscourse the stronglyto were andbound attention media localities Tatárszentgyörgy and Veszprém in cases murder the self confl criminality, to inclination an having as Roma of think people results: similar find we attitudes, public on is f anti that suggesting Roma, the towards attitudes on impact small a only have socio ‘traditional that summary, research their in emphasized i trend deteriorating media and political years’ c criminality’ ‘Roma why showing gypsies’, of blood the fulfilled application requirements. institutionsto higherof A certain number of students of Roma should origin be admitted people. Roma should people be given more support than non societalto security. The increasing number of Roma within people society threat a is Roma inherently are unable coexist to with non Roma. Roma more not are inclined commit to violent crimes than non It better is if Roma donot mix non with applied Roma.for Roma perpetrators, therefore re There are certain criminal acts that are more often committed by Table 4

Ibid. al et Bernát airlyevenly widely) (and spread throughout society.’ - Another telling research, conducted by Marketing Centrum in January in Centrum Marketing by conducted research, telling Another segregation polls of results the add also we If ulcs Research, Publicus

: Public sentiment expressedtowards: Public Roma along certain dimensio .,

, as assessed inTable 4. , as assessed

icting attitude, characterized by unemployment, societal differentiation and and differentiation societal unemployment, by characterized attitude, icting

te at eae oh n col ad n ulc places. public in and schools in both decade past the n

education irrespective whether of they

Statement discourse. Regarding attitudes to segregation, we can see a slightly slightly a see can we segregation, to attitudes Regarding discourse. “ spective legal measures should be iáyleesg norma a Cigányellenesség

- Roma.

conducted by Publicus Research in 2009 in Research Publicus by conducted 67 and conflict.

- Roma.

- Roma

66 - ould

”

be used so effectively in effectively so used be cesd pi 2, 2014 20, April Accessed - eorpi characteristics demographic disagree Rather

ht eevd outstanding received that 75% 74% 27% 38% 52% 40% 45% ) drew a drew )

ns ofcooperation

2009 (still before (still 2009 - gypsy sentiment gypsy detailed picturedetailed Rather agree

ent t al et Bernát that focused that 16% 18% 62% 52% 37% 50% 46% recent recent

CEU eTD Collection 70 69 education of lack 30%); and (8% poverty 32%); and (9% behavior uncivilized ignorance, 41%); and (17% criminality altogether); mentioned 46% problem positiveof discrimination. be should programs graduate to applicants Roma ‘poverty only is There Hungary. issue’. in issue’ ‘Roma no is There Studies of Roma children should be supported by fellowships. schools.in that outrageous is It Marriage between Roma non and would learn segregated in schools. non and Roma if better along get would Everyone minorities. speak should Everyone Roma often discriminated are against at work. Roma folk culture is just as worthy Hungarian as folk culture. Roma have people theft in their blood. bad people among them. everyone like just are people Roma Roma often people intimidate peaceful people. to learnt work. they last at if Roma with problems no be would There society. into fit cannot and property private respect not do people Roma ethnic conflicts inter arising for responsible are themselves Roma the Primarily claiming discriminationand atwork’ issue’. ‘there Roma isno that‘there isno anti showed 78% contrast, In (2). favor in 40% and Roma of discrimination positive the against were 53% handother the on while (1), general in discrimination rejected respondents of thirds two about hand, one the results and and minority Roma the to related attitudes of

Ibid, 9. Ibid, Marián, Table hs rsls rm 09 lo hw ht epe osdr o e h ms pressing most the be to consider people what show also 2009 from results These

s 5 “

Milyenek a Milyenek :

of Roma: unemployment and find and unemployment Roma: of , Statements and mapping responses upattitudes and toRoma sentiments related

a s .

summarized in Table in summarized Roma and non and Roma cigányok?

u aant h dsrmnto o ethnic of discrimination the against out

Statement ” -

oa tiue () wh (3), attitudes Roma

- Roma endup usually unhappy.

Roma children are segregated are children Roma else, there are both good and good both are there else,

5 , f , our attitudes ha attitudes our

ing a job (21% mentioned in the first place and place first the in mentioned (21% job a ing 33 aided by means by aided of anti of - Roma children children Roma

- Ro or lack of access to education (9% and and (9% education to access of lack or ile d

ma sentiments. ma

been 54

- dvle ay problems any devolved % mapped up up mapped ‘Fully agree’ (per cent) (per 34 37 35 39 41 10 15 13 19 13 23 21 21 35 32

Along the questions the Along in the research: On research: the in

Median score of of answers +40 +44 +47 +49 +52 +12 +16 +23 +37 +40 - - +6 +7 - 27 11 9

70 (4)

, CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 48 66%total population, ofJobbik, on discourse to way easy giving gypsies’, of blood the in is criminality to inclination ‘the that think respondents the of half almost criminality: to respect with similar is situation The agree). rather or fully 56% MSZP: 64%, FIDESZ: 85%, (Jobbik: agree rather 25% agree, fully (38% security societal to threat a as population Roma the perceive people poll opinion 55% of Fidesz to inclined more significantly Capital Political (21 p Party Socialist (Hungarian attitude anti this share parties larger two the support who those of third a that noteworthy also i three all with agreed cent) per (46 voters Jobbik of half than less that is surprising more is What surprise). a as comes hardly far the of supporters are Roma the about statements negative the all n disproportionate a preference:political and gypsysentiment anti between 3, Table in to referred set the case poverty). of in (like well as sense generalized more a in prejudice negative with coupled often elements, 19%) and (7% alcoholism 26%);

Political Capital Political Bernát 15. Ibid, hs s lo upre b te data the by supported also is This sentiments, such beyond factors determining the at Looking er cent) of supporters of the small leftist party LMP. oftheer leftist small party cent) of supporters

et al, 2. al, et

. 73 – - ys sniet n ay socio any and sentiment gypsy

altogether 63%). Moreover, this is true along any party preference mea preference party any along true is this Moreover, 63%). altogether voters and 54ofvoters MSZP and We need to highlight that according to these results the majority of Hungarian of majority the results these to according that highlight to need We ,

“ Magyarország politikai kockázatiindexe politikai Magyarország hglgtn ta pol ecutrn mr ngtv attds are attitudes negative more encountering people that highlighting ,

came to the conclusion conclusion the to came

ad obk As Jobbik. wards tems, even though the party’s main pillar is anti is pillar main party’s the though even tems, . - 71 – 48 per cent FIDESZ of voters) and MSZP

33 per cent; FIDESZ cent; per 33 hs ae ey tog msl ngtv representative negative mostly strong, very are These - voters openly anti declared voters ulse i te oiia Rs Idx f 00 by 2010 of Index Risk Political the in published 34 - eorpi caatrsi, u bten anti between but characteristic, demographic

Table ”,

60. ht te togs rltosi i not is relationship strongest ‘the that

’ summarizes, 68% of Jobbik of 68% summarizes, 72 - KDNP KDNP

‘Roma criminality’. (47% of the the of (47% criminality’. ‘Roma umber of those who agreed with agreed who those of umber - Bernát et al et Bernát – Roma sentiments sentiments Roma -

right Jobbik party (which (which party Jobbik right 31 per cent), as do a fifth a do as cent), per 31

using the data data the using - gypsy. It is It gypsy. in -

- a 2009 voters, gypsy sured sured - CEU eTD Collection 74 issue’ be and aswill in explained it, it securitizing chapters. thenext b 2006 after capital political generate to Jobbik by used successfully anti the to open medium segregation’ receptive a and created differentiation social unemployment, attitude, conflicting ‘criminality, anti claim, my to prejudices According and Roma. disinclination towards strengthened all ethnocentrism, that by chauvinism characterized welfare and much xenophobia very is society Hungarian that highlighted and reality what of (independent connotations and features negative bears mostly Roma of image’ constructed ‘socially also and representation perceived the that shown have studies 1 duringthe society Hungarian in prevailed had that sentiments and stereotypes attitudes, negative related blood ofblood gypsies. criminality in is the The inclination to societal security. means threat a to population in Hungary A growing Roma

Ibid, 61. Ibid, n u, hs hpe gv a overview an gave chapter this sum, In Statement

Table 990s and have remained strong or even strengthened in the past decade.Empirical past the strengthenedin even or remainedstrong have and 990s

6 : Attitudes : Attitudes

1: fully1: disagree 2 3 4 fully5: agree fully1: disagree 2 3 4 5:fully agree

shown

towards Roma along party preferences

population Total Total 35 f h scea preto o Rm ad those and Roma of perception societal the of 13 11 29 21 26 21 25 38 9 8 - oa aia right radical Roma

oa tiue ad troye re stereotypes and attitudes Roma

Jobbik 24 29 37 11 23 62 4 6 1 3

ig icus ta was that discourse wing FIDESZ y constructing a ‘Roma a constructing y 12 11 29 21 27 10 19 27 37 7

in 2009

might be) might MSZP ae to lated 17 11 25 21 27 11 11 21 20 36

CEU eTD Collection 83 82 81 80 79 http://valasztas.hu/dyn/pv14/szavossz/hu/orszlist.html 78 http://www.valasztas.hu/dyn/pv10/outroot/vdin1/hu/l403.htm 77 http://www.valasztas.hu/hu/ep2009/7/7_0_index.html 76 neo example right ‘conservative to right d this In element. binding cases common, a some is (in Roma undemocratic targeting incentives pursuing violent) which among characteristics, of range wide a along connected closely) al. et Krekó with accordance in self the indicate to thesis the in term this use I and (Róna paper. scientific a in nationalist’ ‘radical label the of use the reject they moreover, Mozgalom, Magyarországért Jobbik cla has research national nor literature scholarly international neither measures. undemocratic impose and limits these break insti democratic challenges and democracy right 75 discourse, media researching were Róna base support; societal growing behind attitudes and values on focusing radicalism; boosting on crisis economic the of effects s 2014). vo all of yearat Next Parliamentary elections. party nationalist’ Jobbik when 2009 in apparent ne then ince

Karácsony Nagy Bíró Rudas, Krekó Grajczár As mentioned in the Introduction of the thesis, a widely held view differentiates between radical and extreme and radical between differentiates view held widely a thesis, the of Introduction the in mentioned As - , The ig ae o te supin ht h rdcl right radical the that assumption the on based wing 81 ore f aa Ntoa Eeto Ofc (rzgs áazái Iroda) Választási (Országos Office Election National Elect data: National of data: Source of data: Source of Source 78

while “ Juhász

tes cast tes The reasons behind the transformation of the radical right have been under scrutiny under been have right radical the of transformation the behind reasons The A Jobbik törzsszavazóiról.” AJobbik significant and - and Róna and Nazi organizations) at the extreme right end of the of end right theat extreme organizations) Nazi and rm aiu pit o view. of points various from

Tóth Bíró Nagy and Róna the institutional the Róna and Nagy Bíró and

Sőrés, “ Sőrés, Róna, ) , 75 77

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*: Attacks commited by the ‘Gang of Four’ ofFour’ ‘Gang theby Attackscommited *: Olaszliszka Hatvan Siófok Sajóbábony Kisléta* Táska Tiszalök* Fadd Old Tatárszentgyörgy Tatárszentgyörgy* Alsózsolca* Pusztadobos Debrecen Tarnabod* Siófok Tamásipuszta* Nyíradony Nagycsécs* Piricse* Galgagyörk* Pátka The complete list with more details can be found in: ERRC in: found canbe details more withcompletelist The “ Among these attacks these Among oaylosgk mga a ítélet az megvan Romagyilkosságok: Table

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Mno.hu, August 6, 2013. 2013. 6, August Mno.hu, - - itelet Mno.hu, August 6, 2013. 2013. 6, August Mno.hu, inditekot fired at the house of a Roma family (no injuries) (no family Romaa houseof the at fired 52

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“ “ oyn et ade hbr Sajóbábonyban? háború majdnem lett Hogyan öevrkds it zrá l Sajóbábonyt le zárták miatt Tömegverekedés h Sjbbn icdn i isl rpeetd h lvl f paet oe, physically open, apparent, of level the represented itself in incident Sajóbábony The of demonstrations frequent with 2009 of end the by peaked tensions of escalation The tary loss of control over the tense situation that enabled local actors to turn to violent to turn to actors local enabled that situation tense the over control of loss tary

at the incident was commented by then Major of Miskolc, Sándor Káli as Káli Sándor Miskolc, of Major then by commented was incident the at

king thethirdtrigger it event identified inmy analysis.

- sajobabony o crusacs f ii war.’ civil of circumstances for - om local Roma residents. Even though only extreme right extreme only though Even residents. Roma local om Roma people lived together. lived people Roma - tomegverekedes . ” ”

Origo.hu, November 15, 2009. 2009. 15, November Origo.hu, Index.hu, November 16, 2009. 2009. 16, November Index.hu, 53

haboru_sajobabonyban/ - ie rrl eteet. oeie these Sometimes settlements. rural sized - miatt

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rendorseg n proa interview personal a In Therefore the escalating the Therefore cesd a 5 2014. 5, May Accessed Accessed May 5, 2014. 2014. 5, May Accessed - a prevent mutual mutual prevent - eturning media media eturning 122 varost.html

- CEU eTD Collection http 127 126 http://nol.hu/archivum/sajobabony_utan___pol 2009. 16, 125 theory. withsecuritization inaccordance broa nationally whatwas war, civil about talking as extremes such to context the polarizing by charge symbolic heavy cannot commentary his 124 desecuritization a months coming the in and injuries), no (causing house Roma period time examined 2009 in Program) Biztonság és (Rend Program Safety and Order Public the initiating through crimes) petty (including criminality tackle to efforts further as well as neighborhoods, rural on emphasis strong with tensions process had andlocal whichtotake in bothcentral authorities their share. conflict. nor of discourse. element new this over took media national intention Káli’s Despite well. as elite governing the of behalf on response a received had but time that politics wing the to subscribes parliament Hungarian the of member a as and high) constantly are tensions Roma situated Hungary of city largest fourth and authority’ ‘public both representing someone that fact, the that argue I process. securitization the of framework

Tálas, Tálas, This claim might be disputed, but from the discourse analytical point of view Káli was representing b representing was Káli view of point analytical discourse the from but disputed, be might claim This See for example: example: for See ://www.jogiforum.hu/hirek/2157 oi Fórum Jogi dcasted and carried carried and dcasted – It was only the upcoming national elections and certain government measures after which after government measures certain and elections national upcoming the only was It wider the within act’ speech securitizing ‘successful the as identified is casespecific This

securitizing discourse, clearly expresses that it had taken roots not only in radical right radical in only not roots taken had it that expresses clearly discourse, securitizing more importantly importantly more “ 126 Accessed May 5, 2014. AccessedMay5, seemingly Tatárszentgyörgy után Tatárszentgyörgy 125

These expert warnings can also be seen as t as seenbe also can warnings expert These

However, there were some who were eager to voice that neither the terminology,the neither that voice to eager were who some were there However, ,

“ – ed s Biztonság és Rend followed (inmorefollowed details see “ Sajóbábony után: ‘polgárháborús állapotra készülünk’. állapotra ‘polgárháborús után: Sajóbábony began to ease. These included included began toease.These on by on be assessed independent of the of independent assessed be

took place in Olaszliszka on July 4, 2010, when shots were fired at a at fired were shots when 2010, 4, July on Olaszliszka in place took te gvrig ‘left governing) (then – media, it had the potential to be identified as a as identified be to potential the had it media,

”

h stain elce te miet het f xesv societal extensive of threat imminent the reflected situation the

- 4 2010.

. ”

127 Jogiforum.hu, September 07, 2009 2009 07, September Jogiforum.hu,

garhaborus_allapotra_keszulunk_ in h ls mjr incident major last The Northeastern Hungary, a Hungary, Northeastern 54 -

below ig oiis a te ao o Msoc ( Miskolc of Mayor the as politics’ wing context

strengthening police presence on the streets, strengthening presencethestreets, police on ). , like as if it was his private opinion. Carrying opinion. private his was it if as like ,

he first steps towards a desecuritization a towards steps first he ” securitizing ‘successful

temporary ivlig firearms) (involving Népszabadság online, November November online, Népszabadság

region cesd a 2, 2014. 20, May Accessed

where

the securitization securitization the ‘de - Roma Roma escalation’

speech act’ act’ speech oth, and and oth, – n the in

non the 124 – - -

CEU eTD Collection 129 128 ‘upgr or escalated be can that sentiment Roma anti for medium the as serves what explain to is Hungary in years recent in ‘Roma’ targeting documented in ‘Roma’ towards attitudes negative prevailing and otherness’ ‘Roma of perceptions public the on builds ‘threat’ the of construction Such etc. criminals’ society, to burden ‘parasites, ethnic an within people Roma constructed constructed. is ‘us’ to threat defined clearly tha ‘enemy’ an of image an Thus, identification. self one’s against constructed is pole negative a of image the which through identification radicalextreme rig and the of moves securitization the to audience receptive very a be to proved society Hungarian of practices societ Hungarian in Roma of image negative othering. and blaming scapegoating, through concerns) economic safety, public on discourse (securitizing action political into transformed and Roma to linked a and perceptions public negative resentment, (public phenomena the between societal Thus connection othering. radical through the constructed was audience above the and described actor securitizing process securitizaton the in that shown III.2.

Hansen, 370. Hansen, Balzacq, hs h ky o nesadn rdcl etee ih wn scrtzto attempts securitization wing right extreme / radical understanding to key the Thus As mentioned audience is securitization effective an that argued Balzacq The keyThe tosecuritization: radical successful othering “ The Three Faces ofSecuritization Faces Three The negative the the

recent years’recent empirical research. radical above

image of ‘Roma’ that bear that ‘Roma’ of image ht wing through discourse. right discussed in Chapter 2, t 2, Chapter in discussed right , Lene process othering’of‘radical discoursive Hansendefinesas the ,

zn gops dsore hog baig n ht sec as speech hate and blaming through discourse groupist izing ”, ”, 171.

55 129 aded’ through radical othering. This medium is medium This othering. radical through aded’ itoue i Catr ad h tos and tools the and 1 Chapter in introduced y

n eain o h Hnain ae t s the is it case Hungarian the to relation In t bears negative characteristics and poses a poses and characteristics negative bears t outstanding importance. This image depicts depicts image This importance. outstanding his section will give an explanation why explanation an give will section his

- centered ttitudes) had been directly been had ttitudes) Recalling the traits of the of traits the Recalling 128

n patc has practice and - - CEU eTD Collection 132 http://athenainstitute.eu/en/context/read/41 as themselves identify that communities or individuals 131 any of characteristics Roma other or cultural of set any or 130 discourse, t important in othering radical process, securitization III.3. purposes. discourse own its anti construct on to centered able was right radical the how analyze and demonstrate results. limited only brought activities their involved, to tried parties political other as thematized been had Hungary of population Roma the to related issues how dominate to able was Jobbik 2006 projects flagship its of one as topic new the 2003, in scene political the on appeared Jobbik wing right radical When Roma. to discourse popular in connected strongly security, economic and societal of w ideas. extremist to subscribe people such of groups or views radical – studied been repeatedly ethno through drawn image long the

ith the need perceived by a significant ratio of Hungarian population to deal with problems problems with deal to population Hungarian of ratio significant a by perceived need the ith as Athena Institute calls it it calls Institute Athena as

Fairclough, This abstract image of ‘Roma’ ‘Roma’ of image abstract This Methodologically, following upon Norman Fairclough’s work on the social theory of of theory social the on work Fairclough’s Norman upon following Methodologically, the of element key the how demonstrate to serves chapter this in analysis Discourse “ . Discourse analysis Early warning dispatch 6. 6. dispatch warning Early As mentioned before, t before, Asmentioned - xset eaie ulc ecpin f Rm’ n Hungary in ‘Roma’ of perception public negative existent

132

“ it shows how the connection between discursive practice and social practice is practice social and practice discursive between connection the how shows it Discourse and Social Change Social and Discourse his regard forvarious reasons. - oa etmns n radical and sentiments Roma

he investigation of heinvestigation s discussed in Chapter 1 Chapter in discussed – does not necessarily coincide with the objective self objective the with coincide necessarily not does - historical stereotypes of Roma in Hungarian society that has has that society Hungarian in Roma of stereotypes historical

that describes a social environment, in which people who have who people which in environment, social a describes that –

, as it was shown in Chapter 2 Chapter in shown was it as ,

” Miskolc

in the broader context context broader the in this issue this

” tea Insti Athena .” 56

is not is . T . teig ad hn s i fr t political its for it use then and othering, his has created an ‘enabling environment’ environment’ ‘enabling an createdhas his addressed by thesis the addressed vi tee issues these avoid

h floig ucatr will subchapters following The ue Acse My 1 2014. 21, May Accessed tute. worked. . Soon, and especially after after especially and Soon, . 131 130

Analyzing discourse Analyzing This pattern coincided pattern This -

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CEU eTD Collection 133 trait discursive formal party’s the of examples the 2006 the in sources media various in represented available of social surroundingsecuritizing inMiskolc). practice ‘successful (discourse speech act’ the prac discursive as items), (news analysisbut discourse.’ of effects practice, discursive the of nature the shaped that how and event discursive the of circumstances organizational and institutional the as such analysis social in concern of issues to attends dimension practice’ ‘social The combined. are they how social more the in ‘discourses’ (including discourse of types which example for interpretation, and production text of processes the of nature the practice’dimensi ‘discursive The texts. of analysis language to attends dimension ‘text’ The practice. social of instance an and practice, discursive of instance an text, of piece a simultaneously being as seesFairclough Thus theory.social and linguistically securiti of context the including analysis, of scope wider a for calling theory, securitization regarding context a in securitization int the underpinning constructed,

Ibid, 4. Ibid, formal political discourse of Jobbik related to Roma relatedto formal ofJobbik political discourse In doing so, I will do a tripartite examination of discourses. In Section III.3.1In Section of examination I a discourses. tripartite do will In so, doing socially of synthesis a as approach multidimensional this introduces Fairclough As zation toalargerzation extent.

also research results on Jobbik’s changing media discourse and the image of Roma Roma of image the and discourse media changing Jobbik’s on results research - oriented views of discourse, he attempts at drawing together language analysis analysis language together drawing at attempts he discourse, of views oriented examining the multidimensional relation between discourse as a piece of text of piece a as discourse between relation multidimensional the examining on, like ‘interaction’ in the ‘text the ‘interaction’in like on,

133

Regarding the current study t study current the Regarding - driven approach. Thus, it also meets the critique of Thierry Balzaq Thierry of critique the meets also it Thus, approach. driven

ie mda ersnain f oa n eeiin ad as and television) on Roma of representation (media tice er - ujcie scal cntutd hrceitc of characteristics constructed socially subjective, ‘any di ‘any 57 scursive ‘event’ (i.e. any instance of discourse) discourse) of any instance ‘event’(i.e. scursive

. - - and As the securitization attempt can only be be only can attempt securitization the As 2010 timeframe is given. In Section In given. is timeframe 2010 - - interaction’ view of discourse, specifies discourse, of view interaction’ hoeia sne ae draw are sense) theoretical his means focusing not only on textual on only not focusing means his

is n te osiuie constructive / constitutive the and briefly assessed to assessed provide concrete an overview an overview uo and upon n III.3.2 -

and CEU eTD Collection are included in the chapter. in included the are analysis quantitative includes usually Hungary in Research elements. these of content and context the analyses thoroughly more and beyond goes second the while appear, The analysis. qualitative 134 use effectively so Jobbik could How studies: these of forefront the at are questions main Two processes. social and political underlying the and Hungary in wing right extreme and radical criminality’ ‘Roma represented sources invariousthe200 media Roma of image the and discourse media Jobbik’s both regarding on rely can we that sources would III.3.1. prevailing ofRoma negative image repre are Roma how of glimpse a give as well as kick a gaining discourse wing right extreme and characteristicshighlightimportant will right wing discursively then is which problem the of core the also This Hungary. Northeast non and Roma between tension societal of dynamics underlying the upon is executives former and representatives action, (government) state for demand the verifies and it to subscribes audience target the if successful deemed

When doing media discourse analysis, we can follow two methodological approaches: quantitative and and quantitative approaches: methodological two follow can we analysis, discourse media doing When h eouin f Jobbik of evolution The i comprehensive A disc argumentation, my of underpinning methodological the beyond Thus, certainly Media

and identified as a‘Roma issue’ and identified discourses go

beyond the limitations of the current thesis, but there are some analytical some are there but thesis, current the of limitations the beyond have mostly been been mostly have first accounts for when, how often and along what pattern certain elements of discourse discourse of elements certain pattern what along and often how when, for accounts first

a assmn o fv itriw co interviews five of assessment n n

- et mda icus analysis discourse media depth

s ei peec ad icus, utn get mhss on emphasis great putting discourse, and presence media ’s gives .

a compar a of Jobbik’s atypical use of media, the effects of radicalofeffects the media,atypical of use Jobbik’s of evaluated included .

58 ative example of how different actors perceive perceive actors different how of example ative 6

- - off effect by building on ‘Roma criminality’, ‘Roma on building by effect off 2010 timeframe. only as it is more cost more is it as only

in Section III.3.3. These serve These III.3.3. Section in n tde ta eaie h strengthening the examine that studies in reconstructed etd n ei i rlto t society’s to relation in media in sented f h eaie fu ya period year four examined the of dce i Msoc ih local with Miskolc in nducted by the radical and extremist and radical the by 134 -

effective effective - Roma residents in residents Roma –

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30. and and

135 Sőrés

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Tudatos radikalizmus. A Jobbik útja a Parlamentbe, 2003 útja Parlamentbe, a AJobbik radikalizmus. Tudatos These popular, cost popular, These brkdh ( barikad.hu ,

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Ibid, Karácsony

on byn ti, e lo ed o osdr h tasomto o te ie political wider the of transformation the consider to need also we this, beyond Going Th a toe oe pn o obks gna olw lentv misra mda sources media mainstream alternative follow agenda Jobbik’s to open more those hat who ,

50 e

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s A Jobbik titka. A szélsőjobb magyarországi megerősödésének lehetséges okairól. lehetséges megerősödésének magyarországi Aszélsőjobb titka. AJobbik .

Most importantly, the authors point out that out point authors the importantly, Most

(October 2006) (October (It is also worth to mention that Karácsony and Róna also point also Róna and Karácsony that mention to worth also is (It

between 2006 and and 2006 between em esaes ésaasg n Mga Nemzet. Magyar and Népszabadság newspapers ream Cosma in Veszprém (February 2009), the murder of Jenő of murder the 2009), (February Veszprém in Cosma h tlvso nw programs news television the , th , is also deeply elaborated upon by Karácsony and Karácsony by upon elaborated deeply also is 60

e foundation of Magyar Gárda Magyar of foundation e the

ersnain of representation . 2009 The evolution of Jobbik into the second the into Jobbik of evolution The and

that in a compreh a in that –

the party the and these at least discursively least at these and 139 1 íaó T2 Tények, TV2 Híradó, M1 se

aiu issues various those issues were given were issues those cases cases mid ’s political success political ’s - in media and the and media in term elections in elections term

(August 2007) (August ensive manner manner ensive the .

murder murder eae to related - setting setting ”, ”, ) 53 140 of at at - ,

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Ibid, 78 Ibid, Capital Political - - However, the internal political crisis in Hungary only opened a window of opportunity of window a opened only Hungary in crisis political internal the However, Roma discourse. There seems to be a consensus among analysts that the fact that Jobbik Jobbik that fact the that analysts among consensus a be to seems There discourse. Roma Roma . -

Figure atnl bogt h tasomto o te radic the of transformation the brought lastingly rallies , 5 “ Látlelet200 : lo ihihe te ersnaie figures representative the highlighted also The appearance of The

141 nd Roma nd 8”,

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74 - 79 – .

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142

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Ibid, Ibid, Capital, Political Figure As Veronika Munk summarized, summarized, Munk Veronika As discou media of aspect other The 143 51.

referring to the argumentation of Jobbik that at last there was a political actor that actor political a was there last at that Jobbik of argumentation the to referring additional media analyses that are of use in this regard.in this analysesare useadditional media that of

6 : The presence of ‘Roma criminality’: The presenceof inmedia (numberappearances), of 2005 “ Látlelet200

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Munk, Bernáth Munk,92. Hegedű Ibid, Munk, The first comprehensive media analysis on the representation of Roma was conducted by conducted was Roma of representation the on analysis media comprehensive first The changed This

91. 94. “ s A . and and , 147 145

“

romák reprezentációja a többségi média híreiben az 1960 az médiahíreiben a többségi reprezentációja romák A cigányság a sajtóban a Acigányság n relation to prejudice, discrimination and ethnic conflict, and a further 25% was was 25% further a and conflict, ethnic and discrimination prejudice, to relation n

mbers began to see an adversary in Roma minority that has to be countered and countered be to has that minority Roma in adversary an see to began mbers Messing During the 1980s the media image of Roma became dual: on the one end of the of end one the on dual: became Roma of image media the 1980s the During ihn fw er tpc i wih oa ee ersne gie more gained represented were Roma which in topics years few a Within gtheningmedia supervision. together with together ,

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”, ”,

was burdened with local conflicts (25% of articles on Roma), on articles of (25% conflicts local with burdened was

the change of regime of change the 75.

148

150 63

–

Romák a magyarországi médiában. magyarországi a Romák

onfirmed that the number of appearances of of appearances of number the that onfirmed when political instability and economic and instability political when - as évektől napjainkig. as évektől 149

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Munk,99. by96. Also Munk, quoted 13. Ibid, Juhász Polgár Polgár The point turning a meant 2006 that researchers among consensus a be to seems There ,

(also known under the nickname Tomcat as blogger) appeared on public television that year in an an in year that television public on appeared blogger) as Tomcat nickname the under known (also “ 2012 The term itself that was present in police and criminological jargon and discourse in discourse and jargon criminologicaland police in present was that itself termThe A „cigánybűnözés A

nlss f ent ad esn offer Messing and Bernáth of analysis from which we can draw the conclusion conclusion the draw can we which from

was taken over and introduced in public discourse in 2005 by extremist extremist by 2005 in discourse public in introduced and over taken was 151 murderer.’ , ”, mint ”,

However, the breakthrough came with th with came breakthrough the However,

154 Roma was discussed.’ was Roma „az igazság” szimbóluma”, szimbóluma”, „az igazság”

152

n which players had to kill ‘Gipsy criminals’. During the months the During criminals’. ‘Gipsy kill to had players which n eod 06 pny ait anti racist, openly 2006 Beyond -

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s Additionally, the thematic content of content thematic the Additionally,

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Ibid, Ibid, Bernáth celebrities which… of Roma perpetrator notis … racism … prejudice and discrimination … The analysis of data data of analysis The in whichin the whichof , art 30.

–

: The changing ratio oftopicsrepresented: The ratio changing inmedia inconnection

and and majority

mnrt rights minority f Messing 156 Anti

This is further reinforced by the harmful Hungarian media practice that the that practice media Hungarian harmful the by reinforced further is This -

Roma prejudice and discrimination discrimination and prejudice Roma ,

“ Változó médiareprezentáció. Roma médiakép 1997 médiakép Roma médiareprezentáció. Változó

while ‘normal mainstream discourse’ has taken over much of the the of much over taken has discourse’ mainstream ‘normal while to be) Roma Roma be) to shows 2010 37% 15% 23% 13% 22% 12% 15% 21% 33% 423 8% 3% 6%

and the discussion on discrimination has lost ground within within ground lost has discrimination on discussion the and -

that criminality has gained more representation than ever ever than representation more gained has criminality that

– 2000 25% 11% 22% 37% 24% 14% 20% 16% 18%

2011 202 4% res that previously had only been a characteristic a been only had previously that res o te mnrt o mjrt ietfcto is identification majority or minority other no

155

1997 16% 38% 15% 18% 24% 17% 27% 304 8%

appear as if these were only only were these if as appear

- 2011. ”, 1993 15% 12% 15% 10% 18% 15% 12% 31% 186 6.

with Roma, 1988 Roma, with

1988 37% 35% 14% 21% 14% 6% 6% 51

- CEU eTD Collection 160 tükrében. 159 158 8. 157 comingconclusions: tothe following one within TV) Echo TV, Hír ATV, TV2, Klub, RTL TV, Duna the included analysis 2009). 23, (February Tatárszentgyörgy in murder double the and 2009) 7, (February the 2009); 30, (January criminality’ ‘Roma on Miskolc in of Police Chief the Pásztor, Albert of statement the time: of period short very a within visibility ex exemplifies years, recentout in f we analysis, media platforms. social on largeextent a to builds that media alternative Jobbik’s of development the regarding bypassed. be also will manifestations racist of spread the prevent could that media mainstream of role filtering traditional the more, consumpt extent. large a to perception public in criminality and identity Roma of interconnection the serves instillation This all. at mentioned - -

a Ibid, 84 Ibid, Bernáth Bernáth and Bernáth rzgs ái é Tlvzó Testület Televízió és Rádió Országos mined ethnicity ofethnic traits identification and ways; insome included of exception the with (usually programs news most strong and emotional framing dramatization reporting; when used media) (public TV Duna extent lesser a and MTV of that but programs news all particular of coverage media the examining When ”

- and and ion patterns ion 93. h cvrg of coverage the

these

Messing Messing, Messing, ind the same alarming characteristics. alarming same the ind

patterns but ,

“ “ evening evening Változó médiareprezentáció. Roma médiakép 1997 médiakép Roma médiareprezentáció. Változó change and social media takes over the role of information source ever source information of role the over takes media social and change Szélre tolva. Kutatási zárójelentés a roma közösségek közösségek roma a zárójelentés Kutatási tolva. Szélre

one conducted one

very well as analysts focused on elements of discourse on R on discourse of elements on focused analysts as well very th

e eet ta hd eevd egtnd ei atnin and attention media heightened received had that events ree news programs of major Hungarian television channels (MTV, channels television Hungarian major of programs news , “ 160 mgaosái eeíis ímsrk oaée konfliktusok a romaképe hírműsorok televíziós magyarországi A 157 by National Radio and Television Commission (ORTT) Commission RadioandTelevision by National

158

Moreover,

hs etr as hs niaie consequences indicative has also feature This 66

V Bernáth and Messing and Bernáth ery few such such few ery

ulc ei) iety eerd to referred directly media) public vns sn qaiaie ol of tools qualitative using events - 2011. week following these cases these following week analyses murder of Marian Cozma Marian of murder többségi médiaképéről, 2011. médiaképéről, többségi ”,

31.

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‘Independent state, livable country, proud nation.’ proud country, livable state, ‘Independent I do not intend to go into elaborations on elaborations into go to intend not do I oe oe ulttv eauto o evaluation qualitative more Some a should not should Despite of the fact that fact the of Despite though Even is that – reading’, ‘mindless towards audience meaningful without prejudices and negativeattitudes to items news relatingautomatically the leading were practices these and seldomreferencesgiv were criminalityand crime relatedexclusivelyto appeared almost ‘Roma’ of representation the way along neglecting ethnic background, characteristics individual and roles; ‘Roma’ which in picture overall negative a presented and reporting factual neutral beyond went programs news some nation see: Juhász nation

or critical . and The f 163

Messing in 2006 outlined the main ideological aims ideological main the outlined 2006 in ormal politicalormal of discourse Jobbik ignore the party’s formal political discourse when examining how Roma and Roma how examining when discourse political formal party’s the ignore – een issued een , these practices a practices these interpretation. “ , Változó médiareprezentáció. Roma médiakép 1997 médiakép Roma médiareprezentáció. Változó 162

“

A „cigánybűnözés”, mint „az igazság” „azigazság” mint „cigánybűnözés”, A

ae en sd n abused. and used been have : much of much

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67 discourse - ethnographic academic work. academic ethnographic

‘Roma’ or ‘Gip or ‘Roma’ on on Roma and and Roma

they In the examined period, period, examined the In szimbóluma”, and program points points program and appears through i through appears 161 demonstrate how the representation the how demonstrate

The next subchapter will briefly will subchapter next The sy’ (cigány) in this discourse as some some as discourse this in (cigány) sy’ - 2011. ‘Roma criminality’‘Roma

12 ” –

23 18. - 31.

t e

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Radikális Változás, p. 40. p. Változás, Radikális See for example: example: for See Based on the theoretical foundations of the thesis and in accordance with the analytical the with accordance in and thesis the of foundations theoretical the on Based Jobbik of role the that emphasizing with continues program the important, more is What 3 . Examining alocalExamining fo Accessed approach including tochangingenforcement measures these patterns, law deemed I was ‘ the reasons for this for reasons the ádr ái te omr ao o Msoc rltd o voet niet in incident violent a to related Miskolc, of Major former the Káli, Sándor argu May 21, 2014. May21, “ ih ad s mme o te ugra primn sbcie t the to subscribes parliament Hungarian the of member a as and high) Sajóbábony után: ‘polgárháborús állapotra készülünk’. állapotra ‘polgárháborús után: Sajóbábony ing

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FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Rights, HealthHuman for and Center FXB Dettke:

basic elements of Jobbik’s Jobbik’s of elements basic Summing up my research results, I came to the conclusion that the securitization attempt securitization the that conclusion the to came I results, research my up Summing of operationalization the is studies nationalism for thesis the of contribution original The “ ugr’ Jbi Pry te hlegs f uoen Ethno European of Challenges the Party, Jobbik Hungary’s ”,

15.

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CEU eTD Collection Charrett, Catherine. Charrett, L. Elisabeth Carter, Jaap. Wilde, de and Ole Wæver, Barry, Buzan, Barry. Buzan, Brubaker, Rogers. Radka. Vicenová, and Barbora Bodnárová, Áron. Varga, and Tamás Boros, Tamás, Nagy Bíró, Parlamentbe, a útja Jobbik A radikalizmus. “Tudatos Dániel. Róna, and Tamás Nagy Bíró, a vagy „cigányok” “A Mátyás. Binder, Vera. Messing, and Gábor Bernáth, Vera. Messing, and Gábor Bernáth, “ Csaba. Molnár, and Krekó,Péter Attila; Juhász, Anikó; Bernát, és érzékelése integrációjának társadalmi romák a fejekben: a “Integráció Anikó. Bernát, Analysis”, Securitization for Framework New A Methods: into “Enquiries Thierry. Balzacq, and Audience Agency, ed. Thierry, Political Balzacq, Securitization: of Faces Three “The Thierry. Balzacq, Ins Athena International. Amnesty Accessed http://alfahir.hu/node/30942 szervezetek!” radikális a “Együttműködnek Alfahir.hu. Tomás. Nociar, and Bartosz Rydlinski, Václav; Walach, Katerina; Tvrdá, Merin; Abbas, dilemma of writing security dilemma ofwriting University 2005. Press, Boulder:LynnePublishers, 1998. Rienner Post Budapest: Századvég, 2011. 2003 cigányok történeti kutatásairól.” Regio, Vol.20.No.4.(2009) 35 médiában Park, Abingdon:Milton Routledge, 2010. Motivation May 15,2014. (2002): 163 Slovakia többségi m Budapest, 22 November 2012? in Stand We Do Anti IstvánGyörgy Tóth,312 in körében”, lakosság a megítélése Balzacq, 31 in Context” http://athenainstitute.eu/en/context/read/41 2011. Right Sec - - - Cold Cold Roma Attitudes on the Far Right.” Far the on Attitudes Roma -

2010.”, in 2010.”, uritization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge Dissolve Problems and HowSecurity Theory: uritization wing Extremism in Central Europe. An Overview An Europe. Central in Extremism wing iue “ titute. . Bratislava: CENAA, 2013. EuropeanInternational Journal of Relations . Budapest: Nemzeti és Etnikai Kisebbségi. Budapest: Nemzeti 1998. Hivatal, Policy Solutions, 2012. Solutions, Policy People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the in Studies Security International for Agenda An Fear: and States People, War Era édiaképéről . London:. International, Amnesty 2010. - - 189. 53. New Routledge, York: 53. 2011. “

Ethnicity without groups.” without Ethnicity Early Warning Dispatch 6. 6. Dispatch Warning Early A critical application of securitiztion theory: overcoming the normative the overcoming theory: securitiztion of application critical A radikalizmus és Nemzet

euiiain hoy Hw euiy rbes mre n Dissolve. and Emerge Problems Security How Theory: Securitization h Etee ih i Wsen Europe Western in Right Extreme The . New York: Harversterand 1991. Wheatsheaf, . New Violent Attacks against Roma in Hungary. Time to Investigate Racial Investigate to Time Hungary. in Roma against Attacks Violent ,

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“ . “ Misperception and Ethnic Conflict: Transylvania’s Societal Security Dilem Security Societal Transylvania’s Conflict: Ethnic and Misperception a 5 04 http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20070912 2014. 5, May d Budapest: Capital, Political euiiain f ioiy ihs Cniin o Desecuritization”, of Conditions Rights: Minority of Securitization , Vol. 35. No. 3. (2004) 279 , Vol.35.No.3. - e i nt a űceemne száma bűncselekmények a nőtt is ben Radical Right: Voters and Parties in Electoral Market Electoral in Parties and Voters Right: Radical “ aásetyry tn Séjgzt bzosg zbetv percepciójának szubjektív biztonság a Széljegyzet után. Tatárszentgyörgy “ - - Jobbik 156. Szeged, Belvedere2013 Meridionale, Magyarország politikai kockázati indexe, 2010 indexe, kockázati politikai Magyarország Szegénység és szociális feszültségek szociális és Szegénység iskola.html állt 09 Ktts öseoll a aa sésjb megerősödésén szélsőjobb hazai a összefoglaló Kutatási 2009. Látlelet Backed by popular demand: Demand for right wing extremism (Derex) (Derex) extremism wing right for Demand demand: popular by Backed állt 08 Ktts öseoll a eőtltsé é a intolerancia az és előítéletesség az összefoglaló Kutatási 2008. Látlelet Nemzet és Biztonság Nemzet és BudapestBüro, 2013. Extreme Rechte inEuropa Racionálisan lázadó hallgatók, 2012. Apátia Apátia 2012. hallgatók, lázadó Racionálisan - – Szociológiai Szemle . Budapest: Political Capital, Political 2008.. Budapest: miatt s mga eytmsá é fiklsk öée I. körében főiskolások és egyetemisták magyar a us

ODIHR, 2010. ODIHR, iáyleesg norma.” a Cigányellenesség ://www.origo.hu/itthon/20120517 - - eesg A obk Magyarországért Jobbik A jelenség. szama.html - . Budapest: ORTT,2009. . iciiain oiy n te oa Assig h Ipc o EU of Impact the Assessing Roma: the and Policy discrimination - lezarta

“ olence, Promoting Integration. Field Assessment of Violent of Assessment Field Integration. Promoting olence, A kuruc.info nemzedék. Miért népszerű a Jobbik a fiatalok a Jobbik a népszerű Miért nemzedék. kuruc.info A - a - , Vol.28.No.1.(2002): 57

rendorseg http://www.osce.org/odihr/ - , Vol. 2. No. 2. (2009): 3 , Vol.2.No. 122 mgaosái eeíis ímsrk oaée a romaképe hírműsorok televíziós magyarországi A

2009 – , Vol. 11. No. 3.(2001): , Vol.11.No. 294. - 526. Budapes 526.

. Wien: Edition Steinbauer, Edition 2011 . Wien: . 86

- varost.html ásdli iot 2012 Riport Társadalmi

. Budapest: Policy Solutions Solutions Policy Budapest: . “ rg.u My 0 21. Accessed 2012. 20, May Origo.hu, “ . Budapest: Publicus Research, 2009. 2009. Research, Publicus Budapest:

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rg.u Nvme 1, 2009. 15, November Origo.hu, – oglm Népszerűségének Mozgalom 74 “ - 68545?download=true . Budapest: Budapest: . 8. Romakép a mai magyar magyar mai a Romakép - 19 statisztika

a Social Research Institute Research Social - - . Cambridge: Cambridge Cambridge Cambridge: . 49. lakossagtol

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CEU eTD Collection “ Arnold. Wolfers, in Concept” The Security: “Societal Ole. Wæver, Ole. Wæver, in Desecuritization” and “Securitization Ole. Wæver, VG. Csaba. Dupcsik, and Róza Vajda, 2013 Practices Rights Human on Reports “Country State. of Department States United “ TÁRKI. University Politics 1962. Press, International on Essays Collaboration. Lemaitre, 17 Agenda for Peace and 1989. Conflict Research, Lipschutz, CenterEnlargement forand 2008. CEU, European Studies, Hungary”.Accessed May 18, 2014. cesd a 2, 04 http://www.vg.hu/kozelet/tarsadalom/szamok 2014. 25, oriasi May Accessed http://www.tarki.hu/hu/news/2013/kitekint/20131028_szegeny.html Accessed Ma “ zmk ioytá: rái seéyé Magyarországon” szegénység a Óriási bizonyítják: Számok - Hányan voltak szegények Magyarországon 2012 Magyarországon szegények voltak Hányan a -

szegenyseg n Europe in Security the Speech Act: Analyzing the Politics of a Word. a of Politics the Analyzing Act: Speech the Security 46 - y 1,2014. 40. London: Pinter, 1993.London: Pinter, 40. - 86. ainl euiy s n miuu Smo. in Symbol.” Ambiguous an as Security National

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Country Report on Ethnic Relations: Hungary Relations: Ethnic on Report Country olumbia Universityolumbia Press, 1995. http - 402946

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Identity, Migration and the New Security New the and Migration Identity, .

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CEU eTD Collection open violence? escalation of tensions into Do you foresee further security perception? How doyou people’s see mentioned problems? state handlingfor the What are the tools of the mentionedthe problems? theof state in handling What should be the role criminal cases? suspects/perpetrators in profiling for acceptable doto ethnic Would it benecessary / criminality’ mean? What might ‘Roma security(policy) context? speaks Roma of in a Is any actor there that whatin ways? security context?If yes, Do Roma in a appear would that mean? Hungary?If yes, what Is a ’Rom there Káli,Sándor former Miskolc of Mayor respondents author.) andnotofthe the are thoseof following section inthe included and theinterviews (The representedin views right. same the in questions ofleft the in order,listed set same the asked were respondents five All interviewees. the on 40 between varied interviews the of length the thus freely, speak let and openly speak to asked were interviewees the 2012 August in conducted interviews personal the During perceived. problems social and economic wider underlying the and Roma were view of points represented various how demonstrate and exemplify to are excerpts following The

in Miskolc and the surrounding region regarding the relations of Roma and non and Roma of relations the regarding region surrounding the and Miskolc in

issue’ inissue’ Examining a local focus point: Interviews Miskolcin

hand column, while excerpts from relevant an relevant from excerpts while column, hand

Pooig nerto, h rhbltto o hue, eeomn of development houses, of rehabilitation the integration, ‘Promoting among peo conflict provoking not in interested be should governments ‘Respective characteristics tha see can ‘I mi who ‘Romaof criminality’ has been constructed.‘ Roma and crimes petty regarding privation together coupled are criminality in living ‘Roma for responsible are Roma and this.’ hardship, among poverty in live many problems, severe are ‘there voice they because Hungary,Northeastern in successfully could party The Jobbik. is ‘It manifestationthe of a fascistis ideology.’ it mistake; simple a be cannot criminals for group social a ‘Labeling ‘When Roma put are into a problems the and discourse combined together are referred asto ‘Roma issue’.’ public in blended are Roma and ‘Poverty ei t etbih self vigilance groups.’ also establish will people Roma to spread, and begin on hold can ideologies fascist ‘If ‘People suffer from the feeling being of threatened ain way’. any attempts solvingat the underlying problems.’ anti sparking is ‘There ‘People look at th education and by supporting husbanding.’ local

(August 6 and August 14, 2012) (Augustand 6 August 14,

ple.’ – pol ae aee ad ifrnitd ln physical along differentiated and labeled are people t

it anit is everyday practice.’ Annex 1 ese problems nervously andpessimistically.’

88 -

Roma sentiment. It is tangible and I do not see not do I and tangible is It sentiment. Roma - ees gad, olwn te xml of example the following guards, defense criminality context.’

- build on the difficult situation difficult the on build 60 minutes each depending depending each minutes 60

swers are matched on the on are matched swers

h b ivle in involved be ght –

thus the notion the thus

to to - CEU eTD Collection open violence? escalation of tensions into Do you foresee further security perception? How doyou people’s see mentioned problems? state handlingfor the What are the tools of the mentionedthe problems? theof state in handling What should be the role criminal cases? suspects/perpetrators in profiling for acceptable doto ethnic Would it benecessary / criminality’ mean? What might ‘Roma security(policy) context? speaks Roma of in a Is ther whatin ways? security context?If yes, Do Roma in a appear would that mean? Hungary?If yes, what Is ther Police of Pásztor,Albert MiskolcChief of former e any actor that e a ’Rom

issue’ inissue’

of differentof cultural traits.’ cul a but genetics, of question a not and racism conflicts.’ without not is coexistence their other, each to next live cultures different two ‘When ‘The situation is grave and it is very is it and grave is situation ‘The conduct by hatred are dangerous.’ of driven organizations motivated rules politically while help, and to able be standards would democratic along associations Civic local the need we involved, associations communities local get to need a is There problems own. its on safety public of problem the these solve not will government ‘The solving to committed however, we have not seen much so result far.’ always are local ‘Governments The them. for find act and would bewell can we solutions meansto better had the it ifposition more beneficial a be in government should it, the see we and better the it, problem, the know of source the to are we closer ‘The o had she weprofiles ethnic theof use fromthe refraining ByRoma? byattackedus been told victim the if profiles about speaking not of use the was What profiles. ethnic of speak not could we that Police the at mine waynormalaofnot ‘It conductwas valuables their over methods hand Roma of criminals.’ them force attacking to countryside; them the in people attacking elderly robberies, lonely Night committed. when that crimes methods of same types the certain follow are there but criminality’, ‘Roma is there committing of methods and ways th crimes crimes, of types certain are ‘There speaking about it.’ whencomesup mystill term,namesometimes the using with agreeeven not do I and criminality’‘Roma about spoken never have Ithough ‘Even these problems strengthen to their social base.’ right numerous are ‘There ‘Obviously it is the extreme rightwing, Jobbik.’ also it then becomes practice, the source of conflicts.’ everyday an almost customary, becomes it when but things, petty really are these items, these of value the consider we ‘If they simply take it, even belonged if it someoneto else.’ subs their somethingfor need they Ifsociety.majorityof the than [ to relate culturally people ‘Roma that we have not seen such things in Hungary yet.’ we as on, It in or so Slovakia Romania, in and seen have fire in set groups, by attacked are settlements Roma though war civil any expect don’t ‘I othereach and to prevent the escalation of conflict.’ separa to police the from effort serious very a took It clashes. actual and violence threat, physical more much witnessing been have We members.Guard the seen have we it, of foreshadows seen have put to ‘How belongings, as well as Rome people, who are worried about theirs.’ and property its about worried is majority the other: each fear mutually nly hide the problem and pull back work.’ our

at are characteristic only to Roma perpetrators. I don’t say that say don’t I perpetrators. Roma to only characteristic are at

– it… mass atrocities will also come, along ethnic lines. We lines. ethnic along come, also will atrocities mass it…

gendarmerie

89 -

prepared doprepared to something.’ ‘We need to reach back to the basics: this is not is this basics: the to back reach to need ‘We

- -

ig soitos n te atvl abuse actively they and associations wing

ye ii ognztos ol b viable. be would organizations civic type

private and it alsoconsumedtimeofitand of lot a difficult to find a way out.’ way a find to difficult –

but there might be a chance that chance a be might there but aly. Actually I m quite surprised quite m I Actually aly. poet i a ifrn way different a in property ]

tural question: we speak we question: tural

–

hrig torturing hurting, , hs ae typically are these te the parties from parties the te

‘People istence,

–

CEU eTD Collection open violence? escalation of tensions into Do you foresee further security perception? How doyou see mentioned problems? state handlingfor the What are the tools of the mentionedthe problems? theof state in handling What should be the role criminal cases? suspects/perpetrators in profiling for acceptable doto ethnic Would it benecessary / criminality’ mean? What might ‘Roma security(policy) context? speaks Roma of in a Is any actor there that whatin ways? security context?If yes, Do Roma in a appear would that mean? Hungary?If yes, what Is a ’Rom there Lajos Mile, leaderLehet the Más the deputy of parliamentarygroup of aPolitika (LMP)

people’s issue’ inissue’

ige tnc ioiy bcue e r sekn aot rbes th problems about speaking are we because minority, ethnic single Hungarians and Roma problematic indeed cohabitationthereare relations regarding of‘Yes, the ‘Politicians ha ‘The presence of extremists does not mean that there is a general arming general a is there that mean not does extremists of presence ‘The over dramatic ‘It the responsibility is of the authorities to act andprevent atrocities.’ a be Romaalso people fear in live people would where county Borsod in localities small are ‘There This war civil hysterical. simplification.’ envision and already who exaggerated some are ‘There all parties concerned of long ownership and involvement a the on based cooperation provide real need ‘We cannot program work solution.’ public policy, The employment level. local improving safety integration, public enhancing fostering ‘Education, a to Roma affecting are work larger extent.’ to access of lack Unem and conditions society. living majority the affect also problems ‘Most recordof of this, like ethnic profiles for criminals would help.’ not r can ‘You con a is would be a genetic inclination criminality.’ to it that imply not that does this But live. people which among society circumstances within some In Roma experience are theft. perpetrators of property, proportion significant against a regions crimes metal, attacks, stealing specialized: violent are they committing which to types certain are There outsta is types certain regarding perpetrators Roma of number the thatdeny cannot we acts,criminal of differentkinds at look a take we ‘If the of inability ofcenter public discourse.’ the abused Jobbik gover namelyof elite, political wing, right radical ‘The consequence of their social status.’ is Roma high among perpetrators of number The safety. public ‘Regarding existential the but difficulties of asocial group.’ conflict, ethnic an not is It society. whole the affect e rig hmevs gis eteit. d nt e ti, hs is this this, see not do I extremists. hysterical provocation. I don’t expect violence.’ against themselves arming be and preparation violencefor

–

u not but

ecognize who is Roma and who is not. But keeping any kind any keeping But not. is who and Roma is who ecognize

ve been trying avoid to answering this question.’

eas o a iciain ae o ehiiy i i the is it ethnicity; on based inclination an of because live in fear when Guards march around.’ – 90

nments and positioned the ‘Roma question’ to the to question’ ‘Roma the positioned and nments not only show –

n odr dvlpn lvn cniin a the at conditions living developing order, and u tee rbes hud o b bud o a to bound be not should problems these but

–

and does not mean either that Roma would

- off.

eune f h harsh the of sequence

–

lyet bad ployment,

I deem this this deem I –

hs s an is this

nding. - term term

at – -

CEU eTD Collection open violence? escalation of tensions into Do y security perception? How doyou people’s see mentioned problems? state handlingfor the What are the tools of the mentionedthe problems? theof state in handling What should be the role criminal cases? suspects/perpetrators in profiling for acceptable doto ethnic Would it benecessary / criminality’ mean? What might ‘Roma security(policy) context? speaks Roma of in a Is any actor there that whatin ways? security context?If yes, Do Roma in a appear would that mean? Hungary?If yes, what Is a ’Rom there PálGulyás,the representativeLMP of the localgovernment in ou foresee ou foresee further

issue’ inissue’

‘Roma issues’ issues’ ‘Roma and thes education in situation worse of a in are issue the they and issue’:people Roma for concerns ‘Roma more much are a These employment. is there opinion my ‘In ‘We, as members of the Roma minority feel that the majority society, as society, majority the that feel minority Roma the of members as ‘We, the time.’ criminalityall about report they when this, in role significantvery a play f perceive also I 2009. since much very intensified has people Roma towards Hatred people’s regions. rural Roma in mind to ingrained been has threatened being of feeling ‘The become and production interested, the current problems in share their take could Roma when way a in they [ otherwiseworkbecause most nothing.Butthe there is important is if that public providing cana car also get to work. There strong a is sustain to need at publi least and Hungary, affordcannot Northeastwho people poor that workplacesso these to transportation in workplaces ‘Creating lefthas them own.’ ontheir far so government respective Any behind. left been have people ‘These b widely collar criminals for example.’ is it than crime less commit people Roma that prove and show could we least at thatthe be Maybewould side misused. positive be could it that afraid I’m but useful, be might ‘It good.’ ‘Such a fact.’ is This Roma. by committed typically are crimes such neighborhood my crim petty types specific these call we other each Among background. Roma ‘There are certain types of of crimes that are mostly committed by people of all Roma; group;criminality if as Roma their it had in blood.’ social complete ‘A ‘It beyond is doubt that Jobbik pursues such policy.’ make living a onsomething.’ pro against crimes in mightrise benefits. triggerThis a social work,no homes,no no andleft when they return to Hungary a months, within few they will have they when properties their all sold them of most secured: not is Canada who families Roma those of subsistence ‘The policy andissues of employment policy. than than these should beperceived.’ moremagnifiesthings and boostedartificially is conflicting attitude such gets They neutrally.society taken is it majoritythus it, to accustomed see, I as but ago, long were not Guard Devecser the in of marching members when again played been had card old the Recently while. a for neighborhood my in problem any had haven’t ‘We well theas political elite is just playing us.’ with

es: stealing a chicken, vegetables, wood, or burglary in a shop. In shop. a in burglary or wood, vegetables, chicken, a stealing es: Roma

it hv awy mat tgaiain wr nt sd o any for used not were stigmatization, meant always have lists

perty, in petty crimes in the region because they will need to need will they because region the in crimes petty in perty, ] have] a theyjob, have income, some regular especially it is if –

r e a sy sus f oet, sus f education of issues poverty, of issues say can we or 91

e regards, thus we can say that these are these that say can we thus regards, e

could be could solved a to large extent.’ ear from the majority society. Media society. majority the from ear

of Ináncs, Roma Ináncs, activist of hm r ietfe with identified are them lee; es hn white then less elieved; are about to return from return to about are

seem to understand that understand to seem

- CEU eTD Collection open violence? further intotensionsofescalation foresee you Do security perception? people’ see you do How the handling men for state the of tools the are What handling mentionedthe problems? in for state the of role the be should What criminal cases? in suspects/perpetrators ethnic profiling do to acceptable / necessary be it Would ‘Roma might criminality’ mean? What a in Roma security(policy) context? that of actor speaks any there Is whatin ways? yes, If context? security appea Roma Do what would that mean? yes, If Hungary? Borsod ’Rom a there in Is Jobbik of representatives county Zemplén the county of leader the Miklós, Árpád tioned problems?tioned

issue’

i a in r

eeain rw p ebr o wih ae’ se ter parents their seen haven’t which a of now members By work. up to put grew be cannot generation but number in growing are Roma ‘Anti ‘If things stay same, the criminality will spread further.’ threatened.’ feel villages tiny in especially alone, live who those and people ‘Elderly Agricultural work and the training skilled of workers should be boosted.created. be to need workplaces also while work, for people motivate to redesigned be should benefits family and benefits social of system ‘The putting Roma work.’ to and country the in labor of division the for setup current the ‘Changing people the most.’ who criminals Roma is it because Roma, of rise the for fights also criminality Roma against fights who one because bebeneficial, would profiling ethnic think I tell. can you cases most in but not, or say wouldn’t ‘I knew where to start my investigation.’ detective,Ia was Iandwere committed these IfRoma.torelated are that Roma every ce are there that that means only implyit criminal; a be not would does that category a is criminality ‘Roma “Yes, there is Roma criminality andwecan offer a solution to it”.’ cam Then it. against speak to dared one no and naming that party a Romaiscriminalitybut that thereEveryone see voicecouldthis. of to dares is there consequence last at that the see People criminality. also Roma targeting is popularity the growing that convinced am party’s I and openly, out speaks who Jobbik only is ‘It theft. meansThis growing a security problem.’ could we allow, would law the If can. they whom from it take they Obviously young with together Roma live people unemployed lonely often elderly, villages the ‘In working.’ - oa etmn i bcmn srne aog epe because people among stronger becoming is sentiment Roma run statistics about the growing number of burglary, robbery and robbery burglary, of number growing the about statistics run

that you can tell about everyone whether (s)he is Roma is (s)he whether everyone about tell can you that

– 92

n wee o h lte gt ht hy need? they what get latter the do where and

e Jobbik and told the people: the told and Jobbik e

rtain types of crimes of types rtain

discredit Roma discredit - Abaúj