Introductory Note References Such As ‘178–79’ Indicate (Not Necessarily Continuous) Discus- Sion of a Topic Across a Range of Pages

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INDEX

Introductory Note References such as ‘178–79’ indicate (not necessarily continuous) discus- sion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into sub-topics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about ‘COVID’ and ‘pandemics’ the use of these terms (and certain others that occur constantly throughout the book) as entry points has been restricted. Information will be found un- der the corresponding detailed topics.

abortion, 112, 216, 305 Agyapong, Mary Agyeiwaa, 128 absolute entitlements, 254, 263 airlines, 159, 163, 165 access, 122, 124–26, 137, 139, 223, alcohol, 282, 296 225, 289, 291 Alcott, Louisa May, 24 digital, 15, 322 allowances, 263, 296 privileged, 113, 122, 303 family, 226, 276 accountability, 95, 306, 330–32, Alston, Philip, 112 339–40 Amazon, 158, 203 activism, civic, 305–6, 339 amorality, 8, 249, 299, 310, 323, adult social care see social care 344 Advani, Arun, 207 antibiotics, 23, 40 advisers, 77, 97, 206 anti-toxins, 40 political, 47, 53 Arcadia, 161–62 professional, 292 Ardern, Jacinda, 247, 334 scientific, 49 aspirations, 113, 144, 164, 171, after-shocks, 35, 194 215 age, 25–27, 86, 89, 115–16, 119, assets, 152, 163–64, 202, 205, 206, 228, 230–32, 296 232, 316, 326 ageing population, 15, 85, 196, financial, 153, 295 224, 328 AstraZeneca vaccine, 60–62 agency workers, 47, 90 Attenborough, David, 247, 336

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404 InDex

auditors, 77, 83 cap, 107 austerity, 3, 13–15, 46, 81, Child Benefit, 108, 211, 218, 320 83–84, 88–90, 96–98, 109, five-week wait, 13, 178, 212 115–19, 123, 143, 153, freezes, 109, 214, 219 174–92, 213–14, 219, housing, 107–8, 134, 137 224, 246, 273, 306–8, means-tested, 107, 137, 211, 216 320, 328, 340 scroungers, 177, 213 vogue, 176–80 system, 137, 214, 216, 227, 320 Australia, 56 two-child limit, 107–9, 112, 134, 216 babies, 30, 41, 128, 217 unemployment, 133–34 backward tracing, 94 universal, 115, 218 bailouts, 14, 147, 150, 158, 161, working age, 108, 213, 220 162, 165 Bennett Institute for Public Policy, BAMe (Black and Minority ethnic) 316, 333 communities see ethnic Bentham, Jeremy, 267 minorities and also Berlin, Isaiah, 287, 289 people of colour Berry, Christina, 209 Bank of england, 123, 148, 150, Beveridge 152, 159, 166, 182, William, 16, 222–23, 250, 272, 186–89 274–75, 287 bankruptcy, 89, 327 five giants, 222 ethical, 217 Big Society, 107, 287 banks, 122–23, 147–50, 152, Bills of Mortality, 37 155–59, 162, 166–67, Bingham, Kate, 91 182, 185 biodiversity, 11, 313, 315, 316, central, 151–52, 159 333, 336, 342–43 see also Bank of england collapse, 4, 342 food, 14, 107, 124, 137, 178, economics of, 11, 315, 333, 336 212, 282, 320 Birmingham, 123, 141, 243–45, bargaining powers, 99, 263, 287 249, 308 Barnard Castle, 47 Birrell, Ian, 89 BBC, 80, 213, 296 Bitcoin, 311 Beckham, Victoria, 160 birth rate, 231 bed capacity, 13, 45, 47, 83–86 Black Death, 25–26, 33–34, 36, Bell, Torsten, 185, 205 132, 268 benefits, 101, 105–9, 111–14, Black Lives Matter, 5, 133, 173 135–37, 211–12, 215–19, Black Swan, 44 221–23, 286–87 Blackpool, 59, 119 basic, 133, 219 Blyth, Mark, 163–64, 168

Index 405

Boer War, 271 campaigns, 5, 215–16, 225, 246, bonuses, 72, 77, 152, 323, 325 275, 336, 339 border controls, 43, 62 Canada, 190 Bounce Back Loans, 155, 166 cancer, 10, 85, 125, 232 Bourne, Alex, 92 capabilities, 222–23, 289, 319 Boyle, Frankie, 299 capacity, 46, 52, 59, 65–69, 85–86, Branson, Richard, 160 90, 231, 321 Brazil, 5–6, 63, 307 capital, 70, 102, 200–1, 278, 280, breadwinner model, 15, 226–27, 322 289, 316, 326 Bregman, Rutger, 241 human, 269, 270, 281–83, 316 Brexit, 46–47, 78, 143, 192, 339 natural, 316, 333 agreement, 62 patient, 315, 335 no-deal, 46, 76, 78 Capital Failure: Rebuilding Trust in referendum, 122, 143 Financial Services, 71 Bristol, 37, 133 Capital Gains Tax, 80, 202, 296 British Youth Council, 304 Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 278 Brown, Gordon, 151, 218 capitalism, 102, 163, 168, 242, bubonic plague see plague 290–91 budget speech, 194–95 ethical, 4, 147, 318, 322–26 budgets exploitative, 8 March 2020, 123, 175 inequality-generating, 5 March 2021, 156, 167, 191–2, 194 rentier, 102 nHS, 81–85, 93 residential, 74 welfare, 105, 151, 178 rigged, 77 Burnham, Andy, 141 shareholder, 170, 322 burning injustices, 122–27 stakeholder, 5, 170 business failures, 149, 192, 278 carbon business leaders, 72, 149, 249, emissions, 310 280, 284, 322, 324–26 net zero, 169, 305, 337 business rates, 155, 160 tax, 312 businesses, 72–73, 141, 154–55, care, 15, 226, 228–30, 232–34, 157, 160–69, 306–7, 267, 271, 312, 322, 328 322–26, 337 costs, 232–33 local, 206, 307 medical, 30, 87, 232, 262 buybacks, share, 161, 165, 170 social, 45, 83, 87–91, 96, 130, buy-in, public, 9, 223, 336 164, 196, 232–33 unpaid, 231, 322 Cambridge Analytica, 332 care homes, 13, 41, 47, 86–90, 97, 232 Cameron, David, 77, 122, 151, deaths, 13, 49, 86–87, 130 177, 287, 303 residents, 13, 61, 86–87, 89–90

406 InDex

care workers, 47, 61, 90, 130, 189, China, 22, 32, 46, 288–89 233–34, 300 cholera, 23, 27, 30, 39–40, 126 Carillion, 76–77, 338 Christmas, 56–57, 138, 218 Carney, Mark, 247, 314 Christmas Carol, 218 Casey, Louise, 206 chumocracy, 79 central banks, 151–52, 159 churches, 41, 243 central government, 10, 243, Churchill, Hilda, 41 302–3, 306, 338–40 Churchill, Winston, 78–79 central state, 242, 288, 306, 338 cities, 34, 37–39, 243–46, 257, Centre for Policy Studies, 79–80 259, 306–8, 335, 340 Chadwick, edwin, 267 citizens, 7–9, 164, 241–42, 247–48, Chamberlain, Joseph, 243–45, 249 281–82, 289–90, 292–95, Chancellors, 80, 133, 135–36, 317–18 151–52, 175–78, 180, fellow, 34, 212, 221, 281, 344 187, 189 vulnerable, 12, 87, 89, 213, 287 Chang, Ha-joon, 102 wealthiest, 295, 310 charging, infrastructure, 169, 336 citizens’ assemblies, 305, 339 charitable status, 79, 113, 320, 330 civic activism, 305–6, 339 Charitable Uses Act, 256, 257–58, 262 civic commitment, 283, 293 charities, 35, 107, 125, 215, 226, civic contributions, 294–96, 300 253, 256, 267 civic engagement, 304, 318, 338 –340 Charterhouse school, 265 civic organisations, 8, 307 Chartism, 270 civil service, 91, 97 Chelmsford, 263–64 class, 114, 271, 283–84, 289, 292 Cheltenham race festival, 52 working, 69, 122, 143, 222, Child Benefit, 108, 211, 218, 320 269, 271, 305, 308 child poverty, 13, 109–10, 123, 178, Clement VI, Pope, 33–34 213–15, 218, 221, 247 climate change, 4, 17, 169, 196, 276, 319 313–14, 328, 337, 342–43 Child Poverty Act, 215, 221 Clinton, Hillary, 301 childbearing, 227, 230–31 closures, 41, 141 childcare, 15, 96, 172, 228–32, 233 theatre, 27, 41 costs, 231 coalition government, 151, 219 free, 224, 228 Cobbett, William, 265 infrastructure, 231 codes, moral, 344, 346 children, 108–14, 138–40, 215–18, cohesion, social, 121–22, 299, 316, 225–26, 228–31, 263–64, 320 307–9, 317–20 collective provision, 250, 259, 266 daily learning time, 140 collective responsibility, 9, 70, 234, poorer, 117, 139, 226 258, 276, 286, 293, 317

Index 407

collective support, 272–73 zero hours, 104, 323 collectivism, 17 contributions, 201, 282–84 municipal, 245, 305 civic, 294–96, 300 collectivist individualism, 6, 16–17, fair, 295–301, 318, 326–29 251–85, 310, 312, 345–46 national Insurance, 207, 211, turn away from after 1834, 227, 296 266–71 philanthropic, 284, 329 commitment, 1, 97, 165, 168, 217, progressive, 295–301 270, 325, 329 COP15, 333, 337 civic, 283, 293 COP26, 337 communities, 16–17, 34–35, Corn Laws, 205, 268 38, 64, 119, 251, 256, Coronavirus Business 306 Interruption Loan deprived, 63, 129, 292, 321 Schemes, 155, 166 local, 170, 253–54, 283, 306–7, Coronavirus Job Retention 323 Scheme see furlough companies, 5, 14, 45, 76–77, 158, corporation tax, 152, 167, 194, 167, 170–72, 323–27 203, 324–26 private, 88, 106, 143, 314, 321 corporations, 17, 72, 75, 76, competition, 7–8, 77, 82, 92, 113, 164, 169–72, 197, 167, 269, 321 326–27 competitiveness, 70, 337 private, 76, 171, 314, 338 computers, 107, 225, 314 corpses, 25, 37, 43 free, 225 corruption, 10, 12, 102, 171 Concept of the Corporation, 72 costs, 15, 46, 89–90, 137–38, conditionality, 14, 106, 147 155–56, 183–84, 210–11, consensus, 120, 121, 184, 242, 230–32 284, 299–301 housing, 100, 110, 123, 231 Conservatives, 79–81, 105, 107, living, 126, 136, 210 151, 177–78, 193, 205–6, Council Tax, 107, 157, 203–4, 306, 214–15 326 consultancy firms, 91, 338 Coventry, 60, 307, 340 consumerism, 103, 249, 276 Covid Corporate Financing consumption, 103, 314–15, 336 Facility, 159, 165 contact tracing see also test, track COVID generation, 14, 137, and trace, 35, 54, 82, 92 138–40 contamination, 41, 92 COVID-19 see Introductory note contracts Cox, Jo, MP, 332 government, 13, 54, 76, 78–79, Coyle, Diane, 316, 165 92, 151, 172, 302 Crabb, Stephen, 213

408 InDex

Cromwell’s Protectorate, 255 dementia, 232 cronyism, 10, 12, 80, 339 democracy, 75, 76, 78, 279, 289, crowding-in, 256–58 301, 305, 330, 332 Cummings, Dominic, 48, 52, 97 capture, 75–81, 91, 329 Cutteslowe Walls, 274 participatory, 303–4, 339 Cygnus, exercise, 44–45, 90 reviving, 318, 338, 341 democratic institutions, 17, 80, 286 daily learning time, 140 democratic participation, 10, damage, 7, 63, 75, 121, 143, 179, 301–9 315 Denmark, 50, 134, 160, 165 long-term, 150, 155 Department for education, 95 dark money, 79, 330 depression, 1930s, 150, 186, 274, Dasgupta Review, 315, 333, 336 278 Davis, David, 185 deprivation, 13–14, 64, 121, 125, Davos Manifesto, 5, 170–71, 323 128, 218, 223 Day, Philippa, 107 local area, 118, 129 de Mayerne, Sir Theodore, 27 deprived areas, 117–18, 130, 140, death rates, 41–42, 56, 62, 128–31, 231 269 deprived communities, 63, 129, deaths, 12, 14, 25–27, 37, 40–41, 292, 321 49–53, 59, 128 deregulation, 7, 12, 70–71, 74 in care homes, 13, 49, 86–87, Desmond, Richard, 75–76 130 destitution, 111, 206, 213, 253, from despair, 122, 320 256, 258, 262, 265 excess, 49–50, 85–86 deterrent workhouses, 2, 267 by local area deprivation, 129 devolved power, 301–9 people of colour, 130–33 diabetes, 2, 104, 125, 130 Deaton, Angus, 119 Dickens, Charles, 213, 218, 267 Debenhams, 73–74, 162 digital exclusion, 15, 225–26, 322 debt, 137, 157, 164, 175, 177–78, dignity, 212, 221, 282, 320 181–84, 186–88, 191–94 Dilnot Review, 233 extra, 185, 187 directors, 14, 77, 172, 323 interest, 183–84, 187 managing, 154, 191, 247, 297 levels, 180, 184, 187 disability, 106, 211, 218, 220, 253 national, 15, 150, 175, 177, discretionary powers, 10, 308, 340 179–84, 185–87, 193–94, disempowering state, 4, 8, 17, 287 328 disempowerment, 4, 8, 17, 223, decency, 8–9, 111 287, 289, 303, 306 deficits, 92, 194, 198, 224 Disney, Abigail, 249 degradation, 282, 315–16 disparities, 64, 104, 129–31

Index 409

regional, 123, 141 of biodiversity, 11, 315, 333, distancing, social, 35, 41, 43, 48, 336 52, 54, 64, 73 profession, 184, 226, 316 distress, 167, 246, 264, 266–68 economists, 167, 175, 184–85, distrust, 40, 210 188, 269, 271, 316, 328 dividends, 73, 160–61, 165–66, 170 liberal, 237, 266 divine intervention, 11, 251 economy, 9–12, 143–60, 167–69, Do not Resuscitate notices, 87 187–93, 229–31, 314–15, doctors, 37, 85, 131 323–26 domestic violence, 138, 139 gig, 103–4, 126, 323 Doughnut economics, 248 market, 143, 286, 316 Driver and Vehicle Licensing moralised, 249 Agency (DVLA), 57–58 political, 267–69 Drucker, Peter, 72 sustainable, 281, 336 due diligence, 76, 302 ecosystem Accounting, 316 Duncan Smith, Iain, 105–6, 108–9, edenred, 95 213 education, 14–15, 114–16, duties, 14, 34, 215, 241, 296 164, 195, 197, 222, primary, 171, 323 224, 276 secondary, 115–16, 223, 225, earnings, 100, 103, 133–35, 152, 242, 270, 276 179, 214, 219–21, 280 spending, 115–16, 140, 320 eat Out to Help Out, 54, 189–90 educational Maintenance ebola, 12, 24, 29, 42–44, 343 Allowance, 116 economic fallout, 134, 188, 342 elections, 81, 122–23, 151, 174, economic growth, 2, 11, 23–24, 244, 307, 332 74, 102, 120, 186, 247–48, general, 109, 228, 275 258–60, 271, 344, 346 local, 304, 307 amend growth, 2, 11, 23–24, 74, electorate, 70, 244, 275, 280 102, 120, 186, 247–48, elites, 181, 266, 274, 278, 280, 258–60, 271, 344, 346 284, 295 economic neoliberalism, 78, 237 corporate, 311, 339 economic performance, 2, 116, political, 161, 305, 339 234, 287, 333 elizabeth I, 2, 6, 16, 37, 213, economic progress, 24, 315 249–85, 340 economic recovery, V-shaped, embedded inequalities, 2, 4 189–90 emergencies, 76, 83–84, 87, 193, economic system, 6–7, 157, 173, 196, 321, 327, 343 246, 272, 292 emissions, 165, 169, 247, 311, economics, 163, 237, 241, 316, 340 335–37

410 InDex

employees, 135, 164, 170, 227, ethnic equity, 332 303–4, 323–25 ethnic groups, 63, 110, 131 employers, 96, 103–4, 126, 155–56, ethnic minorities see also people 220, 223, 227, 242–45 of colour, 110, 122, 125, employment, 223, 226–27, 273, 131–32, 292, 332 276, 297, 307, 322, 326 ethnicities, 14, 125, 289 empowering society, 285, 293, every Child Matters, 117 299–300, 305, 318, 340 evictions, 109, 138, 157 empowering state, 4, 8–9, 16–17, excelgate incident, 180 308–9, 340 excess deaths, 49–50, 85–86 empowerment, 11, 17, 318–40 exclusion, 122, 289, 323 engagement, civic, 318, 338, 341 digital, 15, 225–26, 322 english Civil Wars, 255 social, 121 engrained poverty, 223, 291 expertise, 44, 54, 78, 143, 321 entitlements, 134, 208, 213, 224, extinction Rebellion, 5, 246, 309 227, 229, 255, 281, 292, 322 extreme poverty, 111–12, 211–12, absolute, 254, 263 341 universal, 262 eyam, 22–23 entrepreneurs, 101, 178, 201, 270–71 failures, 12, 39, 45, 47, 58–59, 114, environment, 29, 103, 233, 246, 142, 148 248, 309, 315, 318 business, 149, 192, 278 natural, 5–6, 290, 309, 323–25, harvest, 251–53, 261 344 policy, 49, 282 environmental boundaries, 312, fair contributions, 295–301, 318, 334 326–29 environmental resources, 315, fairness, 198, 200, 202, 247, 295 317 fake news, 332 environmental sustainability, fallout, 175, 197, 339 209, 325, 337 economic, 134, 188, 342 equal pay, 227, 323 families, 107–8, 110–11, 124–25, equality see also inequalities, 164, 135–40, 215–19, 225–27, 334 269–70, 320 equity, 11, 163, 164, 292, 340 working, 230, 283 ethnic, 332 family allowances, 226, 276 social, 11, 234, 333 family incomes, 192, 231 stakes, 14, 159, 327 family members, 130, 137, 156, essex Pauper Letters, 263 226 ethical capitalism, 4, 147, 318, famine, 2–3, 32, 253, 260–62, 269 322–26 farmers, 254, 283 ethics, 172, 344–46 fascism, 242, 274–75

Index 411

fathers, 105, 128, 229, 275 forecasts, 52, 109–11, 181, 192, Fauci, Anthony, 24 194–95 fees, 31, 89–90, 92–93, fossil fuels, 168, 313–14, 337 276 France, 35, 160, 190, 201, 259, fellow citizens, 34, 212, 221, 281, 261, 278–80 344 franchise, 244, 247, 305, 339 fertility rate, total, 230–31 Fratelli Tutti, 317 Field, Frank, 77 free market, 6, 9, 70–72, 239, Finance Curse, 72 245–46, 249, 266, 269–70 financial assets, 153, 295 free school meals, 95, 206, 215–17 financial crash, 103, 150, 153–54, free secondary education, 115, 175, 177, 179, 274 223, 276 lessons, 147–55 freedoms, 8–9, 222, 241, 282, financial crises, 4, 124, 147–50, 287–89 151–52, 158, 164, negative, 17, 288–89, 291, 317 180–83, 186 positive, 16–17, 222, 281, financial sector, 71–72, 74, 77, 289–90, 294, 299, 346 150, 170, 177 and state, 287–91 Financial Times, 50, 53, 120, 159, Friedman, Milton, 209 169, 197 Friends of the earth, 4, 246 financialisation, 12, 72, 89, 246 FTSe 100, 153, 314 Finland, 294 funerals, 38, 41, 56, 87, 263 First World War, 28, 41, 186, furlough, 135–36, 141, 147, 155, 200, 242 156–57, 189, 192–94, 204 fiscal drag, 194 scheme, 135, 142, 155–56, fiscal rules, 174, 193 160–61, 192 fit-for-purpose safety net, 15, 212, future, 141–44 214 sustainable, 318, 335–38 flammable cladding, 77, 303 Florence, Italy, 35, 38–39, 43 Garland, David, 71, 290–91 Floyd, George, 5, 290 Gaspar, Vitor, 298 flu, 30, 40–42, 44–46, 51, 85 gas and water socialism/ Spanish, 28, 41–42 municipalism, 243, 245 food, 124, 138–39, 213, 224, 254, Gates, Bill, 22, 29, 247 261, 268, 281–82 GDP (Gross Domestic Product), banks, 14, 107, 124, 137, 178, 115, 178–82, 191–92, 200, 212, 282, 320 247–48, 277, 315–16, poverty, 196, 213 332–33 prices, 261, 262 Geddes Axe, 273 security, 225, 342 gender, 221, 228–29, 289, 323, 332 shortages, 251, 261, 265 pay gap, 122, 173, 229, 324

412 InDex

general elections, 109, 228, 275 greeting etiquettes, 43 Geoghegan, Peter, 79 Grenfell Tower, 303 Georgieva, Kristalina, 154, 297 Gross Domestic Product see GDP Germany, 50–51, 53, 59, 77, 85, Gross national Happiness see GnH 134–35, 190, 270, 279 growth gig economy, 103–4, 105, 126, 324 economic, 2, 11, 23–24, 74, Gini Coefficient, 101 102, 120, 186, 247–48, glass floor, 114, 320 258–60, 271, 344, 346 global poverty, 341 productivity, 3, 270, 276, 280–81 GnH (Gross national Happiness), sustainable, 333, 337 334 uninterrupted, 69, 277 Golden Age, 3, 70, 275–77, 280, 284 urban, 25, 260 Goldman Sachs, 80 Guarantee Credit, 219–20 Goodhart, Charles, 188 guarantees, 99, 135–36, 166, 221, Gove, Michael, 79 225, 291 governance, 45, 65, 76, 91, 191, legal, 219, 220 289, 334 guided by the science policy, 48, 55 government, 44–51, 53–55, 95–98, 141–49, 154–59, 163–67, habitats, 22, 316, 335, 343 177–80, 215–19 Haldane, Andy, 123 central, 10, 243, 302–3, 306, Hamburg, 39 338–40 Hamilton, Lewis, 290 coalition, 151, 219 Hamlet, 27 contracts, 13, 54, 76, 78–79, 92, Hanage, William, 83 151, 172, 302 Hancock, Matt, 79, 88, 92 local, 10, 75, 117, 194, 243, handouts, 164, 212–13, 293 306–8, 338, 340 happiness, 212, 237, 331, 334 support, 135, 156, 160, 165 Harding, Dido, 80, 92–93, 97 UK, 45, 51, 78, 80, 95, 165–68, hardship, 9, 41, 206–8, 221, 265, 328, 337 270, 272, 319 grandchildren, 309, 317 harvest failure, 251–53, 261 Green, Martin, 87 Hayek, Friedrich, 287–89 Green, Philip, 161 Healey, Denis, 199, 206 Green, Tina, 161 health, 2–3, 64, 81, 119–20, green-collar jobs, 336 195–96, 223–24, 267–69, Green new Deal, 168 303 green technologies, 168, 315, 335 care, 69, 233, 242, 276, 288–89 Greenfield, Jerry, 249 inequalities, 118, 129, 307, 320 Greenpeace, 4, 165, 246 infrastructure, 43, 58, 82, 292, Greensill Capital, 302–3 308

Index 413

mental, 107, 118, 121, 138–39, benefit, 107–8, 134, 137 224, 247 costs, 100, 110, 123, 231 public, 21, 42, 82–83, 92, 126, 269 wealth, 74, 153 heart disease, 2, 125 human capital, 269, 270, 281–83, hedge funds, 78, 89, 162 316 Henry VIII, 252–53 human nature, 237, 249, 267, 323 herd immunity, 51 human rights, 112, 171 hidden welfare state, 296 hunger, 215–16, 253 Hilliard, nicholas, 252 marches, 273, 282 Hills, John, 101 Hunt, Jeremy, 86 historians, 185, 238, 254, 255, hygiene, 31, 39–40 257–58, 267 history, 1, 6, 28–29, 43, 153–54, ideology, 77–78, 176–77, 180, 269, 237–39, 280–82, 312–14 303, 331 lessons to be taken, 281–85 neoliberal, 128, 143, 169, 317 and morality, 241–50 idleness, 222–23, 267 HIV/AIDs, 30, 42 IFS (Institute for Fiscal Studies), Hobbes, Thomas, 287 100–1, 110, 115–18, 120, holidays, 46, 55–56, 104, 138, 183–84, 195, 198, 204 157–58, 172, 217, 324 IMF (International Monetary home deliveries, 203, 327 Fund), 30, 120, 154, 179, home ownership, 74, 122, 139, 280 191, 193, 247, 297, 298 homelessness, 112, 138, 206, 319 immunity, 24, 31, 238 Homo economicus, 16, 237–41, 249, herd, 51 286, 293, 309, 345 incentives, 201, 202, 284–86, 311, Horton, Richard, 48, 97 314, 323, 326, 329 hospitalisations, 56–57, 141 income inequality, 13, 99–101 hospitality, 124, 130, 136, 155, income tax, 199, 202–3, 207–9, 189, 234, 335 211, 278–281, 296, 297, hospitals, 47, 76, 86–87, 90, 128, 326, 328–330 161, 306 incomes, 9–10, 109–11, 119–20, bed capacity, 13, 45, 47, 83–86 200–3, 204–5, 219–20, nightingale, 52 276–80, 295–301 temporary, 50 family, 192, 231 household incomes, 110, 124, 157 higher, 136, 295, 296, 329 household mixing, 58 household, 110, 124, 157 households, 39, 101, 108–11, 124, lower, 120, 129–31 127, 139, 218, 225 unearned, 197, 280, 326 housing, 7, 9, 15, 74, 75, 106, 114, Universal Basic, 15, 208–11, 152–53 320

414 InDex

Independent SAGe , 53, 54, Institute for Public Policy 131–32 Research see IPPR India, 27, 63, 240, 288 institutions, 1, 6, 10, 65, 71–72, individualism, 17, 250, 275, 281, 86, 286–87, 292 309–10, 346 democratic, 17, 80, 286 collectivist, 6, 16–17, 250–51, insurance, 136, 223 281, 286, 310, 312, companies, 185 345–46 social, 232, 291, 322 individualist-collectivist regime, tax, 232, 296 259 unemployment, 134, 274 industrial revolution, 346 interest payments, 182–84, 187, 328 fourth, 170, 208 interest rates, 14–15, 112, 150, industrialisation, 3, 258, 269, 319 152, 163–64, 166, 183–84, inequalities, 3, 5, 99–101, 113–14, 187–88 118–21, 247, 290–92, International Monetary Fund see 320–21, 324 IMF embedded, 2, 4 internet, 226, 314 health, 118, 129, 307, 320 access, 107, 224 income, 13, 99–101 investment, 9, 15, 73–74, 169, and laissez-faire, 99–105 191, 327–28, 331, 335–37 of place, 142 productive, 71, 260 regional, 191, 204 public, 15, 76, 169 and resilience, 99–127 IPPR (Institute for Public Policy rising, 5, 103, 128, 329 Research), 104, 157, 166, wealth, 101, 115, 158, 210, 203, 210, 214, 221 276–78, 280 Ireland, 3, 52, 201, 205, 267–68, infection rates, 31, 52, 56, 141 305 infections, 31, 37, 42, 50–51, northern, 53, 55, 62, 78, 141, 52–59, 64, 90, 94 143 inflation, 70, 99, 103, 108, 116–17, isolation see also self-isolation, 22, 179, 186–88, 194 35, 38, 39, 53, 54, 58, 59, influenza see flu 127 infrastructure Italy, 34–35, 39, 50–52, 85, 190 charging, 169, 336 deficiencies, 123 Japan, 94, 121, 158, 182, 190, 201, health, 43, 58, 82, 292, 308 232 injustices, 120, 225, 246, 320 Jarrow Crusade, 273 burning, 122–23 Jenrick, Robert, 75–76 insecurity, 210, 213, 290–91, 323 Jews, 33–34, 344 instability, 120, 121, 143 Job Retention Scheme see also Institute for Fiscal Studies see IFS furlough, 154, 157

Index 415

Job Support Scheme, 135, 156 Lancet, 48, 97 jobs, 105–6, 134–35, 155–56, landlords, 109, 157, 204, 258 161–62, 189–91, 215–16, Lane, Don, 104 227–28, 233–34 Lansley, Stewart, 214 losses, 161, 168, 208, 335 laptops, 139, 225 Johnson, Boris, 46–47, 51–53, Laudato Si, 317 55, 61–62, 78, 80, 123, law, 6–8, 14, 35, 41, 77–78, 176–77 171–72, 287–89, 323–25 Johnson, Paul, 195 laziness, 49, 267, 271, 293 Joseph, Keith, 79 leaders, 6, 16, 53, 205, 283 journalists, 51, 300–2 business, 72, 149, 249, 280, just in time procurement/health 284, 322, 324–26 services, 13, 81–87 political, 62, 248 justice, 204, 284, 294 world, 61, 83, 151 social, 117, 223 leadership, 12, 46, 49, 59, 313, Justices of the Peace (JPs) see also 337 magistrates, 254, 284, 294 league tables, 49, 332, 338 legislation, 81–82, 99, 157, 221, Kahneman, Daniel, 239 308, 320, 323, 332 Keenan, Margaret, 60–61 Lehman Brothers, 147–48 key workers, 49, 125, 129–30, 139, Leicester, 34, 40, 77, 141 195 lethality, 24, 29, 43 Keynes, John Maynard, 227, 273 levelling, 2, 14, 123–24, 198, 204, Keynesian, 175, 191, 242, 277 224 Khalaf, Roula, 53 up, 15, 117, 123, 176 King, Mervyn, 148, 162 Liberal Democrats, 81, 214, 228 King, David, 49, 53 liberal economists, 237, 266 King’s Fund, 64 liberty, negative see negative Knighton, Henry, 34 freedoms Korea, South, 42, 53, 55, 121 life chances, 117, 119, 138, 224 life expectancy, 119, 122, 245, 320 labour, 99, 199, 215, 255, 259, 322 life outcomes, 64, 114, 119 Labour governments, 69, 177, Lightfoot, Warwick, 187 199, 276 Lilley, Peter, 70 labour markets, 169, 259, 322, 338 livelihoods, 27, 35, 39, 191, 192, Laffer Curve, 298–99 328, 336, 341 Lagarde, Christine, 247 Liverpool, 141, 243 Laing, William, 87 living conditions, 94, 109, 131, laissez-faire, 1–2, 168, 243, 245, 243 269, 340, 343 living costs, 126, 136, 210 and inequality, 99–105 Lloyd George, David, 206, 272, 276

416 InDex

Loach, Ken, 104, 180 Manchester, 123, 141, 243, 307 loans, 14, 155–57, 159, 165–66, Mandelson, Peter, 101 182, 203, 245, 327 marginal income tax rates, 279 lobbying, 10, 75, 303, 338 marginal tax rates, 284, 296, 301 power, 301, 311 market economy, 143, 286, 316 local authorities, 81, 88, 90, 117, markets, 70, 264, 267, 271, 288, 204, 206, 306, 308 291, 334–35, 343 local communities, 170, 253–54, labour, 169, 259, 322, 338 283, 306–7, 323 Marmot, Michael, 82, 119, 130, local elections, 304, 307 291, 307 local government, 10, 75, 117, Marmot cities, 307 194, 243, 306–8, 338, 340 marriage bar, 227 local lockdowns, 138, 206 married women, 227 lockdowns, 47–51, 53–56, 124, masks, 26, 41, 47, 58, 64, 84 135, 139–42, 154–58, mass unemployment, 99, 242, 273 160, 168–69 maternity pay, 227, 324 easing, 53–54 May, Theresa, 105, 122, 132, 174 first, 58, 139 Mazzucato, Marianna, 312–14 local, 138, 206 meals third, 56 free school, 95, 206, 215–17 tier-three, 141 restaurant, 54, 158 Locke, John, 281 means-tested benefits, 107, 137, London, 22, 27, 47–48, 71, 74, 211, 216 263–65, 293, 297 media, 95, 142, 330–31 Lonergan, eric, 163–64, 168 see also newspapers long COVID, 195, 341 social, 63, 332 losers, 155–61, 331 medical care, 30, 87, 232, 262 Low-paid, low pay: 103, 105, 106, mental health, 107, 118, 121, 108, 109, 111, 126, 129, 138–39, 224, 247 130, 133, 161, 195, 216, meritocracy, 113, 280 238, 338 MeRS, 12, 24, 29, 42, 44, 343 Luce, edward, 159 Merthyr Tydfil, 129 Middlesbrough, 123, 204 magic money tree, 174–76 Midlands, 46, 55, 123, 141–42, 204 magistrates see also Justices of the Milan, 35–39, 43 Peace, 37, 254 Minimum Income Commission, Maitlis, emily, 124 221, 320 malaria, 30 minimum wages, 80, 90, 141, 220, Mallon, Mary, 31 272 managing directors, 154, 191, ministerial accountability, 97 247, 297 Ministerial Code, 97

Index 417

Mirrlees Review, 202, 298 207, 211, 227, 296 mobility, social, 69, 113–14, 117, natural capital, 316, 333 276, 280, 320 natural environment, 5–6, 290, models, 35, 226, 232, 237, 305, 309–17, 323–25, 344 312, 315, 326 natural monopolies, 244, 283 Moody’s, 190 natural resources, 309, 313, Moonshot Guide, 312 315 Moore, Charles, 52 needham, Duncan, 180–82, 186–88 moral codes, 344, 346 neF (new economics Foundation), moral hazard, 148–49, 162 179, 224 moralised economy, 249 negative freedoms, 17, 287–89, morality, 6–8, 218, 238, 241, 323 291, 317 and history, 241–50 neoliberal ideology, 128, 143, 169, Morris, nicholas, 71 317 mortality, 37, 86, 131, 261, 338 neoliberal project, 69–74, 81, 89, mortgage payments, 138, 157 98–99 mortgages, 138, 153, 157, 182, neoliberal state, 8–9, 17, 69, 185, 187, 328 286 Mosley, Oswald, 274 casting aside, 237–50 motherhood penalty, 229 fragile society, 69–98 mothers, 206, 216, 226, 228–29, neoliberalism, 12–13, 70–72, 77, 239, 275–76 81, 99, 241, 246, 249 single, 16, 254, 262 economic, 78, 237 MPs, 45, 80, 91, 93, 217 era of, 205, 300 municipal collectivism, 245, 305 Thatcherite, 284 municipalism, 245, 249 netherlands, 259 Murphy, Richard, 202, 297 new economics Foundation see Murray, Richard, 64 neF mutations, 54, 57, 59 new Labour, 81, 109, 115–17, 215, myths, 22–23, 105, 175, 239, 249, 220–21, 302 314, 330 new Liberal reforms, 271–72 of rationality, 237–41 new York, 31, 94, 239, 248 new Zealand, 51, 53, 56, 247, 334 nAO, see national Audit Office newcastle, 37, 123, 141, 307 napoleonic era, 103, 181, 182, 288 newspapers, 160, 169, 271, 300, national Audit Office, 83, 93, 302 323, 331 national debt, 15, 150, 175, 177, nHS, 12–13, 45–46, 52, 77, 81, 179–84, 185–87, 193–94, 83–86, 88, 131–32 328 budget, 84, 93 national Health Service see nHS Test and Trace, 92–93 national Insurance, contributions, nightingale hospitals, 52

418 InDex

no-deal Brexit, 46, 76, 78 public, 149, 245 northern Ireland, 53, 55, 62, 78, Oxford, 37, 274 141, 143 University, 60–61, 267, 337 norway, 50, 199, 294 notification of Diseases Acts, 37, pandemic see Introductory note 54, 127 pandemic control, 11, 44, 51 nurses, 128, 131–32, 300 changing role of state, 32–35 nurtured planet, 329, 346 ever-present threat, 21–22 nurturing environment, 17 history, 21–43 nurturing society, 4, 250 how pandemics spread, 29–32 nurturing state, 9, 17–18, 285–87, learning how, 36–43 290–91, 293, 301, 308, 312, myth of progress, 22–29 217, 319–22, 329, 340, 346 pandemic payback, 14, 162, 166, and natural environment, 173 309–17 parents, 31, 106, 110, 113–14, nussbaum, Martha, 289 117, 121, 137, 138–40 parish relief see also Poor Laws, 261 obesity, 2, 118, 125, 130 parishes, 39, 251–56, 262–63, 283, O’Donnell, Gus, 198 345 Office for Budget Responsibility, of settlement, 259, 263 56, 195 participation, 17, 284–87, 318, offshoring, 75, 102, 295, 323 326, 338 old age, 230, 232, 253, 265 deliberative, 308 Oldham, 123 democratic, 10, 301–9 oligarchy, 12, 75, 303, 329 participatory budget setting (PBS), Olympics, 2012, 81 307–8 one-off wealth tax, 199, 201 participatory democracy, 303–4, open public discourse, 318, 339 329–32 participatory politics, 318, organisations, 79, 284, 302, 323, 338–40, 341–46 332 Patel, Priti, 97 civic, 8, 307 Paterson, Owen, 92 orphans, 16, 254, 257 patient capital, 315, 335 Osborne, George, 105, 109, 151, patients, 13, 24, 47, 50–51, 85–87, 177–80, 185, 187 90, 240, 321 outcomes, 71, 78, 129, 131, 171, 307 paupers, 210, 263, 267, 275 life, 64, 114, 119 payback, 14, 147–73, 234, 327 overcrowding, 28, 30, 58, 113, 126, pandemic, 14, 162–68, 173 127, 321 PBS (participatory budget setting), overseers, 254, 263–64 307–8 ownership, 130, 163, 276, 280 Peel, Robert, 205, 268

Index 419

pelican portrait of elizabeth I, 252 political elite, 161, 305, 339 Penrose, John, 80 political power, 75, 286 Pension Credit, 219–20 politicians, 76, 147, 152, 196, 204, pensioners, 77, 106, 219–21, 265 205, 300, 302 pensions, 105, 111, 197, 206, 213, politics, 121, 168–69, 188, 301, 219–20, 227, 296 304, 329, 338 funds, 202, 337 participatory, 318, 338–40, pots, 101, 153, 199 341–46 triple lock, 219–20 Pollock, Allyson, 58 people of colour, 1, 55, 110, 122, polluter elite, 103 125, 130–33, 161, 173, Poor Laws, 2, 16, 250, 253–72, 290, 292, 303, 324–25 276, 281–84, 301, 306 deaths, 130–33 new, 267, 269 People’s Budget, 199, 280 Old, 2, 267, 270–71, 283 Pepys, Samuel, 22 overseers, 254, 263–64 performance workhouses, 213, 267–69, 272, economic, 2, 116, 234, 287, 333 275 productivity, 179, 277 deterrent, 2, 267 performativity of measures, 317, poor rates, 256, 294 332, 335 Pope Clement VI, 33–34 personal protective equipment Portes, Jonathan, 184 see PPe Porto Alegre, 307–8 personal services, 130, 234 positive freedoms, 16–17, 222, 281, pesthouses, 38 289–90, 294, 299, 346 PFI (Private Finance Initiative), 76, potato blight, 2, 205, 268 338–39 poverty, 109–12, 121–22, 206–8, Pfizer, 59–61, 62 210, 214–15, 220–22, Philadelphia, 42 271–72, 320–21 Pickett, Kate, 121 engrained, 223, 291 Pigou, A.C., 200 extreme, 111–12, 211–12, 341 Piketty, Thomas, 75, 120, 278–80 food, 196, 213 Pissarides, Christopher, 184 global, 341 plague, 11, 21–23, 25–27, 30, line, 111, 220 32–38, 43, 251–53 reduction, 215, 342 Plague Act, 38, 94 relative, 110, 123 plague orders, 37–38, 251 power, 96, 99, 104–5, 168–69, 173, Poland, 123, 160 209–10, 289, 339–40 police, 5, 132, 288–89, 300, 306 balance of, 168–69 Policy exchange, 79, 188 devolved, 301–9 policy failures, 49, 282 discretionary, 10, 308, 340 political economy, 267–69 lobbying, 301, 311

420 InDex

power (cont.) prosperity, 25, 104, 239, 319 political, 75, 286 long-term, 170, 284 relationships, 4, 144–47, 241 protective clothing/equipment PPe (personal protective see also PPe, 12, 26, 45, equipment), 12, 45, 47–49, 47, 321 78, 83–84, 90, 96, 195 protests, 5, 40, 107, 132, 166, prayer, 33–34, 251 246–47, 262, 269–70 precarity, 104, 323 Public Accounts Committee, 45, pre-distribution, 114 93, 302 Preston, 39, 307, 340 public buy-in, 9, 223, 336 Model, 306 public discourse, open, 318, prices, 8, 76, 99, 114–15, 152, 158, 329–32 163, 219 public health, 21, 42, 82–83, 92, food, 261, 262 126, 269 prime ministers see individual names Public Health england, 79, 82, 97, private contractors, 54, 302 129, 132 Private Finance Initiative see PFI public investment, 15, 76, 169 private schools, 96, 113, 115, 122, public opinion, 6, 24, 91, 161, 297, 320 330 privatisation, 7, 59, 70, 81, 89–91 public ownership, 149, 245 privileges, 114, 120, 170–72, 320 public sector, 54, 71, 76, 80, 303, proactive state, 193–207 322 procurement, 45, 61, 83, 307, 321, deficit, 194 337 public services, 9, 13, 15, 114–15, just in time, 13, 81, 83–84 223–24, 300–2, 306, productive investments, 71, 260 321–22 productivity, 69, 72–74, 100, 103, universal, 9, 15, 292 179, 270, 277, 281 public spending, 13, 70, 117, 151, gap, 123 153, 194–96, 211, 328 growth, 3, 270, 276, 280–81 public sphere, 71, 144, 172, 196 performance, 179, 277 public transport, 40, 129–30, 336 puzzle, 103, 179 pubs, 54, 208 profits, 7–9, 72, 76, 167, 170, 203, pupils, 95, 113, 115–16, 196, 225 323, 327 progressive contributions, 295–301 Qe (quantitative easing), 150, 152 progressive taxation, 10, 16, 69, quality of life, 233 276–80, 283, 293, 297 quarantine, 11, 23, 32, 35, 38–39 Project Birch, 159 hotel-based, 62 proportionate universalism, 224, 291 R budget, 57, 58 prorogation of parliament, 78 R rate, 31, 53, 55, 57

Index 421

racism, 121, 131–33 resources, 10, 242, 246, 286, 289– structural, 131, 133, 321 90, 293–95, 308–9, 340 Ragusa, 38 environmental, 315, 317 rail network, 159, 165, 175, 199, natural, 309, 313, 315 306 responsibilities, 82, 96–97, 245, Randox, 92 253, 255–57, 262–63, Rashford, Marcus, 206, 215–17 268, 283 rates, business, 155, 160 collective, 9, 70, 234, 258, 276, rational economic man see Homo 286, 293, 317 economicus restaurants, 54, 139, 141, 158, 208 rationality, 250 retail, 124, 130, 136, 155, 189, myth, 237–41 208, 234 Raworth, Kate, 248, 334 retraining, 195, 328 recession, 99, 105, 138, 191, 277 retrofitting, 168, 335 recovery, 21, 151, 164, 169, 188, revenues, 88, 155, 159, 199–200, 190–91, 192–94 203, 244, 295, 308 red risk, 45 Rhondda Cynon Taf, 129 red tape, 70, 303 rigged capitalism, 77 redistribution, 120, 169, 204, 210, rights, 172, 227, 241, 262–63, 304, 278, 287 325 redundancies, 124, 156, 165, 192, human, 112, 171 256 risks, 14–15, 29–30, 44–45, 55–56, Reeves, Rachel, 77 129–31, 155–57, 160–62, regional inequalities, 191, 204 342–43 regions, 104, 109, 123, 203–4, 261, real, 64, 143, 184, 231 289, 308–9, 328, 335 Rivenalls, 263–64 regressive taxation, 203–4, 296, Roberts, Carys, 104 326 Rogoff, K., 180, 187 regulation, 17, 70, 74–75, 77–78, Romania, 123 89, 102, 177, 210, 291, Rome, 39, 50, 252 295, 303, 316, 323, 332 Rowntree, Seebohm, 271 Reinhart, C.M., 180, 187 rent seeking, 74 Sacks, Jonathan, 8 rentier capitalism, 102 sacrifices, 56, 122, 195, 200, 227, rescue packages, 147, 165 231 residential capitalism, 74 safety, 54, 88, 288, 332 resilience, 1, 45, 47, 84, 124, 125, safety nets, 13, 111, 133–38, 318–21, 323 212–13, 217, 221–23, 253 and inequality, 99–127 fit-for-purpose, 15, 212, 214 Resolution Foundation, 109–10, SAGe (Scientific Advisory Group 133, 135, 185, 201, 205 of experts), 55–56, 58

422 InDex

sanctions, 35, 97, 106, 284, 301, 332 self-isolation see also isolation, 14, sanitation, 30, 39, 243 93–95, 126, 324 SARS, 12, 24, 29, 42, 44–46, 343 Sen, Amartya, 222–23, 289 savings, 14, 45, 83, 124, 137, 204, Senior, nassau William, 267 211, 220 Serco, 54, 79, 338 Schofield, Roger, 259 services, 114, 118, 214, 223–24, school meals, free, 95, 206, 215–17 226, 292, 296, 300 school strikers, 247 health see health, care; nHS schools, 55, 57–58, 92, 95, 113, personal, 130, 234 115, 139–41, 225 public see public services private, 96, 113, 115, 122, 297, transport, 2, 224 320 universal, 222–26, 230, 322 state, 113, 115–16 settlement, 255, 262 Schwab, Klaus, 170–71 litigation, 263 Scientific Advisory Group of parishes of, 259, 263 experts see SAGe Seven Pillars, 18, 318–40 scientists, 12, 31, 45, 49–50, 55, Shakespeare, William, 27 58–59 share buybacks, 161, 165, 170 Scotland, 53, 116, 141, 143 shareholder capitalism, 170, 322 Scrooge, 218 shareholder value, 5, 7, 72, 323 scroungers, 7, 178, 331 shareholders, 14, 72, 160–63, scrutiny, 13, 131, 302, 330 164, 169–72, 311, 322, Searcher of the Dead, 37 327 Seattle, 41 Sharp, Richard, 80 Second World War, 3, 42, 74, 112, Shaxson, nicholas, 72–74 121, 181, 186, 201, 241, Sheffield, 141 242, 274, 278, 284, 340 shocks, 70, 120, 122, 135, 144, secondary education, 115–16, 223, 186, 193, 241 225, 242, 270, 276 shortages, 34, 329 second-hand clothes, 41 food, 251, 261, 265 secrecy jurisdictions, 294, 327 sick pay, 47, 125–26, 172, 324 security, 3, 139, 212, 220–21, 258, Siena, Kevin, 37 270, 275 signals, 24, 229, 316, 334 food, 225, 342 Singapore, 42, 55, 152 self-employment, 104, 324 single mothers, 16, 254, 262 support, 156, 192 Skafidas, Georgios, 51 self-interest, 8, 71, 243, 310, 312, Slack, Paul, 35, 257 345 Slater, Martin, 182 selfishness, 16, 237, 239–41, 250, small businesses, 167–68 286, 309 smallpox, 23, 29–30, 40

Index 423

smartphones, 108, 225 South Korea, 42, 53, 55, 121 Smith, Adam, 70, 255, 266 Spain, 50, 99 Smith, Harry, 274–75 Spanish flu, 28, 41–42 Soames, Rupert, 79 spending, 15, 116–18, 136, 140, social attitudes, 221 185, 188, 191–96, 300 social breakdown, 261–62 education, 115–16, 140, 320 social care, 45, 83, 87–91, 96, public, 13, 70, 117, 151, 153, 117–18, 130, 164, 232–33 194–96, 211, 328 social cohesion, 121–22, 299, 316, spreadsheet errors, 180 320 Sridhar, Devi, 127 social contract, 7, 224, 241–42, St Patrick’s Day, 52 247, 340 stakeholder capitalism, 5, 170 social distancing, 35, 41, 43, 48, stakeholders, 170, 323–26 52, 54, 64, 73 Starmer, Keir, 86 social equity, 11, 234, 333 starvation, 3, 205, 253, 261, 262, social exclusion, 121 269 social insurance, 232, 291, 322 state social justice, 117, 223 changing role, 32–35 social media, 63, 332 diminished, 91–97 social mobility, 69, 113–14, 117, disempowering, 4, 8, 17, 287 276, 280, 320 empowering see empowering social movements, 239, 243, 246 state social security, 109, 254, 258, 263, and freedoms, 287–91 267, 281, 288–89 neoliberal, 8–9, 17, 69, 237, 286 systems, 2, 214, 268 nurturing see nurturing state social wage, 114, 224 proactive, 193–207 society, 6–8, 168–71, 222–24, schools, 113, 115–16 281–83, 291–94, 297–300, welfare see welfare state 316–21, 326–27 status, charitable, 79, 113, 320, British, 6, 17, 112, 274, 281 330 empowered, 10 Stevenson, Gary, 158 empowering see empowering stewardship, 315, 316–18, 326, society 335–38, 344 nurturing see nurturing society Stiglitz, Joseph, 103 unequal, 104, 114, 120–21 stimulus, 152, 158, 169 welfare, 249–51 STIs, 42 Sokoll, Thomas, 263–64 structural racism, 131, 133, 321 solidarity, 224, 264, 275, 298, 327 subsidies, 54, 165, 189–90, 296, 336 Somerset Webb, Merryn, 197 success, 192, 275, 307, 316, 324, 333 South Africa, 42, 62, 271 long-term, 14, 172, 323

424 InDex

suicides, 107, 138, 306 cuts, 7, 177, 300 Sunak, Rishi, 154, 192–95, 202 havens, 89, 160, 293–95, 311, 327 Sunday Times, 49 income, 199, 202–3, 207–9, super-rich, 103, 299 211, 278–81, 296, 297, suppliers, 47, 170, 323 326, 328–30 support, 139–42, 211–13, 257–59, rates, 72, 279–80, 284, 295–301 279–81, 292, 300–1, rises, 194, 196–98, 202, 207, 306–7, 335–36 328 collective, 272–73 social insurance, 232 self-employment, 156, 192 solidarity, 298, 327 surges, 64, 83, 92, 125, 243 systems, 202, 296–97, 326 surveillance, 11, 24, 35–36, 42, wealth, 170, 197–202, 205–7, 331 278–281, 296–301, survival sex, 111 326–328 sustainability, 191, 247, 316, 335, 340 windfall, 203, 327 environmental, 209, 325, 337 tax, carbon, 213 sustainable economy, 281, 336 taxation, 35, 75, 114, 195, 202, sustainable future, 318, 335–38 246, 294, 299–300 sustainable growth, 333, 337 progressive, 10, 16, 69, 276–80, Sutton, Thomas, 265 283, 293, 297 Sweden, 294 taxpayers, 76, 113, 149, 231, 295, Switzerland, 134–35, 166, 171, 297 199, 201 TB, 30, 40, 42, 126 syndemic, 2, 321 Tebbit, norman, 105 syphilis, 30, 40 technologies, 21, 225, 337 green, 168, 315, 335 Taiwan, 42, 55 temporary hospitals, 50 Take Care scheme, 94 test, track and trace ,10, 12, 19, take the knee, 133 42, 53, 58–59, 80, 82, 83, TalkTalk, 92 92–93, 126, 154, 188, 195 Tawney, R.H., 289 testing, 47–49, 78, 86, 90, 92, 196, tax, 99–102, 194, 196, 199, 201–4, 321 206, 207, 278–80, 295–96, Thailand, 240 299, 300 Thatcher, Margaret, 79, 88, 99– avoidance, 202, 299, 301, 330 101, 109, 209, 286–87, Capital Gains, 80, 202–3, 296 300, 306 corporation, 152, 167, 194, think tanks, 10, 79, 189, 330 203, 324–26 threats, 27, 37, 45–47, 75, 82, 251, Council, 107, 157, 203–4, 306, 331–32, 342 326 Thunberg, Greta, 5, 248, 304

Index 425

Tiny Tim, 218 unemployment, 99, 105, 125, 139, too big to fail argument, 149, 159 265, 272–74, 277 Tooze, Adam, 185, 238 benefit, 133–34 total fertility rate, 230–31 insurance, 134, 274 towns, 37, 105, 257, 259–62, 265, mass, 99, 242, 273 269, 306, 310 unequal society see also tracing inequalities, 104, 114, 121 backward, 94 unions see trade unions contact, 35, 54, 82, 92 Universal Basic Income see UBI track and trace see test, track and Universal Basic Services see UBS trace universal benefits, 115, 218 trade unions, 10, 99, 103, 143, Universal Credit, 13, 106–11, 303–4, 323–24, 336, 133–38, 142, 210, 212, 339 214, 217–18, 221 see also transmissibility, 24, 32 benefits transparency, 53, 78, 294, 301–2, £20 uprating, 134, 135, 192, 321, 330, 339 218–19, 320 transport, 130, 233, 260, 322 five-week wait, 13, 178, 212 public, 40, 129–30, 336 universal public services, 9, 15, services, 2, 224 292 trickle down, 102–4 universal services, 222–26, 230, Trump, Donald, 6, 301 322 Trumpington, 39 universalism, 211 Trussell Trust, 107, 125, 225 proportionate, 224, 291 trust, 8, 63, 122, 225, 292, 308 unpaid care, 231, 322 truth, 55, 74, 189, 214, 239 unpreparedness, reasons for, 44–59 two-child limit, 107–9, 112, 134, uprating, 80, 218, 221, 320 216 emergency, 218–19 typhoid, 40, 126 urban authorities, 34–35, 308 Typhoid Marys, 31 urban growth, 25, 260 utilitarianism, 16, 250, 267, 345 UBI (Universal Basic Income), 15, U-turns, 12, 95, 218 208–11, 320 UBS (Universal Basic Services), vaccination, 30–31, 40, 43, 62–63, 158, 224 292 UN Special Rapporteur, 112 programmes, 61, 192, 195 underlying health conditions, roll out, 12, 61–63 125, 130 scepticism, 40, 63 unearned incomes, 197, 280, take-up, 122 326 Vaccination Acts, 40

426 InDex

vaccine nationalism, 62 wealth, 9–11, 72–75, 101, vaccines, 12, 41, 59–65 197–202, 204–6, AstraZeneca, 60–62 278–80, 295–301, Pfizer, 59–61, 62 328–29 Vaccine Taskforce, 61, 91 common, 168, 283 valuations, 203, 274, 326 concentrations, 158, 205, value 278–79, 290 creation, 170–71, 322, 323 funds, 164, 233, 307, 327 extraction, 162, 171, 322 inequalities, 101, 115, 158, measuring, 332–35 210, 276–78, 280 for money, 91, 302 taxes, 170, 197–202, 205–7, VAT, 15, 151, 189, 206–7, 296–97, 278–281, 296–301, 330 326–328 ventilators, 45, 85, 341 one-off, 199, 201 victims, 41, 73, 160, 267 wealth defence industry, 293 Vines, David, 71 Wealth of nations, 70 violence, 121, 138–39, 288–89, 332 Wealth Tax Commission, 198–99, voters, 7, 248, 300, 317, 323 206–7 vouchers, 95, 189 wealthiest citizens, 295, 310 V-shaped economic recovery, wealthy, 75–76, 197–99, 204–5, 189–90 249, 293–95, 297–300, vulnerabilities, 16, 128–30, 213, 326, 328–30 256, 269, 286, 290, 344 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 214, vulnerable citizens, 12, 87, 89, 262, 272 213, 287 welfare, 212–13, 221, 239, 248, 276, 281, 316–19, 321 wages, 133, 141, 154, 210, 221, budget, 105, 151, 178 229, 267 culture, 257 minimum, 80, 90, 141, 220, 272 society, 249–51 real, 103, 124 systems, 16, 136, 205, 254 social, 114, 224 welfare state, 15, 101, 210, 211–13, Wales, 53, 55, 129, 141, 254, 262 224, 226, 274, 290–91 War of the Spanish Succession, breadwinner model, 15, 182 226–27, 322 Washington Consensus, 70, 343 dynamics, 71 water, 39, 215, 244 hidden, 296 cholera-contaminated, 40 post-war, 16, 69–70, 226, 249, supply, 243, 245 250, 275, 280, 306 waves of infection, 41, 49, 55, 64, welfare state, treatment of 127–28, 192, 251, 288 women, 226–32

Index 427

well-being, 247, 286, 290, 316, working age benefits, 108, 213, 220 325, 331 working class, 69, 122, 143, 222, WHO (World Health 269, 271, 305, 308 Organization), 24, 29, 32, workplaces, 53–54, 57, 96, 172, 229 44, 82 World Bank, 30, 341 widows, 16, 254 World economic Forum see also Wilkinson, Richard, 121 Davos Manifesto 170–71, Williamson, Gavin, 96 247 windfall tax, 203, 327 World Health Organization see Windrush generation, 132 WHO winners, 155–61, 310, 331 world leaders, 61, 83, 151 Wolf, Martin, 120 World Wars work, 57–58, 94–96, 103–6, First, 28, 41, 186, 200 110–13, 135–39, Second, 42, 112, 121, 186, 153–54, 213–15, 241–42, 274, 278, 284, 226–30 340 worker representation, 172 workers, 126–30, 135–36, 155–56, yellow fever, 40 164–65, 178–79, 269–71, young adults, 138–39, 164, 259, 304–6, 323–25 265, 307 care, 47, 61, 90, 130, 189, 233–34, 300 youth parliaments, 304, 339 key, 49, 125, 129–30, 139, 195 ordinary, 100, 197, 326, 339 zero hours, 104, 324 workforce, 16, 77, 90, 115, 229, 283 zero tolerance, 171, 294 workhouses, 213, 267–69, 272, 275 Zuboff, Shoshana, 331 deterrent, 2, 267 Zucman, Gabriel, 294