DOCSLIB.ORG

Governance of the Internet's Infrastructure, Network Policy for The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Governance of the Internet's Infrastructure, Network Policy for The INFORMATION TO USERS This manusuipt has beerr reproduced from the miaotih master. UMI films the text directly frwn the original or copy sukni. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in Ferface, while athem may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, cdored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print Meedttrmugh, U~tanclardmargins, and improper alignment can adversely affect mprodudon. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted- Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e-g., maps, drawings, charts) am reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps Photographs included in the oiiginal manuscript have been reproduoed xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6- x W Mack and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI direto order. Be11 CL Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-1346 USA 80@521-0800 Craig McTaggart A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws Graduate Department of the Faculty of Law University of Toronto @ Copyright by Craig John McTaggart 1999 National Library BibliothMue nationale 1*1 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et BibliographicServices servicesbibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Weningtm OttawaON K1AON4 OctawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde melicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or sell reproduire, peter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation, Governance of The Internet's Infrastructure: Network Policy for the Global Public Network Craig McTaggart 8.A. (lions.) (Queen's), LL.B. (Western Ontario), of the Ontario Bar Master of Laws Faculty of Law University of Toronto 1999 Abstract: The Internet's unprecedented characteristics are products of the unique compound of governance forces to which its underlying infrastructure is subject. This idkstructure presents issues significantly different to those relating to the content passing over it. in the evolution of the Internet into a global public communications network. its physical infrastructure and content layers have changed dramatically, while its technical infhstructure has not. Three scenarios for the continued evolution of the Internet suggest that the governance forces which support this infrastructure may no longer be capable of maintaining the Internet as an open public network. The Internet should continue to be governed in the public interest according to the principles of universal interoperability and interconnection, non-proprietary standards, protocols and networks, and unity. Trends in the Internet and experience in telecommunications suggest that hture governance structures will need to be globally authoritative in order to effectively protect and advance these fhdamental values. I would first like to thank Professor Hudson Janisch for his enthusiastic and dedicated supervision over the past year. His constant support and encouragement made the transition &om practice to academics most enjoyable. Professor Arnold Weinrib graciously served as second reader- I also wish to acknowledge the generous financial support of Rogers Communications Inc., as recipient of the E.S. Rogers Graduate Scholarship in Communications Law at the University of Toronto, and The University of Western Ontario Faculty of Law and the Ontario Law Foundation, as recipient of their Graduate Fellowship. Graduate Secretary Julia Hall made the whole process run smoothly from start to finish and deserves gratitude for her caring shepherding of the LL-M. Class of '99. Finally, for the abiding love and support of Kim Rogers, Ph-D.. I am grateful and indebted, in more ways than one. Thank you for understanding (and tolerating) the demands of the practice and study of law. I1 . GOVERNANCE..................................................................... .............................. .....................................8 I11. GOVERNANCE OF THE LNTERNET'S INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................ 11 A . IDENTIFIERS AND ROUTING .................................................................................................................... 12 I IPNumbers ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2 Domain Names ................................................................................................................................. 13 3. Management of the Name and Number Spaces ........................................................................... 21 4 . Jon Postel and the internet Assigned Numbers Authority .............................................................. 23 5 The Inrernet Corporationfor Assigned Names and Numbers ........................................................... 25 B . PROT~COLSAND STANDARDS................................................................................................................ 33 I TCP/IP.............................................................................................................................................. 33 2. The Internet Engineering Task Force ............................................................................................... 37 C . PEERING AND INTERCONNEC~ON.......................................................................................................... 42 I . Internet "Backbones"....................................................................................................................... 42 2. Peering and Transiting..................................................................................................................... 43 D . TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCEFORCES .................................. .... ........................................................ 45 IV . THE GLOBAL PUBLIC NETWORK ................................................................................................... 50 A . THE INTERNET ........................................................................................................................................ 50 B . Is IT GLOBAL?....................................................................................................................................... 51 C . 1.5 IT A NETWORK?................................................................................................................................. 53 D . IS IT PUESLlC? ......................................................................................................................................... 57 I . Public and Private Networh ............................................................................................................ 57 2 . The Societyfor Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ............................................. 59 3 . The Public Switched Telephone Network ......................................................................................... 61 4 The Internet ...................................................................................................................................... 70 E . THE GLOBALPUBLIC NWOR); ............................................................................................................ 82 V . PUBLIC GOVERNANCE ...................... ,.. ............................................................................................ 84 A . THE EVOLUTION OF THE ~JERNET'SGoVELNANCE STRUCTURES...................................................... 84 B . PUBLICVALUES ..................................................................................................................................... 88 C . DOES THE INTERNET NEED 'GOVERNANCE' AT ALL ? .......................................................................... 96 D . CONTENTvs . INWTRUCTURE ......................................................................................................... 101 E . IMPLICIT AND EXPLICITNORMS ....................................................................................................... 103 Vlt . THREE SCENARIOS FOR THE INTERNET'S FUTURE ........................ ... ............................... 108 GENERALTRMDS ................................................................................................................................ 108 OPENSCENARIO ..................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Letter to the FCC [PDF]
    Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, DC 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Amendment of Part 0, 1, 2, 15 and 18 of the ) ET Docket No. 15­170 Commission’s Rules regarding Authorization ) Of Radio frequency Equipment ) ) Request for the Allowance of Optional ) RM­11673 Electronic Labeling for Wireless Devices ) Summary The rules laid out in ET Docket No. 15­170 should not go into effect as written. They would cause more harm than good and risk a significant overreach of the Commission’s authority. Specifically, the rules would limit the ability to upgrade or replace firmware in commercial, off­the­shelf home or small­business routers. This would damage the compliance, security, reliability and functionality of home and business networks. It would also restrict innovation and research into new networking technologies. We present an alternate proposal that better meets the goals of the FCC, not only ensuring the desired operation of the RF portion of a Wi­Fi router within the mandated parameters, but also assisting in the FCC’s broader goals of increasing consumer choice, fostering competition, protecting infrastructure, and increasing resiliency to communication disruptions. If the Commission does not intend to prohibit the upgrade or replacement of firmware in Wi­Fi ​ ​ devices, the undersigned would welcome a clear statement of that intent. Introduction We recommend the FCC pursue an alternative path to ensuring Radio Frequency (RF) compliance from Wi­Fi equipment. We understand there are significant concerns regarding existing users of the Wi­Fi ​ spectrum, and a desire to avoid uncontrolled change. However, we most strenuously advise against prohibiting changes to firmware of devices containing radio components, and furthermore advise against allowing non­updatable devices into the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Finder and Internet Governance
    345 Site Finder and Internet Governance Jonathan Weinberg* 347 INTRODUCTION 348 PART 1. 354 PART 2. 361 PART 3. 366 PART 4. 375 CONCLUSION Copyright © 2004 by Jonathan Weinberg. * Professor of Law, Wayne State University. I am grateful to Michael Froomkin, Mark Lemley, David Maher, Milton Mueller, and Jessica Litman for their comments, and to Susan Crawford and Bret Fausett for answer- ing questions along the way. None of them, of course, is responsible for anything I say here. This essay reflects developments taking place through 30 November 2003. 347 Site Finder and Internet Governance Jonathan Weinberg INTRODUCTION ON SEPTEMBER 15, 2003, VeriSign, Inc.—the company that operates the data- bases that allow internet users to reach any internet resource ending in “.com” or “.net”—introduced a new service it called Site Finder. Less than three weeks later, after widespread protest from the technical community, at least three law- suits, and a stern demand from ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, which has undertaken responsibility for managing the internet domain name space), VeriSign agreed to shut Site Finder down.1 In between those dates the internet community saw a passionate debate over the roles of ICANN, VeriSign, and the internet’s technical aristocracy in managing the domain name space. VeriSign has charged that its opponents’ reactions were the product of “obsolete thinking” that would disable it from “build[ing] a commercial busi- ness.”2 ICANN, for its part, is seeking to enact a procedure under which top-level domain name registry operators such as VeriSign must seek ICANN’s approval before offering new services or taking any “significant actions that...could affect the operational stability, reliability, security or global interoperability of...the Internet.”3 Some see fault on all sides: “It’s hard to say,” writes one commenta- tor, “in this case who is being more anti-competitive, ICANN or VeriSign.”4 In this essay, I will try to unpack the Site Finder story.
    [Show full text]
  • To the Members of the Senate Judiciary Committee: We, The
    To the members of the Senate Judiciary Committee: We, the undersigned, have played various parts in building a network called the Internet. We wrote and debugged the software; we defined the standards and protocols that talk over that network. Many of us invented parts of it. We're just a little proud of the social and economic benefits that our project, the Internet, has brought with it. We are writing to oppose the Committee's proposed new Internet censorship and copyright bill. If enacted, this legislation will risk fragmenting the Internet's global domain name system (DNS ), create an environment of tremendous fear and uncertainty for technological innovation, and seriously harm the credibility of the United States in its role as a steward of key Internet infrastructure. In exchange for this, the bill will introduce censorship that will simultaneously be circumvented by deliberate infringers while hampering innocent parties' ability to communicate. All censorship schemes impact speech beyond the category they were intended to restrict, but this bill will be particularly egregious in that regard because it causes entire domains to vanish from the Web, not just infringing pages or files. Worse, an incredible range of useful, law-abiding sites can be blacklisted under this bill. These problems will be enough to ensure that alternative name-lookup infrastructures will come into widespread use, outside the control of US service providers but easily used by American citizens. Errors and divergences will appear between these new services and the current global DNS, and contradictory addresses will confuse browsers and frustrate the people using them.
    [Show full text]
  • IDN-OSS Project
    IDN-OSS Project ICANN 2004 Cape Town – IDN Workshop 1st December 2004 William Tan NeuLevel Consultant IDN and NeuLevel • NeuLevel has recognized the need for application plug-ins to realize the benefit of IDN work by any registry – Web browsers, email clients, IM, etc. • Need for a project to implement plug-ins that is – Open source, external to NeuLevel – Community controlled and developed – Standards compliant, not registry-specific 2 Chartering IDN-OSS • NeuLevel collaboration with James Seng to begin IDN-OSS – Conceived at ICANN Montreal – Discussion between Richard Tindal and James Seng • James Seng wrote business plan, kick-started the project. • Advisory Council: Vint Cerf, Mark Davis, Martin Dürst, John Klensin, and Paul Hoffman • Project is hosted by Internet Systems Consortium 3 IDN Open Source Software Project • Goals – Develop open source, standards-compliant software to enable IDN functionality in applications – Target web browser initially – Internet Explorer – Provides a bridge until IDN functionality is native to applications • Timeline – Summer 2003: Project begins – Fall 2003: ISC begins hosting project – Spring 2004: First IE plug-in released – Summer 2004: Internal code improvements 4 IDN-OSS Products • IDNTool • Performs IDNA ToASCII and ToUnicode operations. • Useful for developers, domain administrators, etc. • Uses JPNIC idnkit library internally • Plug-in for Internet Explorer • Allows users to navigate using IDN URLs – by typing into address bar or clicking on links. • New name: echIDNA • Uses JPNIC idnkit library
    [Show full text]
  • July 18, 2012 Chairman Julius Genachowski Federal Communications Commission 445 12Th Street SW Washington, DC 20554 Re
    July 18, 2012 Chairman Julius Genachowski Federal Communications Commission 445 12th Street SW Washington, DC 20554 Re: Letter, CG Docket No. 09-158, CC Docket No. 98-170, WC Docket No. 04-36 Dear Chairman Genachowski, Open data and an independent, transparent measurement framework must be the cornerstones of any scientifically credible broadband Internet access measurement program. The undersigned members of the academic and research communities therefore respectfully ask the Commission to remain committed to the principles of openness and transparency and to allow the scientific process to serve as the foundation of the broadband measurement program. Measuring network performance is complex. Even among those of us who focus on this topic as our life’s work, there are disagreements. The scientific process happens best in the sunlight and that can only happen when as many eyes as possible are able to look at a shared set of data, work to replicate results, and assess its meaning and impact. This ensures the conclusions from the broadband measurement allow for meaningful, data-driven policy making. Since the inception of the broadband measurement program, those of us who work on Internet research have lauded its precedent-setting commitment to open-data and transparency. Many of us have engaged with this program, advising on network transparency and measurement methodology and using the openly-released raw data as a part of our research. However, we understand that some participants in the program have proposed significant changes that would transform an open measurement process into a closed one. Specifically, that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is considering a proposal to replace the Measurement Lab server infrastructure with closed infrastructure, run by the participating Internet service providers (ISPs) whose own speeds are being measured.
    [Show full text]
  • Domain Name System 1 Domain Name System
    Domain Name System 1 Domain Name System The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. A Domain Name Service translates queries for domain names (which are easier to understand and utilize when accessing the internet) into IP addresses for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.43.10 (IPv4) and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6). The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet resources and users in a meaningful way, independent of each entity's physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208.77.188.166 (IPv4) or 2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). Users take advantage of this when they recite meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates them. The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain.
    [Show full text]
  • About | Network Startup Resource Center
    UO Home | Dept Index HOME ABOUT ACTIVITIES NEWS SUPPORTERS CALENDAR Enter your keywords Search About Index Core Support Main Focus Areas Overview Early History: 1990's International TCP/IP Training Workshops Computing, Networking Equipment & Book Donations Hosting Network Engineering Interns Financial and Operational Support Core Support The NSRC is funded by grant number 1451045 from the International Research Network Connections (IRNC) program of the National Science Foundation and Google, with additional contributions from dozens of public and private organizations. The NSRC works closely with several University of Oregon organizations, including the Route Views project, the Network and Telecommunication Services group, UO Libraries, and the Wired Humanities Project (WHP). Main Focus Areas Helping develop and deploy Internet infrastructure in R&E networks Assisting US scientists with international research partnerships World Map of Assistance from 1992-2014 Providing technical information and tools to network operators Providing direct network engineering and design assistance Helping organize regional training workshops and centers Coordinating donations and shipments of networking books and equipment Helping develop Internet eXchange points Helping build wireless network infrastructure Hosting network engineering interns Advising on how to establish help desk/user support services Maintaining a historical archive of Internet connectivity Overview The Network Startup Resource Center works directly with the indigenous network engineers and operators who develop and maintain the Internet infrastructure in their respective countries and regions by providing technical information, engineering assistance, training, donations of networking books, equipment and other resources. The end goal in this work is to make it easier for local scientists, engineers and educators to collaborate via the Internet with their international colleagues by helping to connect communities of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
    The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • A Long Time Ago, in a Meeting Room Far, Far Away...Or Maybe 17 Years
    A long time ago, in a meeting room far, far away.... ... or maybe 17 years ago, in Houston, Texas... ...work in the IETF began on... DNSSEC For their efforts with DNSSEC, the IETF wishes to thank: Joe Abley - Danny Aerts Alain Aina - Mehmet Akcin Jaap Akerhuis - Mark Andrews Roy Arends - Derek Atkins Rob Austein - Roy Badami Alan Barrett - Doug Barton Rickard Bellgrim - Ray Bellis Steve Bellovin - Dan Bernstein David Blacka - Stéphane Bortzmeyer Eric Brunner-Williams - Len Budney Randy Bush - Bruce Campbell Vint Cerf - K.C. Claffy Alan Clegg - David Conrad Michelle S. Cotton - Olivier Courtay John Crain - Dave Crocker Steve Crocker - Alex Dalitz Joao (Luis Silva) Damas Hugh Daniel - Kim Davies John Dickinson - Vasily Dolmatov Lutz Donnerhacke - Mats Dufberg Francis Dupont - Donald Eastlake Anne-Marie Eklund-Löwinder Howard Eland - Robert Elz Patrik Fältström - Mark Feldman Ondrej Filip - Martin Fredriksson Alex Gall - James M. Galvin Joe Gersch - Demi Getchko Miek Gieben - John Gilmore Steve Goodbarn - James Gould Michael Graff - Chris Griffiths Olafur Gudmundsson - Gilles Guette Andreas Gustafsson Jun-ichiro Itojun Hagino Staffan Hagnell Phillip Hallam-Baker Ilja Hallberg - Bob Halley Cathy Handley - Wes Hardaker Ted Hardie - Ashley Heineman Jeremy Hitchcock - Bernie Hoeneisen Alfred Hoenes - Paul Hoffman Scott Hollenbeck - Russ Housley Geoff Houston - Walter Howard Bert Hubert - Greg Hudson Christian Huitema - Shumon Huque Johan Ihren - Stephen Jacob Jelte Jansen - Rodney Joffe Simon Josefsson - Daniel Kalchev Andris Kalnozols - Dan
    [Show full text]
  • Update 6: Internet Society 20Th Anniversary and Global INET 2012
    Update 6: Internet Society 20th Anniversary and Global INET 2012 Presented is the latest update (edited from the previous “Update #6) on the Global INET 2012 and Internet Hall of Fame. Executive Summary By all accounts, Global INET was a great success. Bringing together a broad audience of industry pioneers; policy makers; technologists; business executives; global influencers; ISOC members, chapters and affiliated community; and Internet users, we hosted more than 600 attendees in Geneva, and saw more than 1,300 participate from remote locations. Global INET kicked off with our pre‐conference programs: Global Chapter Workshop, Collaborative Leadership Exchange and the Business Roundtable. These three programs brought key audiences to the event, and created a sense of energy and excitement that lasted through the week. Of key importance to the program was our outstanding line‐up of keynotes, including Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, Jimmy Wales, Francis Gurry, Mitchell Baker and Vint Cerf. The Roundtable discussions at Global INET featured critical topics, and included more than 70 leading experts engaged in active dialogue with both our in‐room and remote audiences. It was truly an opportunity to participate. The evening of Monday 23 April was an important night of celebration and recognition for the countless individuals and organizations that have dedicated time and effort to advancing the availability and vitality of the Internet. Featuring the Internet Society's 20th Anniversary Awards Gala and the induction ceremony for the Internet Hall of Fame, the importance of the evening cannot be understated. The media and press coverage we have already received is a testament to the historic nature of the Internet Hall of Fame.
    [Show full text]
  • DNS Consistency Model
    DNS Consistency Model Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (by Research) in Computer Science by Manish Kumar Sharma 200502011 [email protected] Center for Security, Theory & Algorithmic Research (CSTAR) International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad - 500 032, INDIA April 2012 Copyright c Manish Kumar Sharma, April 2012 All Rights Reserved International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India CERTIFICATE It is certified that the work contained in this thesis, titled “DNS Consistency Model” by Manish Kumar Sharma, has been carried out under my supervision and is not submitted elsewhere for a degree. Date Adviser: Dr. Bruhadeshwar Bezawada The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary. - Donald Kendall To my loving parents and grandparents. Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Bruhadeshwar Bezawada for his constant support and able guidance for the past three years. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. Bruhadeshwar for introducing me to the field of DNS security. I would like to thank my parents for constantly supporting me throughout my highs and lows. As a child, I was like a lump of clay. My parents and teachers moulded and shaped me into a beautiful pot and Dr. Bruhadeshwar crafted designs on the pot to enhance its beauty. In other words, my parents with their initial guidance helped me to reach a stage from where I could easily comprehend the teachings of my teachers and finally Dr. Bruhadeshwar guided me through the path to success. I would also like to thank my siblings and friends without whose motivation I could not have traveled such a long distance.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Internet Pioneers
    List of Internet pioneers Instead of a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment. The pioneers Contents Claude Shannon The pioneers Claude Shannon Claude Shannon (1916–2001) called the "father of modern information Vannevar Bush theory", published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in J. C. R. Licklider 1948. His paper gave a formal way of studying communication channels. It established fundamental limits on the efficiency of Paul Baran communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of Donald Davies finding families of codes to achieve capacity.[1] Charles M. Herzfeld Bob Taylor Vannevar Bush Larry Roberts Leonard Kleinrock Vannevar Bush (1890–1974) helped to establish a partnership between Bob Kahn U.S. military, university research, and independent think tanks. He was Douglas Engelbart appointed Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee in Elizabeth Feinler 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed Director of the Louis Pouzin Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941, and from 1946 John Klensin to 1947, he served as chairman of the Joint Research and Development Vint Cerf Board. Out of this would come DARPA, which in turn would lead to the ARPANET Project.[2] His July 1945 Atlantic Monthly article "As We Yogen Dalal May Think" proposed Memex, a theoretical proto-hypertext computer Peter Kirstein system in which an individual compresses and stores all of their books, Steve Crocker records, and communications, which is then mechanized so that it may Jon Postel [3] be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility.
    [Show full text]