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Development of Shipping in Guyana

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Development of Shipping in Guyana World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 1987 Development of shipping in Guyana Henley M John Smart WMU Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Smart, Henley M John, "Development of shipping in Guyana" (1987). World Maritime University Dissertations. 811. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/811 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ^ Introduction Map of Gtiyana Chapter 1 Review of Literature Overview on Shipping Shipping as a link in the Transport Chain 2 Economics of Tramp Shipping 6 Effects of Sea-transport -jj Role of Transport in Economic Development ’ i6 Code of Conduct for Liner Conference 18 Development of a Merchant Marine 19 Role of Ports in Economic Development 25 General Impact 29 Chapter 2 Historical Outlook of Guyana 55 Geography 55 Economy Natural Resources 56 Agriculture Forestry jy Review of Exports and Imports |8 Bauxite Rice Sugar . Timber Alcohol 45 Shrimps & Fruits 46 Imports Influence of Trade on Shipping 4y Regional Shipping Carrier 40 Caribbean Shipping Association 50 Chapter 5 Development of Liner Shipping in Guyana. 52 Guybulk Shipping Summary and Conclusion cq i OqT ’ r 4 neo-’t tical Framework 69 Kese rch Methodology 99 Anne^: 1 Development in Shipping.1-2 Annex 2 Type of Port Administration : 1 Maritime Access Channel -Responsibility : 2 Lights, Buoys and Navigation Aids : 3 Superstructure Services : 4 Dockw'orker employment VJl Organization Chart (port Authority ) ; 6 Organization Charts (Maritime Admin.) ; 7-10. Annex 3 Status of Conventions. Annex 4 List of Major Classification Societies. Annex 6 National Oil Pollution Control. Glossory Of Shipping Terms 1-2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the end of such an important project, it is only appropriate to express my gratitude to all those good people who have contributed in whatsoever way to make this task a reality. For, I consider their contribution as invaluable for without which this task would not have been completed. My first expression of gratitude goes to Mr. A.A.Monsef, my Course Professor whose advise and assistance was significant to its completion. I am also indebted to several persons who have contri­ buted in making this project a succes. But, here it will be a greater task to mention all of"their names. Neverthe­ less, I will take this oppotunity to mention a few here. In this aspect, my special thanks goes to Comrades: Stella Odie-Ali, Permanent Secretary in the Office of the President; Winston Griffith, General Manager -Transport & Harbours Department; Danny Ainsworth, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Housing; Yule C. Gooding, Manager Guyana National Shipping Corporation; Watson James, Representative of CARICOM in Guyana; O. Jordan, Manager -Statiticai Bureau, Georgetown. It must not be taken that their contribution was not signi­ ficant, but time and space will not permit. Henley M. John/Smart Bachelor of Social Science(Sociology) University of Guyana -11- INTRODUCTION The main aim of this research to probe into the development of shipping in Guyana to review the factors that help in shaping the policies in this direction.At first, it must be stated that my country's major exports are bauxite, sugar, rice and timber and its major import centers around petroleum products. As a result, my re­ search will show a bias towards shipment of the above commodities in terms of bulk. However, in the process of developing a frame cognisance will be paid to other -areas but not in depth as bulk transport or tramp shipping. Moreover, the choice of this topic was derived out of thoughts that pre-occupied me and made me wonder if there is nothing happening in shipping in Guyana that is worth noting as those appearing of other Caribbean Countries in a monthly review of Caribbean Shipping Magazine. This reviews the shipping activities of several countries and their ports, but never have I in one instance read about anything about Guyana shipping. A foreigner to Guyana may say that perhaps shipping was andled under the caption of the Latin America. But even this is not evident.Yes, we are members of the Economic Commission of Latin America (E.C.L.A.) but the point is that we are a founder member of CARICOM and are closer to the peoples of the Caribbean through our colonial past and the inherited English Language. It is in the light of the above that I have undertaken this research with the hope that this project will prove to be a starting point for further similar projects wich will provide additional information which will be beneficial to shipping as a whole. The following is an attempt to apply Parsons's theory of the "Social System" in the deve­ lopment of shipping in Guyana. 111 GUYANA sasssssssCHAPTER sc1 Review of literatiire on shipping. Overview on Shipping. In our main theme, there are two concepts that we consider needs defining before we jotimey into this review. Firstly, what do we imply I I when we speak of development . It is evident that no analysis of society considers it as being static. We speak of change, growth and development. In the ^.spect of change, we simple mean that the condition and nature of a society become different from what they were before. Thus it is cleaa*ly possible to have a theory of change with necessarily having theories of growth. Moreso, growth is the simple process in which we visualize an increase in whatever specialized factor. It may be an increase in sheer density, size or complexity and consequently may permit an explanation of change. Development is a more tricky notion. As a matter of fact, several theorists have consider it as multi-dimensional or may be a matter of pure inference. However, we will be more specific and relate this to specific social situations in which certain changes lead directly and decisively to other changes. Development in all its complexities may imply quantitative economic growth ,ilt may also render fairly the idea of well-being in such growth as a phenomenon which is measureable in terms of increased national income or per capita income. In the latter, the well-being of the population indicates a higher standard of living which in itself proves to be complex and difficiilt to quantify;since it encompasses such various factors as the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population in terms of food and nutrition, housing, health, education, recreation, security, spiritual satisfaction etc . Development in shipping in the light of the foregoing, is the outcome in a sense of qualitative and quantitative changes occurring in this area and conveying the effects of a rise in time the standards in this field 1 as a total system. I I Shipping, on the other hand can be defined as Tinbergen has stated: ti Shipping is the husiness of transporting trade i.e. commodities and passengers by sea from a required port of origin to a reqiiired port of destination at a required time. * (2) Shipping as a link in the transport chain of cargoes. In the following, we intend to handle shipping in a broad perspective but as we go along we will strive to more specific, tadcing cognisance of otir main theme concerning bulk. Never-the-less, within this frame, ocean transport can be considered as part of the total transport chain of a commodity from the place of production to the place of consumption. As a result, ports are changing their roles that traditionally they were considered as final terminals for sea and inland transport of cargoes. In y t f the new concept of Multi-modal transport, ports are now acting as points for the interchange of goods. Looking at transport as a integrated activity, documentation is facilitated by iinification ( one document used in the entire transport ), Such documentation facilitates international t I transport in conjunction with I.M.O. efforts to reduce the red tapes which impede internation trade. These efforts encouraged Contracting Parties to accept the 1973 amendments to the International Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL) 19^5 and to bring them into force on June 2, 1984* I I In addition, the application of the new concept of door to door in transport, will reduce considerably wastage of material* manpower and time. It is also considered that the transit period and the possibility of damage, delay or loss could be reduced to a minimum. With this, different systems_of xmitization were adopted . Some of these were simple and inexpensive (pallets and preslinging) , while others (containers and their handling equipments- gantry cranes, transteiners,straddle carriers etc.) are more sophisticated and expensive. * Tinbergen, J., Shaping of the world economy page 8 2 To facilitate the free flow of commodities through transport, the United Nations Convention for the International Multi-modal Transport of goods was adopted in May, 1980. This Convention will come into force after 50 states have become contracting parties. Out of this text, the unit load systems are as follows (1 ) Preslinging. (2 ) Palletization. (3) Roll on,Roll off (ro/ro). (4 ) Barge carrying vessels. (3) Containerization. Also., in the sphere of bulk cargoes.transport, different specialized vessels have been introduced in that trade. Specialization means the build­ ing of special ships which are designed for carrying a particular cargo. The specialized ships have special holds and special cargo handling gears.
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