Three Depictions of Women from the Perspective of Men

Home , Ernest Chausson, The Lady Is a Tramp

THREE DEPICTIONS OF WOMEN

FROM THE PERSPECTIVE

OF MEN

MARCUS SAMUEL MILLER

SUSAN CURTIS FLEMING, COMMITTEE CHAIR SUSAN E. WILLIAMS LINDA PAGE CUMMINS CRAIG P. FIRST DIANE BOYD SCHULTZ WILLIAM A. MARTIN

A PERFORMANCE MANUSCRIPT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in the School of Music in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama

TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA

2014

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this manuscript is to set into context a recital that highlights three categories of songs depicting women from the perspective of men. The recital was held on 01

April 2014. The program and translations of the song texts appear in an appendix at the end of this manuscript. The selections are from different time periods and locales; the women in these songs range from the most holy to the most depraved, from the most to least loving. In the first category, “The Depiction of Women as Ethereal Beings,” women are viewed by men as more elevated in character or in status, and thus more powerful. “The Depiction of Women as Objects of Love” presents male expressions of love for women on a more equal level, using images of nature. “The Depiction of Women with Earthly Passions and Vices” offers the male view of women of low moral character and values, depicted as bawdy, drunk, insatiable, and possessed of other earthy traits. This manuscript focuses on the literature, composers, poets, performance, and thematic elements of the accompanying recital.

DEDICATION

This manuscript and corresponding recital are dedicated to the provider of inspiration, the composer of the music of the spheres, and the one who sings over me every day, Jesus Christ. In this work, I echo J.S. Bach’s repeated manuscript dedication in proclaiming “Soli Deo gloria,”

Glory to God alone.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am extremely grateful to my major professor, voice teacher, mentor, and friend, Dr.

Susan Curtis Fleming, for every ounce of energy, support, instruction, and wisdom that you have generously given me during my tenure at the University of Alabama. Your efforts provided the opportunity to train, learn, and grow, as both performer and teacher, despite challenges.

To my parents, Dr. Mark and Jean Miller, what can I say to thank you? Words cannot encompass the magnitude of your love, wisdom, and support. I am very thankful for the time and money you spent to come see numerous performances. Your constant encouragement and

Christ-like example helped me cope with adversity during this time. In addition, thank you for editing this and several other academic documents that I have written. To the rest of my family, thank you for your love, for making trips to visit me in Tuscaloosa, and for taking an interest in my life. Every visit, phone call, and encouraging message helped me take one more step towards completion of the degree. I love you all.

I am grateful to Dr. Gary Wilson for your mentorship. Thank you for your persistence in giving me advice, encouragement, and motivation at the precise moments I needed them.

Also, I am indebted to Marie Sanders and the John and Mary Hill family for providing housing for me while I have lived in Tuscaloosa.

Thank you to Dr. Jennifer Cowgill for three years of vocal training and being a positive influence.

I am thankful for employment and opportunities for professional development with both

First Presbyterian Church, Tuscaloosa, and University Church of Christ, Tuscaloosa. The relationships and community fostered through the Church in Tuscaloosa has shaped my life.

Finally, I would like to thank Hannah Franklin for her tireless support and encouragement as I worked to complete this project and degree. Thank you for quizzing me on my lyrics, editing my document, and helping me revise it repeatedly. Most of all, thank you for your sacrificial love. I am a better man because of Christ working through you.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………….....ii

DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………… iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………………….. iv

LIST OF EXAMPLES………………………………………………………………….……..… vii

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………1

CHAPTER 1: The Depiction of Women as Ethereal Beings……………………………………...2

CHAPTER 2: The Depiction of Women as Objects of Love…………………………………… 14

CHAPTER 3: The Depiction of Women With Earthly Passions and Vices…………………….. 20

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………. 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………….. 28

APPENDIX 1: SONG TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS………………………………………..30

APPENDIX 2: RECITAL PROGRAM…………………………………………………………. 38

LIST OF EXAMPLES

Example 1, Music for a While, mm. 1-5…………………………………………………………...3

Example 2.1, La reine de cœur, mm. 10-11………………………………………………………. 8

Example 2.2, La reine de cœur, mm. 16-17……………………………………………………..... 9

Example 3, An Sylvia, mm. 5-8………………………………………………………………….. 10

Example 4, Das Rosenband, mm. 9-12………………………………………………………….. 12

vii

INTRODUCTION

Women are perennial subjects of song. Poetry and musical settings in the

Western tradition have, for centuries, held as their subject men’s views of women. In Egyptian,

Babylonian, Greek, Roman, and other cultures, women were often compared to goddesses, and indeed in those cultures some women were actually believed to be such. In song, they were viewed as objects of adoration. Women have been loved, cherished, and coveted in song; they have also been perceived as licentious, base, and bawdy. From the multitude of representations of women, I have chosen three categories: “The Depiction of Women as Ethereal Beings,” “The

Depiction of Women as Objects of Love,” and “The Depiction of Women with Earthly Passions and Vices.” The selections presented in each category draw from song traditions in various time periods and locales. Purcell’s Alecto, Schubert’s Sylvia, and Chausson’s Hébé are among the women viewed as powerful, lofty, and enchanting; the dearly beloved include Chabrier’s Jeanne and Chausson’s spouse; and among the bawdy females are Debussy’s gossips of Paris and

Rogers’s lady tramp. The following chapters expound the literature, composers, poets, performance, and thematic elements of the works from the three selected categories that were performed in the accompanying recital.

CHAPTER 1

The Depiction of Women as Ethereal Beings

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines a goddess in two ways. The first is “a female god.” The second is “a woman whose great charm or beauty arouses adoration.”1 The literature chosen in the first segment of the recital highlights women who fit these definitions.

The recital literature features two mythological goddesses, as well as two women whose charm arouses great adoration. They all hold an elevated status. Most are greatly admired. One is greatly feared.

Music for a While

In the opening selection, “Music for a While,” composed by Henry Purcell, we catch a brief glimpse of the goddess Alecto. She is one of the three Furies from Greek mythology. With serpents for hair and whips made of snakes, these three sisters tormented the wicked on earth, and in the afterlife.2 In this song, which was created as incidental music for the play Oedipus by

Dryden and Lee in 1692, we perceive the power of music as able to beguile all cares.3 Music, as described in the lyrics of Purcell’s song, is so powerful that even the ever-raging Fury drops her whip and releases the dead souls under her charge. This initial portrayal of women in the recital is intended to display not only the power of this goddess but also the power that music has in this

1 Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. (Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2003). 2 Henry Mulford Tichenor, The Olympian Gods (Appeal Publishing Company, 1921), 19. 3 Peter Holman, et al. “Purcell.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed January 10, 2014, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/41799pg3.

instance to soothe the great deity. The opening ground bass line slithers throughout the composition, slowly enchanting the listener.

Example 1: (Purcell Music for a While, mm. 1-5)

Purcell was a prolific contributor to all the main genres of secular vocal music current in 17th- century England, but toward the end of his career, he began to develop ground bass songs based on Italianate techniques; note the ascending sequential harmonic pattern implied by the bass line

(example 1). This particular song represents the composer’s tendency to mimic the pattern of the da capo aria by modulating during the middle section and returning to the original key when the original material returns. Purcell effectively uses the shortened note durations above the repeated word “drop” to depict the hair-snakes consecutively falling victim to the power of music.

Hébé

Depicted in the second song, the image of the goddess Hébé stands as a stark contrast to that of Alecto. Coming from drastically different eras and from composers with great contrast in compositional style, the two songs delve into the subject of enchantment. Alecto is enchanted by music, and her fury subsides. Hébé herself holds the power of enchantment, and all of the gods fall under her spell. Alecto was a horrendous monster of a woman who held the power of fear and death. The beautiful goddess of youth, Hébé, served as cupbearer to the gods in Greek

mythology. Louise Ackermann’s text represents the goddess as an innocent figure that enchants the gods. The story of Hébé conveys the power the goddess has over the other gods in that she holds eternal life in her hands and may choose to distribute it to whomever she wishes.

Chausson intertwines the melody between the voice and piano as the cup of youth is passed from cupbearer to god and back to cupbearer, never to be seen again. The dedication of the song was to Mlle. Eva Callimaki-Catargi, a French model most likely of Greek heritage.4 It could be speculated that, just like the innocent goddess Hébé, this young woman represented the beauty and purity of the divine. Chausson’s composition, written in 1882, reinforces this portrait of innocence with simple modal harmonies. In fact, the subtitle to the song is: Chanson Greque dans le mode phrygien (Greek song in the Phrygian mode). The composer’s compositional style in this song is representative of a philosophy of his, which he stated as: “I believe firmly in the reality of expressed thoughts, and a thought can only be expressed when it is dressed in a sufficiently beautiful form.” 5 In Hébé, one is not only exposed to the expression of innocence, beauty, and enchantment in the text, but also greeted by a vivid depiction of the goddess through the interwoven melody and choice of harmonies. The melody rises gracefully as she lifts her cup in offering to the gods. The accompaniment shifts into rushing arpeggiated eighth notes as the cup quickly passes by. As the tempo slows to what might be considered an unsatisfying final cadence, the listener hears the last strains of the melody float downward enchantingly.

Lydia

Vladimir Jankélévitch states that “what composers demand from Ancient Greece is neither dance rhythms nor popular songs, but a geographical dissolution compounded equally of

4 Carol Kimball and Richard Walters, ed. The French song anthology: high voice (Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corp., 2001), 74. 5 Jean-Pierre Barricelli and Leo Weinstein, Ernest Chausson: The Composer’s Life and Works (Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1955), 55.

ubiquity and Utopia.”6 This is precisely what Chausson found in Hébé and what Fauré discovered in Lydia. In an interview with François Crucy, Fauré stated, “I can't deny that pagan

Antiquity has always exerted a strong pull on my imagination.”7 Utilizing the pun on the name of the central figure, the composer chose to write the piece in the Lydian mode. The tritone from the tonic pitch to the raised 4th scale degree creates a sense of exoticism, and “the marvelous postlude dissolves into those ethereal regions even more convincingly than the ascension into the heavenly heights depicted at the end of Schubert’s Ganymed – it is as if we are breathing the very air of Parnassus.”8 Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle was the leader of the Parnassian poets, whose name was derived from the great mountain home of the Greek Muses, Mt.

Parnassus. “The Parnassians stressed restraint, objectivity, and precise description in their poetry.”9 This poem was Fauré’s first setting of de Lisle and was appropriately set to exemplify the poet’s ideals. The simple introduction paired with the postlude presents the listener with the idea of eternity. Lydia emerges from this texture in a vividly romantic but elegant description of her beauty as the composer gently lifts the melody through the exotic raised 4th scale degree.

The line soars gracefully upwards as the vision of her neck and hair appear. Lydia possesses a sexual charm over the person speaking. Her power is so strong that he dies and wishes to be brought to life again so that he can die once more in her love. The lyrics could also be referring to death as a metaphor for sexual release. Fauré paints this imagery by creating a climactic melody line that rises to its pinnacle only to suddenly retreat downward above the text, “I love

6 Vladimir Jankélévitch, trans. Carolyn Abbate, Music and the Ineffable (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 104. 7 Francois Crucy. “Les grandes figures contemporaines: Gabriel Fauré” [interview]. Le Petit Parisien (28 April 1922): 1-2. 8 Graham Johnson, Gabriel Fauré: The Songs and their Poets (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009), 64. 9 Kimball and Walters, 130.

you and die, oh my love.” Similar to Hébé, Lydia is a goddess who possesses the power to charm and give life. However, the life Lydia gives appears to be of a more temporal nature.

According to Kimball and Walters, the composer’s character “presumably referred to Emma

Bardac, with whom Fauré was having an affair at the time he composed the subsequent song cycle, La bonne chanson (The Good Song).”10

Une Sainte en son auréole

The next song in the first set casts a glow on the central figure that is generally reserved for those who display lives of great moral character and are now deceased. In fact, the song title itself conveys the imagery of a saint. Although not a goddess, the woman of Une Sainte en son aureole (A Saint in her Halo) clearly has ethereal traits. Full of romantic love, the poems of La bonne chanson were written by Paul Verlaine as a wedding gift for his wife, Mathilde. “The name came from medieval France; thus the reference to ‘her Carolingian name’ at the end of the first song.” 11 The text of Une Sainte en son auréole contains depictions of Mathilde as innocent and chaste in her tower. Through the reference to the dynasty of Charlemagne, Verlaine appears to imply that there is a holy, even spiritual power that humans can exert, and this power is contained by Mathilde. Fauré composed the song cycle La bonne chanson between 1892 and

1894, and it contains nine poems by Verlaine. “At the time he composed the cycle, Fauré was himself embroiled in a love affair with Emma Bardac, who would later marry Claude Debussy, and dedicated the cycle to her.”12 It is interesting to compare the woman portrayed in Lydia with the woman depicted in Une Sainte en son auréole and know that the composer most likely was using both songs to eulogize the same person. The power of Lydia was primarily to give sexual

10 Ibid. 11 John Magnum. “La bonne chanson” accessed February 3, 2014, http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/la-bonne-chanson-gabriel-faure. 12 Ibid.

satisfaction. The power that the saintly woman possesses is over the heart. The harmonic language Fauré utilizes in his portrayal of the lady in the tower is unpredictable and unusual. He chooses primarily to depict the lady through a repeated motive heard in the right hand of the piano accompaniment at the start. The melody soars higher as the text about the power of grace and love is sung, as well as when the words describing the triumphant charm of her sweet smile are heard. The composer chooses to reduce and calm the activity greatly in the accompaniment as the singer extols the innocence of the woman. The continuous motion actually comes to a complete stop at the words, “I hear all these things,” before finishing the thought that all things are found in the sweet lady’s holy name. These two beats of rest found in the accompaniment might be intentionally planned silence that the composer dedicated to his lover’s bi-syllabic name, Emma. Even with two different ladies in mind, both composer and author appear to be unified in this representation of certain women’s use of the holy power of grace and love.

La reine de cœur

The type of ethereal grace, beauty, and charm attributed to a goddess are rarely ascribed to a human woman. Queens and noblewomen often come close to garnering that recognition.

The poet Maurice Carême’s depiction of the fictional reine de cœur (queen of hearts) might capture both the regal nature of a queen and the otherworldly charming power of a goddess in the same person. In the poem written for this next selection in the recital, the listener is introduced to a powerful woman who can, with a gesture, entrap one in her icy castle. With a poem that is at once stunningly beautiful and seductive, yet cold and fearful, Poulenc chose to add this to his song cycle, La Courte Paille (The Short Straw), which was composed to be performed for a child. Poulenc himself stated about the cycle:

On some charming poems by Maurice Carême, half-way between Francis Jammes and Max Jacob, I have composed seven short songs for Denise

Duval or, more exactly, for Denise Duval to sing to her little boy of six. These sketches, by turns sad or mischievous, are unpretentious. They should be sung tenderly. That is the surest way to touch the heart of a child. 13

In La reine de cœur a child might likely be lulled to sleep by the undulating accompaniment, languid lines, and primarily soft dynamic markings. Even through this unpretentious sketch, a child might not be able to appreciate fully the subtle depiction of this woman. The pulsating eighth notes could depict a heart beating, faster and louder as the queen takes control. It even skips some beats as the ice castle is brought into view. The composer utilizes a significant shift in tonality from minor to major mode twice in the piece. The first time is when the poetry tells of the young dead coming to talk of love.

Example 2.1: (Poulenc La reine de cœur, mm. 10-11)

The second occurs at the final cadence after the queen successfully lures the subject into her lair.

13 Francis Poulenc, Diary of My Songs, trans. Winifred Radford (London: Victor Gollancz, Ltd., 1985), 109.

Example 2.2: (Poulenc La reine de cœur, mm. 16-17)

These shifts cast a very interesting light on the idea of death and love. The queen appears to hold the power to entice someone into a place where there is no escape, but at the moments in the song when that power is exposed, the composer paints with a lighter color.

An Sylvia

Franz Schubert was nearing the end of his life when he composed the lied entitled

Gesang: An Sylvia (Song: To Sylvia), D891. Schubert had fully matured as a composer by this time and had expanded his repertoire via form and technique. In contrast to this development, this is a simple strophic song. The maturity of the composer can yet be seen in the freedom he gives the singer in each strophe to interpret the text. He unveils a picture of fanfare as the singer declaims the merits of this woman. Ever the innovator, Schubert sets lyric, legato phrases in the melody with the joyful pomp in the piano accompaniment, thus creating the regal atmosphere.

With different aspects of the heroine highlighted in each verse, the singer has the opportunity to bring out different elements of the text through the various aspects of the composition. As is often the case in his strophic lieder, Schubert does not indicate dynamic markings in the vocal line and thus leaves these decisions to the singer. The primary decision necessary is what dynamic markings to apply to each strophe.

Example 3: (Schubert An Sylvia, mm. 5-8)

The text is such that it might indicate that a performer should sing the first verse with a sense of vibrant pomp. The second verse could be sung at a significantly decreased dynamic level to accentuate the sweetness and gentleness of the woman. The final verse seems to imply a grandeur and greatness that could accommodate a dramatic increase of dynamic level. The text setting lends itself to well-rounded phrases, but choices can be made by the singer and accompanist as to which musical elements to accentuate based on the text. There exist potential moments for the playful bass to be brought to the forefront over correspondingly exciting text.

The ensemble has the opportunity to grow and diminish in overall volume as the text grows and diminishes in exuberance. The words represent Sylvia first as a venerable gift from heaven, secondly as an unrelenting giver of love and kindness, and finally as the greatest woman in every human capacity. At this juncture in the recital set, the beauty, laud, and glory of the human woman comes into primary focus. The lyrics for “An Silvia” are taken from the play The Two

Gentleman of Verona by William Shakespeare. He portrays Sylvia as the primary love interest of several men, and they comically fawn over the heroine whilst trying to woo her. Schubert treats Sylvia as a high and sacrosanct woman. In the play this song is sung by a chorus hired to

serenade Sylvia. “The composer has decided to give the tenor 'lead' to a single voice, but he is true to Shakespeare in that the accompaniment suggests more than one musician.”14 Listen for the echoing statement of the melody at the ends of phrases as if a chorus was joining in to reiterate the text. Being a genuine human woman, Sylvia does not possess supernatural power over her suitors. But the fact that they extol her as the greatest of all women indicates a certain sway.

Das Rosenband

Perhaps one of the most powerful of all possible physical actions is an intent gaze. In

Fredrich Klopstock’s poem, “Das Rosenband” (The Rose Ribbon), the male figure bound the body of his lover while she slept. When she awoke, the female character bound the lives of the couple together through her gaze. The power this poem attributes to her far exceeds the physical power the man exerts over her and indeed borders on the realm of the supernatural. With her gaze the woman wields power, not over just the body, but also life, love, and happiness.

Schubert’s Das Rosenband was composed 11 years prior to An Silvia but certainly displays the composer’s expressive ability.

Schubert's arioso, seemingly poised between speech and song, and certainly experimental in this respect, veers in the direction of prophetic modernity: out of context one might guess the composer of the chromatically underpinned line 'mein Leben hing mit diesem Blick an ihrem Leben' as Schumann rather than Schubert, and the song shares with that composer a feeling of improvisation on the spur of the moment, where the poem rules all, rather than a preconceived melody.15

14 Graham Johnson, “Notes about ‘An Sylvia.’” accessed January 25, 2014, accessed February 13, 2014 http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W1912_GBAJY8413601&vw=dc. 15 Graham Johnson, “Notes about ‘Das Rosenband.’” (1989), accessed February 13, 2014, http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W2261_GBAJY9000717&vw=dc.

The accompaniment is quite simple, “set in a spirit of hymnlike devotion.”16 The atmosphere created is wrought with emotion and reverence as the man ties the woman with the ribbon, but as the arpeggiated chords enliven the accompaniment in the second stanza, we see the woman awake. Schubert indicates suspended rhythmic motion in parallel points of both stanzas where text and music hang in climactic suspense, as Graham Johnson referenced. It is in these moments that the composer vividly depicts both the visceral power of the man binding the flesh of the woman and the transcendent power of the woman binding the man’s heart to her own.

Example 4: (Schubert Das Rosenband, mm. 9-12)

Conclusion

In conclusion to this first section of the recital, one can deduce that there are a significant number of compositions which portray women with an otherworldly power or charm. In the selected songs, these powers are held by either mythological women or real human beings. They might be used to hold a captive, change a life, seduce a heart, win a lover, or impart grace and love. In all these selected cases, the women represented are treated with great respect. The impetus for this respectfulness might be spawned from love, admiration, or perhaps fear, but the element that the entirety of the selected portrayals share is awe of the power that the women

16 Ibid.

wield. The women depicted in the first part of the recital are viewed as elevated in status at the least and worshiped as supernatural beings at most.

CHAPTER 2

The Depiction of Women as Objects of Love

Women have suffered misogynistic objectification by certain societies throughout history. Some have been constrained as sex objects, household servants, or as pretty trophies to be displayed by men. When examining the song literature that depicts women as objects of love, the distinction must be drawn between the objectification of women and their placement as objects of great admiration. The pieces selected for this portion of the recital do not deal with the objectification of women. These songs only show an abundant outpouring of love and adoration. The descriptions of these women are strewn with comparisons to nature and utilize images of physical attractiveness and eloquent soliloquies of love.

Chanson pour Jeanne

In 1886, Emmanuel Chabrier composed perhaps one of his greatest melodies in Chanson pour Jeanne (Song for Jean). Though often overshadowed by Chabrier’s more well-known animal songs, this composition stands out as one “which Ravel so famously admired, and which he considered important for the evolution of his own musical language.”17 Set to a text by

Catulle Mendés, this song is a poignant picture of a woman compared to the highest beauty in nature, adored with the sweetest love, and ultimately mourned with melancholy homage.

The contents of the poem and the harmonic means used in the music locate this song on the border between the romantic and the modernist

17 Graham Johnson, “Notes about ‘Chanson pour Jeanne.’” (2002) accessed February 13, 2014, http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W6615_GBAJY0213403&vw=dc.

mode of expression. Typically in a romantic text, an important part is played by Nature, the state of which changes in accordance with the extreme transformations of the emotions of the lyrical subject: from loving delight and ecstasy to death, despair and resignation, embodied by references to dead flowers and birds. At the end, the beloved is dead and the hero may only wait, with resignation, for his own funeral.18

From the opening descending harmonic sequence in the accompaniment, the listener is invited into what is from the start a vivid portrayal of a beloved woman. The flowers burst into bloom with exquisite text painting in the right hand of the piano as the text indicates the beauty of the love. As the singer then proclaims that nothing in the world could deserve more attention than his loved one, the tempo increases and the accompaniment throbs with varying hemiola rhythms. At the end of the first strophe, the opening vocal line is repeated, and the sequential introduction is heard again. The second stanza likens the woman’s voice to that of a bird. The compositional effect is brilliant as Chabrier mimics the actual song of the mésanges (tits) under the sustained B on the text “you sing” in the vocal line.19 In the second verse, the vocal melody is very similar to the first. The third stanza is where the composer provides a twist. Leading into it, Chabrier presents the introductory material in a minor key in which the third verse remains.

As the story is unveiled, the listener discovers that the woman dies and the man is left with heartache. At this point, Chabrier begins the greatest climax as he presents a major key, with modal F sharps under the text “Et j’attends.” This is a complete surprise, as the corresponding part of each strophe has been in a minor key. This compositional choice vividly evokes a feeling of raw and visceral emotion as the man deals with the loss. The composer chooses to revert to the original opening phrase, however, which is repeated as closing material, thus possibly

18 Małgorzata Woźna-Stankiewicz, trans. Maja Trochimczyk, “The Poetry of Mendés in the Songs of Paderewski and French Composers,” Polish Music Journal 4.2 (2011), accessed February 13, 2014, http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/4.2.01/woznapaderewski.html#1. 19 http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/great.tit.html.

indicating a solemn and reverent reminder of the beautiful Jeanne. It stands as a bittersweet conclusion to a beautiful epitaph of ardent love. Again, the selection of this song as part of the recital represents only a small sampling of the entire song repertoire concerning the portrayal of women, but it is undeniable that this piece represents Jeanne with the utmost respect and care.

Cantique à l'épouse

Rarely in song literature does one have such a look into the love bestowed on a wife from her spouse. In Chausson’s Cantique à l'épouse (Song to the Wife) the listener is privy to a scene that is highly personal, stunningly beautiful, and deeply loving. In the Albert Jounet text, the woman is depicted using several terms from nature. Light is the main element that Jounet uses in depicting the appearance of the woman. The poet uses terms such as mystery and magic as he describes the love of the man toward her. Chausson highlights these literary elements in the accompaniment through the use of extended harmonic language. The unfolding sequential arpeggiated chords from the start create a veiled atmosphere suitable for the intimacy of the marriage bedroom. “The harmonic world of the composer has developed from the early days

(we can even detect the influence of Chopin in the unfolding chains of harmony), but what can seem unnecessarily complicated in some works by Chausson, here strikes the ear as rich and subtle.”20 Filled with long languid lines for the voice, the composer poignantly displays the overflowing affection of the man for the woman. The intensity builds as the singer expresses how the eyes of the woman draw him to her. Again, the decision to increase tempo and dynamic level at this point reflects the great power of a loving glance. Suddenly, the reverent mood of the first section returns as the focus turns to remembering the loving past of the couple. The song ends with the text and accompaniment slowly drifting away in silence and rest. As a

20 Graham Johnson and Richard Stokes, A French Song Companion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 81.

representation of an object of love, the woman portrayed in this piece stands apart as someone cherished on a level much more profound than that of raw passion or sexual desire. The mystery of true love, which the text describes, is elegantly simple. The man holds his wife as an object of devotion above all else.

Le Spectre de la Rose

Love or music – which power can uplift man to the sublimest heights? It is a large question; yet it seems to me that one should answer it in this way: Love cannot give an idea of music; music can give an idea of love. But why separate them? They are the two wings of the soul.21

Though there is little known about the elements surrounding the compositional process of

Les nuits d'été (Summer Nights), this quote by Hector Berlioz drives at the heart. Given the fact that the composer had many major life events which coincided with the writing of the cycle, and that he was very detailed and explicit about them in his memoirs, it is somewhat odd to find little information about this process. Berlioz was experiencing marital strife at the time. The composer eventually orchestrated the song Absence from Les nuits d'été for Marie Recio, a singer who eventually became his wife but with whom he was having an affair at the time.

Though it is hard to speculate on the effect of these events on the composition of the cycle, there is no doubt that these songs stand as a banner to the woman depicted in them, whomever that woman might be. Of all the songs in Les nuits d'été, Le Spectre de la Rose (The Ghost of the

Rose) could be considered the most effective in pinpointing women as objects of love. The poet and good friend of Berlioz, Théophile Gautier, published his La Comédie de la mort (The

Comedy of the Death) in 1838, and the composer soon afterwards selected from the set of poetry the six songs of Les nuits d'été, which he personally entitled. Berlioz was known as a highly

21 Hector Berlioz. Memoirs of Hector Berlioz. Translated and edited by David Cairns. (London: Gollancz, 1969), 515.

romantic composer, and the six songs selected for the cycle dramatically depict the love of a woman through use of typical romantic elements, such as nature and natural images. However, one of the most romantic elements of the collection is the focus on the loss of a beautiful love.

The poems of Les nuits d'été paint a beautiful picture of love from many perspectives, but one of the greatest is the image of the death of the rose in Le Spectre de la Rose. The two primary characters of the song are first that of a rose that has been plucked at the zenith of its existence, and second that of a woman who wears the dying rose at a ball. The entrancing opening material, presented in 9/8 time, opens the imaginary doors to the ballroom where the waltz is being danced. The character of the rose sweetly glows about how it was chosen to be worn by the woman all night at the festive ball. The second stanza grows both agitated and excited as the tempo increases and the accompaniment is given heightened complexity. Yet the seductive nature of the enchanting melody remains constant and indeed encompasses the texture as the rose explains how its soul will ever be connected to the woman. The third and final verse is stunningly bittersweet as the rose proclaims that its fate should be envied by all, including kings, because it was carried for one night on the breast of such a woman. The music becomes subdued and slowly fades away like the specter it represents. The woman represented in this song is held as an object of love as great as any. The rose gave the greatest gift possible for her in its death.

Conclusion

Love can be portrayed as an emotion or an action. In the selected songs that depict women as the object of love, all of the female characters have been given this gift in both ways.

In Chanson pour Jeanne the man profusely proclaims how wonderful the woman he loves is through allusion to beautiful nature. Ultimately this love is most greatly evidenced in his

grieving of the loss of that woman. Cantique à l'épouse shows one the intensity, depth, and mystery of love in the context of a marriage. This mystery goes beyond the sensual. The love given to the woman characterized is this song is based on commitment and grounded in devotion.

Finally, in Le Spectre de la Rose one can see potentially the greatest outpouring of love imaginable. The gift of life from one to another transcends any carnal desires and is captured in the portrayal of the love given to this woman and highlighted within the composition by Berlioz.

CHAPTER 3

The Depiction of Women With Earthly Passions and Vices

The portrayals of women as virtuous, holy, god-like, or beautiful objects of love lie on a distant part of the spectrum from the depiction of women in the final section. These women are painted as completely given to their passions, whether via drink, sex, or a variety of other earthy desires. These women might be described as “loose” by society, and the composers who set these depictions in general are just as loose with their settings.

Der Kuss

For a composer of grand works of majestic quality and sacred atmosphere as Beethoven, it might strike some as odd to stumble upon a song like Der Kuss (The Kiss). Although not as widely recognized as Schubert for his contributions to lieder, certain songs like this stand out as gems. Indeed, it is challenging to imagine a composer indulging in bawdy humor who dwelt on such lofty thoughts as the brotherhood of man. Beethoven did indeed have a sense of humor, as is evidenced by his reference to being forced to publish smaller scale works in order to make some money. The composer said, “Were it not that my income brings in nothing I should compose only operas, grand symphonies, church music or at the outside quartets in addition.”22

In German, this amounts to a humorous pun: “Wäre mein Gehalt nicht ganz ohne Gehalt.”

22 Alexander Wheelock Thayer. The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Translated and edited by Henry Edward Krehbiel. (New York: Beethoven Association, 1921), Vol. 3, 63.

With a text by Christian Felix Weisse, Der Kuss also contains a not-so-subtle play on words. The piece begins with a dance-like introduction, dainty and genteel, with very Classical embellishments. The text painting is ingenious as Beethoven begins to let the listener in on the joke. He starts by displaying the increased desire by the man to kiss Chloe as he repeats the word “schrie (scream)” higher and higher in pitch. The composer repeats this technique under the text, indicating that Chloe would respond by screaming. This particular line comes to a sustained climax imitating the scream. As the text continues telling how the man kissed Chloe anyway despite the potential threat of a scream, Beethoven musically prepares the listener for the joke by slowing the tempo and action in the accompaniment. It is as though he is preparing someone for the “punch line” which, in fact, follows this change. Beethoven saves the most climactic musical moment for the corresponding point in the joke as Chloe finally screams, but only a long time after she was kissed. The music concludes with a playful, light-hearted finish.

This song contains a huge underlying licentious message, but the main characterization of Chloe is one of someone who gives in to her carnal desires despite her strongest attempts to deny them.

Reine des mouettes

One of the responsibilities of interpreting song literature is doing so with both its music and poetry in mind. In Poulenc’s Reine des mouettes (Queen of the Seagulls) the subtle variation of interpretation could lead to two different performances. The poems for Métamorphoses were given directly to the composer by his friend, the poet Louise de Vilmorin. Poulenc and his recital companion, Pierre Bernac, premiered them in 1943. The set of songs was intended to be performed together. That aspect gives some insight into the interpretation of each, as they build upon one another.

The idea that Reine des mouettes is literally about seagulls and flowers is highly unlikely.

Instead, consider this imagery as it might pertain to a young, beautiful woman who is blushing due to some deep sadness within her:

Vilmorin plays with various connotations of the words rose and mousseline. Mousseline, as an adjective in "sous les brumes mousselines," suggests a texture, either thin (muslin glass), or foamy (pommes de terre mousseline, mashed potatoes with cream). Roses mousselines are an exceptional variety of roses; their fragrance is sweeter and more delicate than regular roses, and the translucence of their soft pink petals suggests the fine, thin silk French fabric that inspired their name. They are the quintessential Victorian garden rose. Rose first takes on the meaning of blushing (from the verb roser), before referring to the flower itself. An infamous verse by François de Malherbe (1555-1628), "Et rose, elle a vécu ce que vivent les roses" (And rose herself, she lived how all roses live), has given to the word rose the connotation of a woman in all the splendor of her prime youth and beauty, an allegory that many poets have since used. Vilmorin saves it for the penultimate line of the poem, "Rose sous les mousselines."23

The young woman is invited to succumb to the physical comforts of a man and does indeed give herself to those desires. Unlike the previous song in this recital, Poulenc does not portray this woman as bawdy nor humorous at all. The composer begins with an excited patter from the man as he calls to her. Poulenc then alters the rhythmic patter in the vocal texture, pulsating on the word rougis (blush), and increases in volume to a dramatic forte as the man kisses her and knows her through that action. Finally, the frantic action in the left hand of the accompaniment shifts to lyric arpeggios, and the vocal line becomes long and connected as the man describes the woman as a beautiful rose. Never does the poet or composer overtly state that this text has anything to do with sexual desires, but the imagery and indications by both at least lend that idea credence.

23Martin Néron, "Francis Poulenc and Louise de Vilmorin, a Surrealism à fleur de peau," Journal Of Singing 69, no. 3 (Jan-Feb 2013) 283. CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 22, 2014).

Ballade des femmes de Paris

Again, with the next selection in the recital, one encounters a curt play on words. After naming several countries and areas of the world, the text states that there is no better “tongue” than a Parisian one. This is not just referring to the French language, but also the gossips who speak it. The composer chose this text particularly to jab at the Parisian authors who were publicizing his recent divorce and subsequent affair with a married woman. Debussy is not known for composing jovial tunes, and indeed Ballade des femmes de Paris (Ballade of the

Women of Paris) is considered to be “the only comic song of Debussy’s maturity.”24 One purpose of this setting might have been “to mock all of the Parisian gossips who had done their best to undermine the happiness of the composer’s new life with wife and child.”25 If this is the case, the joke becomes even more pointed. Not only does the inference from Debussy imply that the women of Paris are the best gossipers in the world, but also that the people who mocked him fall into that category, male and female alike. In essence he is calling the group that mocked him gossiping women. Although his goal was to put to shame the group that mocked him; peripherally, this does not bestow the greatest praise on women and portrays them as loose- tongued.

The text serves to depict a comparison of the greatest gossips in the world, and the music vividly supports this. From the start, the accompaniment incessantly chatters underneath the text. Meanwhile, the vocal line is set to mimic “the rhythms and cadences of French speech, exaggerated to a point just this side of vulgarity.”26 At points Debussy illustrates the different groups with embellishments in the accompaniment. “The ‘Napolitaines’ section, a momentary

24 Johnson and Stokes, 100-101. 25 Ibid. 26 Roger Nichols, “Notes about “Trois Ballades de François Villon, L126” (2003) accessed February 22, 2014, http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W4579_67357&vw=dc).

swaggering of southern hips, is an example of genuine musical wit.”27 The chatter in the accompaniment briefly diminishes as the text reflects on the Bretons and Swiss who do not have the ability to gossip with the rest of the cultures. This is also represented by short, poking insertions from the voice. The accompaniment completely drops out in a recitative-like moment when the singer asks himself if he has compiled a list of gossips extensive enough. While the composer migrates through many wild and unrelated keys in his exposition of gossip from the different lands, he always returns to the tonal center of E major on the word “Paris.” Debussy is successful in creating a song more like a caricature than a lifelike characterization of women in his Ballade des femmes de Paris.

Das Köhlerweib ist trunken

Swiss author Gottfried Keller wrote the texts to a collection of poetry called Alte Weisen

(Old Tunes) in 1846. Originally these poems were published separately. “Each is about a woman; each offers a portrait of an actual acquaintance or an imagined persona.”28

In any guise, the verses are typically elusive and evocative; the old songs recall the stirrings of the memory or desire in the poet or his creations. The musical settings attain vivid and enduring life whenever the character drawing or scene depiction are at their clearest and most graphic.29

In 1890 Wolf published six songs with texts from Alte Weisen as part of his song set with the same name. Das Köhlerweib ist trunken (The Charcoal Burner’s Wife is Drunk) is the fifth song from the set. In it we find a text pitting what appears to be pity against a harsh and manic accompaniment full of what appears to be mockery. As the scene begins, the listener is introduced to a drunken charcoal wife singing at the top of her lungs in the woods. She used to be the most beautiful woman in the land, but after succumbing to the temptation of red wine, she

27 Johnson and Stokes, 101. 28 Eric Sams, The Songs of Hugo Wolf (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 303. 29 Ibid.

fell to low status. From the beginning, Wolf set this text against a raucous accompaniment full of merciless jabs at the drunken woman. The introduction sounds like hiccups as she is stumbling about in her stupor. The vocal line, which is spoken from a narrator’s perspective, is full of slurs, dramatic peaks and valleys, and loud blaring sounds.

Even the sudden flash-back reminiscence of ‘Sie war die schönste Blume’ (She was the fairest flower) we are not allowed any moment of real regret or tenderness. Indeed the word ‘Blume’ is allotted the slightly tipsy rhythm already heard at ‘trunken’ (drunk).30

While the text and music might stand in contrast to each other, both appear to indicate that this woman gave in to her fleshly desires and, through consequences related to that, found herself a drunken charcoal wife.

The Lady is a Tramp

At first glance, The Lady is a Tramp appears to be a derogatory statement about a woman. In modern vernacular, “tramp” generally describes a woman of ill repute. In Rodgers and Hart’s classic show tune, however, the woman depicted is actually being praised for her resistance to societal pressure. The song was premiered on Broadway in 1937 in the musical

Babes in Arms, and over time has become a jazz standard covered by singers such as Frank

Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Sammy Davis Jr., Rosemary Clooney, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, and numerous others. In the plot of the musical, at the moment this piece is sung, the lead female character in the show, Billie, makes an announcement to her friends that she is restless and wants to return to life on the road. This statement evokes a sentiment of “‘Hobohemia’” that is at the heart of Billie’s character.31 The lyrics are basically a list of all of the things that Billie doesn’t do. All the items on the list happen to be part of high society in the time the song was written.

30 Ibid, 308. 31 Thomas S. Hischak, The Rogers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007), 155.

Every line on the list ends with “that’s why the lady is a tramp.” This statement is a “tongue-in- cheek” way of turning the glamor of the upper class on its head, because Billie really doesn’t care for their lifestyle. Like most jazz standards, the orchestra performs a vital function in commenting on the text. In fact, at the end of most phrases there is an embellishment that paints a picture of the lyrics. The song stands as an interesting portrayal of women. Though not ridiculing Billie in any way, it still depicts her as one given to plebian tendencies.

Conclusion

The picture of a woman given to her passions and vices is one that exists in a much different realm from that of the others in this program. This image may be perceived as sensual, funny, or even sad, depending on the perspective of the listener. In the selected songs of this last segment of the recital, all three could be the case.

CONCLUSION

The goal of this particular manuscript and performance was to elucidate literature, composers, poets, performance, and thematic elements of the three selected categories of portrayals of women from the male perspective. A thorough understanding of these elements allows the performer to adequately present a representation of this broad subject. The explanations and interpretations of the songs given in this manuscript will help others recognize corresponding perspectives and guide interpretation of these same categories by others. In addition, this manuscript will serve to encourage others to think about the perspective from which the performer sings. Finally, other programs might be conceived from consulting this manuscript that illuminate further possible depictions of women from the male perspective of which composers approach and singers must be aware.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barricelli, Jean-Pierre and Leo Weinstein. Ernest Chausson: The Composer’s Life and Works. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1955.

Berlioz, Hector. Memoirs of Hector Berlioz. Translated and edited by David Cairns. London: Gollancz, 1969.

Chimènes, Myriam and Roger Nichols. “Poulenc, Francis.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, (accessed January 24, 2014, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/22202).

Crucy, Francois. “Les grandes figures contemporaines: Gabriel Faure” [interview]. Le Petit Parisien (28 April 1922).

“Great Tit.” Oiseaux.net. http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/great.tit.html (accessed February 24, 2014).

Hischak, Thomas S. The Rogers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007.

Holman, Peter et al. “Purcell.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (accessed January 10, 2014, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/41799pg3).

Jankélévitch, Vladimir. Music and the Ineffable. Trans. Carolyn Abbate. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Johnson, Graham. Gabriel Fauré: The Songs and their Poets. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009.

——. “Notes about ‘An Sylvia.’” accessed January 25, 2014, (accessed February 13, 2014 http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W1912_GBAJY8413601&vw=dc).

——. “Notes about ‘Chanson pour Jeanne.’” 2002. (accessed February 13, 2014, http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W6615_GBAJY0213403&vw=dc). ——. “Notes about ‘Das Rosenband.’” (1989) accessed February 5, 2014, (accessed February 13, 2014, http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W2261_GBAJY9000717&vw=dc).

Johnson, Graham and Richard Stokes. A French Song Companion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Kimball, Carol and Richard Walters, ed. The French song anthology: high voice. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corp., 2001.

Macdonald, Hugh. “Berlioz, Hector.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. accessed February 18, 2014, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/51424pg4.

Magnum, John. “La bonne chanson” (accessed February 3, 2014, http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/la-bonne-chanson-gabriel-faure).

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2003.

Néron, Martin. “Francis Poulenc and Louise de Vilmorin, a Surrealism à fleur de peau.” Journal of Singing 69, no. 3 (Jan-Feb 2013) 283. CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 22, 2014).

Nichols, Roger. “Notes about ‘Trois Ballades de François Villon, L126.’” 2003. (accessed February 22, 2014, http://www.hyperion- records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W4579_67357&vw=dc).

Poulenc, Francis. Diary of My Songs. Trans. Winifred Radford. London: Victor Gollancz, Ltd., 1985.

Sams, Eric. The Songs of Hugo Wolf. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Thayer, Alexander Wheelock. The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Translated and edited by Henry Edward Krehbiel. New York: Beethoven Association, 1921. Vol. 3.

Tichenor, Henry Mulford. The Olympian Gods. Girard, KS: Appeal Publishing Company, 1921.

Woźna-Stankiewicz, Małgorzata, “The Poetry of Mendés in the Songs of Paderewski and French Composers,” trans. Maja Trochimczyk. Polish Music Journal 4.2.2011. (accessed February 13, 2014, http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/4.2.01/woznapaderewski.html#1).

APPENDIX 1: SONG TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS

Music for a While

Music for a while Shall all your cares beguile: Wond'ring how your pains were eas'd And disdaining to be pleas'd Till Alecto free the dead From their eternal bands, Till the snakes drop from her head, And the whip from out her hands.

Hébé Hébé

Les yeux baissés, rougissante et candide, When Hébé, blushing and innocent, Vers leur banquet quand Hébé s'avançait. with eyes lowered approached their feast, Les Dieux charmés tendaient leur coupe vide, the delighted gods, held forth their empty cups, Et de nectar l'enfant la remplissait. which the child replenished with nectar.

Nous tous aussi, quand passe la jeunesse, We also, when youth passes, Nous lui tendons notre coupe à l'envi. offer repeatedly our cup to her. Quel est le vin qu'y verse la Déesse? What is this wine that the goddess pours? Nous l'ignorons; il enivre et ravit. We do not know; it intoxicates and delights.

Ayant souri dans sa grâce immortelle, Having smiled with her immortal grace, Hébé s'éloigne; on la rappelle en vain. Hébé passes on, one calls for her return in vain. Longtemps encor sur la route éternelle, For a long time on the eternal road, our Notre oeil en pleurs suit l'échanson divin. weeping eyes follow the divine cup-bearer.32

Lydia Lydia

Lydia sur tes roses joues Lydia, on your rosy cheeks, Et sur ton col frais et si blanc, And on your neck, so fresh and white, Roule étincelant Rolls sparkling L'or fluide que tu dénoues. The liquid gold which you untie.

32 Bard Suverkrop, translation, IPA Source, LLC. (accessed February 24, 2014, www.ipasource.com).

Le jour qui luit est le meilleur; The day that shines is the best; Oublions l'éternelle tombe. Let us forget the eternal tomb. Laisse tes baisers de colombe Let your dovelike kisses Chanter sur ta lèvres en fleur. Sing on your flowering lips.

Un lys caché répand sans cesse A hidden lily unceasingly disperses Une odeur divine en ton sein: A divine fragrance from within your breast: Les délices comme un essaim, Delights without number, Sortent de toi, jeune déesse! Emanate from you, young goddess!

Je t'aime et meurs, ô mes amours ! I love you and die, oh my love! Mon âme en baisers m'est ravie. Your kisses have stolen my soul. O Lydia, rends-moi la vie, Oh Lydia, give me back (my) life, Que je puisse mourir toujours! That I may die again and again!33

Une Sainte en son auréole A Saint in Her Halo

Une Sainte en son auréole, A saint in her halo, Une Châtelaine en sa tour, a lady in her tower, Tout ce que contient la parole All that human words contain Humaine de grâce et d'amour; of grace and of love;

La note d'or que fait entendre The golden note of a horn Un cor dans le lointain des bois des bois, heard in a distant wood, Mariée à la fierté tendre joined with the tender pride Des nobles Dames d'autrefois; of noble ladies from long ago;

Avec cela le charme insigne With that, the rare charm D'un frais sourire triomphant of a sweet triumphant smile Éclos dans des candeurs de cygne flowering with the innocence of a swan Et des rougeurs de femme-enfant; and the blushes of a woman-child;

Des aspects nacrés, blancs et roses, With a pearly appearance, white and pink, Un doux accord patricien: a gentle aristocratic harmony: Je vois, j'entends toutes ces choses I see, I hear all these things Dans son nom Carlovingien. in her Carolingian name.34

La reine de cœur The Queen of Hearts

Mollement accoudée Softly leaning A ses vitres de lune, on her window-panes of moon,

33 Ibid. 34 Ibid.

La reine vous salue the queen gestures to you d’une fleur d’amandier. with an almond flower. C’est la reine de cœur. She is the Queen of Hearts. Elle peut, s’il lui plait, She can, if she wishes, Vous mener en secret lead you in secret Vers d’étranges demeures into strange dwellings Où il n’est plus de portes, where there are no more doors, De salles ni de tours or rooms, or towers, Et où les jeune mortes and where the young dead Viennent parler d’amour. come to talk of love.

La reine vous salue; The queen salutes you; Hâtez-vous de la suivre hasten to follow her Dans son château de givre into her hoar-frost castle Aux doux vitraux de lune. with smooth stained-glass moon windows.35

An Silvia To Silvia

Was ist Silvia, saget an, Who is Silvia? what is she, Daß sie die weite Flur preist? That all our swains commend her? Schön und zart seh ich sie nahn, Holy, fair and wise is she, Auf Himmelsgunst und Spur weist, The heavens such grace did lend her, Daß ihr alles untertan. That she might admired be.

Ist sie schön und gut dazu? Is she kind as she is fair? Reiz labt wie milde Kindheit; For beauty lives with kindness; Ihrem Aug' eilt Amor zu, Love doth to her eyes repair, Dort heilt er seine Blindheit To help him of his blindness Und verweilt in süßer Ruh. And being helped, inhabits there.

Darum Silvia, tön, o Sang, Then to Silvia let us sing, Der holden Silvia Ehren; That Silvia is excelling; Jeden Reiz besiegt sie lang, She excels each mortal thing, Den Erde kann gewähren: Upon the dull earth dwelling: Kränze ihr und Saitenklang! To her let us garlands bring!36

Das Rosenband The Rose Ribbon

Im Frühlingsschatten fand ich sie, I found her in the spring shade, Da band ich sie mit Rosenbändern: I bound her there with rose ribbons: Sie fühlt' es nicht und schlummerte. she did not feel it and slumbered on.

35 Translation by Marion Leeds Carroll, http://web.mit.edu/mlcar/www/personal/performances/translations/courte-paille.html. 36 Suverkrop.

Ich sah sie an; mein Leben hing I looked at her; my life Mit diesem Blick an ihrem Leben: with that look became a part of hers: Ich fühlt' es wohl und wußt' es nicht. I felt it and yet could not explain it.

Doch lispelt' ich ihr sprachlos zu Yet I whispered to her without words Und rauschte mit den Rosenbändern: and rustled the rose ribbons: Da wachte sie vom Schlummer auf. then she awoke from her slumber.

Sie sah mich an; ihr Leben hing She looked at me; her life Mit diesem Blick an meinem Leben, with that look became a part of mine, Und um uns ward's Elysium. and all around us was paradise.37

Chanson Pour Jeanne Song for Jean

Puisque les roses sont jolies, Since the roses are pretty, Et puisque Jeanne l'est aussi, and since Jean is also, Tout fleurit dans ce monde ci, all flowers in this world, Et c'est la pire des folies and it is the height of folly Que de mettre ailleurs son souci, to be concerned about other things, Puisque les roses sont jolies, since the roses are pretty, Et puisque Jeanne l'est aussi. and since Jean is also.

Puisque vous gazouillez, mésanges, Since you twitter, tomtits, Et que Jeanne gazouille aussi, and since Jean twitters/sings too, Tout chante, dans ce monde ci all the world is singing Et les harpes saintes des anges and the angel’s holy harps Ne feront jamais mon souci will never concern me Puisque vous gazouillez, mésanges, since you twitter, tomtits, Et que Jeanne gazouille aussi! and since Jean twitters/sings too!

Puisque la belle fleur est morte, Since the beautiful flower is dead, Morte l'oiselle et Jeanne aussi... dead the bird and Jean too… Rien ne vit dans ce monde ci! nothing more lives in this world! Et j'attends qu'un souffle m'emporte And I await for a breeze to bear me away Dans la tombe, mon seul souci... to the tomb, my only concern… Puisque la belle fleur est morte, Since the beautiful flower is dead, Morte l'oiselle et Jeanne aussi. dead the bird and Jean also.38

Cantique à l'épouse Song to the Wife

Épouse au front lumineux, Wife with the luminous brow, Voici que le soir descend now that evening descends Et qu'il jette dans tes yeux and casts into your eyes

37 Ibid. 38 Ibid.

Des rayons couleur de sang. some blood-colored rays.

Le crépuscule féerique The magical twilight T'environne d'un feu rose. surrounds you with a pink fire. Viens me chanter un cantique Come to me and sing me a song Beau comme une sombre rose; beautiful like a dark rose;

Ou plutôt ne chante pas, Or rather do not sing, Viens te coucher sur mon coeur come lie on my heart Laisse moi baiser tes bras let me kiss your arms Pâles comme l'aube en fleur. that are pale like the blossoming dawn.

La nuit de tes yeux m'attire, The night of your eyes draws me, Nuit frémissante, mystique mystical, trembling night Douce comme ton sourire sweet like your smile Heureux et mélancolique. happy and melancholy.

Et soudain la profondeur And suddenly the depth Du passé religieux, of the devout past, Le mystère et la grandeur the mystery and the grandeur De notre amour sérieux, of our real love,

S'ouvre au fond de nos pensées Open in our innermost thoughts Comme une vallée immense like an immense valley Où des forêts délaissées where deserted forests, Rêvent dans un grand silence. dream in a great silence.39

Le Spectre de la Rose The Ghost of the Rose

Soulêve ta paupière close Open your eyelids Qu'effleure un songe virginal; brushed virginal dream! Je suis le spectre d'une rose I am the specter of a rose Que tu portais hier au bal. that you wore yesterday to the ball. Tu me pris encore emperlée You took me still pearled Des pleurs d'argent de l'arrosoir, from the tears of silver from the watering can, Et, parmi la fête étoilée, and, at the sparkling party, Tu me promenas tout le soir. you wore me all evening.

Ô toi qui de ma mort fus cause, Oh you were the cause of my death, Sans que tu puisses le chasser, you will be unable to keep away, Toute la nuit mon spectre rose the specter rose which every night À ton chevet viendra danser. to your bedside will come to dance. Mais ne crains rien, je ne réclame But do not fear anything, I do not demand Ni messe ni De Profundis; neither a Mass nor a de Profundis;

39 Ibid.

Ce léger parfum est mon âme, this faint perfume is my soul, Et j'arrive du du paradis. and I come from Paradise.

Mon destin fut digne d'envie, My destiny was worthy of envy, Pour avoir un trépas si beau, and for such a beautiful fate, Plus d'un aurait donné sa vie, more than one would have given his life, Car sur ton sein j'ai mon tombeau, for on your breast I have my tomb, Et sur l'albâtre où je repose and on the alabaster where I lie Un poète avec un baiser a poet with a kiss Écrivit: “Cigît une rose has written: “Here lies a rose, Que tous les rois vont jalouser.” which every king will envy.”40

Der kuss The Kiss

Ich war bei Chloen ganz allein, I was completely alone with Chloe, Und küssen wollt' ich sie. and I wanted to kiss her. Jedoch sie sprach, sie würde schrein, but she said, she would cry out, Es sei vergebne Müh! it would be a futile effort!

Ich wagt' es doch und küßte sie, I dared it though and kissed her, Trotz ihrer Gegenwehr. in spite of her resistance. Und schrie sie nicht? Jawohl, sie schrie, And did she cry out? Oh yes, she cried out, Doch lange hinterher. but long afterwards.41

Reine des mouettes Queen of the seagulls

Reine des mouettes, mon orpheline, Queen of the seagulls, my orphan girl, Je t'ai vue rose, je m'en souviens, I saw you pink, I remember, Sous les brumes mousselines beneath the muslin mists De ton deuil ancien. of your former mourning.

Rose d'aimer le baiser qui chagrine Pink from liking the kiss which vexes Tu te laissais accorder à mes mains you would surrender yourself to my hands Sous les brumes mousselines beneath the muslin mists Voiles de nos liens. veils of our bonds.

Rougis, rougis, mon baiser te devine Blush, blush, my kiss divines you Mouette prise aux nœuds des grands chemins. seagull caught at the junction of the great pathways. Reine des mouettes, mon orpheline, Queen of the seagulls, my orphan girl, Tu étais rose accordée à mes mains you were pink surrendered to my hands Rose sous les mousselines pink beneath the muslin Et je m'en souviens. and I remember it.42

40 Ibid. 41 Ibid.

Ballade des femmes de Paris Ballad of the Women of Paris

Quoy qu'on tient belles langagières, Although one considers them fine talkers, Florentines, Veniciennes, assez pour estre Florentines, Venetians messaigières, enough to be messengers, Et mesmement les anciennes; and even the old women; Mais, soient Lombardes, Romaines, but, be they Lombards, Romans, Genevoises, Genoese, I say at my peril, À mes perils, Piemontoises, Savoysiennes, Piedmontese, Savoyards, Il n'est bon bec que de Paris. There’s no better tongue than a Parisian one.

De beau parler tiennent chayeres, They hold chairs for talking, Ce dit-on Napolitaines, they say of the women of Naples, Et que sont bonnes cacquetières and that they are good chatterers the Allemandes et Bruciennes; Germans and Prussians; Soient Grecques, Egyptiennes, be they Greeks, Egyptians, De Hongrie ou d'aultre païs, from Hungary or another land, Espaignolles ou Castellannes, Spaniards or Catalans, Il n'est bon bec que de Paris. There’s no better tongue than a Parisian one.

Brettes, Suysses, n'y sçavent guèrres, Bretons, Swiss, barely know how, Ne Gasconnes et Tholouzaines; neither Gascons and Tonlousans; Du Petit Pont deux harangères les concluront, two ranting women on the Petit Pont Et les Lorraines, Anglesches ou Callaisiennes, would silence them, and the Lorrainers, (ay-je beaucoup de lieux compris?) English or Claisians, Picardes, de Valenciennes... (have I named enough places?) Il n'est bon bec que de Paris. Picards, from Valenciennes... There’s no better tongue than a Parisian one.

Prince, aux dames parisiennes, Prince, to the Parisian ladies De bien parler donnez le prix; give the prize for fine speech; Quoy qu'on die d'Italiennes, whatever they say of Italians, Il n'est bon bec que de Paris. There’s no better tongue than a Parisian one.43

Das Köhlerweib ist trunken The Charcoal Burner’s Wife

Das Köhlerweib ist trunken The charcoal burner’s wife is drunk Und singt im Wald; and sings in the forest, Hört, wie die Stimme gellend hear how her voice shrilly Im Grünen hallt! echoes through the green countryside!

42 Christopher Goldsack, translation, “A Treasury for Mélodie.” accessed February 24, 2014, http://www.melodie.talktalk.net/song191_Metamorphoses.htm. 43 Suverkrop.

Sie war die schönste Blume, She was once the loveliest flower, Berühmt im Land; famous in all the land; Es warben Reich' und Arme rich and poor vied Um ihre Hand. for her hand.

Sie trat in Gürtelketten She walked so proudly about in her So stolz einher; chatelaines; Den Bräutigam zu wählen, the bridegroom to choose, Fiel ihr zu schwer. she found choosing a bridegroom too difficult.

Da hat sie überlistet Then was she outsmarted Der rote Wein - by red wine - Wie müssen alle Dinge how must all things Vergänglich sein! how fleeting are all things!

Das Köhlerweib ist trunken The charcoal burner’s wife is drunk Und singt im Wald; and sings in the forest; Wie durch die Dämmrung gellend how through the twilight shrilly Ihr Lied erschallt! how shrilly her song rings out through the twilight!44

The Lady is a Tramp

She gets too hungry for dinner at eight, She likes the theatre but never comes late. She never bothers with people she hates, That's why the lady is a tramp.

She doesn't like crap games with Barons and Earls, Won't go to Harlem in ermine and pearls. Won't dish the dirt with the rest of the girls, That's why the lady is a tramp.

She likes the free fresh wind in her hair, Life without care. She's broke, it's oke, Hate California, It's cold and it's damp, That's why the lady is a tramp.

44 Suverkrop.

APPENDIX 2: RECITAL PROGRAM

THREE DEPICTIONS OF WOMEN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MEN

The Depiction of Women as Ethereal Beings

Music for a While Henry Purcell from Oedipus (1659-1695)

Hébé Ernest Chausson from Sept mélodies (1855 - 1899)

Lydia Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924)

Une Sainte en son auréole … from La bonne chanson

La reine de cœur Francis Poulenc from La Courte Paille (1899 - 1963)

An Silvia Franz Schubert (1797-1828)

Das Rosenband …

The Depiction of Women as Objects of Love

Chanson pour Jeanne Emmanuel Chabrier (1841 - 1894)

Cantique a l'épouse Ernest Chausson (1855 - 1899)

Le Spectre de la Rose Hector Berlioz from Les Nuits d'Été (1803 - 1869)

The Depiction of Women with Earthly Passions and Vices

Der Kuss Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)

Reine des mouette Francis Poulenc from Métamorphoses (1899 - 1963)

Ballade des femmes de Paris Claude Debussy from Trois Ballades de François Villon (1862 - 1918)

Das Köhlerweib ist trunken Hugo Wolf from Alte Weisen (1860 - 1903)

The Lady is a Tramp Richard Rogers from Babes in Arms (1902 – 1979)