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WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Step-by-Step Burning the Capitol In 1814, the British entered , D.C., during

SECTION Instruction the War of 1812. They drove President Madison and his Cabinet into the woods before burning the city. Madison’s wife, Dolley, heroically saved a painting of SECTION before joining the others. Years Objectives later, a British officer described the scene: As you teach this section, keep students “Of the Senate house, the President’s palace, the focused on the following objectives to help barracks, the dockyard, etc., nothing could be seen them answer the Section Focus Question and except heaps of smoking ruins, and even the bridge, master core content. a noble structure upwards of a mile in length, was • Identify the events that led to the War almost wholly demolished.” Hawks’s call for war. —George Robert Gleig, 1826 • Analyze the major battles and conflicts of ᮡ the War of 1812. A modern-day artist re-creates the burn- ing of the White House by the British. • Explain the significance of the War of 1812.

Prepare to Read The War of 1812 Background Knowledge L3 Remind students of the situation over Objectives Why It Matters Just a few decades after its founding, the United the impressments of by • Identify the events that led to the War States found itself involved in a major war. The war tested not only the British navy and the subsequent Hawks’s call for war. the young nation’s resources and strength but the solidarity of its U.S. embargo. Also, point out that the people as well. Despite their political divisions, Americans man- • Analyze the major battles and conflicts of the aged both to fight a war and to get the country back on track in the British still held forts in western U.S. War of 1812. territory. Tell students to read to find war’s aftermath. Section Focus Question: Why did the United States go out why American-British relations • Explain the significance of the War of 1812. to war with Britain, and what was the outcome of that war? broke down, leading to war. Terms and People Tecumseh “The Star-Spangled Gearing Up for War L3 Set a Purpose Battle of Tippecanoe Banner” Democratic Republicans felt humiliated by the failure of the 1807 ½ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- War Hawks Battle of New Orleans embargo against Britain. With persistent British abuses on the tion aloud, or play the audio. War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent oceans, and Native American resistance in the West, Americans Andrew Jackson Hartford Convention increasingly blamed the British. Witness History Audio CD, Francis Scott Key

Burning the Capital Replacing the Embargo In 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the Nonintercourse Act. Aimed at Britain and France, the act Ask Why do you think that the Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Record stated that the United States would resume trade with whichever of British targeted Washington, the causes of the War of 1812 in a chart like those countries lifted their restrictions on American shipping. The D.C.? (Sample response: The British this one. following year, Congress passed legislation that went a step further. probably wanted to weaken the Macon’s Bill No. 2 restored trade with both Britain and France but Conflict With Foreign Conflict American government by destroying Native Americans also promised that if either country actively recognized American its places of business and possibly neutrality, then the United States would resume trading sanctions • • The embargo fails. capturing the President.) • • against the other country. When France agreed to withdraw decrees ½ Focus Point out the Section Focus against American shipping, President Madison ordered sanctions against the British. In the meantime, however, France continued to Question and write it on the board. seize American ships. Tell students to refer to this ques- tion as they read. (Answer appears with Section 4 Assessment answers.) ½ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word of Terms and People. from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 11 ½ Reading Skill Have students use High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence the Reading Strategy: Recognize Sequence worksheet. Teaching momentum n. force or speed of motion Resources, p. 12 Their victory at the Battle of Saratoga gave momentum to the colonists’ ½ Using the Guided cause during the . Questioning strategy (TE, p. T20), have students read this section. As they read, have students record the causes leading to the War of 1812. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

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Battling Native Americans On the western frontier, two Shawnee Indian brothers, the prophet Tenskwatawa and the warrior Tecumseh, wanted to pre- serve Native American culture and unite the Indian nations in armed resis- Teach

tance against American expansion. They were angered by the government’s repeated use of dishonest treaties to take their lands. In late 1811, while Tecum- Gearing Up for War L3 seh was seeking allies in the South, Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory led troops into the brothers’ village of Prophetstown, along the Tippecanoe River. After the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Americans burned Instruct Vocabulary Builder ½ Prophetstown. The Native American movement lost some momentum, though momentum–(moh MEHN tuhm) Introduce: Key Term Write the most Native Americans escaped to fight again. n. force or speed of motion key term War Hawks on the board. Help students determine its mean- The War Hawks Demand War In 1811 some aggressive young politicians, ing on the basis of the meanings of known as the War Hawks, took the lead in Congress. Representing farmers and war and hawk. settlers from the southern and western states, the War Hawks included John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky. Strongly nationalist, ½ Teach Ask What was the result they denounced the impressments of American sailors and British support for of Macon’s Bill No. 2? (U.S. trade Native Americans. The War Hawks pushed for a war against Britain to restore resumed with France, and the govern- national honor. They insisted that invading British-held Canada would deprive ment placed trade sanctions on the the Indians of their main source of arms and drive the British out of North British because France had been the America. The War Hawks also believed that the British would make maritime first to recognize U.S. neutrality.) Dis- concessions to get Canada back from the Americans. They underestimated the cuss why Tecumseh resisted Ameri- value that the British put on their domination of world trade. can expansion and explain the Why did many Americans blame Britain for their problems? outcome of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Why do you think that the War Hawks were primarily from the southern and western states? (Possible answer: The western states Should the United States Declare War on Britain? were in conflict with Native Ameri- No American disputed the fact that Britain was interfering with American shipping. Yet while the War Hawks cans and the British who supported called for war, some people questioned their motives. Read the opinions below, and then decide whether war them; southerners relied on shipping against Britain was justified. to get their agricultural goods to market and so may have been Randolph Opposes War angered at British interference with Grundy Urges War U.S. ships.) ½ Quick Activity Have students Sir, if you go to war it will not be for the “What, Mr. Speaker, are we now called on to “ review the HISTORY MAKERS fea- decide? It is, whether we will resist by force protection of, or defense of your maritime ture on the next page. Then, help the attempt, made by [Britain], to subject rights. Gentlemen from the North have students make a list on the board of been taken up to some high mountain and our maritime rights to the arbitrary and key words that they might use to shown all the kingdoms of the earth; and capricious rule of her will. . . . Sir, I find more information on Tecumseh. prefer war to submission. [This] unjust Canada seems tempting to their sight. . . . and lawless invasion of personal liberty, Agrarian [greed], not maritime right, urges calls loudly for the interposition of the war. [We hear] but one word— Independent Practice this Government....” Canada! Canada! Canada!” Ask students to read the Decision Point feature and answer the ques- —Senator Felix Grundy (KY) —Senator John Randolph (VA) December 9, 1811 December 16, 1811 tions that accompany it. Monitor Progress You Decide As students fill in their charts, circu- 1. What is Grundy’s reason for war? late to make sure that they understand 2. Does Randolph believe Grundy? Explain. how conflict with Native Americans 3. What decision would you have made? led to war with Britain. For a com- Why? pleted version of the chart, see Note Taking Transparencies, B-37.

Answers L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers They believed that British actions were To help students understand the different sides of the political cartoons representing the viewpoints of harming their economy and threatening debate over foreign policy, have them reread the these two senators. Have one cartoon express expansion into western lands. quotations by Senators Grundy and Randolph. Then, Grundy’s viewpoint and the other cartoon represent have them create a chart showing how the two men Randolph’s viewpoint. Have students use the quota- You Decide agreed and disagreed with each other by recording tions to make captions and titles for their political 1. The British should not be allowed to violate the main ideas of each. Have students exchange cartoons. Also, students may use symbols to repre- American rights. their completed charts to check their analyses of the sent ideas or countries. Display these political car- 2. No; he believes that Hawks like Grundy viewpoints. Then, have students form pairs to create toons in the classroom. actually want to acquire Canada. 3. Possible response: I would have reluctantly declared war on Britain because it was damaging U.S. trade. Chapter 6 Section 4 215 0214_hsus_te_ch06_s04_su.fm Page 216 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 11:30 AM

War Breaks Out L3 War Breaks Out Humiliated by British interference with American trade, impressments, and support for Indian attacks Tecumseh (1768–1813) Instruct on settlers, President Madison urged Congress to Tecumseh, a Shawnee warrior from the Ohio Valley, ½ declare war on Britain in June of 1812. Although the Introduce: Key Term Tell stu- spearheaded a spiritual and military resistance dents to find the key term War of movement among Native Americans. He War of 1812 deeply divided the nation, Madison 1812 (in bold) in the text, and then called for them to return to traditional narrowly won reelection later that year. Disunited, write it on the board. Explain to stu- values as a way of preserving their unprepared, and with only a small army and navy, the dents that this was the first major culture. At the same time, he actively United States went to war once again with the world’s war that the new United States resisted the United States, fighting greatest power. fought and that once again Ameri- in battles, rejecting treaties, and traveling widely to convince The Invasion of Canada Fails cans would fight the world’s greatest Indian groups that they were all acted as adviser to Madison. He argued that with a pop- military power, the British. Tell stu- one people and that no one ulation of 8 million, the United States could easily con- dents to read to find out the outcome group had the right to make a quer Canada, which had only 250,000 people. Indeed, of the War of 1812. treaty. He also mocked the the prospects for a victory looked favorable. An over- very idea of owning land. land invasion would save the cost of building a bigger ½ Teach Ask Why did the United Meeting with William navy to fight the British. In addition, Jefferson argued States declare war on Great Henry Harrison in 1810, he that the United States did not even need a profes- Britain? (Americans were humili- scoffed, “Sell a country! sional army. The citizen militia of the states could do Why not sell the air, the ated by various British abuses of the job quickly and with little expense. He called the clouds and the great sea, their nation’s sovereignty, such as conquest of Canada “a mere matter of marching.” as well as the earth?” impressments and Britain’s support Jefferson’s assumptions proved to be wrong. In of Native Americans.) Why was the fact, the small British and Indian forces in Canada American invasion of Canada a repeatedly defeated the American invasion attempts in 1812 and 1813. Reli- failure? (Some militias performed ance on the state militias proved a disaster. Having had no professional train- poorly or fled battles, and a general ing, many militiamen broke rank and ran when attacked. The American regular surrendered Detroit seemingly army performed almost as poorly. One blundering general, William Hull, sur- unnecessarily.) What U.S. forces rendered Detroit to a much smaller British force commanded by Isaac Brock performed well in the War of and assisted by Indians led by Tecumseh. Instead of bolstering American pride, 1812? (the navy) Why were the the attempted invasion of Canada only further embarrassed the nation. British shocked by this good performance? (Sample answer: Defeating the Native Americans To the surprise of many Americans— and to the shock of the British—the little American navy performed well, cap- The British probably expected the turing four British ships during 1812. On Lake Erie, American ships led by navy to perform just as badly as the Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British flotilla in 1813, enabling an American army and, because it was a new army, commanded by Harrison, to retake Detroit. navy, they might have thought it The Americans made little progress in conquering Canada, but they did defeat would be small, poorly commanded, Britain’s Indian allies within the United States. In October 1813, Harrison’s army and easy to defeat.) Using the Think- killed Tecumseh and scattered his supporters. In 1814, Andrew Jackson of Ten- Write-Pair-Share strategy (TE, nessee crushed the Creek Indians of Alabama, who had allied with the British. p. T23), have students discuss the To make peace, the survivors surrendered most of their lands. Jackson then significance of U.S. success against invaded the Spanish colony of Florida, defeating the Seminole Indians and seiz- Britain’s Native American allies in ing the Spanish fort at Pensacola. the United States. Ask What was the significance of the British The British Invade During 1812 and 1813, most of the British forces were in attack on Baltimore? (It was a Europe fighting Napoleon. In early 1814, however, the French dictator’s defeat defeat for them and caused Francis freed thousands of British troops to fight in North America. During the summer Scott Key to write the lyrics to what and fall, the British took the offensive. While the British navy blockaded the became the U.S. national anthem.) coast, British forces invaded the United States. One army occupied eastern Tell students to use the map on the Maine, easily brushing aside the weak defense by local militia. From Montreal, a second army invaded northern New York, while a third British force landed in next page to locate important battles Maryland and marched on Washington, D.C. In late 1814, a British fleet carried discussed in this section. Discuss a fourth army into the Gulf of Mexico to attack New Orleans. with students the similarities and differences between this map and a map showing battles of the American Revolution.

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students

Have students research to find information about the perform a skit about the event. Encourage students British burning of Washington, D.C., and related to use music, props, costumes, and authentic lan- events, such as James Madison’s escape and Dolley guage to accurately reflect the mood of the times. If Madison’s role in protecting items from the White possible, have students perform and videotape their House. Then, have students form groups to write and skits for the rest of the class.

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On the defensive, the Americans fought better than they had when invading ½ Canada. Except for the occupation of Maine, the British attacks ended in defeat. Quick Activity Have students The British did capture the national capital, easily accessible by ship via the read the Primary Source quotation Chesapeake Bay, and burned the White House and Capitol in revenge for some and then locate the rest of the poem American arson in Canada. But the British suffered defeat when they moved on written by Francis Scott Key. Tell to attack Baltimore. Lawyer Francis Scott Key, who observed the British attack them to translate the poem into on Fort McHenry, celebrated the American victory by writing a poem that later everyday language. Then, instruct became the national anthem known as “The Star-Spangled Banner.” students to locate a copy of the lyrics of the national anthem. Have them compare the national anthem today “O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light, with the poem and provide possible What so proudly we hail’d at the twilight’s last gleaming, reasons why parts of the poem were Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro’ the perilous fight, omitted or changed. O’er the ramparts we watch’d, were so gallantly streaming?” —Francis Scott Key, 1814 Independent Practice Meanwhile, on Lake Champlain near Plattsburgh, New York, American ships ½ Have students access Web Code defeated a British fleet, forcing British troops to retreat to Canada. ncp-0641 to use the Geography What were some American successes and failures during Interactive map and then answer the war? the map skills questions about the battles of the War of 1812 in the text. For: Interactive map ½ Major Battles of the War of 1812 Web Code: ncp-0641 Display Color Transparency: The War of 1812. Tell students to write para- Map Skills Though Americans 1. Locate: (a) Fort McHenry, (b) New 3. Determine Relevance How did graphs describing the battle depicted claimed victory, neither side actually Orleans, (c) Lake Champlain the British naval blockade affect the on the transparency and explaining gained or lost any territory during the 2. Place In what kinds of places were outcome of the war? the battle’s significance. Color War of 1812. most of the major battles fought? Transparencies A-24 Monitor Progress CA AMERI NORTH 3 Circulate to make sure that students BRITISH 60° W Constitution 10 Quebec Aug. 1812 Lake Champlain, Sept. 1814 defeats Guerrière are correctly interpreting the events on Macdonough defeats British Superio Maine L. r (part of the map and symbols in the map key. 8 l Mass.) Thames, Oct. 1813 Harrison Montrea defeats British and Indian force

L Plattsburg 6 . Vt. June 1813 Shannon Illinois H York New Michigan u o N.H. defeats Chesapeake r (Toronto) tari York Territory o . On y Boston Territory n L Alban Mass. 2 Buffalo Detroit, Aug. 1812 British e Isle (Erie) Conn. capture the city from Hull ie Presqu R.I. 40° N Er L. ork New Y nd Penn. 4 Clevela N.J. United States Territory Ind. ore Oct. 1812 Terr. Ohio Pittsburgh Baltim captures Macedonian 1 7 Fort Dearborn Put-in-Bay, Sept. 1813 Delaware Massacre, Aug. Perry defeats British Maryland9 1812 Native Virginia Washington, D.C., Aug. 1814 . 11 Americans R British defeat General io Fort McHenry, Sept. 1814 overwhelm the Oh Norfolk Winder and sack the city Americans withstand British Americans as they attack abandon the site Kentucky

N 5 . Tennessee North Carolina R Wasp i Oct. 1812 p Frolic p i defeats E s South W s i s s Carolina i Mississippi 30° N S M 70° W Territory Charleston Atlantic 12 Georgia New Orleans, Jan. 1815 Savannah Ocean United States Jackson defeats British British territory Mobile Spanish territory Pensacola Conic Projection 0200 400 mi British victory ᮡ The flag that flew over Fort McHenry Spanish U.S. victory Florida 0200 400 km 90° W British blockade

Answers The Fort McHenry Flag The flag that inspired Institution borrowed it in 1907 for exhibit, and in Successes: victories over Native Ameri- Francis Scott Key originally measured 30 feet by 42 feet. 1912, the flag was given permanently to the Smith- It had been hand-sewn by Mary Young Pickersgill sonian. There was one condition: that the museum cans, victories in sea battles; Failures: at the request of Fort McHenry Commander George never give it away. invasion of Canada, surrender of Detroit, Armistead. After leaving Fort McHenry, Armistead kept The flag has been on display at the National Museum British burned Washington, D.C. the flag. Over the years he cut off a few pieces to bury of American History since 1964. Over the years the flag, Map Skills with soldiers who had fought in the battle. now 30 feet by 34 feet, has deteriorated. Recently, the Many years after Armistead died in 1818, U.S. Smithsonian has been working on a massive restora- 1. Review locations with students. Navy Commodore George H. Preble borrowed the tion project to save the flag and to protect it from 2. on water or near port cities flag from a descendant of Colonel Armistead. He damage caused by light and air. 3. No American or other ships could get had it photographed in 1873. The Smithsonian through to bring troops or supplies while the blockade was in place, and the British controlled the entire U.S. coast. Chapter 6 Section 4 217 0214_hsus_te_ch06_s04_su.fm Page 218 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 11:30 AM

Teach

War’s Aftermath and Effects L3 Instruct ½ Introduce: Key Term Ask stu- dents to find the key term Treaty of Ghent (in bold) in the text. Then, write it on the board, say it aloud, have students say it with you, and provide the definition. Have students read to find out about the terms of Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812. Battle of New Orleans ½ Teach Ask How did Americans This engraving from the 1800s depicts Andrew Jackson inspiring his soldiers view the Battle of New Orleans? to fight the British. How does the (as a great victory for the United engraving show that the United War’s Aftermath and Effects States, even though it came after the States lacked a regular standing The Americans won their greatest victory at the Battle of New Orleans in official end of the war) What was army? January 1815. From a strong and entrenched position, General Andrew Jackson the end result of the Hartford routed the British attack. In this lopsided battle, the Americans suffered only Convention? (It destroyed an 71 casualties, compared to 2,036 British casualties. The bloodshed at New already weakened .) Orleans was especially tragic because it came two weeks after the Americans How did the War of 1812 affect and the British had signed a peace treaty at Ghent in Belgium. Unfortunately, Native Americans? (Native Ameri- notifying the soldiers in North America took over a month because of the slow cans lost important leaders and pace of sailing ships. momentum against the U.S. govern- The Treaty of Ghent The Americans had failed to conquer Canada, while the ment. Also, they lost millions of acres British had failed in their American invasions. Weary of war, both sides agreed of land in the South.) Although the to a peace treaty that restored prewar boundaries. They agreed to set up a com- United States did not win the War mission to discuss any boundary disputes at a future time. The treaty did not of 1812, how did it signal a new address the issues of neutrality or impressments. But after Napoleon’s defeat, stage in the nation’s develop- the British no longer needed to impress American sailors or to stop American ment? (Sample answer: It proved that trade with the French. The Americans interpreted the Treaty of Ghent as a tri- the new nation could endure a war umph because they learned of it shortly after hearing of Jackson’s great victory. with a major world power.) That sequence of events created the illusion that Jackson had forced the British ½ Quick Activity Have students to make peace. Americans preferred to think of the conflict as a noble defense of study the table on the next page and the United States against British aggression. complete the Reading a Chart: The Hartford Convention After the War of 1812 and Jackson’s victory in Effects of the War of 1812 worksheet. New Orleans, Americans experienced a surge of nationalism and a new confi- Then, have each student write a dence in the strength of their republic. By weathering a difficult war, the nation summary explaining what he or she seemed certain to endure, and most Americans were giddy with relief. The out- thinks was the most important out- come discredited the Federalists, who looked weak for opposing a war that come of the war. Teaching Resources, became popular once it was over. Strongest in New England, the Federalists had p. 21 undermined the war effort there. In December 1814, Federalist delegates from the New England states met at Hartford, Connecticut, to consider secession and Independent Practice making a separate peace with Britain. Drawing back from the brink, the dele- gates instead demanded constitutional amendments designed to strengthen New Have students write paragraphs England’s political power. describing the Hartford Convention and explaining why it led to the end of the Federalist Party.

Monitor Progress L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students As students write their paragraphs, circulate to make sure that students Have students conduct research on the Battle of New should also include black-and-white illustrations or understand that many Americans Orleans and on newspapers or journals of the early political cartoons. Encourage students to view exam- viewed the Federalists as traitors after Republic. Have students create a front page that ples of early news publications for language and the Hartford Convention. reports on the events of the battle, including vivid style, and to use a word-processing or page layout descriptions of the role General Andrew Jackson program to make their front pages look as much like played, and the news that the Treaty of Ghent was an early nineteenth-century newspaper or journal as signed before the battle occurred. The front pages possible. Answer

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Unfortunately for the delegates of the Hartford Convention, their demands reached Washington, D.C., Cause and Effect at the same time as news of the peace treaty and Jack- Assess and Reteach Causes son’s victory. That combination embarrassed the Fed- • British interfere with American shipping eralists, who were mocked as defeatists and traitors. Assess Progress L3 Madison ignored their demands, and the voters pun- • British interfere with American expansion into the ½ western frontier Have students complete the Section ished the Federalists in the elections that followed. By Assessment. 1820 the Federalist Party was dead—a sad fate for • Southerners want Florida, which is owned by Britain’s ally Spain ½ the party that had created the federal government Administer the Section Quiz. only to lose faith in it during the War of 1812. • War Hawks want to expel Britain completely Teaching Resources, p. 25 from North America ½ The Nation Continues to Grow Events during To further assess student under- the War of 1812 ended most Indian resistance east of standing, use Progress Monitoring the Mississippi River for the time being. As a result of Transparencies, 45. various defeats of Native Americans in the South, mil- The War of 1812 lions of acres of southern land also opened up for set- Effects Reteach tlement. Settlement in the South and West led to the • Revealed need for a strong standing army If students need more instruction, establishment of the new states of Indiana (1816), • Encouraged American nationalism have them read the section summary. Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), and Alabama (1819). The union became bigger and stronger. • Brought end to the Federalist Party Reading and Note Taking L3 Meanwhile, American settlers had been pouring • Shattered the strength of Native American resistance Study Guide into Spanish Florida, resulting in cross-border con- • Paved the way for American acquisition of Florida flict among the region’s Seminole Indians, Americans, Adapted Reading and L1 L2 Analyze Cause and Effect Despite ending in stalemate, the War and the Spanish. Fugitive slaves from the United Note Taking Study Guide of 1812 had a major impact on the United States. How did it affect States, seeking sanctuary in Florida, added to the ten- American settlers? Spanish Reading and L2 sions. Over the next decade, the conflict would con- Note Taking Study Guide tribute to Spain’s decision to cede Florida to the United States. In return the United States renounced its claims to Texas, as part of the Adams-Onís Treaty Extend L4 signed in 1819. Have students complete the Enrich- ment worksheet, Create an Illustrated What was the Hartford Convention? Timeline: The War of 1812. Teaching Resources, pp. 13–14

SECTION 4 Assessment Progress Monitoring Online Answers 4 For: Self-test with vocabulary practice Web Code: nca-0641 Caption It forced the British to give up Comprehension 2. Reading Skill: Critical Thinking their western forts, opening the West to 1. Terms and People Write a sentence Recognize Sequence Use your 4. Synthesize Information Why were expansion, and ended most Native American for each item below, explaining its completed chart to answer the Section farmers and settlers especially likely to resistance, which also eased westward relation to the War of 1812. Focus Question: Why did the United support the War of 1812? expansion. • Tecumseh States go to war with Britain, and what 5. Make Comparisons Compare • Battle of Tippecanoe was the outcome of that war? American military strengths and a meeting of Federalists who wanted to

• War Hawks Writing About History weaknesses during the War of 1812 to make a separate peace with Britain • Andrew Jackson those during the Revolutionary War. 3. Quick Write: Give Details Choose a • Francis Scott Key 6. Identify Alternatives What • “The Star-Spangled Banner” topic for a research paper. Then, note the kinds of details that you should alternatives did Native Americans • Battle of New Orleans have during the war? Would the • Treaty of Ghent include to support a thesis. For example, if your thesis is that the American mili- outcome have been different for them tary was weaker than the British if they had chosen a different course military during the War of 1812, you of action? could include facts, statistics, quota- tions, and paraphrased information.

Section 4 Assessment 4. They were the ones being hurt the most because Spain would probably have by the British blockade and the Native eventually deserted Native Americans 1. Sentences should demonstrate students’ American attacks. and the United States wanted to take understanding of how each item or per- 5. The United States military was much control of the Native American land. son relates to the War of 1812. stronger and more centrally organized 2. The British impressed U.S. sailors, lim- during the War of 1812, but its perfor- ited U.S. trade, and supported Native mance was worse than during the Revo- American attacks on American settlers. lution, except for its naval forces, which The war ended in a draw, but it proved were strong during the War of 1812. that the new nation could survive a war 6. Sample answer: Native Americans might with another country. have attempted to ally themselves with For additional assessment, have students access 3. Students should provide a thesis state- Spain or tried to negotiate a better peace Online ment and a list of the types of details agreement with the United States. The Progress Monitoring at Web that would support that statement. outcome would have been the same Code nca-0641.

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