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W Eed Identification Guide Environmental W Eeds

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W Eed Identification Guide Environmental W Eeds What is an environmental weed? PLANT TYPE INVASION MECHANISM Environmental weeds are non-local plants that easily Tree reproduce in natural areas and then degrade the Vegetative environmental values of that area. Shrub Animals Where do environmental weeds come from? Groundcover Environmental weeds come from outside the local area Wind – and have left their competitors and predators behind! Grass Bulbs, Tubers etc. Many come from overseas, but plants native to another Environmental Weeds part of Australia, or even another part of Queensland, have Vine Identification Guide Weed become environmental weeds on the Sunshine Coast. Most environmental weeds are deliberate introductions - over 70% of environmental weeds have entered Australia as garden plants and many others were introduced for agricultural purposes – especially for fodder and salinity management. FLOWERING TIME CONTROL METHOD “Weedy” plants often have one or more of these Summer Cut Stump characteristics: • abundant viable seed production Autumn Manual • rapid population growth • seed dormancy Spring Stem Inject • hard-seededness • vegetative reproduction Winter Stem Scrape • effective seed dispersal yearly Year Round • is a weed somewhere else • more than one reproductive method Four plant families having lots of weedy characteristics and more than their fair share of representatives in DISPOSAL METHOD the declared plant and environmental weeds ranks are Bag and bin all daisies (Asteraceae) wattles, acacias and their relatives parts of the plant (Mimosaceae), grasses (Poaceae) and legumes (Fabaceae). What can I do? Bag and bin viable • Use booklets like this one or ask your local Council seeds, bulbs, tubers or Landcare group about environmental weeds; or root. Compost other material not • Avoid plants that show weedy characteristics; likely to regrow • Remove or control plants that rapidly spread once planted; • As a general rule, don’t plant exotic daisies, acacias, grasses or legumes without confirming with an environmental organisation that it is not likely to be a weed. Manual Hand Removal List of non-featured weeds: 1. Gently remove and bag any seeds or Tree fruits. COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME LIFE FORM 2. Hold stem at ground level, rock back Fodder Weeds and forth to loosen, pull out. Swamp foxtail grass Pennisetum alopecuroides TG 3. Tap roots to dislodge any soil. Landscape Weeds Replace disturbed soil. Balsam, Impatiens, bizzy Impatiens walleriana GC lizzy Method of Removal Crowning Black-eyed Susan Thunbergia alata V 1. Gently remove and bag stems with Broad-leaved pepper tree** Schinus terebinthifolius** ST seed or fruit. Coffee Coffea arabica S Shrub 2. Grasp the leaves or stems together Cootamundra wattle Acacia baileyana S and expose base Coral trees Erythrina crista-galli; Erythrina x MT 3. Insert a knife or lever at an angle, skyesii close to crown. Corky passion vine Passiflora suberosa V 4. Cut through all the roots around Dutchman’s pipe** Aristolochia elegans** V crown, remove and bag crown. Ginger lily Hedychium gardnerianum GC Guava Psidium spp ST Stem Scraping Japanese Sunflower Tithonia diversifolia S 1. With a knife, scrape 15 to 30cm of Mother of millions* Bryophyllum delagoense; syn. GC the stem to reach the layer below the Bryophyllum tubiflorum* Groundcover bark/outer layer. Mother of millions hybrid* Bryophyllum diagremontianum GC 2. Immediately apply herbicide along the x B. delagoense* ( syn. Bryophyllum diagremontianum x B. tubiflorum*) length of the scrape. Paulownia Paulownia fortunei, P. tomentosa TT Cut and Paint –small to medium woody Polka-dot plant Hypoestes phyllostachya GC weeds Water Weeds Cabomba* Cabomba caroliniana* WP 1. Make a flat cut as close as possible Water poppy Hydrocleys nymphoides WP Grass to the ground with secateurs, loppers or a bush saw. Yellow waterlily Nymphaea mexicana WP 2. Immediately apply herbicide to the * Landholders are required by state legislation to remove these weeds. cut flat surface. ** Landholders may have to remove these weeds if adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas. Stem Injection, Frilling or Chipping 1. Injection – At the base of the tree PLANT LIFE FORMS drill holes at a 45 degree angle into Vine the sapwood at 5cm intervals. Or T Tall tree (>25m) GC Ground cover Frill/Chip - Make a cut into the sapwood with a chisel or axe. MT Medium tree (15-25m) V Vine 2. Fill each hole/cut with herbicide immediately. ST Small tree (5m-15m) WP Water plant 3. Repeat the process at 5cm intervals around the base. S Shrub (<5m) TG Tussock grass Cocos palm Cadagi Syagrus romanzoffiana Corymbia torelliana and hybrids Tree Tree Traditionally grown in North Queensland native Queensland gardens and used as street trees and notorious for harbouring wind breaks. It readily cockroaches and rats. invades bushland and The seeds remain hybridises with some local viable for long periods species. This species also and germinate from causes serious problems commercially for local native bees. Sooty available mulch. mould on leaves transfers to other plants. Replace with: Piccabeen palm Replace with: Archontophoenix Hollywood cunninghamiana Auranticarpa rhombifolia Cabbage palm Ribbonwood Image courtesy of Stephanie Haslam Livistona australis Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Euroschinus falcatus Red kamala Mallotus philippensis Camphor laurel Exotic pines Cinnamomum camphora Pinus taeda Pinus caribaea, Pinus elliottii Aggressive invader especially along Windblown seeds escape waterways, forms from pine plantations monocultures of and planted trees. These large trees with little species displace native understorey. Toxic to plants, alter soil chemistry some fish and crayfish. and structure and may Class 3 declared plant. increase fire risk. Demand for moisture and dense Replace with: layer of fallen needles Jackwood inhibit growth of desirable Cryptocarya glaucescens plants in gardens. Riberry Syzygium luehmannii Replace with: Hairy walnut Black she-oak Image courtesy of Michael Gilles Endiandra pubens Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Allocasuarina littoralis Forest oak Allocasuarina torulosa Brown pine Podocarpus elatus Chinese Celtis Queensland Celtis sinensis Tree Tree umbrella tree Schefflera actinophylla Fast growing tree that invades forests, creek Once popular in gardens lines and gardens for attracting birds, this by means of bird- North Queensland native dispersed seeds. It tree forms dense thickets forms monocultures and in bushland in South East reduces diversity. Being Queensland. It readily deciduous, it also allows invades many local other weed species ecosystems and will even to establish under its grow as an epiphyte on canopy. other trees. A Class 3 declared plant in Queensland. Replace with: Muttonwood Replace with: Myrsine variabilis Image courtesy of Melissa Coyle Creek lillypilly Image courtesy of Michael Gilles Malletwood Acmena smithii Rhodamnia dumicola Blue lillypilly Syzygium oleosum Large-leaved privet African tulip tree Ligustrum lucidum Spathodea campanulata Spread by birds that are This common garden attracted to the fruit. tree spreads widely from Forms dense stands that windborne seeds and displace native plants and suckers. Displaces native inhibit wildlife movement. vegetation and becomes Flowers exacerbate hay dominant in gardens. fever and allergies. Class Flowers can create a slip 3 declared plant. hazard on paths. Class 3 declared plant. Replace with: Lemon myrtle Replace with: Backhousia citriodora Peanut tree Yellow laurel Sterculia quadrifida Cryptocarya bidwillii Malletwood Muttonwood Rhodamnia argentea Image courtesy of SCRC Myrsine variabilis Images courtesy of Melissa Coyle & Guioa Colleen Long Guioa semiglauca Golden rain tree Leucaena Koelreuteria elegans Leucaena leucocephala Tree Papery seeds are wind A fodder plant that can blown and cause this rapidly colonise disturbed widely planted tree to areas such as roadsides. spread through suburban Produces thousands of gardens and streets hard seeds. It is a vigorous and into bushland. species that can form Young plants are often dense thickets, displace overlooked due to their native species and reduce resemblance to the native the natural diversity of white cedar. Recognised the ecosystem. Shrub as a significant new weed. Replace with: Replace with: Blackthorn Ribbonwood Bursaria spinosa Euroschinus falcata Callicoma Images courtesy of Jie Wells Water gum Images courtesy of Michael Gilles & Callicoma serratifolia Tristaniopsis laurina Sue Aspland Wallum Phebalium yearly Phebalium woombye Himalayan ash Brazilian cherry Fraxinus ornus (featured) Eugenia uniflora Mountain ash The fruit of this common Fraxinus griffithii garden plant is favoured These trees have the by birds that aid in its potential to become major dispersal through gardens weeds. They are common and natural areas. in gardens and have masses of winged seeds Replace with: that germinate abundantly Yellow laurel under the trees. Cryptocarya bidwillii Blueberry ash Replace with: Elaeocarpus reticulatus Callicoma Callicoma serratifolia Brown kurrajong Commersonia bartramia Images courtesy of Greg Brown Images courtesy of Michael Gilles 0 Running bamboo Duranta Arundinaria spp. Geisha girl Golden bamboo Sheena’s gold Phyllostachys aurea Duranta repens (syn. D. erecta) Moso bamboo P. pubescens Very common garden hedge plant. Fruits are All the running bamboos toxic to humans and if planted in the ground animals. Plants can spread can “escape”. Once rapidly in bushland, often runners have spread they reverting to their thorny are nearly impossible
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