What is an environmental weed? TYPE INVASION MECHANISM Environmental weeds are non-local that easily reproduce in natural areas and then degrade the Vegetative environmental values of that area. Animals Where do environmental weeds come from? Groundcover Environmental weeds come from outside the local area Wind – and have left their competitors and predators behind! Grass Bulbs, Tubers etc. Many come from overseas, but plants native to another

Environmental Weeds part of , or even another part of , have Identification Guide Weed become environmental weeds on the Sunshine Coast.

Most environmental weeds are deliberate introductions - over 70% of environmental weeds have entered Australia as garden plants and many others were introduced for agricultural purposes – especially for fodder and salinity management. FLOWERING TIME CONTROL METHOD “Weedy” plants often have one or more of these Summer Cut Stump characteristics: • abundant viable production Autumn Manual • rapid population growth • seed dormancy Spring Stem Inject • hard-seededness • vegetative reproduction Winter Stem Scrape • effective seed dispersal yearly Year Round • is a weed somewhere else • more than one reproductive method

Four plant families having lots of weedy characteristics and more than their fair share of representatives in DISPOSAL METHOD the declared plant and environmental weeds ranks are Bag and bin all daisies (Asteraceae) wattles, acacias and their relatives parts of the plant (Mimosaceae), grasses (Poaceae) and legumes (Fabaceae).

What can I do? Bag and bin viable • Use booklets like this one or ask your local Council , bulbs, tubers or Landcare group about environmental weeds; or root. Compost other material not • Avoid plants that show weedy characteristics; likely to regrow • Remove or control plants that rapidly spread once planted; • As a general rule, don’t plant exotic daisies, acacias, grasses or legumes without confirming with an environmental organisation that it is not likely to be a weed.

42 43

44 Method of Removal weeds Cut andPaint –smalltomediumwoody Manual HandRemoval Stem Injection,Frilling orChipping Stem Scraping Crowning 2.Immediatelyapplyherbicidealongthe 3. Repeat the process at 5cm intervals 3. Repeat theprocessat5cmintervals 2. Filleachhole/cutwithherbicide 1. Injection–Atthebaseoftree 1. Withaknife,scrape15to30cmof 3. Tap rootsto dislodgeanysoil. 2. Holdstematgroundlevel,rockback 1. Gentlyremoveandbaganyseedsor 2. Immediatelyapplyherbicidetothe 1. Makeaflatcutasclosepossible 4. Cutthroughalltherootsaround aknifeorleveratanangle, 3. Insert 2. Grasptheleavesorstemstogether 1. Gentlyremoveandbagstemswith Replace disturbedsoil. toloosen,pullout. andforth . cutflatsurface. orabushsaw. tothegroundwithsecateurs,loppers length ofthescrape. bark/outer layer. the stemtoreachlayerbelow crown, removeandbagcrown. close tocrown. and exposebase seed orfruit. around thebase. immediately. sapwood withachiseloraxe. Frill/Chip -Makeacutintothe Or the sapwoodat5cmintervals. drill holesata45degreeangleinto

Listofnon-featuredweeds: ** Landholdersmayhavetoremovetheseweedsifadjacent * Landholdersarerequiredbystatelegislationtoremovetheseweeds. environmentally sensitiveareas. PLANT LIFEFORMS PLANT ST MT Balsam, Impatiens,bizzy Landscape Weeds Swamp foxtailgrass Fodder Weeds COMMON NAME Yellow waterlily Water poppy Cabomba* Water Weeds Polka-dot plant Paulownia Mother ofmillionshybrid* Mother ofmillions* Japanese Sunflower Guava Ginger lily Dutchman’s pipe** Corky passionvine Coral Cootamundra wattle Coffee Broad-leaved peppertree** Black-eyed Susan S T lizzy Shrub (<5m) Shrub Small tree(5m-15m) Medium tree(15-25m) Tall tree(>25m) Impatiens walleriana Pennisetum alopecuroides BOTANICAL NAME Nymphaea mexicana Hydrocleys nymphoides Cabomba caroliniana* Hypoestes phyllostachya P.Paulownia fortunei, tomentosa diagremontianum xB.tubiflorum*) x B.delagoense*(syn.Bryophyllum diagremontianum Bryophyllum tubiflorum* Bryophyllum delagoense;syn. Bryophyllum Tithonia diversifolia Psidium spp Hedychium gardnerianum Aristolochia elegans** Passiflora suberosa x crista-galli;Erythrina Erythrina Acacia baileyana Coffea arabica Schinus terebinthifolius** skyesii WP GC TG V Tussock grass Water plant Vine Ground cover

GC TG LIFE FORM WP WP WP GC TT GC GC S ST GC V V MT S S ST V

45 Vine Grass Groundcover Shrub Tree Cocos palm Cadagi Syagrus romanzoffiana Corymbia torelliana and hybrids Tree Tree

Traditionally grown in North Queensland native Queensland gardens and used as street trees and notorious for harbouring wind breaks. It readily cockroaches and rats. invades bushland and The seeds remain hybridises with some local viable for long periods . This species also and germinate from causes serious problems commercially for local native bees. Sooty available mulch. mould on transfers to other plants. Replace with: Piccabeen palm Replace with: Archontophoenix Hollywood cunninghamiana Auranticarpa rhombifolia Cabbage palm Ribbonwood Image courtesy of Stephanie Haslam Livistona australis Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Euroschinus falcatus Red kamala Mallotus philippensis

Camphor laurel Exotic pines Cinnamomum camphora Pinus taeda Pinus caribaea, Pinus elliottii Aggressive invader especially along Windblown seeds escape waterways, forms from pine plantations monocultures of and planted trees. These large trees with little species displace native understorey. Toxic to plants, alter soil chemistry some fish and crayfish. and structure and may Class 3 declared plant. increase fire risk. Demand for moisture and dense Replace with: layer of fallen needles Jackwood inhibit growth of desirable Cryptocarya glaucescens plants in gardens. Riberry Syzygium luehmannii Replace with: Hairy Black she-oak Image courtesy of Michael Gilles Endiandra pubens Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Allocasuarina littoralis Forest oak Allocasuarina torulosa Brown pine elatus

46 47 Chinese Celtis Queensland Celtis sinensis Tree Tree umbrella tree Schefflera actinophylla Fast growing tree that invades forests, creek Once popular in gardens lines and gardens for attracting birds, this by means of bird- North Queensland native dispersed seeds. It tree forms dense thickets forms monocultures and in bushland in South East reduces diversity. Being Queensland. It readily , it also allows invades many local other weed species ecosystems and will even to establish under its grow as an epiphyte on canopy. other trees. A Class 3 declared plant in Queensland. Replace with: Muttonwood Replace with: Myrsine variabilis Image courtesy of Melissa Coyle Creek lillypilly Image courtesy of Michael Gilles Malletwood Acmena smithii Rhodamnia dumicola Blue lillypilly Syzygium oleosum

Large-leaved privet African tulip tree Ligustrum lucidum Spathodea campanulata

Spread by birds that are This common garden attracted to the . tree spreads widely from Forms dense stands that windborne seeds and displace native plants and suckers. Displaces native inhibit wildlife movement. vegetation and becomes exacerbate hay dominant in gardens. fever and allergies. Class Flowers can create a slip 3 declared plant. hazard on paths. Class 3 declared plant. Replace with: Lemon myrtle Replace with: citriodora tree Yellow laurel quadrifida Cryptocarya bidwillii Malletwood Muttonwood Rhodamnia argentea Image courtesy of SCRC Myrsine variabilis Images courtesy of Melissa Coyle & Guioa Colleen Long Guioa semiglauca

48 49 Golden rain tree Leucaena Leucaena leucocephala Tree

Papery seeds are wind A fodder plant that can blown and cause this rapidly colonise disturbed widely planted tree to areas such as roadsides. spread through suburban Produces thousands of gardens and streets hard seeds. It is a vigorous and into bushland. species that can form Young plants are often dense thickets, displace overlooked due to their native species and reduce resemblance to the native the natural diversity of

white cedar. Recognised the ecosystem. Shrub as a significant new weed. Replace with: Replace with: Blackthorn Ribbonwood Bursaria spinosa Euroschinus falcata Callicoma Images courtesy of Jie Wells Water gum Images courtesy of Michael Gilles & Callicoma serratifolia Sue Aspland Wallum Phebalium

yearly Phebalium woombye

Himalayan ash Brazilian cherry Fraxinus ornus (featured) Eugenia uniflora Mountain ash The fruit of this common Fraxinus griffithii garden plant is favoured These trees have the by birds that aid in its potential to become major dispersal through gardens weeds. They are common and natural areas. in gardens and have masses of winged seeds Replace with: that germinate abundantly Yellow laurel under the trees. Cryptocarya bidwillii Blueberry ash Replace with: Elaeocarpus reticulatus Callicoma Callicoma serratifolia Brown kurrajong Commersonia bartramia Images courtesy of Greg Brown Images courtesy of Michael Gilles

50 51 Running bamboo Duranta Arundinaria spp. Geisha girl Golden bamboo Sheena’s gold Phyllostachys aurea Duranta repens (syn. D. erecta) Moso bamboo P. pubescens Very common garden hedge plant. Fruits are All the running bamboos toxic to and if planted in the ground animals. Plants can spread can “escape”. Once rapidly in bushland, often runners have spread they reverting to their thorny are nearly impossible

Shrub original form, and impede Shrub to eradicate. wildlife movement.

Replace with: Replace with: Native ginger Grey myrtle or Carrol Alpinia arundelliana Backhousia myrtifolia Scaly myrtle Blackthorn Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Images courtesy of Stephanie Haslam Gossia hillii Bursaria spinosa Broad-leaved palm lily Cordyline petiolaris Red-fruited palm lily

Small-leaved privet Murraya Ligustrum sinense Murraya paniculata (syn. Murraya exotica) Popular hedge plant in colonial times. Now a This popular garden plant major weed of forests is highly invasive in natural and creek banks. Flowers bushland and is set to be trigger hay-fever and a major weed in the future. allergies.Class 3 declared Red fruits are spread plant in Queensland. by birds.

Replace with: Replace with: Small leaved Native gardenia plum-myrtle Atractocarpus benthamianus Pilidiostigma rhytisperma Green kamala Grey myrtle, Carrol Mallotus claoxyloides Backhousia myrtifolia Grey myrtle or Carrol Creek lillypilly Backhousia myrtifolia Image courtesy of Melissa Coyle Acmena smithii var minor Image courtesy of Stephanie Haslam

52 53 Yellow bells Buddleja stans Buddleja madagascariensis

Ornamental garden This scrambling shrub escape that produces establishes readily in masses of windborne bushland and can form seed. It tolerates a wide large dense thickets that range of conditions and exclude other plants and soil types and will readily impede wildlife movement. invade undisturbed Difficult to control in the bushland. Class 3 garden. declared plant.

Shrub Replace with: Shrub Replace with: Callicarpa Quinine bush Callicarpa pedunculata Petalostigma triloculare Red-fruited laurel Plum myrtle Cryptocarya laevigata Pilidiostigma glabrum Image courtesy of Michael Gilles Image courtesy of Greg Brown

Groundsel bush Lantana Baccharis halimifolia Lantana camara

A very common invader Highly invasive, it is the of forest and pasture. most widespread weed in In natural areas it can South East Queensland. form dense thickets and Toxic to stock, it forms replace the native shrub dense thickets that layer. Class 2 Declared smother native vegetation, Plant and must be increase fire danger and removed. cause tree death. Despite claims that hybrids and Replace with: cultivars are ‘sterile’, they Baeckea are all fertile to some Babingtonia bidwillii extent and the species Bolwarra readily hybridises. Class 3 Eupomatia laurina declared plant. Pointed- Hovea Image courtesy of Stephanie Haslam Images courtesy of Cameron Traill Replace with: & Stephanie Haslam Callicarpa

yearly Callicarpa pedunculata Thready-bark myrtle Gossia inophloia Native Hibiscus Hibiscus splendens 54 55 Ochna, Mickey Ardisia, coral berry Mouse plant Ardisia crenata, A. crispa, A. humilis Ochna serrulata

A woody shrub with Extremely invasive, with an angled taproot that red or pink berries carried is easily broken when by birds into bushland. hand-pulled, plants then It can grow in a range regenerate from the of habitats and replaces remaining root. Seeds understorey and midstorey are spread by birds and native plants. it invades undisturbed Shrub and woodland. Replace with: Shrub Currant bush Replace with: Carissa ovata Hairy Coffee bush Breynia oblongifolia Psychotria loniceroides Brush pepperbush Image courtesy of Stephanie Haslam Tasmannia insipida Image courtesy of Michael Gilles

yearly

Easter Cassia Purple splash Senna pendula var. glabrata Alternanthera dentata

Sprawling shrub from This popular ornamental South America that edging plant is closely colonises bushland related to the Class 1 areas preventing native Declared alligator weed regeneration. Prominent and is potentially as yellow flowers followed invasive. It spreads by by long cylindrical pods seed and vegetatively and containing many hard can be very hard to control seeds. in bushland or gardens.

Replace with: Replace with: Crinkle bush Pollia Lomatia silaifolia Pollia crispata Thready-bark myrtle Austral bugle Gossia inophloia Ajuga australis Native Peperomia Image courtesy of Sue Aspland Image courtesy of Michael Gilles Peperomia tetraphylla

56 57 Mistflower Fishbone fern Ageratina riparia Nephrolepis cordifolia

Invades fertile hilltops, Invasive fern forming rainforest and creek dense clumps which banks. Seeds are out-compete native dispersed by wind and groundcovers. Although water. Reduces frog and sometimes regarded in-stream habitat by filling as a native species, the spaces amongst rocks classification of this and out-competing invasive plant is very native species. confused. Spreads into bushland down hills or Replace with: by water from gardens or Rough guinea dumping. Hibbertia aspera Native Coleus Replace with: Plectranthus graveolens Prickly rasp-fern Image courtesy of Colleen Long Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Doodia aspera Gristle fern Blechnum cartilagineum Blue flax-lily Groundcover Dianella caerulea Groundcover

Creeping Lantana Red Salvia Lantana montevidensis Salvia coccinea

A commonly grown Very invasive in garden plant, this , easily creeping weed is now a dominates and replaces Class 3 declared plant. native understorey species. Despite claims about Virtually impossible to get hybrid forms being rid of once established. ‘sterile’, all forms are fertile at least to some Replace with: extent and the species Native Coleus readily hybridises. Plectranthus graveolens It is very aggressive Love flower and invades bushland, Pseuderanthemum variabile pastures and crops. Toxic Ladies tresses to stock if eaten in any Spiranthes sinensis quantity. Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Image courtesy of Melissa Coyle

yearly Replace with yearly Rough guinea flower Hibbertia aspera Native Coleus Plectranthus graveolens 58 59 Singapore daisy Broad-leaved Sphagneticola trilobata Paspalum Paspalum mandiocanum, Highly invasive garden escape. Forms a dense This invasive grass carpet that prevents native is spreading on the regeneration and alters Sunshine Coast ecosystems. Reproduces hinterland. It displaces mainly from stem pieces native grass species and but also from seed. Class severely disrupts the 3 declared plant. natural dynamics of the ecosystems it invades. Replace with: Ivy-leaved violet Replace with: Viola banksii, V. hederacea Kangaroo grass Native violet Themeda triandra Viola betonicifolia Barbed wire grass Rough guinea flower Cymbopogon refractus Image courtesy of Sue Aspland Hibbertia aspera Image courtesy of Greg Brown Rainforest grass

yearly Ottochloa gracillima Groundcover

Wandering jew Broad-leaved Tradescantia albiflora carpet grass Axonopus compressus Smothers native plants in shady, damp A creeping grass that can understorey areas. Very invade the understorey Grass difficult to eradicate in shady, damp places. once established. This grass outcompetes native groundcovers and Replace with: reduces habitats available Native pennyroyal for small animals and the Mentha dimenica microfauna that are vital Lawn Lobelia in maintaining ecosystem Lobelia membranacea processes. Love flower Pseuderanthemum variabile Replace with: Kangaroo grass Themeda triandra Image courtesy of Cameron Traill Image courtesy of Helen Haapakoski Barb wire grass Cymbopogon refractus Rainforest grass Ottochloa gracillima

60 61

62 Succulent plants Images courtesy ofSueAspland Images courtesy control ofthemandpreventtheirspread. of thesespecies*as,withabitcare,youcankeep But don’tdespair–youneedtogetridofmost to bringthemheel. need repeatedapplicationsofquitenastychemicals difficulttocontrolandmay very and cactiareoften quickly.layers andspreadingvery Succulentplants dense grow andpropagate,sometimesforming these plantsinyourbushlandorcreekcanshoot, can alsomakethemaweed–evensmallpiecesof thethingsthatmakethemsopopular Unfortunately popularinthelastfewyears. have becomevery great insmallgardens,succulentplantsandcacti Tough asoldboots,easytogrowandmaintain Succulents andCacti–keep‘emcorralled • Alwayschecktheweedinessbefore“taking ormowingsucculents, • Avoid brush-cutting * Somesucculentplantsandcactiaremoreinvasive(some bin–notasgreen • Disposeintomainrubbish oftheminbushland • Neverdumpanypart tostopspreadat • Userootbarriers • Don’tplantinornearbushland or on the Department of Primary Industry &Fisherieswebsite. Industry ofPrimary or ontheDepartment even declaredpests)andarementionedelsewhereinthisleaflet easilyintosmallpieces breakvery acutting”–avoidthosethatsetviableseedor orbushland especiallyneargutters,waterways wasteorintocompost yourboundary Image courtesy ofStephanieHaslam Image courtesy ofMelissaCoyle Image courtesy ofSueAspland Image courtesy ofMelissaCoyle Image courtesy

63 Succulent plants

64 Vine Image courtesy ofSCRC Image courtesy Image courtesy ofCameronTraillImage courtesy with milkysapthat Vigorous climber Melodinus australis Southern Melodinus Morinda jasminoides Morinda Aphanopetalum resinosum Gum vine Replace with: declared plant. hard toeradicate.Class3 aerial tubersandisvery from stemfragmentsand bushland. Reproduces and destroysnative garden escapesmothers This extremelyinvasive Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling lily Headache vine Replace with: seeds. rapidly viawindborne watercourses, spreading native vegetationalong reactions. Smothers can causeallergic Araujia sericifera White mothvine Anredera cordifolia Madeira vine

Image courtesy ofDPI&F Image courtesy ofDPI&F Image courtesy

yearly out nativeplantsand into thecanopy, choking Strong canescanclimb banks andvineforest. invaderofcreek Thorny Callerya megasperma Callerya Native Wisteria pandorana Wonga vine Bower vine Jasminum volubile Stiff jasmine Replace with: and shouldnotbeplanted. being soldontheinternet theyarestill Unfortunately large areasofnativeforest. can pulldowntreesandkill standing vegetation.They cover overthegroundand animpenetrable form These vigorousvinescan Morinda jasminoides Morinda Eustrephus latifolius Wombat berry Aphanopetalum resinosum Gum vine Replace with: Class 3declaredplant. inhibiting faunamovement. Ipomoea alba Moon flower Ipomoea indica (featured) Blue morningglory Asparagus africanus fern Climbing Asparagus

65 Vine

66 Vine Image courtesy ofDPI&F Image courtesy Image courtesy ofSCRC Image courtesy gardens becauseof A climberstillseenin Clematis glycinoides Headache vine Morinda jasminoides Morinda Replace with: in Queensland. declared plant regeneration. Class3 trees andpreventing killing waterways, native vegetationalong seeds. Itsmothers papery via windborne This vinespreadsrapidly var. hederaceum Piper hederaceum Pepper vine Bower vine Melodorum leichhardtii Melodorum Replace with: to humans. maybepoisonous Fruit thatattracts birds. fruit mauve flowersandred Solanum seaforthianum Brazilian nightshade Macfadyena unguis-cati Cat’s clawvine

Image courtesy ofDPI&F Image courtesy ofMelissaCoyle Image courtesy

yearly Thunbergia grandiflora Blue trumpetvine be very difficulttocontrol. be very underground tubersitcan forests. Withlarge kill treesandtransform can smothervegetation, Vigorous, heavyvinethat Wonga vine Pandorea jasminoides Bower vine Replace with: species. regeneration ofnative ground coverpreventing adense and canform smothers nativevegetation on rainforestmargins.It serious pestespecially this vinehasbecomea in suburbangardens, Once apopularclimber Lonicera japonica Japanese Jasminum volubile Stiff jasmine Pararistolochia praevenosa Richmond birdwingvine Replace with: Queensland. Class 2declaredplantin

67 Vine

68 Vine in thestickyhairsonSilver-leaved Desmodium. Small frogsandlizardsfrequentlydiewhentheybecometrapped by smotheringdesirableplantsandimpedingwildlifemovement.. by stocktheybecomeseriousweedsofbushlandandgardens their abilitytofixnitrogeninthesoil.Whentheyarenotbrowsed These vineswereintroducedtoimprovepastureproductivityby Pasture legumes Image courtesy ofMichael Gilles Image courtesy ofCameronTraillImage courtesy Neonotonia wightii Glycine Macrotyloma axillare axillaris Axillaris, archer All species Morinda jasminoides Morinda Clematis glycinoides Headache vine Replace with: to control. feed onthem.Theyareextremelypersistent anddifficult taken offthemortheyseedintoareas where cattledon’t Fodder plantscanbecomeproblemswhenthestock is ofCameronTraillImage courtesy Image courtesy ofCameronTraillImage courtesy

Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling lily Melodorum leichardtii, Zigzag vine

yearly

Macroptilium atropurpureum Siratro D. uncinatum Desmodoium Silver leaved

69 Vine

70 Water Weeds get ridofthemnomatterwhereyouare. many waterweedsaredeclaredpestsandyoumust Also, expressways betweengardensandwaterways! river atsomepoint-andguttersdrainscanbe overyourplaceendsupinacreekor water thatruns livesinacatchment.The system andeveryone It takesonlythetiniestbitofweedtoinfestanentire But…. I’mnowherenearacreek doesn’t reducetheirinvasivenessorimpact. beingpretty planttrade.Unfortunately ornamental ofthe enteredAustraliaaspart of waterweeds Associationrecognisesthatover75% Industry andGarden Many waterweedsare–theNursery But…its sopretty other animalsandstock. in waterweedsashavecountlessbirds,fishand millions. Sadly, peoplehavelosttheirlivesentangled to beatleastasmuchandcontrolcostsfurther facilities. Thecosttotheenvironmentisthought increased floodingandlostrecreationaltourism through transpiration,poorwaterquality, fishkills, productivity loss,damagedequipment,waterloss Water weedscostAustraliabillionseach yearin water weeds. plants usedinwaterfeaturesareincrediblyinvasive there maybetroublelurkinginthewater-some goodforwildlife–there’slotstolike.But perhaps gardens –andwhynot!Beautiful,cooling ofmany popularandvaluablepart plants areavery pondsandwaterfeatureswith Ornamental Water weedsandwaterfeatures Weed -Water hyacinth So –whatcanyoudo? •NativeWaterlily ( •Water snowflake( •Nardoo( weedswithnativewaterplants Replace Common waterweedsusedinfeatures: Native -Water Snowflake Weed -Water lettuce • • • Onlybuywaterplantsfromreputablesellers • • • • • Water hyacinth Salvinia Water lettuce displayed atnurseries,marketsorelsewhere anydeclaredwaterweedsforsaleor Report ponds, itmaybeaweedorhavehitchhikers. Never collectwaterplantsfromthewildor dispose ofcarefully who committonotsellingweeds. to BiosecurityQueenslandoryourCouncil. Remove orcontrolexistingweedsand torecognisewaterweeds! Learn Marsilea spp. Nymphaea violacea Nymphaea indica ) ) )

71 Water Weeds Tree Salvinia Elephant’s ears, Taro Salvinia molesta Colocasia spp.

A prohibited Class 2 A perennial aquatic plant pest plant. Under ideal which invades waterways. conditions it can double Leaves and stems of most in volume in 2 to 3 days! species are toxic Very difficult to eradicate once established. Can Replace with: Water Weeds Water Weeds Water increase water loss by Field lily 400% through transpiration Crinum angustifolium and decomposition of Stream lily dead material reduces Helmholtzia glaberrima oxygen availability for other aquatic life.

Replace with: Water snowflake Image courtesy of DPI&F Nymphoides indica Image courtesy of DPI&F

Native waterlily yearly Nymphaea violacea Pacific azolla Azolla filiculoides

Water lettuce Water hyacinth Pistia stratiotes Eichhornia crassipes

A prohibited Class 2 plant Prohibited Class 2 still seen in garden ponds. (E. crassipes) and Class 1 Very difficult to eradicate (E. azurea) Plants. They once established. can cover a 30 metre dam Increases water loss in one season, and seeds through transpiration and can germinate fresh, or reduces water quality remain viable for 15 years. during decomposition, It is easily transported possibly causing death of downstream. aquatic life. Replace with: Replace with: Nardoo Water snowflake Marsilea sp. Nymphoides indica Ferny azolla Potamogeton Azolla pinnata Image courtesy of DPI&F Potamogeton javanicus Image courtesy of DPI&F Water Snowflake Nymphoidies indica yearly yearly Duckweed Spirodela punctata

72 73 References and further reading

Native plants and gardening Weeds

Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed http://asgap.org.au Management. http://www.weeds.crc.org.au/ Brisbane Rainforest Action and Information Network (BRAIN) http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Biosecurity Queensland Eustace, R. (1996) Indigenous Gardening – Growing local News and Factsheets about weeds and other pests native plants. McBenny Pty Ltd, Cannon Hill Http://www/dpi.qld.gov.au

References and Futher reading and Futher References Harden, G.J., McDonald, W.J.F. & Williams J.B. (2006) Ermert, S. (2005) Gardener’s Companion to Weeds. reading and Futher References Rainforest Trees and . A field guide to their Ken Fin Books, Victoria identification. Gwen Harden Publishing Kleinschmidt, H., Holland, A. and Simpson, P. (1996) Harden, G.J., McDonald, W.J.F. & Williams J.B. (2007) Suburban Weeds. 3rd Edition. Qld Department of Primary Rainforest Climbing Plants. A field guide to their identification. Industries and Fisheries Gwen Harden Publishing Weeds Australia Haslam, S. (2007) Noosa’s Native Plants. Noosa Integrated http://www.weeds.org.au Catchment Assoc. Inc., Tewantin http://www.noosasnativeplants.com.au

Logan River Branch Society for Growing Australian Plants (2008). Mangroves to Mountains: A field guide to the native plants of SEQ (Vols 1 & 2). Logan River Branch SGAP, Browns Plains, Brisbane.

Nicholson, N. & H. (1985 – 2004) Australian Rainforest Plants I – VI. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, NSW

Queensland Museum (2003) Wild Plants of Greater Brisbane. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Sunshine Coast Regional Council website and follow the links: http://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/

74 75