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Lake Shkoder Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis

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Lake Shkoder Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis Lake Shkoder Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis Albania & Montenegro World Bank (IBRD) 20 April 2006 Final Report: Summary 9P6515 A COMPANY OF HASKONING NEDERLAND B.V. W ATER Barbarossastraat 35 P.O. Box 151 Nijmegen 6500 AD The Netherlands +31 (0)24 328 42 84 Telephone 0031-24-323 1603 Fax [email protected] E-mail www.royalhaskoning.com Internet Arnhem 09122561 CoC Document title Lake Shkoder Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis Albania & Montenegro Document short title Lake Shkoder TDA Status Final Report: Summary Date 20 April 2006 Project name Lake Shkoder Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis Project number 9P6515 Author(s) Frank Keukelaar (NL), Ad de Goffau (NL), Trilokya Pradhan (NL), Guus Sutmuller (NL), Ana Misurovic (MN), Stanisa Ivanovic (MN), Borislav Uskokovic (MN), Agron Hetoja (Al), Enio Haxhimihali (Al), Arqile Prifti (Al), Eqerem Kapidani (Al), Lefter Kashta (Al), Al- exandra Gulan (S) Client World Bank (IBRD) Reference 9P6515/R/FKE/Nijm A COMPANY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACER = Albanian Center for Economic Research Alb. = Albania a.s.l. = above sea level (Adriatic Sea) BOD = Biological Oxigen Demand CARDS = Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Sta- bilisation CETI = Ju Centar za Ekotoksikoloska Ispitivanja Crne Gore (Center for Ecotoxicological Research of Montenegro) COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand COOPI = Cooperazione Internazionale (Italia) EAR = European Agency for Reconstruction EC = European Commission EEA = European Environment Agency EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment EU = European Union FMO = Fishery Management Organisation Geozavod = Institute for Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Serbia and Montenegro GIS = Geographic Information System HMI = Hydrometeorological Institute (Albania, Montenegro)) IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) IEE = Initial Environmental Examination IPPC = Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control IUCN = International Union for the Conservation of Nature KAP = Kombinat Aluminijuma Podgorica (aluminium factory) KNMI = Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Institute MAFWR = Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources MEPPP = Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning (M.N.) M.N. = Montenegro MoE = Ministry of Environment (MoE) MoU = Memorandum of Understanding MPAS = Methylene Blue Active Surfactants (detergents) NGO = Non-Governmental Organisation NPMN = National Parks of Montenegro PIU = Project Implementation Unit POP = Persistent Organic Pollutants (e.g. DDT, PCB) PPU = Project Preparation Unit RBMP = River Basin Management Plan REA = Regional Environmental Agency (Albania) REC = Regional Environmental Center REReP = Regional Environmental Reconstruction Programme RH = Royal Haskoning, Dutch consultancy firm RS = Remote Sensing SAP = Strategic Action Plan (Lake Shkoder/ Skadar) SNP = Skadar Lake National Park TDA = Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis ToR = Terms of Reference UMN = University of Montenegro UNEP = United Nations Environment Programme UNDP = United Nations Development Programme USAID = United States Agency for International Development WB = World Bank WFD = Water Framework Directive (European Union) WHO = World Health Organisation WWF = World Wide Fund for Nature CONTENTS Page 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................... 1 2 DATA AVAILABILITY AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS.................................................... 1 3 ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LAKE AND ITS BASIN ........................ 2 3.1 Geology and geomorphology 2 3.2 Climate 2 3.3 Hydrology 2 3.4 Quality of groundwater, surface water, soil, rain and air 3 3.5 Flora and fauna 5 3.6 Fisheries 7 3.7 Institutional context and stakeholders in Montenegro 7 3.8 Institutional context and stakeholders in Albania 9 3.9 Socio-economy and population 10 3.10 Projects and programmes 11 3.11 Environmental policies and legislation in Montenegro 11 3.12 Environmental policies and legislation in Albania 12 3.13 Transboundary collaboration 12 4 ANALYSES OF PRESSURES AND THREATS ..................................................... 13 4.1 Status of flora and fauna 13 4.2 Pressures and threats 14 4.3 Institutional and legislative issues 15 5 IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS.................................................................................. 15 5.1 In general 15 5.2 Pathway to a bilateral management organisation 16 5.3 Approaches for improvement and recommended strategic actions 17 Lake Shkoder TDA 9P6515/R/FKE/Nijm Final Report: Summary - i - 20 April 2006 9P6515/R/FKE/Nijm Lake Shkoder TDA 20 April 2006 - ii - Final Report: Summary 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) is defined by GEF as “a scientific-technical assessment by which environmental issues affecting international waters in a region are identified and quantified, their causes analyzed and their impacts assessed, and the main actions needed to improve the problem are identified”. The TDA is a preparatory study for a larger project, the Lake Shkoder Integrated Ecosystem Management Project. The overall objective of the Lake Shkoder Integrated Ecosystem Management Project is to assist the Governments of Albania and Montenegro in achieving more sustainable use of the natural resources of Lake Shkoder and its watershed. In this TDA an inven- tory of the available environmental data is made. The state of the environment, its use, and their developments were assessed in Lake Shkoder and its watershed, based on the data collected. The environmental pressures and threats to the lake and its basin have been identified and partly quantified. Finally, a set-up for a bilateral management strategy, including goals and approaches to address the identified problems, and some proposals for investment options are presented. 2 DATA AVAILABILITY AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS There is in all fields of environment, treated in this report, quite some data available, but data collection has often been uncoordinated, irregular in time and space, and using dif- ferent methods and standards. The dramatic political changes and bad economic situa- tion in both Albania and Montenegro in the past 15 years contributed to this. The result is that parameters and variables are difficult to compare and trends hard to assess. Since a few years, with institutional strength increasing, monitoring programmes are be- ing developed (both by governmental and non-governmental organisations) in most en- vironmental fields. One problem is that the objectives of the programmes are often not clear and the resulting strategy and design possibly inadequate. The main problem today, however, is financing of often expensive programmes. A sometimes related issue is that, because of both the cost of data collection and the value and ‘power’ that data represent, access to the data may be restricted. Institutes and people are often not willing to share their data, unless high prices are paid. Information on geology, geomorphology and soils is sufficient for management purposes of the basin. There exists ample literature on these subjects, and the Academies of Sci- ence, the Geological Institutes, and the Universities in both countries are the main sources. Climatic and hydrological data are collected by the Hydro-Meteorological Institutes (HMI’s) in Albania and Montenegro. The geographical coverage and measuring fre- quencies seem sufficient, but there are data gaps at many stations. The main problem however is access to the data; the HMI in Albania asks a high fee for their data, while in Montenegro the willingness of the HMI to share information is also limited. Data on quality of groundwater, surface water, soil, rain and air can be obtained from various sources. Again, the HMI’s do the structural collection (monitoring), but additional studies are done by the CETI, the universities, and the Academies of Science. There is much information available, but methods, spatial coverage and sampling times vary, Lake Shkoder TDA 9P6515/R/FKE/Nijm Final Report: Summary - 1 - 20 April 2006 which makes it difficult to compare the figures. Often the metadata (description of meth- odology, location, accuracy, date/ time, person who took the sample etc.) is missing. Monitoring programmes for flora and fauna do not exist in the two countries; only for birds on and around the lake annual counts are realised (with some years missing). Plans for monitoring exist, but funding is lacking. Many studies on flora and fauna are done, but not basin-wide (e.g. raster-based inventories). Information sources are: the In- stitute for Nature Protection in Montenegro, the universities, the Academies of Science and NGO’s (e.g. Euronatur). An important data source for the socio-economy and population are the population cen- sus reports (about every 10 years). Further, reports and books from various institutes and websites have been used for this report. The social assessment component of the TDA gives more details on data availability, reliability and sources for socio-economy and population. Information on institutional and legal context, policies, projects and programmes is available at the ministries and with the various other organisations and stakeholders ac- tive in the Lake Shkoder basin. 3 ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LAKE AND ITS BASIN 3.1 Geology and geomorphology The Balkan peninsula experienced a strong orogenic period resulting in the Dinaric Alps. The basin of Lake Shkoder is a depression located south of the Dinaric Alps and orien- tated northwest-southeast,
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