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Silvia Rosas Argaez ESCUELA NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA I N A H S E P DIVISION DE POSGRADOS POSGRADO EN ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA ENAH ANATOMÍA DEL MOBBING Reflexiones desde la Antropología del comportamiento E N S A Y O QUE COMO PARTE DE LOS REQUISITOS PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRA EN ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA P R E S E N T A SILVIA ROSAS ARGÁEZ COMITÉ TUTORAL: DRA. FLORENCIA PEÑA SAINT-MARTIN DRA. SILVIA KARLA FERNÁNDEZ MARÍN DR. ROBERTO EMMANUELE MERCADILLO CABALLERO MTRO. ARTURO LUIS ALONZO PADILLA MEXICO, D. F. 2014 A mi amado esposo Carlos Álvarez del Castillo… porque siendo tú mi más grande anhelo hecho realidad, he aprendido que los sueños se pueden alcanzar… que la vida puede ser bella, tranquila y feliz… que el amor para toda la vida es posible… que el amor es posible… juntos… hasta el fin de los tiempos… 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS Sin lugar a dudas, llevar a cabo y concluir un esfuerzo de tal magnitud como es estudiar un posgrado no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo de todos aquellos que me acompañaron en este proceso y que hicieron posible la conclusión del mismo. En primera instancia mi más profundo agradecimiento al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por el apoyo brindado no solo a mí, sino a todos los que decidimos continuar el trabajo académico, incentivando el crecimiento del quehacer científico del país, y brindándome un estímulo no solo económico, sino también moral. A la Dra. Florencia Peña Saint Martin, por su gran calidad humana… su solidaridad… por aceptar esta aventura y emprenderla conmigo, dirigiendo mis pasos hasta el final. Al Mtro. Arturo Luis Alonzo Padilla, por compartir su enorme bagaje intelectual y su calidad humana. A la Dra. Silvia Karla Fernández Marín, por sus certeros y alentadores comentarios, tanto en lo académico cómo en lo personal. Al Dr. Roberto Emmanuele Mercadillo Caballero, por el gran apoyo que me ha brindado durante mi vida académica, tanto en la licenciatura cómo ahora… y por enseñarme con su práctica que la bondad y la compasión no sólo se estudian… también se ejercen. A la Dra. Rocío Fuentes Valdivieso, por sus siempre amables y certeros comentarios. A mi alma mater, la Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, y de forma particular al Cuerpo Académico del Posgrado en Antropología física, por brindarme la oportunidad de continuar mi formación… tanto académica como humana. A todos los profesores de la maestría en Antropología física generación 2012 – 2014:Dra. Florencia Peña Saint Martin, Dra. Carmen García Morales, Dra. María 2 Elena Padrón Herrera, Dra. Martha Rebeca Herrera Bautista, Dra. María Eugenia Peña Reyes, Dr. Oscar Osorio Pérez, Dr. Roberto Emmanuele Mercadillo Caballero, Dr. Héctor Martínez Ray, Dr. Francisco Juárez García,Mtro. Juan Manuel Argüelles San Millán, Mtro. Arturo Luis Alonzo Padilla… por enseñarme el enorme compromiso que es la docencia… y porque en tiempos en donde el dar es un acto extraordinario ustedes no solo me nutrieron de sus conocimientos… también me brindaron una enorme calidez humana. Al jefe del Posgrado en Antropología física, Dr. Héctor Martínez Ray y al compañero asistente Javier Jiménez, por todas las atenciones y el apoyo. A mi esposo Carlos Álvarez del Castillo González, porque siendo un hombre maravilloso y excepcional me elegiste para ser tu esposa… por tu infinita paciencia, solidaridad, comprensión, apoyo… tu gran amor… por acompañarme… guiarme… consolarme y levantarme cuando caí en este sinuoso camino… mi más profundo agradecimiento A mis padres, Alejandro Rosas Flores (†) y Thelma Argáez Álvarez… por darme la vida y guiarme en ella… por su amor incondicional… por cuidarme, por estar y por quedarse para criar a sus hijos… por todo lo que me dieron y lo que me dan… por sus bendiciones… A mi hermano Alejandro (†)… por tu solidaridad y tu apoyo… porque de ti aprendí este camino… ese camino que tú no lograste concluir… también a ti te dedico esta tesis… A mis hermanos Edna, Lucio y Alberto, porque a pesar de la distancia actual seguimos siendo fraternales y amorosos… Al Sr. Joel Fuentes (†) y a la Sra. Martina Canales, porque de ustedes aprendí el dar desinteresadamente… el apoyo solidario a quien lo necesita… por ser como mis segundos padres… A todos mis amigos… la familia que elegí… porque como ángeles guardianes me han ayudado a levantarme cada vez que he caído… y ahora nos acompañan y apoyan a Carlos y a mí: 3 A Primavera Yaremi Rubio Martínez y Pablo Labastida… por todos estos años de amistad y por apoyarnos siempre en los momentos difíciles… por compartirnos su sabiduría y su magia… A Rosalía Espino, por tu apoyo incondicional en tiempos difíciles, por tu maravillosa amistad… y por cuidar amorosamente a mi madre… A Patricia García y Rafael Huitrón, por su amistad… lealtad… porque poca… muy poca gente en este mundo proclama su “grito de batalla”… -¿en qué les podemos ayudar?-… A las amigochitas Irene Oña e Itzachel Bonola… por los buenos momentos y ser parte de “la cooperativa”… A todos los amigos, que afortunadamente son muchos, que han compartido su amor y sus buenas acciones conmigo… gracias por mostrarme que la solidaridad y el amor aún no se han extinguido… 4 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................................ 2 ÍNDICE DE DIAGRAMAS, GRÁFICOS Y TABLAS .............................................................................. 6 DIAGRAMAS .......................................................................................................................................... 6 GRÁFICOS ............................................................................................................................................ 6 TABLAS ................................................................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................... 8 CAPÍTULO I ......................................................................................................................................... 11 ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA Y COMPORTAMIENTO HUMANO ........................................................... 11 1.1.- GENERALIDADES DEL QUEHACER ANTROPOFÍSICO ......................................................................... 11 1.2.- DISCIPLINAS QUE ESTUDIAN EL COMPORTAMIENTO HUMANO Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ANTROPOLOGÍA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO ....................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.- ANTROPOLOGÍA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO ....................................................................................... 21 CAPÍTULO II ........................................................................................................................................ 29 ANATOMÍA DEL MOBBING................................................................................................................ 29 2.1.- ¿CÓMO COMENZÓ TODO? ........................................................................................................... 29 2.2.- PERDIDOS EN EL LABERINTO SEMÁNTICO ...................................................................................... 49 CAPÍTULO III ....................................................................................................................................... 63 ¿MOBBING EN CONTEXTOS ACADÉMICOS? ................................................................................. 63 3.1.- LA UNIVERSIDAD COMO INSTITUCIÓN FORMADORA ......................................................................... 63 3.2.- LA RELACIÓN DOCENTE-ALUMNO .................................................................................................. 67 3.3.- ACOSO MORAL ACADÉMICO ......................................................................................................... 84 CAPÍTULO IV (DISCUSIÓN) ............................................................................................................... 93 EL MOBBING COMO FENÓMENO PSICOSOCIAL: UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE LA ANTROPOLOGÍA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO .................................................................................... 93 4.1.- ¿ATANDO CABOS?: UN PRIMER ACERCAMIENTO A LA TRANSDISCIPLINA. ........................................ 106 CONSIDERACIONES FINALES ........................................................................................................ 116 REFERENCIAS .................................................................................................................................. 118 5 ÍNDICE DE DIAGRAMAS, GRÁFICOS Y TABLAS Diagramas DIAGRAMA 1. LOS DISTINTOS ASPECTOS ABORDADOS POR LA ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA. ........ 94 DIAGRAMA 2. LA ANTROPOLOGÍA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO COMO UN SUB-ÁREA DE ESTUDIO DE LA ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA. ........................................................................................... 95 DIAGRAMA 3. MODELO IDEAL PARA ABORDAR EL FENÓMENO DEL MOBBING DESDE LA ANTROPOLOGÍA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO. ......................................................................... 96 DIAGRAMA 4. ALGUNAS DISCIPLINAS QUE HAN ABORDADO EL FENÓMENO PSICOSOCIAL DEFINIDO COMO MOBBING. ................................................................................................ 97 Gráficos GRÁFICO 1. LÍNEA DEL TIEMPO EN DONDE SE MUESTRA LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE MOBBING. ELABORACIÓN PROPIA. ........................................... 39 GRÁFICO 2.
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