DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessing the Risks of Chinese Investments in Sub-Saharan African Ports

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessing the Risks of Chinese Investments in Sub-Saharan African Ports Assessing the Risks of Chinese Investments in Sub-Saharan African Ports By Judd Devermont, Amelia Cheatham, & Catherine Chiang | June 2019 Chinese investments in sub-Saharan African ports1 present potential threats to U.S. influence in sub-Saharan Africa as well as African sovereignty. A recent CSIS report,Influence and Infrastructure: The Strategic Stakes of Foreign Projects, identifies some of the strategic risks posed by the three stages of Chinese infrastructure projects, enabling Beijing to potentially restrict access to its rivals, exploit ports during conflict, and collect intelligence. Drawing on English-language press releases and open-source reports, the CSIS Africa Program identified 46 sub-Saharan African ports with financial, construction, or operational involvement by Chinese entities. Some caveats are needed. The data presented in maps and charts here does not represent an exhaustive list of Chinese involvement in African ports nor does it capture the value of funding shares or the precise stage of completion due to limited information.2 Despite its shortcomings, this approach applies a methodology to distinguish which ports are more vulnerable to Chinese strategic intervention and provides practitioners and scholars a foundational framework from which to build future research. While it does not purport to reveal the next Djibouti military base or Hambantota port in Africa, the data indicates where Beijing is making a bigger bet on a port’s potential and reveals which ports are more susceptible to Chinese influence and control. Why Ports? Sub-Saharan African ports play an integral role in Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the sprawling network of Chinese infrastructure projects linking China with Europe, East Africa, and Southeast Asia. With the launch of BRI in 2013, President Xi sought to open China to 1. The CSIS Africa Program reviewed all projects relating to overall port investment including, for example, investments in harbors, terminals, berths, quays, piers, etc. The data covers a wide range of port projects (e.g., container ports, oil ports, multipurpose ports, and roll-on roll-off vessel ports, which vary widely in size, operation, and structure). 2. Information on Sino-African port contracts is limited to statements made by both parties. Notably, Chinese compa- nies are accused of embellishing the number and progress of their investments which could lead to inflated counts. 1 new markets, expand his country’s political influence globally, and secure military access and mobility across regions. Forming the backbone of China’s “Maritime Silk Road,” investments in African ports provide a gateway to the region’s trade and economic development, empower China with political leverage and clout on the continent, and provide a foothold for People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) activities. The 46 ports identified in this data align with broader Chinese military, commercial, and political objectives. One of the key challenges is decoupling these three objectives, distinguishing which ports have security dimensions from those that offer purely commercial gains. There are signs that Beijing plans to use these port investments to increase its military and political reach. The various Chinese entities driving African port development have deep ties to Beijing.3 At least six of the ports captured within this data were also visited by Chinese naval vessels or are dual-use civilian-military ports.4 Seven of the eleven ports operated by Chinese entities are deep-water, opening the possibility for larger commercial, but also military, vessels to dock.5 Not all Chinese port investments, however, pose a direct security risk to U.S. or African interests. Most are likely pursued for commercial gain. China has risen in the last decade as the continent’s main trade partner, and port investments are just one of the main avenues through which it is establishing commercial supremacy in the region. Not only do many Chinese-backed ports found within our data hook into other BRI projects, but Chinese companies have directed resources towards ports with the most commercial potential.6 Moreover, port expansion and rehabilitation projects are key to furthering African growth and development. Ninety percent of African exports depend on ports. Chinese investments that aim to address congestion and outdated port infrastructure, which currently limit trade flows on the continent, are projected to contribute toward regional GDP growth.7 These port projects consequently, not only fuel African growth, but also reinforce China’s image as a development partner and boost its political influence. At a ceremony celebrating China Harbor Engineering Company’s project at Walvis Bay Harbor, Namibia, the Chinese Ambassador to Namibia, Zhang Yiming said: 3. Our research uncovered about 18 state-owned enterprises with interests in African ports. China’s central govern- ment allegedly also influences Huawei, one of two private companies identified. Major Chinese players in African ports include China Communications Construction Company Limited and China Merchants Group Limited, the latter of which makes up about 40 percent of the ports operated by China. 4. Data on dual use ports is found here: https://ig.ft.com/sites/china-ports/. Data on Chinese port visits was compiled from news reportage of the Chinese naval hospital vessel, the Peace Ark, voyage in African waters. These data sources were then cross-referenced with ports known in our data in which the Chinese invested (Dar es Salaam Port, Momba- sa Port, Djibouti Port, Freetown Port, Port of Pointe Noire, Walvis Bay). 5. Lekki Deep Sea Port; Kribi Deep Sea Port; Autonomous Port of Abidjan; Lomé Port; Port of Djibouti; Bagamoyo Port; Port of Pointe Noire. 6. PwC projects that the Ports of Durban, Abidjan, and Mombasa will lead their sub-region’s trade as commercial hub ports, with Lagos-Apapa, Tema, and Djibouti or Dar es Salaam close behind. Chinese entities have invested in all seven of these ports. 7. PwC estimates that a 25 percent boost in port performance would coincide with a 2 percent rise in regional GDP. ASSESSING THE RISKS OF CHINESE INVESTMENTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN PORTS | 2 [T]his is the benchmark project for China-Namibia friendly and pragmatic cooperation, which symbolizes the great attention of our leaders to our relations and the brotherhood between our people. Mapping Chinese Port Investments There are at least 46 existing or planned port projects in sub-Saharan Africa, which are funded, built, and or operated by Chinese entities. Chinese investment was present in roughly 17 percent of the 172 sub-Saharan African ports captured in the 2017 World Port Index.8 These ports are positioned along each coast, providing Chinese access to main maritime routes and chokepoints. NOUADHIBOU SUDAN LOMÉ NOUAKCHOTT SHAIKH IBRAHIM MAURITANIA LIVESTOCK PEIR TIN CAN ISLAND (LAGOS) CAPE VERDE ERITREA CHOKE POINT MINDELO MASSAWA SENEGAL APAPA (LAGOS) TADJOURAH KAMSAR DJIBOUTI GUINEA BENIN LEKKI CALABAR T SOMALIA SIERRA O DJIBOUTI CITY G LEONE IVORY O G NIGERIA DOUALA COAST H A CONAKRY N A DAMERJOG MATAKONG CAMEROON KRIBI LAMU ABIDJAN EQUATORIAL GUINEA BATA PEPEL SAO TOME AND KENYA MOMBASA ATUABO PRINCIPLE LIBREVILLE FREETOWN GABON TAKORADI FERNÃO DIAS REPUBLIC OF DEMOCRATIC MPIGA DURI THE CONGO REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO JAMESTOWN (ACCRA) POINTE-NOIRE BAGAMOYO TANZANIA DAR ES SALAAM TEMA CAIO CABINDA MTWARA NARINDA BAY ANGOLA DEEP-WATER PORT LOBITO BAY E AMBODIFOTATRA U IQ CHINESE PORT B (NOSY BORAHA) M ZA O M TOAMASINA BEIRA R INVESTMENTS IN AFRICA A C NAMIBIA AS AG AD M = Operator = Ports WALVIS BAY = Builder = Main shipping route MATUTUINE DISTRICT (MAPUTO) = Funder = Minor shipping route RICHARDS BAY DURBAN SOUTH AFRICA = Multiple ports = China Maritime Silk Road View the interactive map: https://csis-ilab.github.io/mapbox-custom/africa-ports/ Strategic Opportunities to Exploit Port Infrastructure Further research is essential to separate port projects that pose a security threat to African governments, the United States, or other international partners from those that are made with commercial intent. In the sections below, the CSIS Africa Program has enumerated the security risks tied to each phase of port investment. We identify operation/ownership as the most immediate risk to U.S. interests followed by financing and construction. 8. Sixteen of the ports found in our data were not within the World Port Index, in part because they still in a pre-con- struction or construction phase, or otherwise initiated in 2017 or after. DEVERMONT, CHEATHAM, & CHIANG | 3 Operation. Chinese port ownership or operation pose immediate risks to U.S. interests,9 potentially allowing China to extract intelligence, block the U.S. government from accessing territory or services (such as critical port access at Djibouti City), and use ports to dock military vessels. China’s technical knowledge and operation of ports spread across the region may also provide strategic depth to preposition, deploy, and refuel its naval fleet, as well as block adversaries, during periods of conflict. Notably, port investments do not always precede Chinese military access to ports. China, for example, secured the right to dock military vessels at Seychelles through a separate bilateral military agreement. Neither do operation rights ensure that an African government will allow a Chinese military vessel to dock in their waters. Theport authority’s role in operations and its lease agreements, as well as the relationship between the host government and Chinese state are factors that future research should consider. Chinese entities operate 11 of the 46 sub-Saharan African ports identified (see below Figure 1. Ports Operated by Chinese Entities). Seven are situated on the west coast and four on the east coast. The Doraleh Multipurpose Port in Djibouti City is currently the most concerning port given its proximity to a maritime chokepoint and U.S. military base. If counting its naval base, China currently controls two of the five terminals at the Port of Djibouti. Additional research could reveal the strategic significance of the other 10 ports.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UN Medical Services Global Directory of UN Clinics (As of October 2019)
    UN Medical Services Global Directory of UN Clinics (as of October 2019) Country of City/Location of Duty DELEGATED Incumbent First Hours Ahead Continent Organisation Type Position Title Incumbent Last Name Email Phone Fax Address Time Zone Duty Station Station AUTHORITY Name of NY EST Asia Bangladesh Cox Bazar UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Md. Nural HOSSAIN [email protected] BST 10 + 88 01713032083 + 880 2 55667788 (Ext: UNDP Office, IDB Bhaban - 8th floor, E/8- [email protected] or Asia Bangladesh Dhaka UNDP UN Clinic NO UN Doctor Sharif Ahmed KAUKAB 8001 (UN Physician); for +880 291 83101 A, IDB Bhaban(8th Floor), Shar-E-Bangla BST 10 [email protected] Nurse (8002); & for Lab. Nagar, Agargoan Technician (8004)) S/C UNDP OFFICE IN COTONOU +22967048809 +229 ZONE RESIDENTIELLE [email protected] Africa Benin Cotonou UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Eudoxie HOUNTONDJI 965 98081 or LOT N°111 WAT 5 [email protected] +229 979 70094 01BP 506 COTONOU United Nations Building, Koulouba [email protected] +226 25306762/63/64 or (secteur 4) Africa Burkina Faso Ouagadougou UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Nouhoune MAIGA +226 25310470 GMT 4 [email protected] +226 75870075 01 BP 575 Ouagadougou 01 - Burkina Faso [email protected] +257 222 05921 Rohero 1 Avenue de la Democratie, Africa Burundi Bujumbura UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Michel OGOU +257 215 383 CAT 6 [email protected] +257 789 50200 compound II ONU +237 7211 5248 Africa Cameroon Yaounde UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Ahmet SECKA [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone Ports Authority-Freetown Terminal Limited (FTL) Bollore Berth Expansion
    “Monitoring of Port Infrastructure Construction Works on Projects Under Concession” A case study: Sierra Leone Ports Authority-Freetown Terminal Limited (FTL) Bollore Berth Expansion Presented by: Ing Michael N’dolenje Presentation Outline Brief history of the Queen Elizabeth II Quay Infrastructure construction works on projects under concession Level of involvement of the Port Engineers in the project: -Planning - Designing - Construction Level of cooperation from concessionaire Limitations faced by Port Engineers in monitoring project work in concession areas Contributions/ Q & A time Thanks Brief history of the Queen Elizabeth II Quay The Queen Elizabeth II Quay is located in Sierra Leone, West Africa This Port has the deepest natural harbor in West Africa The Port has a total of six (6) berths with a total length of 1132.69m The Port has minimum draft of 5m and a maximum depth of 10.5m The Port is been operated by a concessionaire and a license operator The concessionaire is Freetown Terminal Limited (FTL), Bollore FTL handles Ro-Ro, containers and bulk cargo The license operator is Nectar Sierra Leone Bulk Cargo Terminal (NSBT) Infrastructure construction works on projects under concession The Freetown Terminal Limited (FTL) –Bollore Construction of an additional berth- West Ward (Started) - $ 120 Million (Inclusive construction and equipment) Nectar Sierra Leone Bulk Cargo Terminal Limited (NSBT) Construction of an additional berth- East Ward (Legistrative Stage) Cont: Infrastructure construction works on projects under concession
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating Peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the Justice Challenge
    Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue rDecembeerp 2007 ort Negotiating peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the justice challenge Priscilla Hayner Report The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue is an independent and impartial foundation, Contents based in Geneva, that promotes and facilitates 1. Introduction and overview 5 dialogue to resolve armed conflicts and reduce civilian suffering. 2. Background to the 1999 talks 8 114, rue de lausanne 3. Participation in the Lomé talks: April–July 1999 10 ch-1202 geneva 4. Amnesty in the Lomé process and Accord 12 switzerland The context 12 [email protected] t: + 41 22 908 11 30 Rapid agreement on a blanket amnesty 13 f: +41 22 908 11 40 A second look at the amnesty: was it unavoidable? 16 www.hdcentre.org The amnesty and the UN and other international participants 17 © Copyright 5. Other justice issues at Lomé 19 Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2007 A Truth and Reconciliation Commission 19 Reproduction of all or Provisions for reparations 20 part of this publication The security forces and demobilisation of combatants 20 may be authorised only Reaching an agreement on power-sharing 21 with written consent and acknowledgement of the 6. After the agreement: a difficult peace 22 source. Slow implementation and near collapse of the accord 23 The International Center The Special Court for Sierra Leone 25 for Transitional Justice Implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission 26 assists countries pursuing Judicial reform efforts 28 accountability for past mass Creation of a new Human Rights Commission 28 atrocity or human rights abuse. It assists in the development Demobilisation, and reform of the armed forces and police 29 of integrated, comprehensive, and localized approaches to 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimations of Undisturbed Ground Temperatures Using Numerical and Analytical Modeling
    ESTIMATIONS OF UNDISTURBED GROUND TEMPERATURES USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELING By LU XING Bachelor of Arts/Science in Mechanical Engineering Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, China 2008 Master of Arts/Science in Mechanical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, US 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2014 ESTIMATIONS OF UNDISTURBED GROUND TEMPERATURES USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELING Dissertation Approved: Dr. Jeffrey D. Spitler Dissertation Adviser Dr. Daniel E. Fisher Dr. Afshin J. Ghajar Dr. Richard A. Beier ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jeffrey D. Spitler, who patiently guided me through the hard times and encouraged me to continue in every stage of this study until it was completed. I greatly appreciate all his efforts in making me a more qualified PhD, an independent researcher, a stronger and better person. Also, I would like to devote my sincere thanks to my parents, Hongda Xing and Chune Mei, who have been with me all the time. Their endless support, unconditional love and patience are the biggest reason for all the successes in my life. To all my good friends, colleagues in the US and in China, who talked to me and were with me during the difficult times. I would like to give many thanks to my committee members, Dr. Daniel E. Fisher, Dr. Afshin J. Ghajar and Dr. Richard A. Beier for their suggestions which helped me to improve my research and dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Power Plant to Supply the Largest Port in Sierra Leone
    CLIENT: Port of Freetown ) PROJECT: Commissioning of a power plant LOCATION: FREETOWN – SIERRA LEONE KOHLER-SDMO: A POWER PLANT TO SUPPLY THE LARGEST PORT IN SIERRA LEONE TRANSPORTATION Maritime transport currently accounts for 75% of The long-term handling capacity will reach 750,000 TEU international trade. Maritime traffic in Africa has seen (20-foot equivalent units), against the current 90,000. exponential growth in recent years, with some 50 billion The storage areas will cover 3.5 hectares and will be dollars invested over the past 10 years in the construction of equipped with 2 ship-to-shore gantry cranes and 3 yard larger, deeper and better equipped ports. Such projects have gantry cranes. enabled Africa to conduct 3% of global containerised trade, mainly in petrochemical and agricultural products. EXPRESSION OF NEED: GENERATING SETS Construction and extensions at goods terminals are TO KEEP THE PORT OPERATING spreading out around the Gulf of Guinea, a strategic Maritime traffic is booming in Africa, which crossroads for African maritime trade. The objective of such projects is to transform ports such as Cotonou, Pointe-Noire, nonetheless continues to have the world's least developed electricity infrastructure. The public grid is Doraleh, Lomé and Freetown into hubs, enabling Africa to currently unable to guarantee the electricity supply at the enhance its global standing. continent's ports. Shipping terminals require supplementary power, mainly to operate the gantry In October 2017, a private operator commenced extension cranes – the lifting equipment used to load and unload works at the Port of Freetown in Sierra Leone. This colossal project is costing some 120 million euros, notably container ships.
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging with the Private Sector for Urban Onsite Sanitation Services Lessons from Six Sub-Saharan African Cities
    Engaging with the Private Sector for Urban Onsite Sanitation Services Lessons from six sub-Saharan African cities January 2018 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The BMGF and DFID Partnership Cities Project: an initiative to address the challenges of onsite sanitation services for the urban poor In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), over 300 million people use unimproved sanitation facilities (JMP 2017). The rapid pace of urbanization experienced across the continent poses a key challenge to urban authorities, who often struggle to match the rate of expansion with increased services. The extent of networked, and often poorly performing sewerage services is very limited in many African cities, with only around 9% of the urban population connected in SSA. Onsite sanitation prevails, particularly in low-income areas. Onsite sanitation is often deemed in sector policy to be a ‘private’ rather than a ‘public’ good. Households are therefore generally expected to invest in their own facilities, often with limited attention from governments on associated services, such as emptying, transport and treatment of fecal sludge (FS). Another common challenge is that governments do not consider pit toilets, which are widespread in many cities, to be an acceptable solution for urban areas. Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) in many African cities is characterized by unregulated private operators, poor quality services, particularly for low-income areas, and a lack of investment in infrastructure across the sanitation value chain. In 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and the Department for International Development of the UK Government (DfID) launched the Partnership Cities Project. This project sought to find solutions to sustainable onsite sanitation services, aiming to support investments in infrastructure, build partnerships between key actors at city-level, and showcase new service delivery models.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Suicide Rates and Climatic Temperature
    SocArXiv Preprint: May 25, 2020 Global Suicide Rates and Climatic Temperature Yusuke Arima1* [email protected] Hideki Kikumoto2 [email protected] ABSTRACT Global suicide rates vary by country1, yet the cause of this variability has not yet been explained satisfactorily2,3. In this study, we analyzed averaged suicide rates4 and annual mean temperature in the early 21st century for 183 countries worldwide, and our results suggest that suicide rates vary with climatic temperature. The lowest suicide rates were found for countries with annual mean temperatures of approximately 20 °C. The correlation suicide rate and temperature is much stronger at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. In the countries with higher temperature, high suicide rates appear with its temperature over about 25 °C. We also investigated the variation in suicide rates with climate based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification5, and found suicide rates to be low in countries in dry zones regardless of annual mean temperature. Moreover, there were distinct trends in the suicide rates in island countries. Considering these complicating factors, a clear relationship between suicide rates and temperature is evident, for both hot and cold climate zones, in our dataset. Finally, low suicide rates are typically found in countries with annual mean temperatures within the established human thermal comfort range. This suggests that climatic temperature may affect suicide rates globally by effecting either hot or cold thermal stress on the human body. KEYWORDS Suicide rate, Climatic temperature, Human thermal comfort, Köppen–Geiger climate classification Affiliation: 1 Department of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Climate Variability and Conflict on Childhood Diarrhea and Malnutrition in West Africa
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2016 The Impact of Climate Variability and Conflict on Childhood Diarrhea and Malnutrition in West Africa Gillian Dunn Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/765 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] The Impact of Climate Variability and Conflict on Childhood Diarrhea and Malnutrition in West Africa by Gillian Dunn A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Public Health in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Health, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 Gillian Dunn All Rights Reserved ii The Impact of Climate Variability and Conflict on Childhood Diarrhea and Malnutrition in West Africa by Gillian Dunn This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Public Health to satisfy the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Public Health Deborah Balk, PhD Sponsor of Examining Committee Date Signature Denis Nash, PhD Executive Officer, Public Health Date Signature Examining Committee: Glen Johnson, PhD Grace Sembajwe, ScD Emmanuel d’Harcourt, MD THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Dissertation Abstract Title: The Impact of Climate Variability and Conflict on Childhood Diarrhea and Malnutrition in West Africa Author: Gillian Dunn Sponsor: Deborah Balk Objectives: This dissertation aims to contribute to our understanding of how climate variability and armed conflict impacts diarrheal disease and malnutrition among young children in West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Better-Quality Public Health and Environmental Sustainability in the Freetown Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone
    Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2021, 9, 33-49 https://www.scirp.org/journal/gep ISSN Online: 2327-4344 ISSN Print: 2327-4336 Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Better-Quality Public Health and Environmental Sustainability in the Freetown Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone Tamba Komba Geology Department, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone How to cite this paper: Komba, T. (2021). Abstract Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Man- agement for Better-Quality Public Health and Managing waste has been an aged-old challenge, especially in developing ci- Environmental Sustainability in the Free- ties, like the Freetown Metropolitan City. Solid Waste and/or waste in general town Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone. is an artefact of human activities that can spring from individuals, families, Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 9, 33-49. community, commercial/industrial operations etc. This study is a qualitative https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2021.94004 investigation, and it is intended to gather an inclusive knowledge of solid wastes management for better public health in Freetown, the Capital City of Received: February 5, 2021 Sierra Leone. Statistical analysis was employed to observe numerical repre- Accepted: April 13, 2021 Published: April 16, 2021 sentations on a wide range of selected data. In an attempt to achieve the aim of this research project, reviews of available online resources were exploited, Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and and juxtaposed with everyday knowledge in the existing state of the Free- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative town’s municipality solid waste management.
    [Show full text]
  • Helena: an Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity Through the Cape Town - St
    Cape-Helena: An Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity through the Cape Town - St. Helena Migration Nexus By Damian Samuels A full-thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, University of the Western Cape, September 2018 Declaration I, Damian Sean Samuels, declare that ‘Cape-Helena: An Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity through the Cape Town - St. Helena Migration Nexus’ is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged with complete references. Damian Samuels 05 September 2018 i http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ ii http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Table of Contents Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………...iv Introduction……………………………………………………………………........................1 Chapter 1: St. Helena Immigration to South Africa, 1838-1879………….12 Chapter 2: St. Helena Immigration to South Africa, 1880s-1948..............67 Chapter 3: Nostalgia and the Sacral Introjection of an Island…..............109 Chapter 4: Race and Respectability, Nostalgic Associations and Disassociation.……………………………………………………………………………....143 Appendix...…………………………………………………………………………………….179 List of illustration…………………………………………………………………………..188 Bibliography.………………………………………………………………………………....190 iii http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Acknowledgements I am indebted to a range of people for their encouragement and support. From the academic community, I owe a tremendous amount of gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Patricia Hayes, for doing the real arduous work in helping me bring my project to fruition; to Prof. Daniel Yon of York University, Toronto, for his publications and knowledge on a number of matters relating to the migratory relationship between South Africa and St. Helena, which he readily shared with me; and to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Nouakchott City Urban Master Plan Development Project in Islamic Republic of Mauritania
    Islamic Republic of Mauritania Ministry of Land Use, Urbanization and Habitation (MHUAT) Urban Community of Nouakchott (CUN) Nouakchott City Urban Master Plan Development Project In Islamic Republic of Mauritania Final Report Summary October 2018 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) RECS International Inc. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. PACET Corporation PASCO Corporation EI JR 18-105 Currency equivalents (interbank rates average of April to June 2018) USD 1.00 = MRU 355.049 USD 1.00 = MRO (obsolete) 35.5049 USD 1.00 = JPY 109.889 MRU 1.00 = JPY 3.0464 Source: OANDA, https://www.oanda.com Nouakchott City Urban Master Plan Development Project Final Report Summary Table of Contents Introduction 1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 2 Target Area ............................................................................................................................ 2 Target Year ............................................................................................................................. 3 Reports and Other Outputs .................................................................................................... 3 Work Operation Structure ...................................................................................................... 3 Part I: SDAU ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • REQUEST for PROJECT FUNDING from the ADAPTATION FUND the Annexed Form Should Be Completed and Transmitted to the Adaptation Fund
    REQUEST FOR PROJECT FUNDING FROM THE ADAPTATION FUND The annexed form should be completed and transmitted to the Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat by email or fax. Please type in the responses using the template provided. The instructions attached to the form provide guidance to filling out the template. Please note that a project/programme must be fully prepared (i.e., fully appraised for feasibility) when the request is submitted. The final project/programme document resulting from the appraisal process should be attached to this request for funding. Complete documentation should be sent to: The Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat 1818 H Street NW MSN P4-400 Washington, D.C., 20433 U.S.A Fax: +1 (202) 522-3240/5 Email: [email protected] 1 PROJECT PROPOSAL TO THE ADAPTATION FUND Table of content PART I: PROJECT INFORMATION ........................................................................................... 4 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT ...................................................................... 4 1.1. Natural resources and climate............................................................................ 4 1.2. Natural Resource Management (NRM) .............................................................. 6 1.3. Climate change .................................................................................................. 6 1.4. Economy ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5. Key issues identified for the project .................................................................
    [Show full text]