International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018, pp.-7230-7237. Available online at https://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217

Research Article STUDY OF SPATIAL VARIATION OF MONSOON IN DISTRICT USING GEOINFORMATICS

KOKATE K.M.*1, SATPUTE G.U.2, APTURKAR S.M.3 AND SHELKE P.V.4 1,2Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, , 444104, 3Scientist, Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Planning Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, , 440011, India 4Department of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 444104, India *Corresponding Author: Email - [email protected]

Received: September 20, 2018; Revised: September 25, 2018; Accepted: September 26, 2018; Published: September 30, 2018 Abstract: The spatial and temporal variability of rainfall, its uneven and inadequate distribution determines the success or failure of crops especially in drought prone areas. The knowledge of distribution of seasonal rainfall during monsoon month is essential for crop planning and management of rainfed farming. Daily rainfall data for the period 1998 to 2017 were analyzed for different talukas of . The average monsoon seasonal rainfall varied from 556.75 mm to 890.64 mm while average seasonal rainfall during low, medium and high rainfall years varied in the range of 409.2 to 616.7 mm, 549.9 to 938.4 mm and 702.2 to 1200.1 mm respectively in different taluka stations in Yavatmal district. The monsoon duration during low, medium and high rainfall years at different taluka places in Yavatmal district was found in the range of 62 to 102 days, 71 to 110 days and 92 to 117 days respectively while mean monsoon duration during the season varied in the range of 80 to 105 days. Spatial variation maps for seasonal rainfall (mm) and monsoon duration were developed using ArcGIS (version 10.1) which can be used for crop planning of the region. Keywords: Spatial variation of seasonal rainfall and monsoon duration Citation: Kokate K.M., et al., (2018) Study of Spatial Variation of Monsoon in Yavatmal District Using Geoinformatics. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, pp.- 7230-7237. Copyright: Copyright©2018 Kokate K.M., et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction effective monsoon [4]. According to this concept, the date of commencement of a Agriculture plays a dominant role in life of majority of the rural population. The seven days spell satisfying following three criteria was taken as the date of onset general consensus is that global warming is likely to enhance the hydrological of effective monsoon. cycle, which will cause changes in rainfall amount, frequency, magnitude, The first day’s rainfall in the seven days wet spell should be more than the intensity, duration and it’s spatial and temporal variation [1]. Rainfall is considered average daily evaporation (e) of the place [3]. as principle source of water. The success or failure of crops particularly under The total rain during the seven days wet spell should be at least 5e + 10 mm [3]. rainfed condition is closely linked with the rainfall patterns. Seasonal rainfall and At least four out of these seven days should be rainy day(s), the day is considered monsoon duration are the important characteristics of monsoon influencing as rainy day if having rainfall more than or equal to 2.5 mm [3]. agricultural production from rainfed areas [2]. Due to erratic and irregular rainfall pattern, crops suffer seriously and there is also a risk of crop failure under Withdrawal of monsoon aberrant weather situation [3]. This study was conducted to generate information The withdrawal of monsoon was decided as the end of last wet spell in the last on spatial variation of seasonal rainfall and seasonal monsoon duration of week of September, which may sometimes extended upto middle of October, monsoon at taluka level in the district. depending upon the delayed pattern of withdrawal of Northwest winds in respective years [5]. Material and Methods The study of determination of OEM and its withdrawal at taluka level was Result and Discussions undertaken in Yavatmal district which is situated between 19.26° to 20.42° N Seasonal Rainfall Analysis latitude and 77.18° to 79.90° E longitude and at an altitude of 445 m above MSL. The monsoon seasonal rainfall during kharif season was estimated by taking the The district has a geographical area of 13580 sq. km in western Vidharbha region total of daily rainfall received from June to September or October considering the of Maharashtra and is shown in [Fig-1]. The daily rainfall data from 1998 to 2017 withdrawal of monsoon and is given in [Table-1]. The average seasonal rainfall in recorded at 16 taluka stations in Yavatmal district and for different taluka stations different talukas of the Yavatmal district ranges from 556.75 to 890.64 mm with surrounding to Yavatmal district from , , Washim, , Wardha coefficient of variation in the range of 25 to 49 percent. The spatial variation in and districts were obtained from the website of Maharashtra State average seasonal rainfall at various taluka places in Yavatmal district is displayed Government (http://www.mahaagri.gov.in/raifall). Daily pan evaporation data for in [Fig-2]. From [Fig-2] it is revealed that about 50% area of the Yavatmal district is Yavatmal station for the study period was obtained from Agro-Meteorological, covered under the rainfall class varying from 750 to 900 mm and about 30 to 40% Observatory, Department of Agronomy, Dr P.D.K.V., Yavatmal. area is covered under the rainfall class varying from 650 to 750 mm. Average seasonal rainfall during low, medium and high rainfall years Onset of effective monsoon The seasonal rainfall of 20 years at different taluka places was arranged in The date of onset and end of effective monsoon was estimated by using daily ascending order from minimum to maximum and divided into first and third equal rainfall data of different taluka places and the Ashok Raj concept for onset of group of seven years and second group of six years.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7230 Study of Spatial Variation of Monsoon in Yavatmal District Using Geoinformatics

Table-1 Average rainfall and average monsoon duration at different talukas in Yavatmal district Taluka Average Ranfall Average monsoon Taluka Average Rainfall Average monsoon rainfall, mm CV, % duration, days rainfall, mm CV, % duration, days Yavatmal 791.9 30 96 770.1 41.6 83 Arni 660.9 49 96 Mahagaon 812.5 35.3 94 Babulgaon 687.8 24.6 96 Ner 668.2 34.8 93 724.8 30.2 101 839.3 29.1 105 787.8 31.1 99 890.6 36.6 95 869.9 32.6 98 635.9 37.5 92 Kalamb 731.4 39.7 95 Wani 829.9 31.6 97 872.5 27.9 100 Jhari-Jamni 556.8 25.7 80

Table-2 Mean dates for onset of effective monsoon and withdrawal of monsoon during low, medium and high rainfall years at different taluka places in Yavatmal district Rainfall Taluka Average seasonal Effective monsoon date Average monsoon class place rainfall, mm Onset Withdrawal duration in days Low Arni 409.2 03-July 14-Sept. 72 Babulgaon 487.13 02-July 21-Sept. 82 Darwha 480.53 03-July 23-Sept. 83 Digras 522.47 26-June 22-Sept. 88 Ghatanji 567.46 21-June 11-Sept. 83 Kalamb 426.34 06-July 15-Sept. 71 Kelapur 616.7 23-June 22-Sept. 91 Mahagaon 491.13 23-June 08-Sept. 77 Maregaon 468.72 01-July 08-Sept. 69 Ner 420.39 07-July 12-Sept. 67 Pusad 563.36 22-June 03-Oct. 102 Ralegaon 539.34 28-June 21-Sept. 85 Umarkhed 433.91 04-July 22-Sept. 79 Wani 553.27 28-June 14-Sept. 78 Yavatmal 519.24 25-June 24-Sept. 92 Jhari-Jamni 417.17 09-July 10-Sept. 62 Average 494.77 29-June 17-Sept. 80 Medium Arni 589.37 19-June 07-Oct. 110 Babulgaon 742.58 20-June 27-Sept. 99 Darwha 733.15 19-June 29-Sept. 102 Digras 801.48 20-June 27-Sept. 99 Ghatanji 875.61 17-June 30-Sept. 104 Kalamb 723.63 21-June 03-Oct. 104 Kelapur 870.02 18-June 28-Sept. 102 Mahagaon 865.55 03-July 02-Oct. 91 Maregaon 678.99 28-June 27-Sept. 91 Ner 661.88 25-June 08-Oct. 105 Pusad 897.14 19-June 25-Sept. 98 Ralegaon 938.45 26-June 25-Sept. 91 Umerkhed 602.43 22-June 24-Sept. 94 Wani 823.27 22-June 01-Oct. 101 Yavatmal 829.35 26-June 27-Sept. 94 Jhari-Jamni 549.9 30-June 09-Sept. 71 Average 761.42 23-June 28-Sept. 97 High Arni 973.91 18-June 04-Oct. 108 Babulgaon 841.54 16-June 02-Oct. 108 Darwha 961.86 16-June 11-Oct. 117 Digras 1041.49 14-June 01-Oct. 109 Ghatanji 1167.44 17-June 03-Oct. 107 Kalamb 1043.14 17-June 07-Oct. 111 Kelapur 1130.51 16-June 30-Sept. 106 Mahagaon 1088.47 18-June 11-Oct. 115 Maregaon 1149.7 27-June 26-Sept. 92 Ner 921.53 16-June 04-Oct. 110 Pusad 1065.71 21-June 13-Oct. 114 Ralegaon 1200.97 16-June 03-Oct. 109 Umarkhed 866.43 22-June 02-Oct. 103 Wani 1112.07 18-June 09-Oct. 113 Yavatmal 1032.33 18-June 28-Sept. 102 Jhari-Jamni 702.19 20-Jun 02-Oct. 104 Average 1018.71 18-Jun 04-Oct. 108

The lowest rainfall in first group of seven years was called as low rainfall class, rainfall years at different taluka places varies in the range of 409.2 to 616.7 mm, followed by next group of six years having next higher range of rainfall was called 549.9 to 938.4 mm and 702.2 to 1201.0 mm respectively. These rainfall classes at as medium rainfall class and last group of seven years having maximum rainfall different taluka places will be used to study the nature of onset and withdrawal of was called as high rainfall class. The average rainfall for each group of low, effective monsoon. The spatial variation of average seasonal rainfall during low, medium and high rainfall years at different taluka places in Yavatmal district is medium and high rainfall years among different taluka places in Yavatmal district presented in [Table-2]. The average seasonal rainfall during low, medium and high is shown in [Fig-3], [Fig-4] and [Fig-5] respectively.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7231 Kokate K.M., Satpute G.U., Apturkar S.M. and Shelke P.V.

Fig-1 Location map of study area

Fig-2 Mean seasonal rainfall at different talukas in Yavatmal district

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7232 Study of Spatial Variation of Monsoon in Yavatmal District Using Geoinformatics

Fig-3 Seasonal rainfall distribution at different taluka places in Yavatmal district during low rainfall years

Fig-4 Seasonal rainfall distribution at different taluka places in Yavatmal district during medium rainfall years

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7233 Kokate K.M., Satpute G.U., Apturkar S.M. and Shelke P.V.

Fig-5 Seasonal rainfall distribution at different taluka places in Yavatmal district during high rainfall years

Fig-6 Average monsoon duration at different talukas in Yavatmal district

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7234 Study of Spatial Variation of Monsoon in Yavatmal District Using Geoinformatics

Fig-7 Spatial variation of duration of monsoon for low rainfall years in different talukas of Yavatmal district

Fig- 8 Spatial variation of duration of monsoon for medium rainfall years in different talukas of Yavatmal district

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7235 Kokate K.M., Satpute G.U., Apturkar S.M. and Shelke P.V.

Fig-9 Spatial variation of duration of monsoon for high rainfall years in different talukas of Yavatmal district

From [Fig-3] it is revealed that, during low rainfall years seasonal rainfall over different taluka places in Yavatmal district is presented in [Table-2]. From [Table- complete Yavatmal district is less than 750 mm except some parts of Kelapur and 2], it is observed that the monsoon duration during low, medium and high rainfall Ghatanji taluka which receives low seasonal rainfall in the range of 750 to 800 years at different taluka places in Yavatmal district is in the range of 62 to 102 mm. From [Fig-4] for seasonal rainfall distribution during medium rainfall years it is days, 71 to 110 days and 92 to 117 days respectively. The spatial variation in observed that the rainfall varies from less than 750 mm to more than 1150 mm duration of monsoon during low, medium and high rainfall years at different taluka with the increasing trend of rainfall from west to east direction over whole district places in Yavatmal district is displayed in [Fig-7], [Fig-8] and [Fig-9], respectively. except Jhari-Jamni, some part of Wani and few part of Kelapur taluka which [Fig-7] shows that Yavatmal district has monsoon duration of less than 95 days received rainfall less than 750 mm. Seasonal rainfall pattern during high rainfall during low rainfall years with the exception of Pusad taluka which has monsoon years is shown in [Fig-5], which indicates that some part of Jhari-Jamni, Arni, Ner duration from 95 days to more than 110 days and very small areas from and Babulgaon taluka receives rainfall less than 750 mm (<750 mm) where as Umarkhed, Arni, Ghatanji and Kelapur talukas has duration of 95 to 100 days on high rainfall is observed over some parts of Ghatanji, Umarkhed and Wani with southern side of the district. The spatial distribution of monsoon duration during few parts of Mahagaon and Arni which receives rainfall more than 1150 mm medium rainfall years is shown in [Fig-8], which clearly indicates that maximum (>1150). area of Arni, Ghatanji, Kelapur, Kalamb, Babulgaon, Ner, Darwha, Yavatmal, Digras and Pusad talukas having monsoon duration between 95 to 110 days while Monsoon duration at various talukas of Yavatmal district partial areas of Wani, Mahagaon and Umarkhed taluka comes under the same The duration of monsoon is the period between onset of effective monsoon and monsoon duration range. From [Fig-9] it is revealed that all the talukas in withdrawal of monsoon for corresponding years. The spatial variation of average Yavatmal district has monsoon duration in the range of 100 days to more than 110 monsoon duration in Yavatmal district is depicted in [Fig-6]. From [Fig-6], it is days in high rainfall years except for some parts of Ralegaon, Kelapur and revealed that average monsoon duration (in days) at different talukas of Yavatmal Maregaon talukas which has monsoon duration in the range of 85 to 95 days. The district ranges from 75 days to more than 110 days and the monsoon duration of duration of monsoon period during low, medium and high rainfall years increases less than 95 days was mostly observed in areas of Jhari-Jamni, Maregaon, Wani with increasing rainfall magnitudes. This information regarding monsoon duration and Ralegaon talukas. On an average the monsoon duration of 95 to 100 days can be very much useful for planning regarding the selection of crop varieties in was observed over most of the area of Digras, Mahagaon, Arni, Darwha, different talukas of the district on the basis of long term forecasting issued by Yavatmal, Babulgaon, Kalamb, Ghatanji, and Kelapur taluka while same monsoon Indian Meteorological Department. duration was observed partially in Umarkhed, Ner, Ralegaon and Wani taluka of Yavatmal district. Maximum area of Pusad taluka has longest monsoon duration Conclusion ranging in between 100 to 110 days in Yavatmal district. The average seasonal rainfall in different talukas of the Yavatmal district ranges from 556.75 to 890.32 mm with coefficient of variation in the range of 24.64 to Average monsoon duration during different rainfall years 49.02 percent. The average seasonal rainfall during low, medium and high rainfall The average duration of monsoon during low, medium and high rainfall years at years at different taluka places of Yavatmal district varies in the range of 409.20 to

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7236 Study of Spatial Variation of Monsoon in Yavatmal District Using Geoinformatics

616.70 mm, 549.90 to 938.45 mm and 702.19 to 1200.97 mm respectively. The duration of monsoon generally reduces from maximum numbers of days during high rainfall years to slightly a smaller number of days during medium rainfall years followed by low rainfall years at almost all taluka places in Yavatmal district. On an average monsoon duration (in days) at different talukas of Yavatmal district ranges from 75 days to more than 110 days and the monsoon duration of less than 95 days was mostly observed in areas of Jhari-Jamni, Maregaon, Wani and Ralegaon talukas. On an average the monsoon duration of 95 to 100 days was observed over most of the part of Yavatnal district. Pusad taluka has found longest mansoon duration ranging in between 100 to 110 days in Yavatmal district.

Application of research: Seasonal Rainfall Analysis Using Geoinformatics

Research Category: Geoinformatics, Remote Sensing

Acknowledgement / Funding: Author thankful to Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Planning Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, Nagpur, 440011, India. Author also thankful to Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 444104, India

*Principle Investigator or Chairperson of research: Dr KM Kokate University: Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 444104 Research project name or number: Research station trials

Author Contributions: All author equally contributed

Author statement: All authors read, reviewed, agree and approved the final manuscript

Conflict of Interest: None declared

Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 18, 2018 || Bioinfo Publications || 7237