~ V O 'U M E 3 .-...E R

~ v_o_'u_m_e_3_ • Living Resources

.-...... E R AREA ASSESSMENT

NATURAL RESOURCES KANKAKEE RIvER AREA ASSESSMENT

VOLUME3: LIVING RESOURCES

Illinois Department ofNatural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis Natural History Survey Division 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, TIlinois 61820 (217) 333-4949

1998

Rod R. Blagojevich, Governor State of Illinois

Joel Brunsvold, Director Illinois Department of Natural Resources One Natural Resources Way Springfield, n.. 62702

300 Printed by the authority ofthe State ofIllinois Other CTAP Publications

The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends • Summary Report • Volume 1: Air Resources • Volume 2: Water Resources • Volume 3: Ecological Resources • Volume 4: Earth Resources • Volume 5: Waste Generation andManagement • Volume 6: Sources ofEnvironmental Stress • Volume 7: Bibliography Illinois Land Cover, An Atlas, plus CD-ROM Inventory ofEcologically Resource-Rich Areas in Illinois The Rock River Country: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Rock River Area Assessment, technical report The Cache River Basin: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Cache River Area Assessment, technical report The Mackinaw River Country: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Mackinaw River Area Assessment, technical report The Illinois Headwaters: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Headwaters Area Assessment, technical report The Illinois Big Rivers: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Big Rivers Area Assessment, technical report The Fox River Basin: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Fox River Area Assessment, technical report Annual Report 1996, Illinois RiverWatch Stream Monitoring Manual, lllinois RiverWatch PLAN-IT EARTH, Rowing Waters Module PLAN-IT EARTH, ForestModule Forest Monitoring Manual, Illinois ForestWatch Illinois Geographic Information System, CD-ROM of digital geospatial data

All CTAP and Ecosystems Program documents are available from the DNR Clearinghouse at (217) 782-7498 or TDD (217) 782-9175. Selected publications are also available on the World Wide Web at http://dnr.state.il.us/ctap/ctaphome.htm, or http://dnr.state.il.us/c2000/manage/partner.htm, as well as on the EcoForum Bulletin Board at I (800) 528-5486 or (217) 782-8447.

For more information about CTAP, call (217) 524-0500 or e-mail [email protected]; for information on the Ecosystems Program call (217) 782-7940 or e-maj! at [email protected]. About This Report

The Kankakee River Area Assessment examines an area situated along the Kankakee River in eastern Illinois. Because significant natural community and species diversity is found in the area, it has been designated a state Resource Rich Area. 1

This report is part ofa series ofreports on areas oflliinois where a public-private partnership has been formed. These assessments provide information on the natural and human resources ofthe areas as a basis for managing and improving their ecosystems. The determination of resource rich areas and development of ecosystem-based information and management programs in Illinois are the result ofthree processes -- the Critical Trends Assessment Program, the Conservation Congress, and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force.

Background

The Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) documents changes in ecological conditions. In 1994, using existing information, the program provided a baseline of ecological conditions? Three conclusions were drawn from the baseline investigation:

1. the emission and discharge of regulated pollutants over the past 20 years has declined, in some cases dramatically, 2. existing data suggest that the condition ofnatural ecosystems in Illinois is rapidly declining as a result offragmentation and continued stress, and 3. data designed to monitor compliance with environmental regulations or the status of individual species are not sufficient to assess ecosystem health statewide.

Based on these findings, CTAP has begun to develop methods to systematically monitor ecological conditions and provide information for ecosystem-based management. Five components make up this effort:

1. identifY resource rich areas, 2. conduct regional assessments, 3. publish an atlas and inventory ofIllinois landcover, 4. train volunteers to collect ecological indicator data, and 5. develop an educational science curriculum which incorporates data collection

At the same time that CTAP was publishing its baseline findings, the Illinois Conservation Congress and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force were presenting their

I See Inventory ofResource Rich Areas in Illinois: An Evaluation ofEcological Resources. 2 See The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, summary report and volumes 1-7.

Ul respective findings. These groups agreed with the CTAP conclusion that the state's ecosystems were declining. Better stewardship was needed, and they determined that a voluntary, incentive-based, grassroots approach would be the most appropriate, one that recognized the inter-relatedness of economic development and natural resource protection and enhancement.

From the three initiatives was born Conservation 2000, a six-year program to begin reversing ecosystem degradation, primarily through the Ecosystems Program, a cooperative process of public-private partnerships that are intended to merge natural resource stewardship with economic and recreational development. To achieve this goal, the program will provide financial incentives and technical assistance to private landowners. The Rock River and Cache River were designated as the first Ecosystem Partnership areas.

At the same time, CTAP identified 30 Resource Rich Areas (RRAs) throughout the state. In RRAs where Ecosystem Partnerships have been formed, CTAP is providing an assessment of the area, drawing from ecological and socio-economic databases to give an overview ofthe region's resources -- geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, biotic, and socio-economic. Although several ofthe analyses are somewhat restricted by spatial and/or temporal limitations ofthe data, they help to identify information gaps and additional opportunities and constraints to establishing long-term monitoring programs in the partnership areas.

The Kankakee River Area Assessment

The Kankakee River Area Assessment covers an area ofapproximately 2,019 mile2 (1,292,230 acres) spanning parts offive counties in eastern Illinois, including most of Kankakee and Iroquois counties and parts ofWill, Ford, and Vermilion counties. The Kankakee River originates three miles southwest of South Bend, Indiana, enters Illinois six miles east ofMomence, and flows 62 miles before its confluence with the Des Plaines River to form the Illinois River. The Iroquois River, originating in Jasper County, Indiana, is the largest tributary ofthe Kankakee River. Once the Iroquois enters lllinois it flows 55 miles until it joins the Kankakee River just below Aroma Park. The boundary ofthis assessment report encompasses 25 subbasins within the lllinois portion ofthe Kankakee and Iroquois River drainage basins. Over 90% ofthis area occurs in the "Grand Prairie" division ofthe state. Two ofthe 25 subbasins in this area, the Kankakee River (upper) and Kankakee River (lower), totaling 231,005 acres, have been designated as a "Resource Rich Area" because they contain significant natural community diversity. The Kankakee Ecosystem Partnership was subsequently formed around this core area ofhigh quality ecological resources.

This assessment is comprised offive volumes. In Volume 1, Geology discusses the geology, soils, and minerals in the assessment area. Volume 2, Water Resources, discusses the surface and groundwater resources and Volume 3, Living Resources,

IV t 1

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Major Drainage Basins of Illinois and Location of the Kankakee River Assessment Area ! N I

Scale 1:601,920

...., =",'>-='~'="s","-~2'O 1Cllom'"

Subbasins in the Kankakee River assessment area. Subbasin boundaries depicted are those determined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. describes the natural vegetation communities and the fauna ofthe region. Volume 4 contains three parts: Part I, Socio-Economic Profile, discusses the demographics, infrastructure, and economy ofthe area, focusing on the two counties with the greatest amount ofland in the area -- Kankakee and Iroquois counties; Part II, Environmental Quality, discusses air and water quality, and hazardous and toxic waste generation and management in the area; and Part TIl, Archaeological Resources, identifies and assesses the archaeological sites, ranging from the Paleoindian Prehistoric (B.C. 10,000) to the Postwar (A.D. 1946), known in the assessment watershed. Volume 5, Early Accounts of the Ecology ofthe Kankakee Area, describes the ecology ofthe area as recorded by historical writings of explorers, pioneers, early visitors and early historians.

VII J

J j Contributors

Principle Investigator. William G. Ruesink

Project Coordinator Daniel K. Niven

Editors Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Daniel K. Niven

Page Layout Timothy J. S. Whitfeld

Figures Katherine J. Hunter, Liane B. Suloway

Introduction Steven R. Hill, Liane B. Suloway, Katherine J. Hunter, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld

Natural Vegetation Communities Steven R. Hill, John B. Taft

Tables for Natural Vegetation Communities....Connie J. Carroll, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld

Birds Scott K. Robinson, Steven D. Bailey

Mammals .Joyce E. Hofmann, Edward J. Heske

Amphibians and Reptiles Christopher A. Phillips

Terrestrial Insects: Butterflies and Skippers John K. Bouseman

Aquatic Biota:

Fishes Larry M. Page, Kevin S. Cummings, Christine A. Mayer

Mussels and Crustaceans Larry M. Page, Kevin S. Cummings, Christine A. Mayer

Other Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Mark J. Wetzel, Donald W. Webb

ix 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I Table ofContents

Introduction Physiographic Characteristics 1 Climate Patterns 5 Vegetation History 5 Current Land Cover 6 Biologically Significant Features ofNatural Communities 15 Natural Vegetation Communities Comparison ofBiodiversity in the KRAA to Statewide Pattems 25 Illinois Threatened and Endangered Species 26 Disturbance, Habitat Quality, and Restoration PotentiaL .3 8 Natural Areas and Nature Preserves .39 Terrestrial Natural Community Descriptions .41 Forest. 43 Prairie 48 Savanna 55 Wetland 57 Lake and Pond 60 Stream 61 Primary Habitats 61 Cave 62 Cultural Habitats 63 Summary and Recommendations 63 Birds Introduction 69 Forest. 82 Wetland ; 84 Savanna 85 Prairie/Grassland 86 Lakes, Ponds, Impoundments, Creeks, and Rivers 88 Cultural Habitats: Cropland 89 Cultural Habitats: Successional Fields 90 Cultural Habitats: Developed Land 92 Overall Habitat Quality and Management Recommendations 94 Mammals Introduction 95 Forest. 95 Wetland 99 Grassland 101 Amphibians and Reptiles Introduction 103 Forest 105

xi Wetland 105 Prairie 105 Lakes, Ponds, and Impoundments 106 Creeks and Rivers 107 Cultural Habitats 107 Overall Habitat Quality and Management Concems 108 Terrestrial Insects: Butterflies and Skippers Introduction I09 Typical Species 109 Information Gaps 110 Aquatic Biota Introduction 117 Common Species , 118 Threatened andEndangered Fishes : 133 Threatened and Endangered Mussels 134 Non-native Species 135 Information Gaps 135 Water Quality 136 Biologically Significant Streams 137 Environmental Problems 138 Potential Management Strategies forAquatic Species 140 References 143 AppendixA. Incomplete list ofvascular plant species known from the KRAA 155 Appendix B. Plant species, listed by scientific name 189

List ofFigures

Figure I. Subbasins in the Kankakee RiverAssessmentArea 2 Figure 2. Major drainage basins ofIllinois .3 Figure 3. Natural divisions in the Kankakee RiverAssessmentArea ..4 Figure 4. Cropland 8 Figure 5. Urban land 9 . Figure 6. Grassland 10 Figure 7. Forest. 11 Figure 8. Wetlands 12 Figure 9. Open water 14 Figure 10. State land 16 Figure 11. Natural areas, nature preserves, and biologically significant stream segments 20

List of Tables

Introduction Table 1. Natural division acreage 1 Table 2. Current land cover 7 Table 3. Wetland acreages 13

xii Table 4. State land 15 Table 5. Naturalareas 17 Table 6. Category I natural communities .19 Table 7. Naturepreserves 21 Table 8. Biologically significant stream segments and lakes .22 Table 9. Threatened and endangered species 23

Natural Vegetation Communities Table 10. Illinois threatened and endangered plant species 27 Table II. Terrestrial natural communities ..42 Table 12. Invasive exotic plant species and eradication methods 66

Birds Table 13. List ofbird species in the Kankakee River AssessmentArea 70

Mammals Table 14. List ofmammal species in the Kankakee RiverAssessmentArea 96

Amphibians and Reptiles Table 15. Amphibian and reptile species 104

Terrestrial Insects: Butterflies and Skippers Table 16. Butterflies and skippers 111

Aquatic Biota Table 17. Freshwater fishes 120 Table 18. Freshwater fishes, byhabitat... 122 Table 19. Freshwatermussels 125 Table 20. Freshwater mussels, by habitat... 126 Table 21. Freshwater crustaceans 127 Table 22. Freshwater crustaceans, byhabitat... 128 Table 23. Aquatic macroinvertebrates 129

xiii j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j Introduction

Physiographic Characteristics

The Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) encompasses approximately 2,019 square miles (1,292,230 acres) that includes much of Kankakee County, Iroquois County, and portions of Will, Ford, and Vermilion counties in eastern Illinois (Figure 1). This assessment area includes the Illinois portions of the Kankakee and Iroquois river watersheds (Figures 1 and 2). The KRAA occurs primarily in the Kankakee Plain physiographic division, with smaller portions in the Wheaton Morainal Country and Bloomington Ridged Plain physiographic divisions (Leighton et al. 1948; Willman et al. 1975). The Kankakee Plain is a lowland area, large parts of which are covered by sand dunes. The remaining portions have moraine and glacial topography characteristic of Wisconsinan glaciation. Most (74.7%, 963,688.80 acres) ofthe KRAA lies within the Grand Prairie Section of the Grand Prairie Natural Division at 12,992,000 acres the single largest natural division in lllinois. Smaller areas of the KRAA lie within the Kankakee Sand Area Section of the Grand Prairie Natural Division (22.1 %, 284,369.27 acres) and in the Morainal Section of the Northeastern Morainal Natural Division (3.2%, 41,477.6 acres) (Schwegman et al. 1973) ) (Table 1, Figure 3).

Table 1. Natural Divisions occurring in the Kankakee River Assessment Area.

Division & Section Acres' %ofKRAA

Northeastern MorainallMorainai Section 41,478 3.2 Grand Prairie/Grand Prairie Section 963,689 74.7 Grand Prairie/Kankakee Sand Area Section 284,369 22.1

Total acres: 1,289,536

'Based on the Illinois Natural Divisions database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997a).

Elevation within the basin ranges from about 540 ft. (165 m) above sea level in the lower reaches of the Kankakee River watershed near Wilmington in Will County to about 820 ft. (250 m) above sea level in the vicinity of the Iroquois/Ford County line near Paxton. Much of the basin is a rather level to gently rolling plain of glacial till with level sandy plains. Topographic relief is provided by glacial moraines and by the dissection of the glacial drift by the headwater streams forming valleys and ravines. The surface geology of the assessment area is primarily characterized by deep Woodfordian-aged glacial drift, a substage of Wisconsinan glaciation and the most recent Pleistocene glacial episode. Thickness of glacial drift in the KRAA ranges from 50 to 200 ft.; locally, drift exceeds 400 ft. in thickness in Ford County (Lineback 1979).

1 I N j

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Figure 1. Subbasins in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. Subbasin boundaries depicted are those determined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.

2 t 1

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Drainage basins from 1:24000 scale watershed boundaries.a delineated by the U.s.G.s. Water Resources Division.

Figure 2. Major drainage basins ofIllinois and location of the Kankakee River Assessment Area 3 L

DJJllI Northeastern Morainal Division Morainal Sectim a Northeastern Morainal Division Chicago Lake Plain Section D Grand Prairie Division Grand Prairie Section l2LJ Grand Prairie DivisiOl1 Kankakee Sand Area Section ~ Wabash Border Division ~ Vennilim River Section I I l--....,."" I ~ I ...1 eo I ~l N j ~I ..J ~ I I /~ th .""1;. 1 ..;~ ?... r·····_··,c I <..~~~~.~-~ ..,,_/.

Scale 1:601,920 ,,'==='<'....==il'..",,=='lIiMI..

---FORD eo.

Figure 3. Natural Divisions in the Kankakee River Assessment Area based on the classification developed by Schwegman (1973).

4 Some bedrock is exposed in the KRAA primarily along the Kankakee River between Kankakee and the Illinois River with another significant exposure near Manteno in north central Kankakee County. The bedrock is primarily dolomitic limestone (Kankakee Dolomite) of Silurian age. Soils in the area, predominantly mollisols (formed under grassland vegetation) with a silt-loam texture, are formed largely in loess deposits ranging from about 10 inches to 60 inches in depth and the underlying medium-to fine textured Wisconsinan till and outwash materials (Paschke 1979). The loess is derived partially from Wisconsinan-age lake deposits. In addition, there are considerable deposits of sandy Wisconsinan outwash in the Kankakee Sand Area Section of the Grand Prairie Natural Division. Drainage characteristics throughout the KRAA range from poorly drained to somewhat well-drained (Paschke 1979). Soils developed under forest or savanna vegetation are primarily concentrated in stream valleys or associated with moraines (Fehrenbacher et al. 1982). Gravelly glacial till is exposed locally, particularly on eroding slopes bordering the rivers.

Climate Patterns1

The climate in.the KRAA is typical of many continental locations, in that there are rather wide temperature fluctuations. Precipitation is also variable. The average high temperature (0 F) in the summer is in the 80s and low 90s with average lows in the 50s and 60s. Winter highs are generally in the 20s and 30s with lows in the teens and 20s. Record temperature extremes range from -29°F to a high of 109 oF. There is an average of five and a half continuous months without frost each year.

Precipitation is highest during April through July (averages of 3.73 to 4.50 inches per month) and lowest in January (1.64 inches) and February (1.52 inches), with a yearly average of 38.41 inches.

Vegetation History

The presettlement vegetation in lllinois can be described generally as prairie and forest. Interpretations of the original distribution of prairie and forest (Vestal 1931; Anderson 1970; Iverson et al. 1989) consistently indicate a predominance of prairie occupying about 60% of the state's total land area. The native vegetation of the KRAA was mostly tal1grass prairie with forests and savannas concentrated in areas protected somewhat from fires, particularly along the major drainages. Some estimates of the amounts of prairie and forest at the time of European settlement in the KRAA can be inferred from countywide data. The counties forming the majority of the KRAA (Kankakee and Iroquois) were approximately 5.6% and 8.0% forested, respectively, at the time of the Government Land Office survey around 1820. Prairie totaled approximately 94.4% and

'Information in this section has been taken from the Kankakee River Area Assessment. Volume 2, (Illinois Deparmtment of Natual Resources 1997b). See that volume for a more detailed discussion of climate patterns and long-term trends in the KRAA.

5 92.1 %, respectively, for those counties (Iverson et al. 1989). Taking a conservative estimate of at least 90% prairie, this totals about' 1, 160,582 acres of prairie in the presettment landscape of the KRAA. Proportionately, this represents a much greater percent-cover of prairie compared with statewide totals. Total area of savanna at that time is unclear. The KRAA is within the transition zone of prairie and forest (Anderson 1983) and probably supported considerable amounts oftallgrass savanna (Nuzzo 1986). However, savannas typically were unstable and their total area and distribution varied on the presettlement landscape depending on several factors including local conditions of climate, and fire frequency and intensity (Taft 1997). Fire is generally considered to have been a major ecological factor in the maintenance of tallgrass prairie, savanna, and open woodland vegetation in the Midwest (Anderson 1970, 1983, 1990; Axelrod 1985; Taft 1996). Fire, drought, and grazing animal herds collectively are considered to have had important impacts on community structure and species composition on vegetation within the Grand Prairie Natural Division (Gleason 1913; Rogers and Anderson 1979).

Total area of presettlement wetlands in the KRAA, based on acreage of hydric soils, can be inferred from countywide data. For example, the predominant counties in the KRAA, Kankakee (with about 106,900 original wetland acres) and Iroquois (with about 268,400 original wetland acres), ranged from about 25% to 38% wetland (estimated wetland acres taken from Havera et al. 1994; percent of county generated using county acreage from lllinois Geographic Information System, IGIS). Most of this was wet prairie, prairie potholes, and floodplain forest. Among the first industries in the region were tile factories, which provided the means to drain the soils (Dowling 1968). Once the prairies were drained, they were quickly converted to cropland and pasture because of the invention of the steel-board plow and the development of railroads in the region.

Current Land Cover

The characterization of the land cover of the KRAA is based on information from the Land Cover of Illinois database (lllinois Geographic Information System), which was derived from Landsat Thematic satellite imagery acquired between 1991 and 1995. Figures given for high-quality acreages are based on the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory! Grade "A" and "Boo land. They are meant only to reflect the areas that remain in an undegraded condition and to provide an opportunity to compare statewide trends of habitat destruction.

Currently, the landscape of the KRAA is dominated by agricultural land uses, chiefly cropland (about 78%) (Table 2, Figure 4).

Urbanlbuilt-up land covers 2.5% of the total area (Table 2) and is distributed among several towns, with the Kankakee/Bradley/Bourbonnais area being the largest (Figure 5).

Grassland occupies 15.8% of the land area (Table 2) and includes pastures, hay, idle fields, road and railroad rights-of-way, and remnant prairies. Grassland forms a distinct grid pattern on the landscape where chiefly non-native cool-season species border

I For a complete description of the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, see the section on "Biologically Significant Features of Natural Communities" later in this chapter. 6 croplands and roadways (Figure 6). Although there are 204,337 acres of grassland in the KRAA, only about 56 acres of high-quality (Grades A and B) prairie remains among 14 separate sites. An unknown quantity of degraded prairie persists locally, particularly along railroad rights-of-way. Some of this degraded prairie has high restoration potential. Table 2. Current land cover for the Kankakee River Assessment Areal. Land Cover Acres Percent Cropland 1,002,699 77.6 Grassland 204,337 15.8 UrbanlBuilt-up 32,598 2.5 Upland forest 29,515 2.3 Bottomland forest 10,564 0.8 Water 6,271 0.5 Nonforested wetlands 6,243 0.5 Total acres: 1,292,227 100.0

I Acreages from the Land Cover of Illinois database (TIlinois Geographic Information System). Approximately 3.1 % of the area remains forested, with 2.3% being upland forest and 0.8% bottomland forest (Table 2). Estimates of presettlement forest cover range from about 4% in Ford County to about 21 % for all of Vermilion County (Iverson et al. 1989). About 84 acres of forest have been judged as high quality (Grade A and B). As in the presettlement landscape, forests are concentrated on the slopes and bottomlands bordering the major rivers and associated tributaries (Figure 7). In 1991, an additional 1,650 acres of floodplain forest were identified by the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory in the Momence Wetlands complex. This contiguous forest stretches along the Kankakee River from the Indiana state line to Momence in Illinois and is rated as Grade C by the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory.

Wetlands also have declined dramatically in area. Based on the Land Cover of Illinois Database (Illinois Geographic Information System), a current estimate of total wetland in the KRAA (bottomland forest and nonforested wetlands combined) is about 16,807 acres, or 1.3% of the KRAA (Table 2, Figure 8). Nonforested wetlands, such as marshes, wet meadows, and ponds, currently occupy only 0.5% of the KRAA. Moreover, of the total wetland area remaining in the KRAA, only about 236 acres is in high quality and relatively undegraded condition (1.4% of the remaining wetland).

The Illinois Wetlands Inventory (!WI) provides more detailed information about the wetlands in the area. !WI data for the Kankllkee River area were derived from high altitude photography taken between 1981 and 1984. !WI data are the most recent comprehensive wetlands data available for the state. Based on !WI data, wetlands occupy 1.4% (about 17,463 acres) of the KRAA(Table 3). This compares to 3.5% of the total area of the state (Suloway and Hubbell 1994). Fifty-four percent of the wetlands in the assessment area are bottomland forest, followed by shallow marsh/wet meadow (32.6%) and open water wetlands (7.3%).

7 I N i

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o 10 15 20 ......

Figure 4. Cropland in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. Cropland depicted on this map includes row crops and small grains from the Land Cover ofIllinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995.

8 ~ .AIfi,eotone . _"_ ~h.£0' KANKAKEE CO. i~anteno 11 • ...:41.

GR1J!:!P CO.! .~ I I:...... • 1f' " .. -. .~. I A 1 • l N -1J: j r-r IROQl!OIS CO. 1• I ...... I .,. 0 ~I .\ . 0 ~I z , . ::;>1 ... .1: Gilman -4 1 Scale 1:601,920 1 • • '" 1!jiMIu 1 I.. • • '" " "' ...... I I I I .." ,... I , 1 . ,. • 1i fLo"

; • •

FORDeD. --~ CHAMPAIGN co. .

Figure 5. Urban land in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. Urban land depicted on this map includes urban/built-up land and urban grassland from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995. 9 I N j

Scale 1:60 1.920

l .. :.::1 ·1'"1 -.

Figure 6. Grasslands in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. Grasslands depicted on this map are nonurban grasslands from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995.

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Figure 7. Forest in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. Forest depicted on this map includes upland and bottomland forest from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995.

11 ,"J"i;: .. ~' .~ ~9.lone ..' , . ~ . - .~:-, -- ~~WTLL :. ~ J KANKAKEE CO. :VMahte~~ , ... ./

" "%,', Cl .... 4.-.\<5>-:-··

, .' : , I 6 ;'"" -( ' I , I. ", N , , ! r~ I Q I .~,., ~ V" 'z AJ .. c 0 ~ ~I ,I 0 >, ,,0--,. ( . . " I .,I'C" I' .~. ~l ~ z . ,... .tr' "'. , - J 'f:~-'~\' . >1:l a~atseK~ \, Q ",. ~ '0 , 'Iv 1 , . Scale 1:601.920 0 1&MI.. L I " " 0 .. - 1 id " " .... i ' I .~ l I r',/' I"" ' , , ' 0'""" " , " ---r ci:> ~ Paxton: .. [) .

-'~", -I.0R.£E0~ _ "-":-,,A -I '~,- CHAMPAIGN CO. -;:;: - ~ , ' '.J~ ... , ,I ' :ll. J , . _.!i.~% • 0 1 "' . Rantoul "'-'"~ co, Figure 8. Wetlands in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. Wetlands depicted on this map include nonforested wetlands and bottomland forest from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995.

12 Table 3. Wetland habitat of the Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAAjI. (Total acreage in the KAA= 1,292,230')

%of Wetland %ofKRAA Category Acreage Area Area Palustrine Wetlands Shrub-Scrub Wetlands 493.75 2.8 0.0 Forested Wetlands Bottomland Forest 9,483.67 54.3 0.7 Swamp 1.95 0.0 0.0 Emergent Wetlands Shallow MarshlWet Meadow 5,700.85 32.6 0.4 Deep Marsh 208.44 1.2 0.0 Open Water Wetlands 1,281.10 7.3 0.1 Subtotal Palustrine 17,169.76 98.3 1.3

Lacustrine Wetlands Shallow Lake 0.00 0.0 0.0 Lake Shore 0.00 0.0 0.0 Emergent Lake 0.00 0.0 0.0 Subtotal Lacustrine 0.00 0.0 0.0

Riverine Wetlands Perennial Riverine 5.33 0.0 0.0 Intermittent Riverine 287.85 1.6 0.0 Subtotal Riverine 293.18 1.7 0.0

Total Wetlands 17,462.94 100.0 1.4

I Adapted from Suloway and Hubbell (1994). 'Based on Illinois Wetlands Inventory database (minois Geographic Information Systems). Accordingto IWI data (Illinois Geographic Information System), forested wetlands are mainly associated with the streams, particularly the upper Kankakee River, the Iroquois River, and Spring Creek. The mean size of contiguous forested wetlands is 12.3 acres; there are 759 separate forested wetlands in the KRAA. The three largest contiguous forested tracts (347, 350, and 428 acres) are located along the Kankakee River upstream of Momence and along Spring Creek between Gilman and Crescent City. The six-mile stretch of the Kankakee River east of Momence to the border with Indiana represents a remnant of the once-vast 400,000-acre wetland that stretched from Momence on the west to South Bend, Indiana on the east; the wetlands were drained in the earlier part of the 1900's. Emergent wetlands range in size from less than 0.1 acre to 776 acres, with a mean size of 2.0 acres. There are 2,927 separate emergent wetlands in the KRAA, the largest at the Iroquois County Conservation Area. The areas of the remaining emergent wetlands are 58 acres or less. Open water covers 0.5% of the KRAA (Table 2). The majority of this habitat occurs in the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers (Figure 9). In the KRAA 13% of the total land area is within 300 feet of a stream. Within this zone,

13 ~eOlone ~I;,,£o. KANKAKEE CO. v~anleno

. Rive, ,~.~' Momence

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.t ~paxton

FORDeD. ---CHAMPAIGN co. ~~"u . , ..",... l' "Rantoul VERMILION, CO.

Figure 9. Open water in the Kankakee River Assessment Area from the Land Cover ofIUinois datahase, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995.

14 28% of the upland forest, 31 % of the nonforested wetlands, and 68% of the bottomland forest occurs. Overall, 59% of the area within 300 feet of a stream is cropland, followed by grassland (26%), upland forest (4.9%), urbanlbuilt-up (1.8%), and nonforested wetlands (1.1 %) (Illinois Geographic Information System).

Biologically Significant Features ofNatural Communities

State and Federal Land'

Although over three-quarters of the land in the KRAA is being used for agricultural purposes (Table 2), 6,658 acres (0.5% of the KRAA) have been set aside by the state government (Table 4, Figure 10). These areas give some level of protection to the natural communities in the area, and in some cases, they are the only refuge for certain endangered species or natural communities. However, these areas do not always offer adequate protection, and they are not all situated in the most biologically important areas.

Table 4. State land in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. (There is no federally owned land in the Kankakee River Assessment Area)

State Land' Acres Iroquois County SCA 2,482 Kankakee River SP 4,176 Total: 6,658

I State Park (SP) and State Conservation Areas (SCA). This table does not include any natural areas or nature preserves that may be state owned.

Natural Areas and Nature Preserves

In 1978, an inventory of natural areas in lllinois was completed by the University of lllinois and the Natural Land Institute under a contract with the lllinois Department of Conservation (now the Illinois Department of Natural Resources). The original inventory was a three-year project that consisted of surveys to find, evaluate, describe, and classify . natural areas of statewide significance (White 1978). The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) is an ongoing process. The methods and criteria established during the original inventory are still used today to continually update the INAl by re-evaluating the previously defined natural areas or finding new sites that qualify.

The INAI established seven categories of natural areas based on significant features. The categories are: I - High Quality Natural Communities; II - Habitat for Endangered Species; III - Habitat for Relict Species; IV - Outstanding Geological Areas; V Approved Natural Areas and Restoration Sites; VI - Unique Natural Areas; and VII Outstanding Aquatic Areas. The INAl established a grading system to designate natural quality (White 1978). The natural quality of a community or area was graded from "A" (relatively stable or undisturbed) to "E" (very early successional or severely disturbed). In general only A and B communities are designated as significant or exceptional features.

15 ~eOlone

KANKAKEE co. ..Manteno

• State Land

• Federal Land

/ I 1 ----'!l'"" 1- IROQUOIS CO. 1 L..,...... ""I

~ 1 ",I I ~I N ,~,- .._..?/'''~ i §l , §l :!Jt:Gilman «\ i .fi I ) 1 !\f~ ";~ <~-'"",~~~_.~. __ i->

Scale 1:601.920 ''''''=='';'==='ii!'==~l'I'iM''

--'._-,-FORDeD. ~ CHAMPAIGN CO. ---'~;""W~ ~·,.:..,·~CI "~;~ ..;.';0

Figure 10. State land [limited to parks (SP), conservation areas (SeA), forests (SF), and fish and wildlife areas (SFWA)] in the Kankakee River Assessment Area.

16 Thirty-three terrestrial natural areas occur within the KRAA (Table 5, Figure II). Eight of these INAI natural areas are nature preserves. Twenty-six of these sites include natural communities that are Category 1. Total acreage of Category I natural communities in the KRAA is 1,228 acres, or 0.095% of the total area of the assessment area (Table 6). This is about 6.7% of the total Category I acreage for these community types in lllinois and 4.8 % of the entire high-quality undisturbed acreage for the whole state (White 1978). The high-quality natural communities within the KRAA include remnants of dry-mesic upland forest (Grade B), mesic upland forest (Grade B), wet mesic floodplain forest (Grade A),wet floodplain forest (Grade A), dry-mesic prairie (Grade A) mesic prairie (Grades A and B), dry-mesic sand prairie (Grades A and B), mesic sand prairie (Grades A and B), wet-mesic sand prairie (Grade B), dry dolomite prairie (Grade B), shrub prairie (Grade B), dry sand savanna (Grades A and B), dry mesic sand savanna (Grades A and B), marsh (Grade B), shrub swamp (Grade A), sedge meadow (Grade B), seeps (Grade B), ponds (Grade A), and dolomite cliff community (Grades A and B). The remaining natural areas are Category IV sites (geological areas) and Category II sites (threatened and endangered species localities). The area of all INAI natural areas (Category I, II, and IV), including buffer lands, totals about 7,455.1 acres, 0.57% of the KRAA (Table 5). Comparison of the area of Category I natural communities in relation to the total remaining in Illinois is described under each community type in table 6.

Table 5. Natural areas in the Kankakee River Assessment Area and surrounding area'.

Acres County Acres inKRAA Name 1449 Piatt 288.0 Sangamon River 538 Cook 8.0 Glenwood Geological Area 1359 Cook 0.0' Jurgensen Teaberry Site 540 Cook 1.0 Plank Road Trail Prairie - A 541 Cook 1.0 Plank Road Trail Prairie - B 542 Cook 0.6 Sauk Village Railroad Prairie 1358 Cook 432.0 Vollmer Road Area 993 Ford 7.0 7.0 Clarence Railroad Prairie 550 Ford 2.7 Clarence West Railroad Prairie 1497 Ford 6.0 Don Gardner's Prairie Restoration 992 Ford 5.0 Prospect Cemetery Prairie 562 Grundy 0.3 Aux Sables Railroad Prairie 564 Grundy 1.3 Braceville Railroad Prairie 560 Grundy 13.0 Collins Station Prairie 1067 Grundy 1,710.0 Goose Lake Prairie 1438 Grundy 908.0 Illinois River - Dresden 561 Grundy 18.0 Mazon Creek Geological Area 563 Grundy 0.8 Mazonia Railroad Prairie 639 Kankakee 12.0 12.0 Bourbonnais Geological Area 65 Kankakee 47.0 47.0 Campbell's Woods 640 Kankakee 80.0 Essex Pit Number Eleven Geological Area 642 Kankakee 1.0 1.0 Goodrich Railroad Prairie 106 Kankakee 22.0 22.0 Gooseberry Island

17 Table 5. Continued

Acres NA#' County Acres in KRAA Name 974 Kankakee 379.0 379.0 Guiding Star Savanna 577 Kankakee 517.0 517.0 Hooper Branch Savanna 980 Kankakee 2,715.3 2,069.4 Kankakee River 66 Kankakee 38.0 38.0 Kankakee River Nature Preserve (Altorf Island) 67 Kankakee 104.0 104.0 Kankakee River State Park Prairie 976 Kankakee 74.0 74.0 Leesville Savanna East 638 Kankakee 31.0 31.0 Leesville Savanna West 1365 Kankakee 320.0 320.0 Little Beaver Creek 641 Kankakee 3.0 3.0 Manteno Southwest Geological Area 637 Kankakee 1.0 1.0 Mason Area 635 Kankakee 2,440.0 2,440.0 Momence Wetlands 644 Kankakee 2.0 2.0 Otto Road Railroad Prairie 975 Kankakee 677.0 677.0 Pembroke Savanna 636 Kankakee 32.0 32.0 Rock Creek Canyon 768 Kankakee 54.0 54.0 Stateline Savanna 643 Kankakee 4.0 Union Hill Railroad Prairie 581 Iroquois 1.3 1.3 Beaverville North Railroad Prairie 580 Iroquois 1.8 1.8 Beaverville South Railroad Prairie 579 Iroquois 1.0 1.0 Donovan Railroad Prairie 763 Iroquois 1,599.0 1,599.0 Iroquois County Conservation Area 1037 Iroquois 5.0 5.0 Loda Cemetery Prairie 578 Iroquois 1.8 1.8 Sheldon Railroad Prairie 1362 Iroquois 1.0 1.0 Watseka Railroad Prairie 1363 Iroquois 53.0 53.0 Watseka Sand Pond 698 Livingston 0.3 English Prairie 494 Vermilion 233.8 Middle Fork of the Vermilion River 1141 Vermilion 318.0 North Fork Vermilion River 1420 Vermilion 1.0 1.0 Pellville Cemetery 1513 Will 32.6 Blodgett Road Dolomite Prairie 904 Will 40.0 40. Boy Scout Road Area 935 Will 303.0 Braidwood Dunes and Savanna 889 Will 9.0 Des Plaines Dolomite Prairie 898 Will 2.0 Godley Railroad Prairie 1485 Will 349.0 Goodenow Grove 888 Will 119.0 Grant Creek Prairie 886 Will 41.0 Hickory Creek Sedge Meadow 1047 Will 253.0 Hitts Siding Prairie 1369 Will 5,645.0 Joliet Army Ammunition Plant 903 Will 201.0 201.0 Kankakee River Nature Preserve Addition 1462 Will 28.6 Manhattan Creek 893 Will 6.0 Markgraf Quarry 901 Will 3.0 Monee Railroad Prairie 902 Will 143.00 Munch Area 900 Will 1.0 1.0 Peotone Railroad Prairie 937 Will 302.4 Pilcher Park

18 Table 5. Continued

Acres NA#" County Acres inKRAA Name 892 Will 2.0 Plaines Station Geological Area 887 Will 93.0 93.0 Raccoon Grove Forest Preserve 897 Will 5.0 Rockdale Geological Area 1082 Will 2.0 Rockdale Railroad Prairie 1370 Will 1.0 Rock Run American Burnet Site 1371 Will 3.0 Rock Run Com Salad Site 891 Will 1.0 Schweizer West Geological Area 1486 Will 247.0 Theodore Street Marsh 933 Will 500.0 Thorn Creek Woods 895 Will 3.0 Wilmington Geological Area 896 Will 51.0 Wilmington West Geological Area 934 Will 112.0 Wilmington Shrub Prairie 1465 Winnebago 69.8 Rockview Stone Quarry Total in KAA: 8,830.3

, Bold type indicates natural areas within the KRAA. 2 The number of the natural area (NA#) refers to the number designated in the Natural Heritage database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997a) and in Figure II. ) Natural areas with a 0.00 acreage figure do not have an established boundary and therefore have not had their area calculated.. Table 6. Category I natural communities represented in the Kankakee River Assessment Area. (Category I indicates natural communities that have remained relatively undisturbed and in high-quality condition: Grade A and B)'

Grades Acres of Category I Acres of Category I % of llIinois Category I Communitv tvue (inKRAA in the KRAA in llIinois . in theKRAA KRAA Illinois llIinois Grade A GradeB Total Grade A GradeB Total Grade A GradeB Total

Dry-mesic upland forest B - 43.0 43.0 986.0 2084.0 3070.0 0.0 2.1 1.4 Mesic upland forest B - 27.0 27.0 1058.0 1473.0 2531.0 0.0 1.8 1.I Wet-mesic floodplain forest A 9.0 - 9.0 497.0 2617.0 3114.0 1.8 0.0 0.3 Wet floodplain forest A 5.0 - 5.0 336.0 2522.0 2858.0 1.5 0.0 0.2 Dry-mesic prairie A 1.0 - 1.0 9.4 50.0 59.4 10.6 0.0 1.7 Mesic prairie A,B 5.9 0.9 6.8 54.0 220.0 274.0 10.9 0.4 2.5 Dry-mesic sand prairie A,B 1.3 7.6 8.9 256.0 81.0 337.0 0.5 9.4 2.6 Mesic sand prairie A,B 3.7 2.2 5.9 69.0 90.0 159.0 5.4 2.4 3.7 Wet-mesic sand prairie B - 1.0 1.0 16.0 26.0 42.0 0.0 3.8 2.4 Dry dolomite prairie B - 2.0 2.0 4.1 6.9 11.0 0.0 29.0 18.2 Shrub Prairie B - 30.0 30.0 - 60.1 60.1 0.0 49.9 49.9 Dry sand savanna A,B 7.0 458.0 465.0 118.0 591.0 709.0 5.9 77.5 65.6 Dry-mesic sand savanna A,B 11.0 351.0 362.0 53.0 470.0 523.0 20.8 74.7 69.2 Marsh B - 6.0 6.0 310.0 1920.0 2230.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Shrub swamp A 2.0 - 2.0 17.0 281.0 298.0 11.8 0.0 0.7 Sedge meadow B - 223.0 223.0 155.0 533.0 688.0 0.0 41.8 32.4 Seep B - 3.0 3.0 31.0 63.0 94.0 0.0 4.8 3.2 Pond A 2.0 - 2.0 204.0 919.0 1123.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 Dolomite cliff A,B 20.0 5.0 25.0 NtA' NtA' NtA' NtA' NtA' NtA'

Total 67.9 1159.7 1227.6 4173.5 14007.0 18180.5

'White and Madany (1978). 2 Data not available. 19 NlIturlllllrells Within the Boundllry

65 ClImpbell's Woods 66 KlInkllk"e River Nature Preroerve (Altod Island) 67 Kankllk"e River State Park Prairie 106 Gooseberry Island 577 Hooper Branch Savenna 578 Sheldon Railroad Prairie 57B Donovan Railroad Prllirie 580 Beaverville South Rl!Iilroad Prairie 581 Beaverville North Rl!Iilroad Prairie 635 Momence Wetlands 636 Rock Creek Canyon 637 Mason Area 638 Leesville Savenna West 639 Bourbonnais Geological Area 641 Mllnteno Southwellt Geological Area 642 Goodrich Rllilrolld Preirie 644 Otto Road Rllilrolld Prairie 763 Iroquois County Conservation Area 768 Stateline Savllnna 887 Reccoon Grove Forest Preserve 900 Peotone Railroad Prairie 903 Kankekee River Neture Preserve Addition 904 Boy Scout Road Aree 974 Guiding Stu Savenna 975 Pembroke Sevenna 635 976 Leesville Save nne Ealilt 980 Kankekee River 993 Clarence Reilroed Prairie 1037 Lodl!l Cemetery Preirle 1362 Watseke Reilroad Preirie 1363 Watseka Send Pond 1365 Little Beaver Creek 1420 Pellville Cemetery

Neture Preserves within the Boundery

15 Kenkakee River 107 Lode Cemetery Prairie 141 Hooper Brench Savanna .581 165 Momence Wetlands 172 Racoon Grove 580"'.579 175 Gooseberry Island 218 Bonnie's Prairie 'v· 220 Iroquois Wood.

"_"48 Nature preserve .97 Natural area o;l~l Biologically Significant Stream 1F{"

I r

_ lRQQlJQIS J;Q. ~_... 9931* -. t«' 1420

Nature preserves and natural areas boundaries from 1:24000 IGIS database, May, 1996.

Significant stream data from Page, L. M. et. al., 1992. Stream data derived from 1:100000 Us.G.S. DLG hydrology. Figure 11. Natural areas, nature preserves, and biologically significant stream segments in the Scale 1:801920 Kankakee River Assessment Area.

20 The purpose of the INAI is to identify high-quality natural areas and other significant features in Illinois. But identification does not automatically ensure that an area will be protected. Once an area is selected, further action is required to protect it. The highest level of protection offered is for the area to be designated as an illinois Nature Preserve. This means that the area is formally protected in perpetuity by the landowner through the state. A majority of nature preserves in Illinois are publicly owned, but many are maintained in private ownership. Eight sites within the KRAA (four in Kankakee County, three in Iroquois County, and one in Will County), totaling 845.5 acres, have been established as nature preserves (Table 7, Figure 11).

Table 7. Nature preserves in the Kankakee River Assessment Area and surrounding areas'.

Acres NP~ Corr.-NA County Acres inKRAA Name 134 0 Champaign 1.0 Tomlinson Pioneer Cemetery Prairie 61 992 Ford 5.0 Prospect Cemetery 21 1067 Grundy 1,565.8 Goose Lake Prairie 163 0 Grundy 1.3 Short Pioneer Cemetery Prairie 175 106 Kankakee 13.7 13.7 Gooseberry Island 220 65 Kankakee 47.0 47.0 Iroquois Woods 15 66 Kankakee 139.0 139.0 Kankakee River 165 635 Kankakee 72.0 72.0 Momence Wetlands 218 1363 Iroquois 10.6 10.6 Bonnie's Prairie 141 577 Iroquois 483.0 483.0 Hooper Branch Savanna 107 1037 Iroquois 3.4 3.4 Loda Cemetery Prairie 81 935 Will 259.0 Braidwood Dunes and Savanna 67 888 Will 78.0 Grant Creek Prairie 172 887 Will 76.8 76.8 Raccoon Grove 231 902 Will 151.5 Sand Ridge Savanna 66 933 Will 471.0 Thorn Creek Woods 181 934 Will 146.0 Wilmington Shrub Prairie Total in KRAA: 845.5

1 Bold type designates nature preserves within the KRAA. 2 The nature preserve number (NP#) refers to the number designated in the Natural Heritage database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997b) and in Figure II. 3 Each of the nature preserves is associated with a corresponding natural area (Corr.-NA) referred to in Table 5.

Biological Stream Categorization and Biologically Significant Streams

Illinois streams have also been categorized based on their quality. One stream quality index used to identify high-quality streams is the Biological Stream Characterization (BSC). The BSC was developed by the Illinois Department of Conservation and the illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Bertrand et a1. 1995), and is derived from data on fish populations, water quality, and aquatic macroinvertebrates. In the BSC, stream segments are categorized from "A" (highest quality) to "E" (lowest quality). Twenty-four stream segments in Illinois currently are considered to be in the "A" category, and 50 in the "B" category.

21 Another study, "Biologically Significant Illinois Streams" (Page et al. 1992), was conducted to expand the list of high-quality streams beyond the BSC "A" streams by considering additional data on biodiversity; specifically, data on endangered and threatened species (fishes, crustaceans, mussels, and plants) and on mussel diversity. The expanded list identified the most important streams that should be protected and managed for their outstanding biological characteristics. Protection of streams identified in the Biologically Significant Streams (BSS) report (Page et al. 1992) will constitute a major step toward the protection of 100% of the stream-dependent biodiversity.

Five areas of the Kankakee River drainage were recognized as Biologically Significant Streams (BSS) (Page et al. 1992) because of their mussel and fish diversity (Table 8, Figure II). These sections are: Kankakee River from Momence in Kankakee County to Des Plaines Wildlife Conservation Area in Will County; Little Beaver Creek from the state line to two miles southeast of S1. Anne, Kankakee County; Beaver Creek and its tributary from Iroquois County Conservation Area to the confluence of Beaver and Little Beaver Creek, Iroquois County; Trim Creek from Grant Park to the Kankakee River, Kankakee County; Baker Creek from Exline to Kankakee River, Kankakee County. These streams provide the best opportunities in the basin for the protection of large numbers of native species. The BSSs of the KRAA are described in more detail in the "Aquatic Biota" section of this report.

Table 8. Biologically Significant Stream segments in the Kankakee River Assessment Area.

Site Description Length (miles)

Trim Creek, Grant Park to Kankakee River 6.8 Beaver Creek I\.4 Baker Creek, Exline to Kankankee River 5.0 Kankakee River, Momence to Des Plaines Conservation Area 34.8 Little Beaver Creek, state line to southeast of St. Anne 16.7

Total miles: 74.7

Threatened and Endangered Species

At least 64 species of threatened or endangered plants and animals occur in the KRAA (Table 9). This number includes 2 that are federally threatened and 2 that are federally endangered. Only 6.9% of the state's 363 threatened or endangered plants are known to occur in the KRAA. For other taxa, the percentage ofthe state's threatened or endangered species that occur in the area are as follows: mollusks (34.5%), insects (36.4%), fishes (16.7%), amphibians (0%), reptiles (0%), birds (45.2%), a~d mammals (lLl%).

This list includes only those species that are known to breed in the BRAA. Migrant bird species and those that only overwinter in the area are not listed in table 9; these species will be mentioned in the chapter that describes bird communities.

22 Table 9. Threatened and endangered species occuring in the Kankakee River Assessment Areal. (SE ~ state endangered; ST ~ state threatened; FE ~ federally endangered; Ff ~ federally threatened)

Plants: Bristly blackberry Rubus setosus SE Carey's heartease Polygonum careyi SE Com salad Valerianella umbilica SE Crawe's sedge Carex crawei ST Ear-leaved foxglove Tomanthera auriculat SE Eastern blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium atlantic SE Forked aster Asterfurcatus ST Green sedge Carex viridula SE Green-fruited burreed Sparganium chloroca SE Ground pine Lycopodium dendroid SE Hairy marsh yellow cress Rorippa islandica ssp hispida SE Hall's bulrush Scirpus hallii SE Kankakee mallow Iliamna remota SE Leafy prairie clover Dalea foliosa FE,SE Marsh speedwell Veronica scutellata ST Mead's milkweed Asclepias meadii FT,SE Narrow-leaved sundew Drosera intermedia ST Prairie white fringed orchid Platanthera leucopha FT,SE Primrose violet Viola primulifolia SE Shore SI. John's Hypericum adpressum SE Storax Styrax americana ST Sweetfem Comptonia peregrina SE Tubercled orchid Platantheraflava var.flava SE Weak bulrush Scirpus purshianus SE Wood orchid Platanthera clavellata SE

Mollusks: Spectaclecase Cumberlandia monodonta SE Slippershell mussel Alasmidonta viridis SE Salamander mussel Simpsonaias ambigua SE Spike Elliptio dilatata ST Ebonyshell Fusconaia ebena ST Sheepnose Plethobasus cyphyus SE Snuffbox Epioblasma triquetra SE Higgins eye Lampsilis higginsii SE,FE Ellipse Venustaconcha ellipsiformis SE Rainbow Villosa iris SE

Insects: Swamp Metalmark Calephelis mutica SE Melissa Blue Lycaeides melissa FE Ottoe Skipper Hesperia ottoe SE Cobweb Skipper Hesperia metea SE

23 Fishes: Pallid shiner Hybopsis amnis SE lroncolor shiner Notropis chalybaeus ST Blacknose shiner Notropis heterolepis SE Weed shiner Notropis texanus SE River redhorse Moxostoma carinatum ST

Birds: Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps ST American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus SE Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis SE Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax SE Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax violaceus ST Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus SE Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus SE Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus SE King Rail Rallus elegans ST Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus ST Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda SE Barn Owl Tyto alba SE Long-eared Owl Asio otus SE Short-eared Owl Asio jlammeus SE Brown Creeper Certhia americana ST Veery CatharusjUscescens ST Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus ST Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii SE Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus SE

Mammals: River otter Lantra canadensis SE

24 Natural Vegetation Communities

The description of the vegetation for the Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) is organized into six sections: 1) Comparison of Biodiversity in the KRAA to Statewide Patterns, 2) Illinois Threatened and Endangered Species, 3) Disturbance, Habitat Quality, and Restoration Potential, 4) Natural Areas and Nature Preserves, 5) Terrestrial Natural Community Descriptions, and 6) Summary and Recommendations.

Comparison of Biodiversity in the KRAA to Statewide Patterns

Habitat loss among community classes in the Kankakee River Assessment Area generally appears to exceed rates for the state as a whole, with the possible exception of savanna. Rates of habitat degradation exceed statewide trends for prairie and are similar to statewide trends for forest and wetlands; however, rates for savanna appear to be less than statewide trends. Trends for the KRAA as a whole, with about 1,228 acres remaining in a high-quality, undegraded condition (0.095% oftotal area), are somewhat less than the statewide levels of habitat degradation, where 0.07% of total area of the state remains in a high-quality, undegraded condition (in the Grade A or B category, White 1978). Trends for each community class are described below.

Forest - About 30% of the original area of forest remains statewide (Iverson et al. 1989), though only about 0.3% of this and 0.1 % of the original presettlement forested area remains in a high-quality condition. Due to imprecise knowledge of forest coverage in the presettlement assessment area (ranging from 4% to 21 % for Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Will, and Vermilion counties), it is not clear whether the 3.1 % total area of forest in the KRAA (Table 2) exceeds the statewide rate of habitat loss and degradation. Using the estimate of 7% forest cover in the KRAA at the time of early settlement, about 44% of original total area of forest remains, and about 0.21 % of the remaining forest cover (approximately 84 acres), (Table 6) and 0.09% of original forest extent remains in a high quality condition.

Prairie - About 0.01 % of the original area of prairie in the state persists in a high-quality condition (White 1978). However, only about 179 acres (0.0014%) of relatively undisturbed prairie remain throughout the Grand Prairie Natural Division, mostly (142 acres) in the 9,531,00- acre Grand Prairie Section (White 1978). Kankakee County was estimated to have about 406,700 acres of prairie; currently, 56 acres (0.01 %) is undegraded and in a high-quality condition (Robertson and Schwartz 1994). Based on an estimate of 93% for the total cover of prairie in the KRAA, about 0.005% of the original area remains in an undegraded condition. Most acreage of relatively undisturbed prairie in Illinois is from land less suited to agriculture, such as sand deposits (-47%) or steep loess hills (-16%).

25 Savanna - Savannas have declined in area throughout lilinois and the Midwest, perhaps more than any other community class (Taft 1997). However, 827 acres of high-quality (Grades A and B) sand savanna remain in the KRAA (Table 6), making this the best preserved undegraded natural community type present in the KRAA (this amount totals about 67% of all high quality Illinois savanna; see section on Terrestrial Natural Communities). Savanna also accounts for 67% of the total high-quality natural community acreage in the KRAA.

Wetlands - Natural wetlands in Illinois have declined from presettlement statewide estimates of about 23% ofthe land area to about 2.6% (Havera et al. 1994), or about 11 % ofthe original total. Only about 6,000 acres remain in a high-quality condition (White 1978), representing about 0.65% of the remaining and 0.07% of the original wetland area (Havera et al. 1994). Approximately 1.4% of the KRAAremains as wetland compared to an estimate of about 25-38% originally for the two predominant counties (Kankakee and lroqouis), respectively. The remaining wetland is about 4.6% of the original total. However, this probably overestimates the percent remaining since presettlement wetlands of portions of counties marginally in the KRAA are not considered in the estimate of original wetland acreage. Only about 1.4% of the remaining wetland, and 0.067% of original total, is high quality (Table 6).

Vascular plants - The species richness of vascular plants within the KRAA at the time of European settlement is unknown. Based on floristic data primarily from Iroquois and Kankakee counties, about 1,267 plant taxa have been reported from within the assessment area (Appendix A) (Mohlenbrock and Ladd 1978). Ofthese, 1,033 are native and 234 (23%) are introduced. This probably underestimates somewhat the species richness of both native and non-native taxa in the KRAA. Still, this is over 41 % of the total Illinois flora (47% of the native flora) in, essentially, a tw- county region of the state. The estimates compare to about 2,200 native taxa and 3,102 total taxa reported from lilinois (Mohlenbrock 1986). The extraordinary loss of habitat in the KRAA, however, has resulted in a reduction in the number of individuals of most species, particularly those sensitive to habitat degradation. As populations decline in size, they become more likely to undergo local extinctions. Richness of native species probably has declined in the KRAA since European settlement as a result of reduced population sizes, local extirpations, and habitat destruction and degradation; in contrast, non-native taxa have increased. At the statewide scale, prairie species appear to form a somewhat resistant species pool. Despite the tremendous loss of prairie habitat in lilinois, only about five taxa have been extirpated from the state (Taft 1995a). However, numerous prairie species occur at low population levels in the state, and about 103 are listed as threatened and endangered (Herkert 1991, 1994; Taft 1995a).

Illinois Threatened and Endangered Species

Fifty-two species and varieties (taxa) listed by the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board (IESPB) as threatened or endangered (T&E) species (14% of total state listed) have been reported from within the KRAA (Table 10) (Illinois Department of Natural

26 Resources 1997; Herkert 1991, 1994). One additional species and one additional variety reported from within the KRAA, the butternut and the large yellow lady's slipper orchid, are on a watch list for consideration for listing as threatened or endangered by the IESPB (1995). Twenty additional species listed by the IESPB occur outside the assessment boundary but within the mapped area (Figure I) and are included since suitable habitat is present for each within the KRAA and they may yet be found there. This totals 74 (72 T&E, 2 watch list) listed species and varieties known or historically known from within and in the vicinity of the KRAA. Of the 54 watch list and T & E listed plant species that have been reported from within the boundary of the KRAA, only 30 species are known to occur there today, a decline of about 45% of these taxa since botanical records began. Three taxa reported from within the boundaries of the KRAA, Mead's milkweed, leafy prairie clover, and prairie white fringed orchid, are listed by the U.S" Fish and Wildlife Service as threatened or endangered species (Table 10). Leafy prairie clover was extirpated from the KRAA and has been reintroduced to its original locality.

Table 10. Threatened and Endangered species reported from within the Kankakee River Assessment Area.

Location2 Common Name Scientific Name Status! Habitat in near Ranee iV.S. and Kankakee area) bristly blackberry Rubus setosus SE Wet-mesic sand prairies X X Northeastern U.S. Known from Iroquois and Will COS., and possibly Kankakee Co. bulrusb Scirpus hattorianus SE Open wetlands H Northeastern U.S. into northern IL, Kankakee Co. butternut JugLans cinerea WL Mesic woodlands X X MN to ME and adjacent Canada. South to GA and AR. Known from Iroquois Co. and portions of Will Co. Carey's heartsease Polygonwn careyi SE Sand prairies X X Northeastern U.S. Known from Cook and Iroquois cos. com salad Valerianella umbilicata SE Mesic dry dolomite and sand- X NY to lL, south to TN. Population in Kankakee stone bluffs and banks Co. Crawe's sedge Carex crawei ST Wet-mesic calcareous silt loam X X North and east U.S. Known from Kankakee and and sand prairies;, fens, swales Will cos. ear-leaved foxglove Tomanrhera auriculata ST Disturbed prairies and savannas X OH to MN, south to KS and MO. Known from Cook, Grundy, and Will cos. eastern blue-eyed Sisyrinchium atlanticum SE Mesic prairies X Eastern U.S. Known from Iroquois Co.; possibly grass extant in Kankakee Co. forked aster Asterfurcatus ST Seepage zones along north X East-central U.S. Known from Kankakee Co. facing bluffs grass pink orchid Calopogon tuberosus SE Prairies, bogs, and fens X X Eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Known from Will and Cook cos. green sedge Carex viridula SE Disturbed calcareous sites X Boreal Alaska, northeastern U.S., south into the Rocky Mtns. Known from Kankakee Co. green-fruited Sparganium SE MUddy shores and shallow X North eastern U.S. to IL. Population known from burreed chlorocarpum water Kankakee Co. ground pine Lycopodium SE Mesic sand forests, sand prairies X Boreal Canada and AK, south into N U.S. dendroideum and forested ravines and Appalachians. Known from Iroquois Co. hairy marsh yellow Rorippa islandica ssp SE Marshes and disturbed wetlands X X Northern U.S., south in Rocky Mtns. Populations cress hispida in Iroquois and Will cos. Hall's bulrush Scirpus hallii SE Sand ponds X Disjunct populations in east U.S. and the Midwest. Population in Kankakee Co.

27 Table 10. Continued

Location2 Common Name Scientific Name Status I Habitat in near Ran.e IU.S. and Kankakee area)

Kankakee mallow Iliamna remota SE Dolomite bedrock island X Endemic to IL. Known from an island in the Kankakee River. leafy prairie clover Dalea foliosaJ FE,SE Mesic dolomite prairie X X TN to AL and disjunct in IL in Kankakee Co. marsh speedwell Veronica scutellata ST Marshes and fens X X Northeastern U.S. and Rocky Mtns. Populations in Iroquois and Will COS., possibly Kankakee Co. Mead's milkweed Asclepias meadii D,SE Railroad prairie, barrens X North-central U.S. Known from Ford Co. narrow-leaved Drosera intennedia ST Bogs and sand prairies X X Northeastern U.S., south in coastal plain to TX. sundew Known from Iroquois, Will, Cook, Grundy, and possibly Kankakee cos. pink milkwort Polygala incamata SE Sand and hill prairies and X Central and eastern U.S. Known from Kankakee, barrens Iroquois, and Will cos. prairie white.fringed Piatanthera ieucophaea D,SE Mesic to wet prairies X X East-central and eastern U.S. Known from Iroquois orchid and Will cos.;possibly Kankakee and Ford cos. pretty sedge Carex woodii SE Mesic calcareous forests X Northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Known from Kankakee and Will cos. primrose violet Viola primulifolia SE Wet-mesic sand prairies X Eastern U.S. Known from Iroquois and Kankakee cos. shore 51. John's Hypericum adpressum SE Damp peaty soil X X Eastern U.S. Known from Iroquois, Will, and wort possibly Kankakee cos. storax Styrax americana ST Floodplain forests X Southeastern U.S., north to IN. Known from Kankakee Co. sweetfern Comptonia peregrina SE Sand prairies and savannas X X Central and eastern Canada. south into northeast ern U.S. and the Appalachians. Known from Cook and Kankakee cos. tubercled orchid Piatantheraflava var. SE Floodplain forests and swamp X X Southeastern U.S. Populations in Iroquois. Cook, herbiola and Will cos. weak bulrush Scirpu.s purshianus SE Seeps and sand ponds X Eastern U.S. PopUlation known from Kankakee Co. wood orchid Platanthera clavellata SE Mesic sand prairies X X Eastern U.S. PopUlations known in Iroquois and Cook cos. Possibly extant in Kankakee Co.

Threatened and endangered plant species historically but not currently known from within the KRAA buffalo clover Trifolium reflexum SE Dry-mesic savannas, flatwoods H H Eastern and central U.S. Known from Kankakee and prairies Co. and possibly Will Co. clustered beak rush Rhynchospora SE Wet sandy soils H Southeastern U.S. north to IL. Known from giomerata Kankakee Co. downy Solomon's Polygonatum pubescens ST Mesic forests H Northeastern U.S. Known from portions of Will seal Co. and historically in Kankakee Co. golden corydalis Corydalis aurea SE Sandy shores, gravely slopes, H H Alaska. south into northeastern U.S. and the Rocky and sandstone outcrops Mtns. Known from Kankakee Co. grass beaked rush Rhynchospora SE Mesic sand areas H Southeastern U.S. Historically known from globularis Kankakee Co. hemlock panic grass Panicum columbianum SE Sandstone outcrops and sand H Eastern U.S. Known from Kankakee Co. stone deposits Hill's thistle Cirsium hillii ST Dry prairies H X Southern Ontario to PA, west to MN and SD. Known from Will Co. large Yellow lady's Cypripedium calceolus WL Mesic woodlands and bogs H Northern and eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. slipper var. pubescens Known from Kankakee Co. mountain blue-eyed Sisyrinchium mantanum SE Mesic prairies H X Northern U.S. to IL. Populations known from grass Kankakee and Cook cos. New York fern Thelypteris SE Seeps, mesic forests, and sand H Eastern U.S. Known from Kankakee Co. noveboracensis stone cliffs

28 Table 10. Continued

Location2 Common Name Scientific Name Statusl Habitat in near Range (U.S. and Kankakee area) northern gooseberry Ribes hirtellum SE Bogs and swamp forests H Northeastern U.S. Known from Kankakee Co. orange fringed Platanthera ciliaris SE Mesic sand prairies and H X Eastern U.S. and southern Ontario. Populations in orchid adjacent thickets Cook Co. oval milkweed Asclepias ovalifolia SE Prairies and savannas H North-central U.S. Known from Kankakee Co. pale false foxglove Agalinis skinneriana ST Loess hill and sand prairies H OH, WI, MO, KS. FonnerIy known from Will CO.,IL plains violet Viola viarum SE Gravel stream banks and H lA, MO, KS, OK, and east to IL. Known from terraces Kankakee Co. slender bog arrow- Triglochin palustris SE Fens and interdunal swales H Circumpolar, south into U.S. and the Rocky Mtns. grass Known from Kankakee Co. and possibly Will Co. slender sandwort Arenaria patula SE Rocky ledges and dolomite H X Southeastern U.S. Populations in Will Co. prairies small yellow lady's Cypripedium calceolus SE Fens and mesic sand or silt H Northeastern U.S. and into the Appalachian Mtns. slipper var. parvijlorum prairies Known from Kankakee Co. tall sunflower Helianthus giganteus SE Fens and sedge meadows H Northeastern U.S. Known from Kankakee Co.

Tennessee milk Astragalus tennesseensis SE Dolomite and dry gravel H TN, AL, and IL. Known from one population in vetch prairies Will Co. two-flowered melic Melica mutica SE Mesic to dry open and closed H H MD to IN and IL, south to FL and TX. In IL. known grass woods from Kankakee Co. and parts of Will Co. western wild lettuce Lactuca ludoviciana SE Dry-mesic prairies H Western and central U.S. Populations known from Kankakee Co. white camass Zigadenus glaucus SE Dolomite cliffs H Great Lakes region, south in the Appalachian Mtns. Known from Kankakee Co. white lady's slipper Cypripedium candidum SE Wet mesic prairies and fens H North-central and northeastern U.S. Known from orchid Kankakee Co.

Threatened and endangered plant species in close proximity to the KRAA

American burnet Sanguisorba canadensis SE Wet~mesiccalcareous prairies X Boreal eastern Canada, south into NE U.S. and the Appalachians. Populations in Will Co. beaked rush Rhynchospora alba ST Fens, bogs, and interdunal swale X Circumboreal, south into northern U.S. Known from Cook Co. blazing star Liatris scariosa var. ST Silt-loam savannas X Northeastern and north-central U.S. Populations nieuwlandii known from Will Co. corn salad Valerianella SE Limestone bluffs X Northeastern and central U.S. and adjacent chenopodiifolia Canada. Population in Will Co. false mallow Malvastrum hispidum SE Dry, usually rocky prairies and X Central U.S. Populations in Will, Cook, and barrens Grundy cos. Indian cucumber Medeola virginiana SE Mesic sand forests X Eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Populations in root Cook Co. Kalm's St John's Hypericum kalmianum SE Mesic sand prairies and inter X Great Lakes region. Populations in Cook Co. wort dunal swales large cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon SE Acidic bogs X Northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Known from Cook Co. leatherleaf ChamaedapJme ST Sphagnum bogs and peaty sand X Circumboreal, south into eastern U.S. Population" calyculata deposits in Cook Co. nnorthern panic grass Panicum boreale SE Sand prairies and savannas X Eastern Canada and adjacent U.S. Population in Cook Co. quillwort Isoetes butleri SE Dolomite prairies X South-central KY to northwestern GA, west to AR and east to KS. Disjunct populations known from Will Co.

29 Table 10. Continued Location2 Common Name Scientific Name Status I Habitat in near Ranl:1e (U.S. and Kankakee areal Round-leaved Drosera rOlundifolia SE Sphagnum bogs and wet, peaty X Circumpolar. eastern and western U.S. Known sundew sand from Cook Co. Running pine Lycopodium clavatum SE North-facing slope, talus and X Circumboreal, south into northern U.S. Known sandstone ledges; seeps, from Will Co. mesic sand prairies Schreber's aster Aster schreberi ST Mesic ravine forests X Northeastern U.S. Known from Will Co.

Snake-mouth Pogonia SE Wet sand prairies. sphagnum X Boreal eastern Canada, south into eastern U.S. ophioglossoides bogs and graminoid fens Known from Will Co. Spotted coral-root CorallorhiZQ maculata ST Mesic forests X Southern Canada, south into northeastern U.S. and orchid the Appalachians. Known from Will Co. Spotted wintergreen Chimaphila maculata SE Dry-mesic upland sand forests X Eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Known from Cook Co. Spreading sedge Carex laxiculmis ST Mesic forests X Northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Popula tion in Will Co. Star·flower Trientalis borealis ST Bogs, mesic sand forests, along X Boreal eastern and central Canada, south into Lake Michigan Bluffs Lake Michigan ravine bluffs, northwestern U.S. Population in Cook Co. Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbems SE Acidic soils of northern forests X Eastern Canada, south into northeastern U.S. and and bogs the Appalachians. Known from Cook Co.

I Notes: WL = Illinois watch list (plant has no legal protection), SE = state endangered, ST =state threatened, FE = federally endangered, fT =federally threatened. 2 Location listings: X = current record, H = historical record only. J Petalosteum foliosum (Herkert 1991). Each T&E species is discussed briefly in the following accounts. Habitats or community types given reflect the current or historic occurrences of the species only as found in and near the KRAA; species may be found in other natural community types elsewhere in their ranges. All locations mentioned for these species occur within the mapped area. The species are grouped into three lists: I) T&E species currently known to occur within the KRAA, 2) T&E species historically but not currently known within the KRAA, and 3) T&E species known from the close proximity ofthe KRAA that may also be found there. Both scientific and common names are used in this discussion for clarity since some nonlisted plant species have the same common names. Synonyms of scientific names are given in the following listing if an alternative name is used in Herkert (1991, 1994), Mohlenbrock (1986), or Swink and Wilhelm (1994), the primary sources for this list.

Threatened and Endangered Plant Species Currently Known Within the KRAA

Mead's milkweed - (Asclepias meadii Torr.; federally threatened, IL endangered) - This mesic prairie species occurs as a very small population within the KRAA in Ford County. This milkweed is an obligate outcrossing species; its self-incompatibility prevents reproduction when populations are reduced to a single stem. No reproduction has been documented from the Ford County population (Bowles, pers. com.).

Forked aster - (Aster furcatus Burgess; IL threatened) " This species occurs in mesic upland forests where it is usually associated with ground-water seepage. It is known in the KRAA from a single population in Kankakee County.

30 Grass pink orchid - (Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP.; IL endangered) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies occurred historically within the KRAA in Iroquois, Kankakee, and Will counties, and was re-Iocated in Iroquois County in 1995 (S. Hom, pers. comm.). Three populations also occur near the KRAA in Will and Cook counties.

Crawe's sedge - (Carex crawei Dewey; IL threatened) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies currently occurs in two populations in the KRAA in Kankakee County (Taft 1995b). Two additional populations are known in Will County near the boundary of the KRAA.

Little green sedge - (Carex viridula Michx.; IL endangered) - This species of wet-mesic prairie currently is known from one small population within the KRAA in Kankakee County (Taft 1995b).

Pretty sedge - (Carex woodii Dewey; IL endangered) - This species of mesic upland forests occurs within the KRAA in Karikakee and Will counties and in one population in Will County near the KRAA.

Sweetfem - (Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.; IL endangered) - This species of dry mesic sand prairies and savannas is known from one population within the KRAA in Kankakee County, and from two populations in Cook County near the KRAA.

Leafy prairie clover - (Daleafoliosa (A.Gray) Bameby [= Petalostemumfoliosum A. Gray]; Federally endangered, IL endangered) - This species, restricted to dolomite prairies, was extirpated from its original locality in Kankakee County within the KRAA early in this century. However, it was re-introduced at that station in 1987 (Schwegman 1991). This species also occurs in Will County near the KRAA.

Narrow-leaved sundew - (Drosera intermedia Hayne; IL threatened) - This species of wet sand prairies occurs in one population in Iroquois County within the KRAA. In addition, four populations occur near the KRAA in Cook (two stations), Will, and Grundy counties. Also, this species is known historically from Kankakee County.

Shore St. John's wort - (Hypericum adpressum Bart.; IL endangered) - This species occurs in wet-mesic sand prairies and at the margins of marshes. Existing populations in the KRAA are known from Iroquois County and one population is located nearby in Will County. The shore St. John's wort is known historically from Kankakee County. A much more common taxon, the round-fruited St. John's wort (H. sphaerocarpum Michx.), is frequently confused with this species.

Kankakee mallow - (Iliamna remota Greene; IL endangered) - This species is endemic to lllinois; it is known only from a single native population at a protected site within the KRAA in Kankakee County. A recovery plan for the species has been prepared (Schwegman 1984).

31 Butternut - (Juglans cinerea L.; IL watch list)- This tree species generally occurs in mesic upland forests and is known from sites within and near the KRAA in Will and Iroquois counties.

Ground pine - (Lycopodium dendroideum Michx.; IL endangered) - This species, known from sand prairies and sand forest habitats, occurs within the KRAA as a single population in Iroquois County.

Wood orchid - (Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer [=Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng.]; IL endangered) - This species of wet sand prairies and shrub swamps is known currently from one population within the KRAA in Iroquois County and from one population near the KRAA in Cook County.

Tubercled orchid - (Platantheraflava (L.) Lind!. var. herbiola (R.Br.) Luer [=Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola (R.Br.) Ames & Correll]; IL endangered) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies is known currently within the KRAA from two populations in Iroquois County and from two Will County populations, and near the KRAA it is known from one Cook County population.

Prairie white fringed orchid - (Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lind!. [=Habenaria leucophaea (Nut!.) Gray]; federally threatened, IL endangered) - This species is known within the KRAA from a single small Iroquois County population, where it occurs generally in wet-mesic to mesic prairie; this orchid is also known in Will County near the KRAA.

Pink milkwort - (Polygala incarnata L.; IL endangered) - This species occurs as small populations in mesic sand prairies in railroad rights-of-way within the KRAA. Iroquois and Kankakee counties both have single populations. Management considerations have been discussed for this species at the Iroquois County population (Taft 1991).

Carey's heartsease - (Polygonum careyi Olney; IL endangered) - This species of wet sand prairies and sand flatwoods is known within the KRAA from a single population in Iroquois County. This species is also known from a single population in Cook County near the KRAA.

Hairy marsh yellow cress - (Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas ssp. hispida (Desv.) JonseII; IL endangered) - This species is known from one population within the KRAA in Iroquois County and one population nearby in Will County, where it occurs in marsh and pond margin habitats.

Bristly blackberry - (Rubus setosus Bigelow [=Rubus schneideri Bailey]; IL endangered) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies and shrub prairie is known currently from three populations within the KRAA in Iroquois County, and from one Will County population near the KRAA.

32 Hall's bulrush - (Scirpus hallii Gray; IL endangered) - This species is generally associated with ponds in wet-mesic sand prairie; however, it was discovered in 1993 in fallowed cropland at a Kankakee County location within the KRAA (Phillippe, pers. com.).

Bulrush - (Scirpus hattorianus Makino; IL endangered) - This species of mesic to wet prairies is known from within the KRAA from Kankakee County, where it was seen in 1973. The species is very difficult to distinguish from the more common marsh bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens Will.; not listed) and may be more common than records indicate.

Weak bulrush - (Scirpus purshianus Fern.; IL endangered) - This species typically occurs in sand ponds in wet-mesic sand prairie. Currently, it is known from one population within the KRAA in Kankakee County.

Eastern blue-eyed grass - (Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn.; IL endangered) - This species occurs in a mesic to wet-mesic sand prairie in Iroquois County within the KRAA. This eastern species is known historically from Kankakee County but has not been relocated there.

Green-fruited burreed - (Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb.; IL endangered) - This species of ponds and marshes is known within the KRAA from a single population discovered in 1996 in Kankakee County. Burreed species other than the common taxon, S. eurycarpum, tend to be challenging to determine accurately to species; examples of misidentifications of these taxa often can be found in herbaria.

Storax - (Styrax americana Lam.; IL threatened) - This species of wet floodplain forests was discovered in 1985 within the KRAA in the extensive floodplain forests of the Momence Wetlands in Kankakee County. It is significantly distant from the other Illinois populations in extreme southern Illinois (Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski counties).

Ear-leafed foxglove - (Tomanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf.; IL threatened) - This species . occurs in mesic prairies and sand savannas, including some disturbed sites. A single population is known from the KRAA in Vermilion County (Taft, pers. obs.). This species is also known from one population each in Cook, Grundy, and Will counties near the KRAA.

Com salad - (Valerianella umbilicata (Pursh) DC; IL endangered) - This species of dolomite prairies, dolomite cliffs, and associated floodplain forests has been found within the KRAA in Kankakee County.

Marsh speedwell - (Veronica scutellata L.; IL threatened) - This species of marshes, pond margins, and sedge meadows is known currently from within the KRAA from one population in Iroquois County. A Kankakee County population within the KRAA may be extirpated. This species also is known from one population near the KRAA in Will County.

33 Primrose violet - (Viola primulifolia L.; IL endangered) - This species occurs in sand prairie and sand savanna habitats in the KRAA, where it is known from three stations, one in Kankakee County and two in Iroquois County. It is restricted in Illinois to the Kankakee Sand Area Section of the Grand Prairie Natural Division of Illinois (Figure 3).

Threatened and Endangered Plant Species Known Historically but not Currently in theKRAA

Pale false foxglove - (Agalinis skinneriana (Wood) Britton; IL threatened) - This species of sand prairies has been found within the KRAA in Iroquois, Kankakee, and Will counties; however, no current populations are known from the KRAA or vicinity.

Slender sandwort - (Arenaria patula Michx. [=Minuartia patula (Michx.) Mattf.]; IL endangered) - This species of dolomite prairies and dolomite cliffs is known historically from within the KRAA in Iroquois and Will counties; however, no populations currently occur within the KRAA although it is known from three nearby populations in Will County.

Oval milkweed - (Asclepias ovalifolia Decne.; IL endangered) - This species of mesic prairies, sand prairies, and sand savannas occurred historically in Kankakee County, but no longer is known to occur in or near the KRAA.

Tennessee milk vetch - (Astragalus tennesseensis Gray; IL endangered) - This species of dolomite prairies is known historically from within the KRAA in Iroquois and Will counties; however, no current populations are known from the KRAA and vicinity.

Hill's thistle - (Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fern.; IL threatened) - This species of dry to dry mesic prairie is known historically from Iroquois, Kankakee, and Will counties within the KRAA; however, no existing populations are known from the assessment area. Two populations are known from Will County near the KRAA.

Golden corydalis - (Corydalis aurea Willd.; IL endangered) - This species of disturbed sands and sand pond shores historically occurred within the KRAA in Kankakee County, but is not currently known from the area. It was also known from Cook County near the KRAA area. Records suggest that this species may have been introduced from areas west of Illinois.

Small yellow lady's slipper - (Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. [=Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.]; IL endangered) - This orchid occurs in seeps, mesic . sand prairies, and, rarely, mesic prairies, and is known historically from Kankakee County. No existing populations are known from the KRAA.

Large yellow lady's slipper - (Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll [=Cypripedium pubescens Willd.]; IL watch list) - This species of mesic upland forests

34 has beenfound historically in Kankakee County. No populations are known currently from the KRAA.

White lady's slipper - (Cypripedium candidum Willd.; IL endangered) - This orchid occurs in wet-mesic prairies and, north of the KRAA, in fens. This species is not known currently from the vicinity of the KRAA but has been found historically in Kankakee County.

Tall sunflower - (Helianthus giganteus L.; IL endangered) - This species is known historically from a site within the KRAA in Kankakee County, where it occurred in a sedge meadow. No existing populations are known at this time from the KRAA.

Western wild lettuce - (Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutl.) Riddell; IL endangered) - This western species is known historically from Cook and Kankakee counties, where it occurred in dry-to-mesic prairies, including a site within the KRAA. This species may be extinct in Illinois; no current populations are known in the state.

Two-flowered melic grass - (Melica mutica Walter; IL endangered) - This species of dry to mesic upland forests has been reported historically from Kankakee County within the KRAA and from Will and Cook counties near the KRAA. However, reports of this species in northeastern Illinois may have been based upon misidentifications of tall melic grass (Melica nitens Nutt; a species not listed as threatened or endangered by the IESPB).

Hemlock panic grass - (Panicum columbianum Scribn. [=Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) Freckm.]; IL endangered) - This species is known historically from the KRAA in Kankakee County, where it occurred in a sand savanna; however, no existing populations are known from the assessment area.

Orange fringed orchid - (Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lind!. [=Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R.Br.]; IL endangered) - The only known existing lllinois population of this attractive orchid species occurs near the KRAA in a mesic sand prairie/savanna/flatwoods complex in Cook County. A population formerly occurred within the KRAA in Kankakee County.

Downy Solomon's seal- (Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh; IL threatened) - This species of mesic upland forests was known historically from the KRAA in Kankakee County; however, no current populations are known within the mapped area.

Grass beaked rush - (Rhynchospora globularis (Chapm.) Small; IL endangered) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies is known historically from Kankakee County within the KRAA but no existing populations are known near the KRAA.

Clustered beak rush - (Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl; IL endangered) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies is known historically from within the KRAA in Kankakee County; however, no current populations are known. Swink & Wilhelm (1994) consider

35 the historical reports to be misidentifications of brown beak rush (Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl; a species not listed as threatened or endangered by the IESPB).

Northern gooseberry - (Ribes hirtellum Michx.; IL endangered) - This species of shrub swamps was known historically from Kankakee County within the KRAA, but no current populations are known near the KRAA.

Mountain blue-eyed grass - (Sisyrinchium montanum Greene; IL endangered) - This species occurs in mesic prairies, including some disturbed sites, and is known historically from the KRAA in Kankakee County. No existing populations are known from within or near the assessment area.

New York fern - (Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.; IL endangered) - This species has been recorded from a variety of habitats including seeps, shrub swamps, wet-mesic floodplain forests, and mesic upland forests. This attractive fern was known historically from the KRAA in Kankakee County; however, no existing populations are known in northeastern Illinois.

Buffalo clover - (Trifolium reflexum L.; IL endangered) - This species occurs in dry-mesic sand savannas, sand flatwoods, and prairies, and is known historically from within the KRAA in Kankakee County and from nearby sites in Will and Cook counties; however, no existing populations currently are known from northeastern Illinois.

Slender bog arrowgrass - (Triglochin palustris L.; IL endangered) - This species of spring runs and sedge meadows is known historically from Kankakee County within the KRAA; however, no existing populations currently are known in the mapped area.

Plains violet - (Viola viarum Pollard; IL endangered) - This species of dolomite prairies and wet-mesic floodplains is known historically from within the KRAA in Kankakee County; however, no existing populations are known in the area. This taxon has been included within the lobed violet (Viola palmata L., not listed by the IESPB) and may not be distinct taxonomically (Swink and Wilhelm 1994).

White camass - (Zigadenus glaucus Nutl.; ILendangered) - This species of the lily family occurs in calcareous seeps. It is known historically from within the KRAA in Kankakee County; however, no existing populations currently are known in the mapped area.

Threatened and Endangered Plant Species in Close Proximity to the KRAA

Schreber's aster - (Aster schreberi Nees; IL threatened) - This species of rich mesic upland forests is known currently from one population in Will County near the KRAA.

36 Spreading sedge - (Carex laxiculmis Schwein.; IL threatened) - This species of mesic upland forests is known from one Will County population near the KRAA.

Leatherleaf - (Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench; IL threatened) - This species is known from one population in Cook County near the KRAA, where it occurs in wet mesic sand prairie/shrub prairie.

Spotted wintergreen - (Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh; IL endangered) - This species is known from one population in Cook County near the KRAA, where it has been found on a slope to a depression in a sand prairie/savanna complex.

Spotted coral-root orchid - (Corallorhiza maculata Raf.; IL threatened) - This species of mesic upland forests is known from two populations in Will County near the KRAA.

Round-leaved sundew - (Drosera rotundifolia L.; IL endangered) - This species is found in a depression in a sand prairie in Cook County near the KRAA. Wet sand prairies in the KRAA may provide suitable habitat for this species.

Wintergreen - (Gaultheria procumbens L.; IL endangered) - This species has been found in Cook County near the KRAA. Recent searches have been unable to relocate this species at that site, where it occurred in a northern flatwoods/mesic upland forest community.

Kalm's St. John's wort - (Hypericum kalmianum L.; IL endangered) - This species of wet mesic sand prairies and sandy northern flatwoods is known from two populations in Cook County near the KRAA.

Quillwort - (lsoetes butleri Engelm.; IL endangered) - This species was discovered in 1991 in northeastern lllinois and is known currently from three populations in dolomite prairie in Will County near the KRAA.

Blazing star - (Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. var. nieuwlandii Lunell; IL threatened) - This species occurs primarily in dry-mesic savannas and is known from two Will County populations near the KRAA.

Running pine - (Lycopodium clavatum L.; IL endangered) - This species of seeps and mesic sand prairies is known from a single Will County population near the KRAA.

False mallow - (Malvastrum hispidum (pursh) Hochr. [= Sphaeralcea angusta (Gray) Fern.]; IL endangered) - This species of dolomite prairies is known from three populations at protected sites near the KRAA, one each in Will, Grundy, and Cook counties. Hill (1982) discussed the ecology, distribution, and nomenclature ofthis species.

37 Indian cucumber root - (Medeola virginiana L; IL endangered) - This species is known from a single population near the KRAA in sand forest/northern sand flatwoods habitat in Cook County.

Northern panic grass - (Panicum boreale Nash [=Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckm.]; IL endangered) - This species occurs in Cook County near the KRAA, where it has been observed in a sandpit in regrowth sand forest.

Snake-mouth - (Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker.; IL endangered) - This orchid species occurs near the KRAA in Cook County at the margins of sand pits in a sand prairie/sand forest/savanna complex.

Beaked rush - (Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl; IL threatened) - This species of wet-mesic sand prairies and margins of marshes is known from a single population in Cook County near the KRAA.

American burnet - (Sanguisorba canadensis L.; IL endangered) - This species ofwet mesic prairies and fens is known known from two sites in Will County near the KRAA.

Star-flower - (Trientalis borealis Raf.; IL threatened) - This species occurs in mesic upland forests and forested peatlands and is known from one population near the KRAA in Cook County.

Large cranberry - (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.; IL endangered) - This sprawling cranberry species typically occurs in acid bogs and is known from sites near the KRAA in Will County (presumed extirpated) and Cook County, where it occurs at the margin of a sand pit associating with sphagnum moss in a sand prairie/savanna/flatwoods complex.

Corn salad - (Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC.; IL endangered) - This species of floodplain forests, dolomite prairies, and dolomite cliffs is known curreptly from Will County near the KRAA.

Disturbance, Habitat Quality, and Restoration Potential

In addition to the primary cause of habitat loss through conversion to cropland, most remnant plant communities in the KRAA have experienced human-caused disturbances that have resulted in differing levels ofdegradation. Fire absence, fragmentation, and exotic species introductions are other typical consequences of intensive habitat conversion that have implications for habitat restoration potential. These issues are discussed below.

Disturbance is a general term referring to any perturbation. Plant communities (or ecosystems) are degraded when recovery to original condition is unlikely under normal circumstances. Degraded lands can be distinguished further by those that can be restored to original condition through management efforts and those which, at best, can be

38 reclaimed for only limited use in severe examples (e.g., strip mining), or rehabilitated to a condition somewhat similar to the original but where compositional differences remain (Lovejoy 1975). Degraded lands are derelict when land uses become very limited (Brown and Lugo 1994). Perturbations that exceed the intensity, frequency, or duration of the natural disturbance regime can result in loss of species lacking tolerance or adaptations to the new levels. When certain "keystone" species, or assemblages of other taxa, are extirpated from a community, the system's capability for restoration is diminished and integrity is lowered. A common source of degradation in Illinois plant communities is over-grazing; however, multiple factors often are interacting.

Fire is an example of a large-scale natural disturbance in many midwestern plant communities, and fire frequency, intensity, and season are important determining factors for many community characteristics. The compositional and structural characteristics of many native Illinois plant communities demonstrate some level of fire dependency. Fire absence in these communities can result in profound changes in community characteristics. For example, vegetational changes common throughout Illinois, such as from prairie to shrub thicket or forest, or oak-dominated woodland to maple-dominated forest, are attributable to reduced fire frequency and fire absence.

Fragmentation is a process describing landscape patterns where habitat remnants become isolated by land conversions. Fragmented habitats often undergo alterations in many environmental conditions. Increased surface area of edge compared to volume can result in changes in soil moisture conditions and levels of solar radiation as well as increased opportunity for exotic species invasions and wind damage. High levels of fragmentation limit restoration potential of degraded sites since species immigration, needed to compensate for the local extirpations of plants with low population levels, is seriously challenged (Taft 1996, 1997). Fragmented habitats support fewer species and at lower population levels compared to less fragmented habitats. Species at lower population levels are prone to local extirpation.

Integrity is lowered not only by the loss of native species but also by the introduction of exotic (non-native, adventive) species. Non-native taxa in a system may be sorting into disturbance or habitat niches that result in the replacement of native taxa. The establishment of exotics.can result in arrested development and interfere with rates of recovery processes. The recovery potential of plant communities with appropriate ecological restoration and management is an area of much needed additional research. Specific and general recommendations for restoration of natural communities in the KRAA, including exotic species control measures, are offered in the "Summary and Recommendations" section following the section on "Terrestrial Natural Communities".

Natural Areas and Nature Preserves

The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INA!) was conducted over a three-year period during the mid 1970s to document remaining significant and exceptional examples of the

39 natural communities in Illinois (White 1978). The INAI established seven categories of natural areas based on significant features. The categories are: I - High-Quality Natural Communities; II - Habitat for Endangered Species; III - Habitat for Relict Species; IV Outstanding Geological Areas; V - Approved Natural Areas and Restoration Sites; VI Unique Natural Areas; and VII - Outstanding Aquatic Areas. The INAI established a grading system to rank natural quality (White 1978). The natural quality of a community type was graded from "A" (relatively stable or undisturbed) to "E" (very early successional or severely degraded). In general, only "A" and "B" communities are designated as significant or exceptional features.

Thirty-three terrestrial natural areas occur within the KRAA (Figure 11, Table 5). Eight of these INAI natural areas are nature preserves (Table 7). Twenty-six of these sites include natural communities that are Category I natural areas. Total acreage of Category I natural communities in the KRAA is 1,228 acres, or 0.095% of the total area of the assessment area (Table 6). This is about 6.7% of the total Category I acreage for these community types in Illinois and 4.8 % of the entire high-quality undisturbed acreage for the entire state (White 1978). The high-quality natural communities within the KRAA include remnants of dry-mesic upland forest (Grade B), mesic upland forest (Grade B), wet-mesic floodplain forest (Grade A), wet floodplain forest (Grade A), dry-mesic prairie (Grade A), mesic prairie (Grades A and B), dry-mesic sand prairie (Grades A and B), mesic sand prairie (Grades A and B), wet-mesic sand prairie (Grade B), dry dolomite prairie (Grade B), shrub prairie (Grade B), dry sand savanna (Grades A and B), dry-mesic sand savanna (Grades A and B), marsh (Grade B), shrub swamp (Grade A), sedge meadow (Grade B), seeps (Grade B), ponds (Grade A), and dolomite cliff community (Grades A and B). The remaining natural areas are Category IV sites (geological areas) and Category II sites (threatened and endangered species localities). The area of all INAI natural areas (Category I, II, and IV), including buffer lands, totals about 7,455. 1. acres, 0.57% of the KRAA (Table 6). Comparison of the area of Category I natural communities in relation to the total remaining in lllinois is described under each community type in the section that follows.

The purpose of the INAI is to identify high-quality natural areas and other significant features in Illinois. But identification does not automatically ensure that an area will be protected. Once an area is selected, further action is required to protect it The highest level of protection offered is for the area to be designated as an lllinois Nature Preserve. This means that the area is formally protected in perpetuity by the landowner through the state. A majority of nature preserves in lllinois are publicly owned, but many are maintained in private ownership. Eight sites within the KRAA (four in Kankakee County, three in Iroquoios County, and one in Will County), totaling 845.5 acres, have been established as nature preserves (Table 7, Figure II).

The Momence Wetlands

Of particular significance are the Momence Wetlands (Figure 9, Table 6) at Illiana Heights, Kankakee County. Currently the Momence Wetlands contain 2,440 acres that

40 are designated as an Illinois Natural Areas Inventory site (INAI #0635). The state (Illinois Department of Natural Resources) owns 593 acres in the wetlands, including a 72-acre nature preserve (the Momence Wetlands Nature Preserve; McFall and Karnes 1995). The Momence Wetlands provide habitat for a number of threatened and endangered species, including storax. In addition, it is important to note that several species, particularly swamp-cottonwood (Populus heterophyUa L.), pumpkin- ash (Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush, also called F. tomentosa Michx. f.), and climbing hempweed (Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.) are also found there. These species are typically found in southern swamps and their only occurrence in the northern two-thirds of the state is in this wetland.

Terrestrial Natural Community Descriptions

The natural communities within the KRAA (Table 11) were determined by examining data from several sources. These include descriptions of existing community types as well as plant communities inferred to have occurred prior to European settlement and large-scale alteration of the landscape. Since native vegetation in the KRAA has been so greatly converted, modified, and degraded, some of the following community types may no longer persist in a high-quality condition. The following account describes the natural communities known to occur in the KRAA as well as the characteristics of disturbed land and/or degraded communities. Degraded remnants of other communities not included here may occur but have not been documented. Community classification follows White and Madany (1978). Botanical nomenclature follows MoWenbrock (1986). Scientific names corresponding to the common names used in this text are in the summary species list for the KRAA (Appendix A). Appendix B lists those plant species in alphabetical order, by scientific name. Details on the T&E species listed can be found in a previous section of this report (p. 26). Appendix A is an approximation of vascular plant species (all plants other than mosses, algae, fungi) known to occur in the KRAA and the mapped area but should not be interpreted as comprehensive. The list was compiled primarily from the INAI plant lists from natural areas, and from Mohlenbrock and Ladd (1978), Mitsch et al. (1979), Schwegman (1991), Taft (1988,1993), and Swink and Wilhelm (1994).

The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) classification recognizes nine community classes: Forest, Prairie, Savanna, Wetland, Lake and Pond, Stream, Primary, Cave, and Cultural (White and Madany 1978). Community types are recognized within each community class. These types are often characterized by differences in parent material and/or soil moisture regime and thus are often distinguished by the consistent occurrence of a group of organisms interrelated with each other and their environment. The soil moisture classes are xeric (excessively drained), dry (somewhat excessively drained), dry-mesic (well-drained), mesic (moderately well-drained), wet-mesic (imperfectly drained), wet (poorly drained), and hydric (nearly always wet). The boundaries between these community types are not always sharp due to seasonal differences in water availability and the individual response of species to environmental variables.

41 Table 11. Terrestrial natural communities known to occur or believed to have formerly occurred in the Kankakee River Assessment Area'.

FOREST SAVANNA Upland forest Savanna dry-mesic upland forest dry sand savanna mesic upland forest dry-mesic sand savanna

Floodplain forest WETLAND mesic floodplain forest Marsh wet floodplain forest marsh

Flatwoods Swamp sand flatwoods shrub swamp

PRAIRIE Sedge meadow Prairie sedge meadow dry-mesic prairie mesic prairie Seep & spring seep Sand prairie dry-mesic sand prairie LAKE & POND mesic sand prairie Pond wet mesic sand prairie pond

Dolomite prairie PRIMARY dry dolomite prairie Cliff dolomite cliff community Shrub prairie shrub prairie CAVE Cave Terrestrial Cave

CULTURAL

I Adapted from the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory's natural community classification (White and Madany 1978).

Specific data sources on the natural communities in the KRAA include known community types found in INAI sites, descriptions of vegetation in publications and technical reports, and habitat descriptions in the Natural Heritage database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997). Few published data are available describing some prairie vegetation communities from within the KRAA; however, substantial unpublished floristic data from mesic prairies and other natural communities are in the natural areas files at the lilinois Natural History Survey (INHS), and floristic survey data of Taft (1988, 1993). General descriptions of savanna characteristics are summarized from White (1978), Taft (1997), and the natural areas files.

42 Forest

Forests in the KRAA belong to the Prairie Peninsula Section in the Northern Division of the Oak-Hickory Forest Region (Braun 1950). Due to a level of protection from the presettlement prairie fires, forests in the KRAA were concentrated primarily on the slopes, ravines, and bottomlands associated with the major drainages and in protected areas associated with moraines (Figure 7). Forest subclasses include upland forest and floodplain forest. These forest types are characterized in the following sections. Approximately 7% (90,456 acres) ofthe KRAA was once forested based upon original land surveys (Iverson et al. 1989). Of the 40,079 acres ofthe KRAAremaining as forest (3.1 % of area), only about 84 acres (0.2%) remain in a state of high ecological integrity and meet the INA! criteria for high-quality Category I natural areas (White 1978; Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997).

Common ecological problems associated with forest communities, in general, include habitat degradation, fragmentation, exotic species introductions, and in upland forests, fire absence. A typical source of habitat degradation in forests is overgrazing which often produces changes in the compositional and structural characteristics. As in much of Illinois, grazing-sensitive species probably have been eliminated from many forest remnants in the KRAA. In contrast, species that increase with grazing, (e.g., thom bearing taxa, such as red haw, honey locust, Missouri gooseberry, multiflora rose, blackberries, and raspberries; exotic species, such as garlic mustard, honeysuckles, Osage orange, and Siberian elm; and certain weedy native. species) are often abundant in over grazed forest remnants. In many cases, abundance of exotic species appears to be directly proportional to the historic grazing intensity. Recovery of these sites following cessation of grazing appears to be slow. Complete restoration may not be possible without intensive management, including species reintroduction. Fire absence in upland forest communities typically results in compositional changes in more mesic sites and primarily structural changes in drier sites, such as increases in both stem density of woody plants and shade. The result is often a reduction in cover and diversity of the herbaceous ground flora, typically the most diverse stratum in lllinois woodlands (e.g., Taft 1996).

Upland Forest

The total extent of upland forest in the KRAA is estimated to be about 29,515 acres, or about 2.3% of the total KRAA (Table 2). Upland forest communities can be classified further by soil moisture characteristics. Xeric, dry, dry-mesic, mesic, and wet-mesic upland forest communities are recognized in Illinois in context with increasing available soil moisture (White and Madany 1978). Major tree species respond in predictable ways along these soil moisture gradients (Adams and Anderson 1980; Fralish 1994). Xeric upland forests do not occur in the KRAA. Dry upland forests do occur, but compositionally are somewhat similar to dry-mesic upland forests, which are described

43 here. Wet-mesic upland forests have not been described from the KRAA but are known from nearby sites, such as Thorn Creek Woods Nature Preserve in Will County, and may be present locally within the KRAA. The upland forest types that have been documented for the KRAA are described in the following accounts.

Dry-Mesic Upland Forest - Dry-mesic upland forest occurs in the KRAA on the upper slopes and ridges of the dissected terrain bordering the major streams. The total extent in the KRAA is unknown. A total of 43 acres of dry-mesic upland forest in the KRAA are recognized as high quality and statewide significant by the INAI (Table 6). This is about 2.1 % of the Grade B total and 1.4% of all high-quality dry-mesic upland forest (Grades A & B) remaining in Illinois.

Dominant canopy tree species are white oak, black oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash where forest composition has not been altered by logging or a history of grazing. Occasional tree species include red oak, shagbark hickory, hackberry, black walnut, black cherry, chinquapin oak, and shingle oak. Common subcanopy tree species include sugar maple, shadbush, blue beech, hop hornbeam, sassafras, and slippery elm. Typical shrubs include redbud, gray dogwood, Missouri gooseberry, black raspberry, and prickly ash. Ground-cover species include the vines poison ivy and Virginia creeper, and several herbaceous species (e.g., agrimony, everlasting, false foxglove, curly-styled wood sedge, spring beauty, fall coral-root, poverty oat grass, tick trefoil, Dutchman's breeches, slender wild rye, white snakeroot, white avens, Solomon's seal, bloodroot, firepink, false Solomon's seal, Virginia spiderwort, and prairie trillium. Three T&E plant species (Table 10) may occur in the dry mesic upland forest natural community in the KRAA: spotted wintergreen, wintergreen, and two-flowered melic grass.

The major ecological problems associated with dry-mesic upland forests are degradation from grazing, habitat fragmentation, and fire absence. Fire absence can lead towards an increased importance of sugar maple in the subcanopy stratum and potentially lesser importance of oaks in the canopy. Where oaks have been removed by selective logging practices, black cherry, shagbark hickory, slippery elm, and possibly sugar maple are among the species that gain prominence in the canopy. Exotic species in dry-mesic upland forest may include the shrubs amur honeysuckle, tatarian honeysuckle, and multiflora rose, and the herb garlic mustard.

Mesic Upland Forest - Mesic upland forest is probably the most prevalent upland forest type in the KRAA, though no data are available on the total extent. Mesic upland forests are found on lower slopes, in ravines, on high terraces of the major streams and tributaries, and occasionally as isolated remnants of former larger blocks of forest. They are characteristic of moist, north-facing slopes. A total of 27 acres of this community type in the KRAA is recognized by the INAI as high quality and of statewide ecological significance (Table 6). This is 1.1 % of the total high-quality mesic upland forest (Grades A & B) remaining in Illinois (White 1978; Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997).

44 Species composition is relatively rich. Sometimes no species are dominant. Characteristic canopy tree species include sugar maple, shagbark hickory, white ash, white oak, red oak, basswood, and American elm. Occasional tree species include bitternut hickory, hackberry, blue ash, butternut, black walnut, shingle oak, bur oak, chinquapin oak, and black oak. Subcanopy tree species include Ohio buckeye, blue beech, Kentucky coffeetree, hop hornbeam, black cherry, and slippery elm. Typical shrubs include paw paw, redbud, gray dogwood, hazelnut, wahoo, spicebush, common chokecherry, Missouri gooseberry, bladdernut, nannyberry, black haw, and prickly ash. Woody vines include Virginia creeper, bristly catbrier, poison ivy, and frost grape. Herbaceous ground-cover composition includes a rich assortment of species, particularly spring ephemerals. Selected taxa reported from the KRAA include doll's eyes, Jack-in-the-pulpit, wild ginger, sedge (Carex albursina), hairy wood sedge, James' sedge, loose-headed bracted sedge, blue cohosh, spring beauty, yellow lady's slipper orchid, fragile fern, toothwort, squirrel corn, Dutchman's breeches, yellow dog-tooth violet, white snakeroot, wild geranium, Iiverieaf, great waterieaf, false rue anemone, sweet cicely, ginseng, common phlox, mayapple, Solomon's seal, bloodroot, false Solomon's seal, white trillium, prairie trillium, horse gentian, yellow bellwort, and downy-blue violet.

Eleven T&E plant species and two watch list species (Table 10) may occur in the mesic upland forest natural community in the KRAA: Schreber's aster, spreading sedge, pretty sedge, spotted coral-root orchid, yellow lady's slipper, wintergreen, butternut, ground pine, Indian cucumber root, two-flowered melic grass, downy Solomon's seal, New York fern, and star-flower.

The major ecological problems associated with mesic upland forests are degradation from grazing, habitat fragmentation, and logging. Among the more abundant exotic species within mesic upland forest are the shrubs amur honeysuckle and multiflora rose and the herb garlic mustard.

Floodplain Forest

Floodplain (bottomland) forests are characterized by conditions of poor drainage and slow permeability. Local areas of sand and gravel increase permeability. Floodplain forest communities in Illinois include mesic, wet-mesic, and wet floodplain forests and are classified according to characteristics of flooding. Wet-mesic to mesic floodplain forests occur on low and high terraces, respectively. Wet floodplain forest occurs on the floodplain bordering rivers and, for this report, includes the river bank. The total extent of floodplain forest in the KRAA is estimated to be about 10,564 acres, or about 0.8 % of the total area (Table 2). The Momence Wetlands have 1,650 acres of this forest typeprotected in a nearly six-mile stretch along the Kankakee River (Mitsch et ai. 1979). In general, the flooding regime, including depth and duration of flooding, is a strong selective force on composition and species richness in floodplain forests (Bell 1974) and in regulating tree growth (Robertson 1992). Wet floodplain forests are often seasonally

45 flooded and/or have perched water during a portion of the year, often in late winter and spring. Generally, flooding is of shorter duration and less frequency in mesic floodplain forests. Wet-mesic floodplain forests are intermediate. Diversity of species composition tends to increase from wet to mesic floodplain forest. Compositional changes favoring more flood-tolerant tree species like silver maple appear to have occurred since presettlement conditions along some lllinois rivers (King and Johnson 1977; Nelson et al. 1994) and may have occurred in floodplain forests within the KRAA.

Ecological problems in floodplain forest involve siltation from silt-laden flood waters, changes in the hydrological regime (e.g., stream entrenchment or increased flooding duration and frequency due to changes in the upper watershed), overgrazing, and exotic species invasion. A description of the types of floodplain forest for the KRAA follows.

Mesic Floodplain Forest - There is no estimate of the proportion of the approximately 10,500 acres of floodplain forest within the KRAA that is mesic floodplain forest. No areas have been identified from within the KRAA by the INAI as high-quality, undegraded remnants. Compared with other floodplain forest communities, a relatively greater diversity of tree species often can be found in examples of this high terrace community since the relatively brief flooding duration and lower flooding frequency pose fewer limitations to species. Composition of this forest community is most similar to that of the mesic upland forest.

Common to occasional canopy tree species include sugar maple, green ash, sycamore, bur oak, chinkapin oak, red oak, basswood, and American elm. Subcanopy species include Ohio buckeye, red mulberry, and slippery elm. Shrubs and vines include paw paw, redbud, gray dogwood, prickly ash, Virginia creeper, poison ivy, and riverbank grape. Ground-cover species include many taxa also found in mesic upland forests: Jack-in-the-pulpit, toothwort, Dutchman's breeches, Virginia bluebells, common phlox, mayapple, Solomon's seal, bloodroot, black snakeroot, false Solomon's seal, and downy blue violet.

Three plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB and one watch list species may occur in the mesic floodplain forest natural community in the KRAA: butternut, New York fern, com salad (Valerianella umbilicata; a species of dolomite prairies, dolomite cliffs, and associated floodplain forests), and large yellow lady's slipper.

Wet-Mesic Floodplain Forest - There is no estimate of the proportion ofthe floodplain forest within the KRAA that is wet-mesic floodplain forest. A total of 9 acres of wet mesic floodplain forest, found at two locations bordering the Kankakee River, have been identified from within the KRAA by the INAI as high quality (Grade A) and statewide significant (Table 6). This is about 0.3 % of the total high-quality (Grades A & B) wet mesic floodplain forest in Illinois.

46 Common to occasional canopy tree species include silver maple, bitternut hickory, hackberry, green ash, honey locust, black walnut, sycamore, cottonwood, shingle oak, pin oak, and American elm. Subcanopy tree species include box elder, red haw, red mulberry, and slippery elm. Shrubs and Vines include paw paw, Missouri gooseberry, elderberry, bristly catbrier, buckbrush, poison ivy, and riverbank grape. Ground-cover species include giant ragweed, false nettle, awned graceful sedge, meadow sedge, common bur sedge, wood gray sedge, wild chervil, enchanter's nightshade, honewort, Aunt Lucy, Virginia wild rye, annual bedstraw, white avens, Virginia waterleaf, wood nettle, Virginia bluebells, common pWox, goldenglow, black snakeroot, common snakeroot, cup plant, and common blue violet.

Three plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB and one watch list species may occur in the wet mesic floodplain forest natural community in the KRAA: butternut, New York fern, corn salad (Valerianella umbilicata; a species of dolomite prairies, dolomite cliffs, and associated floodplain forests), and plains violet (a species of dolomite prairies and wet mesic floodplains).

Ecological problems include changes in the watershed that alter the flooding regime, severe grazing, and exotic species introductions. Exotic species include garlic mustard, motherwort, moneywort, Osage orange, red mulberry, and multiflora rose.

Wet Floodplain Forest - There is no estimate of the proportion of the floodplain forest within the KRAA that is wet floodplain forest. Only 5.0 acres have been identified from within the KRAA by the INAI as Grade A or B high-quality remnants (Table 6). This is 0.2% of the total high-quality (Grades A & B) wet floodplain forest in Illinois. However, if the momence Wetlands Natural Area floodplain forests (which are listed as Grade C) are included in this category, there are at least 1,650 acres ofthis habitat type in the KRAA. Compared with other floodplain forest communities, fewer tree species can be found in examples of this natural community since flooding frequency and duration, typically, are limiting for many species.

Common to occasional canopy tree species include silver maple, hackberry, green ash, sycamore, and cottonwood. Subcanopy tree species include box elder and black willow. Shrubs and Vines include elderberry, bristly catbrier, poison ivy, and riverbank grape. Ground-cover species include giant ragweed, panicled aster, false nettle, enchanter's nightshade, honewort, Aunt Lucy, Virginia wild rye, annual bedstraw, white avens, spotted touch-me-not, wood nettle, Virginia bluebells, clearweed, and common blue violet.

One plant species listed as threatened or endangered by the IESPB (storax - ST) may be found in the wet floodplain forest natural community in the KRAA (Table 10). In addition, several species, particularly swamp-cottonwood (Populus heterophylla L.), pumpkin-ash (Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush, also called F. tomentosa Michx. f.), and climbing hempweed (Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.), species more characteristic of southern coastal plain floodplain forests, are also found with the storax in the Momence Wetlands. 47 Ecological problems include changes in the watershed that alter the flooding regime, severe grazing, and exotic species introductions. Exotic species include garlic mustard, creeping Charlie, and moneywort.

Flatwoods

Midwestern flatwoods are open woodlands of level uplands and terraces that occur on impervious subsoil horizons; these flatwoods have seasonally wet and dry soils. Plants must adapt to seasonally wet conditions followed by summer drought. Rooting depth is restricted due to a hardpan layer, generally a c1aypan. Flatwoods characteristically are low-density woodlands intermediate between savanna and closed forest with local openings, small microdepressions that often retain water during the spring, and a flora that responds both temporally and spatially to extremes in soil moisture availability (Taft et al. 1995). Three types of flatwoods are recognized in Illinois (northern, southern, and sand flatwoods) based on surface soil characteristic and bioregional differences. Sand flatwoods occur in the KRAA.

Sand Flatwoods - This comrnunity type is restricted to sandy plains in northern llIinois. There is no estimate of the total acreage of sand flatwoods within the KRAA. No high quality sand flatwoods meeting INAI criteria for Category I sites are known to occur in the KRAA. Twenty-one acres of Grade B sand flatwoods are found in the Northeastern Morainal Division, Chicago Lake Plain Section. Within the Iroquois County Conservation Area (INAI data) there are 184 acres of Grade C sand flatwoods. This area represents 100% of the highest-quality sand flatwoods identified during the inventory of the entire Grand Prairie Natural Division. This community develops on soils with two distinct layers, a surface horizon consisting of a meter or more of acid peaty sand, and a slowly permeable subsoil horizon typically characterized by high clay content. In the absence of fire, some sand prairie communities can be transformed into sand flatwoods.

Common canopy trees include pin oak, white oak, and sour gum. Shrubs include hazelnut, black huckleberry, winterberry. Understory herbaceous plants include everlasting, little pussy toes, cream wild indigo, bluejoint grass, fern flat sedge, needle spike rush, frostweed, common roclcrose, wild lupine, cinnamon fern, and small false Solomon's seal.

Two T&E plant species (Table 10) may be found in the sand flatwoods natural community in the KRAA: Carey's hearts-ease, and buffalo clover. Buffalo clover is also known from post oak flatwoods in southern Illinois (Taft et al. 1995).

Prairie

Approximately 93% (1,201,773 acres) of the KRAA was once prairie based upon Government Land Office surveys (Iverson et al. 1989). However, only 0.005 % (55.6 acres) of original prairie remains in the KRAA in an undegraded condition (i.e., high

48 ecological integrity, Category I [Grade A or B] natural areas), and these prairies mostly occur as small, isolated remnants. This community class includes communities dominated by warm-season grasses or, locally, low shrubs on mineral soil. Six prairie subclasses are recognized in Illinois: prairie (tallgrass prairie on silt-loam soils), sand prairie, gravel prairie, dolomite prairie, hill prairie (including loess and glacial drift hill prairie), and shrub prairie (White and Madany 1978). High-quality gravel and hill prairies are not recorded from the KRAA, though the remaining four types occur. The prairie, sand prairie, and dolomite prairie subclasses are further distinguished by soil moisture regime (dry, dry-mesic, mesic, wet-mesic, and wet). Considering the distribution of prairie and forest in Illinois at the time of European settlement (about 1820), as mentioned previously, most of the KRAA was tallgrass prairie (Anderson 1970; Iverson et al. 1989). However, due to the near-complete elimination of prairie vegetation from within the KRAA through agricultural practices, few examples remain to document the characteristic species that were associated with undegraded natural communities for all soil moisture conditions that presently or formerly occurred in the region.

Common ecological problems associated with tallgrass prairie, in general, include fragmentation. exotic species invasions, fire absence, and habitat degradation. Small, isolated fragments tend to support many species at low population levels (thus prone to local extinction) too remote to be enhanced through natural mechanisms of species dispersal. Small, isolated prairie remnants also may be lacking appropriate pollinator species for successful sexual reproduction of many outcrossing species. The greater edge-to-volume ratios of small sites offer greater opportunities for exotic species invasions since surrounding areas typically are dominated by non-native vegetation. Exotic species pose some of the most severe threats to the continued existence high quality prairie remnants in the KRAA. Highly fragmented and developed landscapes also lead to altered fire regimes, often eliminating fire from prairie remnants until restoration efforts commence. Fire absence results in ecological changes, such as encroachment of woody plants, that can eliminate many shade-intolerant prairie species. Fire absence also can lead to a severe invasion of exotic cool-season grasses like the ubiquitous species meadow fescue, smooth brome, and Kentucky bluegrass. Overgrazing by domestic stock typically degrades prairie remnants by eliminating many species and promoting the increase of several weedy native and non-native taxa. Soil disturbances, such as past efforts at cultivation, or soil scraping (typical of many railroad-right-of-ways) result in loss of species and opportunities for the establishment of weedy taxa. All of these factors, and combinations of factors, tend to result in loss of species diversity and ecological integrity for all prairie community types.

Prairie

About 7.8 acres of high-quality tallgrass prairie remnants remain in the KRAA at four sites (Table 6). An unknown quantity remains in the KRAA, particularly in RR rights-of way, that with proper management could be restored to a high-quality condition.

49 Many important prairie species respond in predictable ways along soil moisture gradients. Dry-mesic, mesic, wet-mesic, and wet prairies have all been recorded from the KRAA. Wet prairie is combined with wet-mesic prairie in this report. The characteristic species of each soil moisture class for these two tallgrass prairie communities are described as follows.

Dry-Mesic Prairie - Dry-mesic prairies have virtually been eliminated from the KRAA. Only one acre of high-quality dry-mesic prairie remains in the KRAA (Table 6). They most frequently occurred on crests and upper slopes of the major moraines on well drained and somewhat permeable soils with moderate water-holding capacity.

Common grass species include sideoats grama, June grass, panic grass (Panicum oligosanthes), little bluestem, Indian grass, northern prairie dropseed, and porcupine grass. Common to occasional sedge species include copper-shouldered oval sedge and other sedges (Carex meadii and C. tetanica). Characteristic forbs (nongrass herbs) include horsetail milkweed, green milkweed, sky-blue aster, heath aster, false boneset, bastard toadflax, purple prairie clover, sessile-leaved tick trefoil, pale purple coneflower, flowering spurge, rough blazing star, wild bergamot, black-eyed Susan, hairy ruellia, rosinweed, showy goldenrod, and yellow pimpernel. Shrubs include leadplant, New Jersey tea, smooth sumac, and pasture rose.

Three T&E plant species (Table 10) may be found in wet to wet-mesic prairies in the KRAA: Hill's thistle, pink milkwort, and ear-leafed foxglove.

Typical ecological problems in remnants include fire absence (and consequential woody plant encroachment), habitat degradation from soil disturbances, and exotic species invasion and establishment. Common exotic species include asparagus, smooth brome grass, white sweet clover, yellow sweet clover, parsnip, Canada bluegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass.

Mesic Prairie - Only 6.8 acres of high-quality mesic prairie remain in the KRAA (Table 6). Mesic prairie occurs in an intermediate soil-moisture zone on the landscape between dry-mesic prairie and the wetland communities of wet and wet-mesic prairie. Soils can be moderately well drained but can be saturated during short periods of the growing season. Undegraded mesic taligrass prairie is among the most species-dense plant communities in North America. Typical remnants contain from 15 to 30 species in a half meter-square sampling quadrat. About 100 to 130 taxa of vascular plants can be found in individual small (5 acre) pioneer cemetery remnants in central Illinois.

Common grass species include big bluestem, panic grass (Panicum oligosanthes), prairie switchgrass, little bluestem, Indian grass, northern prairie dropseed, and porcupine grass. Common to occasional sedge species include copper-shouldered oval sedge, plains oval sedge, and other sedges (Carex meadii and C. tetanica). Characteristic forbs include a diverse assemblage of species (e.g., candle anemone, prairie milkweed, butterfly weed, New England aster, white wild indigo, cream wild indigo, tall coreopsis, prairie

50 coreopsis, prairie Indian plantain, white prairie clover, purple prairie clover, shooting star, pale purple coneflower, rattlesnake master, downy gentian, downy sunflower, prairie sunflower, bush clover, prairie blazing star, spiked lobelia, lance-leaved loosestrife, wild bergamot, American feverfew, lousewort, downy phlox, slender mountain mint, yellow coneflower, rosinweed, compass plant, prairie dock, blue-eyed grass, Missouri goldenrod, showy goldenrod, Ohio spiderwort, Missouri ironweed, Culver's root, prairie violet, and golden Alexanders. Common shrubs include leadplant, New Jersey tea, hazelnut, pasture rose, and prairie willow.

Ten T&E plant species (Table 10), one of which is federally threatened, may be found in the mesic prairie natural community in the KRAA: Mead's milkweed, oval milkweed, small yellow lady's slipper, western wild lettuce, pink milkwort, bulrush (Scirpus hattorianus), eastern blue-eyed grass, mountain blue-eyed grass, ear-leafed foxglove, and buffalo clover.

Typical ecological problems in remnants include fire absence (and consequential woody plant encroachment), soil disturbances, and exotic species invasion and establishment. Common exotic species in mesic tallgrass prairies, particularly those in pioneer cemeteries, include common yarrow, asparagus, smooth brome grass, Queen Anne's lace, cypress spurge, orange day lily, amur honeysuckle, white sweet clover, yellow sweet clover, parsnip, Canada bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and white poplar. Despite a history of fire management, recent sample data from three high-quality mesic tallgrass prairies in central Illinois indicate that exotic Kentucky and Canada bluegrasses occur throughout the remnants at nearly 100% frequency among quadrats (Taft, unpublished data). Various control methods have been tested with some of the other serious exotic species (Solecki and Taft 1987, 1989). Control methods are summarized in the "Summary and Recommendations" section. Evidence of leaf burn and mortality of plants at the edges of prairies bordering cropland suggests that herbicide drift can be a problem, at least to edge species, and may be an unrealized threat throughout prairie retnnants where they occur adjacent to cropland. Off-road vehicle use of railroad right-of-way is becoming an increasingly damaging problem for prairie remnants. Other damage is caused by maintenance vehicles.

Wet to Wet-Mesic Prairie - Wet-mesic and wet prairies are characterized by the presence of surface water after heavy rains, mainly in the winter and spring, and the water table is near the surface. Species composition sometimes gradually blends with species of sedge meadows. These prairie communities typically are found on low areas on the landscape. There is no high-quality wet-mesic or wet prairie remaining in the KRAA, only degraded examples.

Dominant plants include the grasses big bluestem, bluejoint grass, prairie switchgrass, and prairie cord grass. Characteristic forbs include bristly sedge, whorled loosestrife, winged loosestrife, prairie sundrops, smooth phlox, balsam groundsel, water parsnip, Culver's root, and golden Alexanders.

51 Five T&E plant species (Table 10), one of which is federally threatened, may be found in wet to wet-mesic prairies in the KRAA: white lady's slipper, prairie white fringed orchid, American burnet, bulrush (Scirpus hattorianus), and little green sedge.

Ecological problems are similar to those for the mesic prairie.

Sand Prairie

Sand prairie communities are found on coarse-textured soils, such as sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam. The soils tend to be acidic. Sand prairies form on sandy outwash plains, lake plains, and sandy valleys and may vary from dry to wet. No figures are available on the original acreage of sand prairies in the KRAA, but the Kankakee Sand Area Section, which has suitable soils, includes 284,369 acres or 22% of the KRAA area (Figure 3). This would likely have been the maximum extent of the sand prairie, but is probably an overestimate since other communities (like flatwoods and savannas) also can be found on sandy soils. Only 15.8 acres of Grade A or B sand prairie are known to remain in the KRAA (Table 6).

Dry-mesic Sand Prairie - Dry-mesic sand prairie is characterized by grasses and other vegetation generally less than I m tall, though they can be slightly taller in more mesic areas. Shrubs are generally not present. Generally, dry-mesic sand prairies are well drained. Only 8.9 acres of high quality dry-mesic sand prairie remain in the KRAA (Table 6). This is 2.6 % of the total undegraded, high-quality dry-mesic sand prairie remaining in Illinois.

Characteristic plants include the grasses three-awn grass, sand reed, June grass, little bluestem, Indian grass, and porcupine grass. Typical forbs include beach wormwood, sand milkwort, flax leaved aster, partridge pea, rough blazing star, horsemint, prickly pear, showy goldenrod, Ohio spiderwort, and birdfoot violet.

Eight T&E plant species (Table 10), including one listed as federally threatened, may be found in the dry-mesic sand prairie natural community in the KRAA: pale false foxglove, oval milkweed, sweetfern, golden corydalis (a species of disturbed sands and sand pond shores), western wild lettuce, northern panic grass, pink milkwort, and buffalo clover.

Ecological problems are similar to those listed above for mesic prairie. Exotic species include cheat grass and, possibly, cottonweed. The harsh environment of the sand prairies tends to limit the success of exotic invasive species.

Mesic Sand Prairie - Mesic sand prairie, while moderately well-drained, has moisture generally available to plants. Low shrubs may occur. Only 5.9 acres of high quality mesic sand prairie remain in the KRAA. This is 3. % ofthe high quality mesic sand prairie known in Illinois (Table 6).

52 Characteristic grasses and sedges include big bluestem, panic grass (Panicum oligosanthes), little bluestem, Indian grass, sedge (Carex meadia), tall nut rush, and porcupine grass. Forbs include colic root, spreading dogbane, sand milkwort, tall green milkweed, heath aster, tall coreopsis, purple prairie clover, white prairie clover, rattlesnake master, flowering spurge, grass-leaved goldenrod, downy sunflower, western sunflower, prairie blazing star, wild bergamot, American feverfew, downy phlox, clammy ground cherry, false dragonhead, common mountain mint, goat's rue, Ohio spiderwort, and Culver's root. Shrubs include leadplant, black chokecherry, chokeberry, New Jersey tea, dewberry, and prairie willow.

Eight T&E plant species (Table 10) have been reported from in or associated with mesic sand prairie habitat in the vicinity of the KRAA. These species include pale false foxglove, small yellow lady's slipper, running pine, ground pine, northern panic grass, orange fringed orchid, and pink milkwort.

Ecological problems include habitat degradation, fragmentation, fire absence, and exotic species invasion. In addition, there has been a great deal of digging and removing mesic sand prairie plants from railroad rights-of-way in portions of the KRAA. Exotic species include Kentucky bluegrass, fescue, white sweet clover, and yarrow.

Wet-mesic Sand Prairie - Wet-mesic sand prairie is characterized by the presence of surface water for as much as one-third of the year. Wetland sedges occur in greater frequency compared with mesic sand prairie. Some microhabitats in the community are characterized by organic sandy soils and may include peat accumulation. In these sites occasionally are plants typically found in bogs in more northern latitudes. Only one acre of high-quality wet-mesic sand prairie have been identified in the KRAA. The single acre represents 2.4% of the Illinois total high-quality acreage for this community type (Table 6). Some of the acreage of high-quality sedge meadow from the KRAA (Table 6, see below) includes moist sandy habitats and is a complex of sedge meadow and wet to wet-mesic sand prairie. With the potential for the occurrence of twenty-two listed plant species, this is the community richest in rare plants, and, perhaps, the most fragile. Much has been lost through drainage activities for agriculture.

Characteristic plants include the graminoid species (grasses, sedges, rushes) big bluestem, bluejoint grass, beautiful sedge, sedge (Carex lanuginosa), strict sedge, savanna sedge, fox sedge, taperleaf flat sedge, red-rooted sedge, rush (funcus biflorus, f. brachycarpus, f. greenei), Dudley's rush, grass-leaved rush, prairie switchgrass, Indian grass, and prairie cord grass. Ferns (and fern allies) include common horsetail, smooth scouring rush, marsh fern, cinnamon fern, and royal fern. Forbs include false foxglove, water hemlock, late boneset, St. John's-wort, water smartweed, common mountain mint, meadow beauty, lance-leaved violet, and twisted yellow-eyed grass. Shrubs include pale dogwood, red-osier dogwood, pussy willow, blue-leaf willow, and prairie willow.

Twenty-one plant species listed as threatened or endangered by the IESPB and which may be found in the wet-mesic sand prairie natural community are known from the

53 vicinity of the KRAA (Table 10): grass pink orchid, Crawe's sedge, leatherleaf, golden corydalis, narrow-leaved sundew, round-leaved sundew, shore St. John's-wort, Kalm's St. John's-wort, orange fringed orchid, wood orchid, tubercled orchid, snake-mouth, Carey's heartsease, beaked rush, grass beaked rush, clustered beak rush, bristly blackberry, Hall's bulrush, weak bulrush, large cranberry, and primrose violet.

Environmental problems in this community type include drainage, agricultural activities, and physical damage by off-road vehicles. Other problems include fire absence and exotic species invasion.

Dolomite Prairie

Dolomite prairies occur where dolomite (a form of limestone) is less than 1.5 m below the soil surface and strongly influences soil chemistry, permeability, and drainage. These prairies range from dry to wet. No high-quality remnants of the wet dolomite prairies remain in the KRAA. The pH is basic and the soils are often very shallow, restricting the number of species that can grow there. Those present are primarily calcium- loving (calciphiles) including several threatened and endangered species. Dolomite prairie is very local in the KRAA, and is represented best along the Kankakee River. One of the best occurrences is on Altorf (Langham) Island in the Kankakee River, five miles northwest of Kankakee, part of the Kankakee River State Park (Schwegman 1991).

Dry Dolomite Prairie - Dry dolomite prairies occur where dolomite bedrock is at or near the surface. Stature of herbaceous species is less than one meter tall. Only 2.0 acres of high-quality (Grade B) dolomite prairie remain in the KRAA; however, this is about 18% of all the high-quality remnants of this community type remaining in llIinois (Table 6).

Representative species found in the dolomite prairies of the KRAA include big bluestem, side-oats grama, plains muhly, tufted hair grass, panic grass (Panicum oligosanthes), prairie switchgrass, Indian grass, prairie dropseed, porcupine grass, and the forbs candle anemone, butterfly weed, pagoda plant, false boneset, hairy ruellia, and heart-leaved meadow parsnip. Shrubs include lead plant and New Jersey tea.

Ten plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB, one of which is also federally endangered, may be found in the dry dolomite prairie natural community in the KRAA: slender sandwort, Tennessee milk vetch, leafy prairie clover, Kankakee mallow, Butler's quillwort, false mallow, buffalo clover, corn salad (Valerianella chenopodiifolia and Valerianella umbilicata), and plains violet.

Environmental problems in this community type include quarrying, agricultural activities, and physical damage by off-road vehicles. Other problems include fire absence and exotic species invasion.

54 Shrub Prairie

This community type is characterized by the co-dominance of shrubs and herbaceous prairie species. Mosses can form an almost continuous ground cover at some sites. Typically, shrub prairies occur in mesic to wet-mesic sites on acid, sandy soils. Shrub prairie can intergrade with mesic and wet-mesic sand prairies. The community is limited to northern Illinois, being prevalent on the Kankakee Sand Area and Chicago Lake Plain. The 30.0 acres of Grade B shrub prairie in the KRAA is about half (Table 6) of the high quality shrub prairie remaining in Illinois (White 1978; lllinois Department of Natural Resources).

Characteristic plants include the shrubs black chokecherry, chokeberry, black huckleberry, swamp dewberry, hardhack, and low-bush blueberry. Common grasses include big bluestem, little bluestem, and Indian grass. Forbs include lance-leaved violet, beach wormwood, common milkweed, dayflower and the mosses haircap moss and peat moss.

Three plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB are known in the shrub prairie natural community in the KRAA: tubercled orchid, bristly blackberry, and primrose violet

Savanna

Savanna habitats occur throughout many parts of North America. The Midwest, intermediate between the eastern forests and grasslands of the Great Plains, has the environmental conditions and fire history that supported many savannalike habitats (Anderson 1983; Taft 1997). Savannas are characterized by scattered, open-grown trees, with or without shrubs, and a continuous herbaceous ground cover typically dominated by graminoid species (grasses and sedges) and numerous forbs. Density and percent cover of trees varies and is intermediate between open prairie and closed woodland or forest; the canopy cover is less than 80% but greater than 10%. In the dissected terrain of major river valleys, savannas often occurred associated with a mixture of vegetation types including prairie, woodland, and forest. Midwestern savannalike habitats have several unifying characteristics. These include: 1) open-canopied structure (relative to closed forest); 2) canopy dominance by a few species of oaks; 3) a ground cover usually rich in species associated with tallgrass prairie; 4) a majority of floristic diversity contained in the groundcover; and 5) dependence on fire and other disturbances for maintenance of diversity and stability. Oak-dominated systems particularly appear dependent on periodic fire for persistence (Lorimer 1985; Abrams 1992). In a period of a few decades of fire absence, savannas in the Midwest were altered through vegetational changes and habitat destruction. There was a rapid conversion of open savanna to closed woodland and forest. The once widespread oak savannas have become among the rarest plant communities (e.g., Curtis 1959; White 1978; Nelson 1985). Presently in the Midwest, former savanna and open-woodland areas can still be recognized locally by the

55 form and density of the oldest trees in closed woodland. Some small remnants persist where woody encroachment has been retarded (though not stopped) by droughty edaphic conditions. In addition, many savannalike areas have been structurally maintained by livestock grazing. However, typically, under these circumstances, the ground cover is dominated by non-native species.

Three savanna subclasses are recognized in Illinois: savanna (generally on fine-textured soils), sand savanna, and barrens (local inclusions of a prairie flora within an otherwise forested landscape) (White and Madany 1978). Savanna subclasses are further distinguished to community type by soil moisture characteristics. While savannas on fine-textured soils may have occurred in the KRAA prior to settlement, only dry sand savannas and dry-mesic sand savannas are known from the area today. These communities sometimes merge imperceptibly with open sand forest and sand prairie habitats.

Compared with other habitat types, relatively few threatened and endangered plant species appear to be dependent on savanna habitats. Floristically, savannas contain species of both prairie and open woodlands, though many taxa appear to reach their greatest frequency in transitional (ecotonal) areas such as savannas.

Fire absence, fragmentation, habitat degradation (in particular, heavy grazing), and exotic species are primary ecological problems associated with savanna habitats. Areas of former savanna, and possibly barrens, may occur in the KRAA that could be restored or at least rehabilitated with prompt vegetation management. Restoration activities, including brush cutting, prescribed fire, and exotic species control, have been long under way at two sites in the KRAA that have many savanna characteristics. The following community descriptions are generalized depictions of the (former) undegraded condition.

Sand Savanna

As the name implies, the soils in this community subclass are sandy. They are sometimes associated with dune and swale topography, either ancient dunes or beach ridges. The undulating topography may have limited the severity of fires and allowed a savanna to develop instead of a sand prairie. The herbaceous cover is similar to that of sand prairies, and the two community types can intergrade. A total of 827 acres of high-quality sand savanna remain in the KRAA, making this the natural community subclass with the largest high-quality acreage in the area, or 0.06% of the KRAA (Table 6). This is about 66% to 69%, respectively, of the undegraded dry to dry-mesic sand savanna known in Illinois. If one takes into consideration known Grade C sites, the figure jumps to 1,814 acres. Sand savannas in the KRAA are restricted to the Kankakee Sand Area (Figure 3).

Dry Sand Savanna - This community is found on the crests of the highest ancient sand dunes. Herbaceous vegetation generally is shorter than one meter. A total of 465 acres of high-quality dry sand savanna occurs in five sites in the KRAA, which is a total of 65.6%

56 of the dry sand savanna of Illinois (Table 6). Much of this community is in the Iroquois County State Conservation Area.

Characteristic plants include the dominant tree black oak,and the grasses and sedge sand reed, poverty oat grass, June grass, little bluestem, and porcupine grass, and Pennsylvania sedge. Forbs include partridge pea, common day flower, prairie coreopsis, grass-leaved goldenrod, hawkweed, wild lupine, horsemint, cleft phlox, and goat's rue. Shrubs include smooth sumac, dwarf sumac, and the trailing dewberry.

Six T&E plant species (Table 10) may occur in the dry sand savanna natural community in the KRAA: oval milkweed, sweetfern, savanna blazing star, northern panic grass, hemlock panic grass, and ear-leafed foxglove.

Dry-mesic Sand Savanna - This community type typically occurs on a lower topographic position compared with dry sand savanna, and often on northern or eastern dune slopes. Plant diversity is somewhat greater compared with dry sand savanna. A total of 362 acres of Grade A and B high-quality dry-mesic sand savanna occur within the KRAA (Table 6).

Characteristic plants include the dominant trees white oak, bur oak, and black oak. The grasses and sedge little bluestem, Indian grass, porcupine grass, and Pennsylvania sedge. Forbs include flax-leaved aster, clammy false foxglove, and wild lupine. Shrubs are New Jersey tea, smooth sumac, blackberry, prairie willow, and low-bush blueberry.

Eight plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB may occur in the dry-mesic sand savanna natural community in the KRAA: oval milkweed, sweetfern, savanna blazing star, northern panic grass, hemlock panic grass, ear-leafed foxglove, buffalo clover, and primrose violet.

Wetland

There are about 17,463 acres of wetland within the KRAA, or about 1.4% ofthe total area (Table 3). Wetland community class types in the KRAA, following natural community classification of White and Madany (1978), include floodplain forests (about 54.3% of total wetland present in the KRAA), marsh (33.8%), sedge meadows (1.3%), swamp «0.1 %), and seep and springs «0.1 %) (Table II). Wetlands in the KRAA are concentrated along the major riparian corridors (Figure 8). About 248 acres of wetland 0.4% of wetland total), mostly sedge meadow, are recognized as hig- quality and undegraded natural communities (Table 6). Floodplain forests were described previously under the Forest community class. The most extensive wetlands in the KRAA are the Momence Wetlands, which have been discussed and mapped by Mitsch et al. (1979).

57 Marsh

Marshes are palustrine wetlands characterized by having water at or near the surface during most of the growing season and are dominated by herbaceous vegetation, with organic (usually muck) or mineral soils (White and Madany 1978). These were formed mostly in glacial potholes, river valleys, and on lake plains. A total of about 5,909 acres (34% of wetland area, 0.4% of total area) of emergent marsh vegetation occur in the KRAA (Table 3). Six acres of marsh vegetation are recognized by the INAI as high quality and undegraded; this is 0.3% of the high-quality acreage for the community in Illinois (Table 6). In general, the deeper the water, the lower the plant species diversity.

Characteristic grasses and grass-like species include the grasses fowl manna grass, white grass, and reed canary grass, and the sedges meadow sedge, sedge (Carex hystricina), river sedge, spike rush (Eleocharis erythropoda), great bulrush, bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens and S. vaIMus), river bulrush, and red bulrush. Common forbs include swamp milkweed, beggar ticks, water parsnip, horsetail, common boneset, blue flag, rushes, seedbox, marsh purslane, common water horehound, field mint, clearweed, water smartweed, mermaid weed, pale dock, arrowleaf, narrow-leaved cattail, and common cat-tail. Black willow is a common small tree associated with marshes in the KRAA.

Eight plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB may occur in or at the margins of the marsh natural community in the KRAA: tall sunflower, shore St. John's-wort, beaked rush, hairy marsh yellow cress, bulrush (Scirpus hattorianus), American burreed, green-fruited burreed, marsh speedwell.

Ecological problems in marsh include siltation, altered flooding regimes, invasion of exotic species, and over-abundance of aggressive, disturbance-tolerant native species. Siltation and altered flooding regime can reduce the integrity of a marsh. When changes in flooding dynamics result in increased frequency and/or duration of flooding, species intolerant of the new levels will decline and species tolerant of the new levels will increase. Increasers under conditions of siltation and increased flooding often include reed canary grass, common red reed; river bulrush, and common cattail.

Compared with upland habitats, relatively few exotic species are present in wetland communities (Havera et al. 1994). However, a few taxa (e.g., purple loosestrife and glossy buckthorn) are serious pests that can threaten the diversity of a wetland site; the latter is not yet frequent in the KRAA.

Swamp

Shrub Swamp - A shrub swamp is a wetland with at least 50% cover of shrubs (White and Madany 1978). A portion of some marsh and seep complexes in the KRAA are partially dominated by shrubs and may qualify for this distinct natural community designation.

58 Two acres of shrub swamp community in the KRAA are considered high quality, which is 0.7% of the high-quality shrub swamp area remaining in Illinois (Table 6).

Species composition includes many grasses, sedges, and forbs from the marsh community type (Appendix A and above). However, shrubs are dominant and include these species: false indigo bush, button bush, alternate-leaved dogwood, pale dogwood, gray dogwood, red-osier dogwood, pussy willow, and sandbar willow. Five plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB may occur in the shrub swamp natural community in the KRAA: ground pine, wood orchid, northern gooseberry, New York fern, and star-flower, a species of mesic upland forests generally bordering swamps.

Ecological problems are similar to the marsh community type.

Sedge Meadow

A sedge meadow is a wetland dominated by sedges (especially Carex spp.) on peat, muck, or wet sand. There is some floristic overlap between this and the wet prairie due to the abundance of water as well as exposure to full sunlight. A total of 223 acres of Grade B, high-quality sedge meadow is known from the KRAA(Table 6). This is 32.9% of the high-quality sedge meadow known from llIinois, and 1.3% of all of the wetlands present.

Plants include the characteristically dominant strict sedge as well as other sedges (Carex lacustris and Carex lanuginosa), spike rush; the grasses blue-joint grass and prairie cord grass, and the forbs swamp aster, white turtlehead, cinnamon willow herb, spotted Joe Pye-weed, rough avens, rushes, common mountain mint, and marsh St. John's-wort.

Two T&E plant species (Table 10) may occur in the sedge meadow natural community in the KRAA: tall sunflower and slender bog arrowgrass - a species of spring runs and sedge meadows. Most listed sedges are actually to be sought in the mesic prairies and mesic sand prairies.

Seep and Spring

Seep - Seeps are wetland communities characterized by a constant diffuse flow of ground water, typically from the lower portions of slopes of glacial moraines, ravines, and terraces (White and Madany 1978). The water chemistry of the ground water controls to some extent species composition and is influenced by the material it flows through. A tree cover is sometimes present at seeps. In Illinois, five different seep community types are recognized: seeps are circumneutral and occur where the ground water is not strongly influenced by bedrock or parent material chemistry; acid (gravel) seeps occur associated with sandstone bedrock or gravel; calcareous seeps occur where the ground water is mineralized by alkaline bedrock (e.g., limestone) and/or soil parent materials like glacial drift; sand seeps emerge from sand deposits and may be calcareous, acid, or neutral;

59 spring communities occur where a channel is .formed. Seeps are localized in the KRAA and are most commonly associated with the forested riparian areas bordering the Kankakee River. Three acres of Grade B seeps are known from the KRAA west of Kankakee State Park, in Will County (Table 6, 3.2% of all high-quality acreage of this natural Community known to remain in Illinois).

Characteristic trees and shrubs include false indigo bush, alternate leaved dogwood, pale dogwood, green ash, spicebush, and pussy willow. Herbaceous species include a diverse assortment of grass and grass-like plants and forb species including sweet flag, angelica, cowslip, sedge (earex hystricina), strict sedge, white turtlehead, common horsetail, scouring rush, cinnamon willow herb, common boneset, green-stemmed Joe Pye-weed, fowl manna grass, rush (funcus brachycephalus), spotted touch-me-not, rice cutgrass, fringed loosestrife, whorled loosestrife, meadow parsnip, grass of parnassus, swamp wood betony, clearweed, lizard's tail, marsh club moss, rough-leaf goldenrod, and skunk cabbage.

Six plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB and one watch list species may occur in the seep natural community in the KRAA: forked aster, small yellow lady's slipper, butternut, running pine, New York fern, slender bog arrowgrass (a species of spring runs and sedge meadows) and white camass (a species of calcareous seeps). .

Ecological problems associated with seeps include degradation by overgrazing and alterations to the watershed that influence ground-water discharge. Exotic species include creeping Charlie, self heal, water cress, and narrow-leaved cattail.

Lake and Pond

Lakes and ponds are open-water habitats. In the KRAA there are both natural and artificial examples of ponds; lakes do not occur (Figure 9). Two acres of ponds at two ponds (one in Will Co., the other in Kankakee Co.) are graded as Grade A quality ponds.

Pond (natural)

Natural ponds include shallow-water wetlands that are not excavated or impounded. In Illinois, the term pond can include backwater sloughs connected to major rivers, as in the case of those along the Kankakee River, as well as sand ponds, which may not contain water all year. Because sand ponds may be intermittent, most of their species are listed in the wet mesic sand prairie natural community instead. Two high-quality natural pond remnants are known from the KRAA (Table 6). Most other ponds probably have been degraded by livestock or other agricultural activities.

Typical aquatic species of natural ponds include coontail, duckweed, yellow pond lily, white water lily, pondweeds, common cattail, and common bladderwort. The shrubs

60 button bush and swamp rose along with the grasses and forbs long-leaved ammania, false nettle, flatsedges, spike rushes, creeping love grass, rushes, white grass, seed box, marsh purslane, smartweeds, tooth-cup, and bulrushes are often found at pond margins.

Eight plant species listed (Table 10) as threatened or endangered by the IESPB may occur in and at the margins of the pond and sand pond natural community in the KRAA: golden corydalis, hairy marsh yellow cress, Hall's bulrush, weak bulrush, American burreed, green-fruited burree, large cranberry, and marsh speedwell.

Ecological problems include dredging, drainage, degradation from livestock use, and siltation.

Stream

Streams are permanent flowing waters. The two natural communities recognized, creek and river, are recognized on the basis of size; a creek has a watershed < 200 sq. mi. (520 sq. kID) and a river has a watershed> 200 sq. mi. (520 sq. kID). Plants are generally infrequent in this natural comunity due to the scouring effects of rushing floods. Calm waters in backwaters along creeks and rivers would generally be classified as ponds. River banks are generally classified as part of floodplain forests, and include the woody plants. Open streams occur in the KRAA, the most prominent being the Kankakee and Iroquois Rivers and their tributaries (Figure 9).

Plants characteristic of streams and their immediate margins include the forbs water willow, nodding beggar ticks, false pimpernel, pondweeds, arrowleaf, American bulrush, and American burreed.

River

Medium-gradient river - The Kankakee river is classified as a medium-gradient river.

Creek

Low and Medium gradient Creeks - Several significant creeks also occur in the KRAA. Their associated plants are a mixture of riverine, marsh, and floodplain forest species.

Primary Habitats

This community class includes natural communities where soil is thin or absent and the parent material is near the surface, and the communities are maintalned indefinitely at an early stage of succession by the substrate or natural disturbance. Primary subclasses include lake shore, glade and cliff. No glades or lake shores are present within the KRAA. However, small exposures of dolomitic limestone cliffs are present.

61 Cliff

This natural community subclass includes vertical exposures of resistant bedrock as well as unconsolidated associated materials. The communities are delimited based upon the type of rock present.

Dolomite cliff community - The substrate of the dolomite cliff community is dolomite, a hard form of limestone (calcium carbonate with other minerals). These are limited to stream valleys in the northern part of Illinois and are exposed to some extent along the Kankakee river within the KRAA. A total of 25 acres of high quality dolomite cliff community are known from the KRAA (Table 6); no figures are available on the total acreage of the community in Illinois. Plant species tend to be adapted to drought, high pH, and must be able to root in crevices of the rock. However, the sparse soil in the dolomite crevices is very fertile due to the high mineral content of the rock.

Characteristic plants include the ferns walking fern, berry bladder fern, smooth cliff brake; the forbs columbine, smooth rock cress, American spikenard, Short's aster, harebell, white snakeroot, clearweed, three-leaved stonecrop, broadleaf goldenrods, and the shrubs and vines ninebark and poison ivy; and occasional trees red oak and basswood.

Three plant species (Table 10) listed as threatened or endangered by the IESPB may occur in the dolomite cliffs natural community in the KRAA: slender sandwort and two species of com salad (Valerianella chenopodiifolia and V. umbilicata).

Few exotic species pose problems in dolomite cliff communities and there are no salient ecological problems. However, the quarrying of dolomite for agricultural use is a potential destructive force, and rock climbing may degrade the community and damage species populations.

Cave

A cave is a feature formed by a geological collapse or solution of bedrock, and there is generally a portion not penetrated by sunlight. There are no plants characteristic of this community, and therefore no T&E plant species, though elements of the dolomitic cliffs community may be found at the mouth of a cave.

Cave

Terrestrial Cave - Caves are known in Kankakee County. They are solution caves in dolomitic limestone.

62 Cultural Habitats

This class describes communities formed by human disturbance and includes cropland, pastureland, successional fields, developed land, tree plantations, artificial lakes and ponds, and prairie reconstructions. In terms of natural quality, they are all extremely poor, with Grade D or E. The cultural community results from the destruction of natural communities by people. This is the major community class in the KRAA comprising about 1,035,297 acres, or 80% of the total land area

No threatened or endangered species are known from cultural habitats in the KRAA unless intentionally introduced. These areas impose some of the most challenging ecological problems for natural habitats in the KRAA (see discussion below). One exception is the prairie reconstruction, termed prairie restoration by the INAI (White and Madany 1978). This is the only community type mentioned below (briefly) since it is the only example in the cultural community class of an effort to create a natural community.

Characteristic plants of this community class are introduced weedy species (designated by * in Appendix A) and invasive early successional species. Occasionally a large tree will remain from earlier times as a boundary marker tree giving a hint of the presence of a pre-agricultural natural community. It is not unusual for one-third of the plant species of an agricultural region such as the KRAA to be exotic, non-native species. A total of 23% of the species in the KRAA are introduced exotic species though several (such as com, soybeans, and Kentucky bluegrass) dominate the landscape.

Prairie Restoration - Typically, prairie reconstructions are plantings of prairie species on grassland soils where the original natural community has been destroyed. Prairie species are planted, sometimes in an effort to produce a warm-season grassland and sometimes with the goal of attempting to recreate the original prairie community. Prairie reconstructions often are species poor and are strongly dominated by a few species. An unknown number of prairie reconstructions exist within the KRAA. None have developed into communities that mimic undegraded tallgrass prairie in species richness or structure.

T&E plant species may be present if intentionally introduced.

Summary and Recommendations

Trends in the Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) among the terrestrial community classes of Forest, Prairie, Savanna, and Wetland, including all natural communities within these classes, indicate that habitat loss exceeds statewide averages. Habitat degradation among remnants of these community classes exceeds statewide rates for all classes except Savanna. The savannas (specifically, sand savannas) have fared better. Well over half of the undegraded sand savannas in the state are in the KRAA.

63 A top priority from the point of view of vegetation conservation would be to carefully manage and rehabilitate the small number of vegetation remnants, to protect and propagate the threatened and endangered plant species, to search for and study any natural community remnants not yet inventoried, and to add additional buffer zones of significant acreage to all remaining natural areas.

Despite the availability of a great deal of descriptive information regarding natural communities in the KRAA, there remain many knowledge gaps, particularly the distribution, abundance, qualitative condition, and ecological trends among remnants. This is particularly true for silt-loam prairies, formerly the most abundant community class in the basin. Though floristic information is, available for the few remnants, there is a lack of quantitative data. Further, since remnants tend to have floristic differences (no two sites are the same), the fact that so little prairie remains suggests we have a poor resolution of the original (presettlement) species diversity for the KRAA. Particularly lacking are data on wet and wet-mesic prairies, natural communities that were formerly common. In addition, little information is available on the sand flatwoods community and the shrub prairie community in the KRAA, as the species list (Appendix A) shows. It is doubtful that the lists reflect a true species composition for these communities. Additional survey efforts in the KRAA may identify new populations of threatened or endangered species and noteworthy remnants of natural communities.

Many of the most challenging conservation issues in the KRAA are addressed primarily at the community and ecosystem levels. Serious ecological problems threaten the long term maintenance of biodiversity in the KRAA. Throughout the natural community descriptions for the KRAA are consistent references to a set of related ecological problems. These are habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation, exotic species invasion, and, for several community types, fire absence. The following five steps are recommended as an approach for gaining further insights of the natural communities in the KRAA and developing a plan for the long-term maintenance of biodiversity.

1. Inventory - The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) provides data on the distribution and abundance of statewide-significant natural communities. However, many natural communities 'occur in Illinois that, though they do not meet the critical qualitative standards of the INAI for undegraded and statewide-significant natural areas, contain regionally noteworthy and exceptional natural features. Many natural communities in the KRAA, though somewhat degraded, retain relatively high levels of ecological integrity and have potential for further improvement through restoration efforts. Since the INAI sites are few and small in total area, the somewhat degraded but restorable natural communities that remain are critical for the long-term maintenance of biodiversity in the region. Remnants among all community classes (e.g., forest, prairie, savanna, wetland) need to be identified. For example, since no high-quality dry-mesic, wet-mesic, or wet tallgrass prairie remnants are known from the KRAA, identification of the degraded remnants is central to any recovery effort for these community types. Floristic Integrity Assessment, a method for evaluating the natural quality of habitat remnants that employs numerous parameters of community characteristics (including

64 floristic inventory data and INAI grades), is a promising technique for distinguishing remnants of native vegetation that have restoration potential (Taft et al. 1997). Moreover, funding for basic field inventories of the remaining plant species in the area should be increased to ensure that there is accurate data on what plants actually occur in the assessment area today. Habitat management cannot be conducted properly without being aware of all of the species that are present and are likely to be affected by such management.

2. Map - All results from natural community inventory efforts should be categorized and mapped to provide a spatial context for the locations of habitats with differing ecological condition. This will aid in identifying concentrations of noteworthy natural communities that can serve as focus areas. Trends in total area of each community class among qualitative units would serve as an aid in measuring success in restoration efforts (see below).

3. Protection - The natural communities with the greatest integrity need to be protected from further human-caused degradation (e.g., damaging levels of grazing, off-road vehicle impacts, soil grading in railroad-rights-of-way). Inventory and mapping in the basin will aid in the prioritization of protection efforts. Highly isolated remnants pose distinct conservation and protection challenges compared with clusters of restorable natural communities. Staff of the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission are familiar with the various protection options and incentives for private landowners.

4. Identification and prioritization of ecological problems - As previously indicated, a host of related ecological problems are consistently present among remnant natural communities in the KRAA (habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation, exotic species invasion, and fire absence). Some problems can be addressed more readily than others.

Habitat fragmentation is a widespread problem with potentially devastating consequences for ecological integrity, often resulting in an interruption of biological interactions, ecological processes, species migrations, and a reduction in habitat heterogeneity (Wilcove et al. 1986). A consequence, typically, is loss of species diversity. However, "solutions" to restoring biological connectivity and ecosystem-level process are extraordinarily complex and costly if the goal is to re-create corridors for all species among regional habitats. High levels of fragmentation may impose limits on maintaining or enhancing biodiversity in the longterrn.

In contrast, habitat degradation is a widespread problem that can be slowed and/or minimized at many sites by removing the degradation factor (e.g., grazing, soil disturbances), although restoration to predisturbance condition in severe cases may require intensive vegetation management. It is difficult to find a private woodland in Illinois that does not bear indications of past cattle grazing. The effects of overgrazing can be persistent. Certain species (e.g., many ferns, orchids, trilliums, blue cohosh, bellflower, bloodroot, several grass and sedge species) appear to be sensitive to grazing disturbance and are often absent while certain grazing increasers (e.g., unpalatable

65 species, thorn-bearing species, and plants with bristly fruits) are dominant. For instance, a typical situation in lllinois woodlands is a ground-cover and shrub flora dominated by common snakeroot, white snakeroot, buckbrush, Missouri gooseberry, blackberry, Virginia creeper, and the exotic garlic mustard. Usually, confounding influences such as grazing, increased shade, and siltation or other soil disturbances are involved.

Exotic species invasion can be considered both a species-level and a community-level problem. Some community-level management activities address more than one ecological problem. For example, garlic mustard invasion can be reversed with appropriately timed applications offire (Nuzzo 1991; Schwartz and Heim 1996). Other serious exotic pests such as purple loosestrife require direct treatment or biological control (Thompson et al. 1987; Malecki et al. 1993). Exotic species known to pose severe ecological problems occur in the KRAA. Recommended control measures are summarized in Table 12.

Table 12. List of invasive exotic species known or suspected to occur in the Headwaters Assessment Area, and recommended eradication methods'.

Cut & Apply Foliar Cut &/or Coverw/ Stump,Treatmt Herbicide Prescribed Hand Pull Dig Bio- Black Species Herbicide Application Fire (get root) Root Control Plastic

Adam's needle ? ? X Amur honeysuckle X asparagus· X X awnless bromegrass X black locust X - Garlon 4 Canadian blue grass X common lilac X common periwinkle X X common yarrow X X Cyprus spurge ? X X garlic mustard X X X glossy buckthorn X ground ivy X ? X Kentucky bluegrass X meadow fescue X X X moneywort X ? motherwort ? X X multiflora rose X orange day lily X X X Osage orange X purple loosetrife X X X queen Anne's lace X white mulberry X white poplar X X white sweet clover X X wild parsnip' X X X yellow sweet clover X X

I The recommended herbicide is typically Round-up (glyphosate) except for black locust (Solecki 1997). 2 This species has phototoxic properties and skin contact should be avoided.

66 Fire is an ecological force that historically influenced many aspects of natural communities in the KRAA. Many community types require fire for maintenance of community characteristics and diversity. Fire absence has resulted in changes in forest structure, composition, and diversity. Invasion of mesophytic species, such as sugar maple into oak-hickory forests, is a statewide phenomenon related to fire absence also occurring in central Illinois and the KRAA. Many forests in Illinois are dominated in the canopy by oaks but have few oak saplings. Rather, shade-tolerant (and fire intolerant) species like sugar maple often are extraordinarily more common and dense than prior to settlement. An obvious consequence of this change is the possible loss of oak woodlands and the plant and wildlife species that depend on them. A rich assemblage of spring wildflowers can still be found in some woodlands because these spring ephemerals largely escape the ensuing shade of the dense overstory and thus selectively persist while typically only a few shade-tolerant species can be found in the summer and fall. Also, the spring flora often has been spared direct effects of cattle grazing because livestock historically were rotated to fescue pastures during spring months. Infrequent applications of prescribed fire appear unlikely to reverse these trends. Rather, a long-term program of repeated applications of prescribed fire is often necessary before compositional stability is achieved. Nevertheless, prescribed fires can be used in a wide variety of remnants and community types, at little cost, and achieve measurable improvements in many parameters of ecosystem integrity.

5. Application of appropriate vegetation management - Once the ecological problems for a natural community are identified and prioritized according to restoration effort and gain, a program of vegetation management needs to be implemented. Record keeping is vital to tracking activities and levels of success in implementing each treatment plan. Floristic Quality Assessment (Taft et al. 1997) methods may provide a framework that is useful in measuring progress of each restoration activity.

67 j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j

J Birds

Introduction

Information in this section is derived from standard references of illinois, including the Illinois Natural Heritage Database (illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997), The Illinois Breeding Bird Atlas (Illinois Department of Natural Resources, in prep), Avian Ecological Investigations (Illinois Department of Natural Resources, unpublished reports), and the results of extensive field work by personnel from the Illinois Natural History Survey (much of it ongoing and not yet published).

The Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) currently has a typical bird species list for eastern and central Illinois, but this list has the potential to contain major breeding populations of birds of savannas, forested wetlands, grasslands and emergent wetlands. At least 249 of the 299 species (80%) that regularly occur in the state (not including vagrants) can be found in the KRAA (Table 13). Of these, 142 breed or formerly bred in the KRAA area (Table 13). Of these 142,43 are either locally extinct or are extremely rare in the area during the breeding season (species with a "r" in Table 13), which suggests that habitat loss has been a major problem in the area. Several other globally extinct species (Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius, and Carolina Parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis) formerly occurred in the KRAA area, as did other species that are extinct or nearly so in Illinois (e.g., Bachman's Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis; Bewick's Wren, Thryothorus bewickii; and Swallow-tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus). At least one locally extirpated species, the Wild Turkey, has been reestablished in the basin. Many wetland species that are rare or locally extirpated have the potential to recolonize the area if wetlands are restored and enhanced in the basin and in adjoining sites in Indiana (e.g., Cornmon Moorhen, Pied-billed Grebe, Great Egret, Yellow crowned and Black-crowned Night Herons, Black and King Rails, Least and American Bitterns, Greater Sandhill Crane).

The major existing habitats, other than agricultural and urban areas, are the upland forests and shrublands of Kankakee River State Park, the forested wetlands of the Momence wetlands, and the savannas and grasslands of the Iroquois County Conservation Area. Extensive savannas also exist on private lands in the Kankakee sands area. The Hooper Branch savanna contains one of the finest savannas in Illinois. Currently, most forested tracts are likely too small and narrow to contain successfully reproducing populations of such species as Wood Thrushes and Scarlet Tanagers (Brawn and Robinson 1996). As such, the KRAA areas may not be a good place to focus on the conservation of upland breeding forest birds, although migrating birds make extensive use of these upland forests. Birds of grasslands, shrublands, and savannas, however, are generally more resistant to the effects of fragmentation and should be the primary targets of restoration and conservation in the area.

69 The bird ,pecies that live in the KRAA are ecologically diverse, and although some species are able to live in a variety of habitats, many species are adapted to living in only one or a few habitats (Table 13). The sections following Table 13 describe the bird communities typically found in the major habitat types of the KRAA, as well as the unique environmental problems and management solutions for bird communities in each habitat.

Table 13. Bird species that regularly occur in the Kankakee River Asessment Area. These are species that are likely to be present all or most years. This list excludes extinct species and the many wandering or "vagrant" species that have been recorded in the area. The purpose is to list only those species that have or could have significant populations in the area. The table also lists the habitats that are most likely to be occupied during each season.

Species'" Breeding3.,., Winter'·6 Migrant'"

Common Loon L Gavia immer Pied-billed Grebe - ST LW'l) LW Podilymbus podiceps Horned Grebe L Podiceps auritus Double-crested Cormorant - ST L Phalarocorax auritus American Bittern - SE W(r) W Botaurus lentiginosus Least Bittern - SE w(r) W Ixobrychus exilis Great Blue Heron LWFsF LW LW Ardea herodias Great Egret - ST LW Ardeaalbus • Snowy Egret - SE W Egretta thula Little Blue Heron· SE LW Egretta caerulea Cattle Egret CGW Bubulcus ibis Green Heron LWFs LWFs Butorides virescens Black-crowned Night-Heron - SE LWFs'l) FsW Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow-crowned Night-Heron - ST WFS'l) Fs Nycticorax violaceus Mute Swan LW'l) LW Cygnus olor Tundra Swan LW Cygnus columbianus

70 Table 13. Continued

Species'" Breeding'·6.7 Winter'·' Migrant'·6

Greater White-fronted Goose LW LW Anser albifrons Snow Goose LC LWC Chen caerulescens Canada Goose LWC LWCR LWCR Brama canadensis Wood Duck FsW FsWL Aix sponsa Green-winged Teal w(r) WL Anas crecca American Black Duck WLFsC Anas rubripes Mallard WCLFsG WCLFs WCLFs Anas platyrhynchos Northern Pintail w(r) WCL Anas acuta Blue-winged Teal WG WL Anas discors Northern Shoveler we,) WL Anas clypeata Gadwall WL Anas strepera American Wigeon WL Anas americana Canvasback LW Aythya valisineria Redhead LW Aythya americana Ring-necked Duck LW Aythya collaris Greater Scaup LW Aythya marila Lesser Scaup LW Aythya affinis Oldsquaw L Clangula hyemalis Surf Seater L Melanitta perspicillata White-winged Seater L L Melanittafusca Common Goldeneye L L Bucephala clangula Bufflehead L LW Bucephala albeola

71 Table 13. Continued

Species 1.2 Breeding]·6., Winter'·6 Migrant'"

Hooded Merganser Fs (,) LFsW Lophodytes cucullatus Common Merganser L L Mergus merganser Red-breasted Merganser LW Mergus serrator Ruddy Duck LW Oxyura jamaicensis Turkey Vulture FGCFs Say FGCFs Say FGC S SayFs Cathartes aura Osprey - SE L Pandion haliaetus Bald Eagle - SE, FT L L Haliaeetus leucocephalus Northern Harrier - SE GW(') GCW GCW Circus cyaneus Sharp-shinned Hawk - SE F(rj FS RFs Say FS RFsSay Accipiter striatus Cooper's Hawk FS Say FS RSay FS RSay Accipiter cooperii Northern Goshawk FS FSWL Accipiter gentilis Red-shouldered Hawk· SE Fs (r) Fs Fs Buteo lineatus Broad-winged Hawk F (r) F Buteo platypterus Red-tailed Hawk FCGRS FCGRS FCGRS Buteo jamaicensis Rough-legged Hawk CG Buteo lagopus Golden Eagle FSG Aquila chrysaetos American Kestrel RCGSay RC GSay RCGSay Falco sparverius Merlin All Falco columbarius Peregrine Falcon - SE, FE All Falco peregrinus * Ring-necked Pheasant CGS CGS CGS Phasianus colchicus Wild Turkey F S SayFs FS Say Fs C FS Say Fs C Meleagris gallopavo Northern Bobwhite S GCSay S GC Say S GC Say Colinus virginianus

72 Table 13. Continued

Species!. 2 Breeding'·6., Winter'·6 Migrant,·6

Yellow Rail - SE GW Coturnicops noveboracensis King Rail· ST GW,e' GW Rallus elegans Virginia Rail W(rj WG Rallus limicola Sora W tr) WG Porzana carolina Common Moorhen - ST W,e) W Gallinula chloropus American Coot W(r) L WL Fulica americana Sandhill Crane· SE WGC Grus canadensis Black-bellied Plover LW Pluvialis squatarola American Golden-Plover WLCG Pluvialis dominica Semipalmated Plover W Charadrius semipalmatus Killdeer WRGC WRGC Charadrius vociferus Greater Yellowlegs W Tringa melanoleuca Lesser Yellowlegs W Tringa flavipes Solitary Sandpiper W Tringa solitaria Willet W Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Spotted Sandpiper L W Actitis macularia Upland Sandpiper - SE G ,e' G Bartramia longicauda Hudsonian Godwit W Limosa haemastica Ruddy Turnstone W Arenaria interpres Sanderling W Calidris alba Semipalmated Sandpiper W Calidris pusilla Western Sandpiper W Calidris mauri

73 Table 13. Continued

Species'·2 Breeding"'" Winter'" Migrant'"

Least Sandpiper W Calidris minutilla White-romped Sandpiper W Calidris fuscicollis Baird's Sandpiper WG Calidris bairdii Pectoral Sandpiper CWG Calidris melanotos Dunlin W CaLidris alpina Stilt Sandpiper W Calidris himantopus Buff-breasted Sandpiper WG Tryngites subruficollis Short-billed Dowitcher W Limnodromus griseus Long-billed Dowitcher W Limnodromus scolopaceus Common Snipe W(') WG Gallinago gallinago American Woodcock FFs S FFs S Scolopax minor Wilson's Phalarope - SE LW Phalaropus tricolor Red-necked Phalarope LW Phalaropus lobatus Franklin's Gull LWC Larus pipixcan Bonaparte's Gull LWC Larus philadelphia Ring-billed Gull LW(') LWC LWC Larus delawarensis Herring Gull L WLC Larus argentatus Caspian Tern L Sterna caspia Common Tern - SE L Sterna hirundo Forster's Tern - SE LW Sterna forsteri Black Tern - SE LW Chilidonias niger * Rock Dove RC RC RC Columba Livia

74 Table 13. Continued

Species 1.2 Breeding'·6., Winter'·6 Migrant'·6

* Eurasian Collared-Dove R R R Streptopelia decaocto * Ringed Turtle-Dove R R R Streptopelia roseogrisia Mourning Dove RCS RCS RCS Zenaida macroura Black-billed Cuckoo S F S Say Coccyzus erythropthalmus Yellow-billed Cuckoo F S Fs Say F S Fs Say Coccyzus americanus Barn Owl-SE C G R Say ,,' CGSav CGSav Tyto alba Eastern Screech-Owl RSSav RS Say RSSav Otus asio Great Homed Owl FCRFs Say FCRFs Say FCRFs Say Bubo virginianus Snowy Owl C Nyctea scandiaca Barred Owl FFs FFs FFs Strix varia Long-eared Owl· SE FS'" FS FS Asia otus Short-eared Owl - SE G(r) G G Asia flammeus Northern Saw-whet Owl FFs'" FS FS Aegolius acadicus Common Nighthawk RSav RGC Chordeiles minor Whip-poor-will FSav FSav Caprimulgus vociferus Chimney Swift RF S Fs Say All Chaetura pelagica Ruby-throated Hummingbird F S RFs Say F SRFsSav Archilochus colubris Belted Kingfisher LW LW LW Ceryle alcyon Red-headed Woodpecker FsRC FFs Say FFsC RSav Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-bellied Woodpecker FFs S R Say FFs S RSav FFs S R Say Melanerpes carolinus Yellow-bellied Sapsucker FFs ,,' FFsRSav FFsRSav Sphyrapicus varius Downy Woodpecker FFs R S Say FFs R S Say FFs R S Say Picoides pubescens

75 Table 13. Continued

Species'" Breeding'·6., Winter'"' Migrant'·6

Hairy Woodpecker FFs Say R FFs R S Say FFs R S Say P;co;des vWosus Northern Flicker S FRSav Fs S FR Say Fs S FR Say Fs Colaptes auratus Pileated Woodpecker F Fs Say I') FFsSavR FFsSavR Dryocopus pllemus Olive-sided Flycatcher FFs R S Say Contopus cooper; Eastern Wood-Pewee FFs R Say FFs R Say Contopus v;rens Yellow-bellied Flycatcher FS Fs Emp;donax j1av;ventr;s Acadian Flycatcher FFs FFs Emp;donax v;rescens Alder Flycatcher WSSav Emp;donax alnorum Willow Flycatcher WS WSSav Emp;donax traW;; Least Flycatcher F Say I') F SRFsSav Emp;donax m;n;mus Eastern Phoebe RFs RFs Sayorn;s phoebe Great Crested Flycatcher FFs Say FFs S R Say My;archus er;n;tus Eastern Kingbird S GC Say SGAFCSav Tyrannus tyrannus Horned Lark CG CG CG Eremophlla alpestr;s Purple Martin LRWG LWG Progne sub;s Tree Swallow LWFsG LWFsG Tachycineta bicolor Northern Rough-winged Swallow LWFsG LWG Stelg;dopteryx serr;penn;s Bank Swallow LWG LWG Ripar;a r;paria Cliff Swallow LWG") LWG Petrachelidon pyrrhonota Barn Swallow CRWLGS CRWLGS H;rundo rust;ca Blue Jay RFFsS C Say RFFsS C Say RFFsS CSav Cyanocitta cr;stata American Crow All All All Corvus brachyrhynchos

76 Table 13. Continued

Species l.2 Breeding]·6., Winter'·6 Migrant'·6

Black-capped Chickadee F S RFs Say FS RFsSay F S R Fs Say Poecile atricapillus Tufted Titmouse FRFs Say FRFsSay FR Fs Say Baeolophus bicolor Red-breasted Nuthatch FR(') R FR Sitta canadensis White-breasted Nuthatch FRFs Say FRFs Say FRFs Say Sitta carolinensis Brown Creeper - ST Fs (r) FFsR FFsR Certhia americana Carolina Wren RFFs S Say R F Fs S Say R FFs S Say Thryothorus ludovicianus House Wren RFS Say RFS Say Troglodytes aedon Winter Wren FFsW FFsW Troglodytes troglodytes Sedge Wren WG WG Cistothorus platensis Marsh Wren we,) W Cistothorus palustris Golden-crowned Kinglet FFs R Say FFsRSay Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned Kinglet FS Say Regulus calendula Blue-gray Gnatcatcher FFs S Say FFs S Say Polioptila caerulea Eastern Bluebird C GRS Say SFRCSay S FC GRSay Sialia sialis Veery -ST FFs (,) FFsRSay Catharus fuscescens Gray-cheeked Thrush FFsRSay Catharus minimus Swainson's Thrush FSRFsSay Catharus ustulatus Hermit Thrush S FRFs Say SFRFsSay Catharus guttatus Wood Thrush F FRFsSay Hylocichla mustelina American Robin R S FFs Say RS FFsSay RS FFsC GSay Turdus migratorius Gray Catbird S Fs R Say S Fs R Say Dumetella carolinensis Northern Mockingbird RS RS RS Mimus polyglottos

77 Table 13. Continued

Species 1.2 Breeding'·6., Winter'·6 Migrant'"

Brown Thrasher S RCG Say S RCSav Toxostoma rufum American Pipit CW Anthus rubescens Cedar Waxwing R S FFs Say R S FFs Say RS FFsSav Bombycilla cedrorum Northern Shrike GCS Lanius excubitor Loggerhead Shrike - ST GSC GSC GSC Lanius ludovicianus * European Starling RCFFs Say RC RC Sturnus vulgaris White-eyed Vireo S Fs Say S Fs Say Vireo griseus Bell's Vireo SG SG Vireo bellii Blue-headed Vireo F Say ,,) FFs Say Vireo solitarius Yellow-throated Vireo FFs FFsR Vireo flavifrons Warbling Vireo S RFs Say S RFFs Say Vireo gilvus Philadelphia Vireo SFRSav Vireo philadelphicus Red-eyed Vireo FFs Say FFs S RSav Vireo olivaceus Blue-winged Warbler S ,,) SFRSavFs Vermivora pinus Golden-winged Warbler S ,,) FSFsRSav Vermivora chrysoptera Tennessee Warbler FRS FsSav Vermivora peregrina Orange-crowned Warbler SFRSavFs Vermivora celata Nashville Warbler S FR Say Fs Vermivora ruficapilla Northern Parula FFsRSav Parula americana Yellow Warbler SW SWRSavFs Dendroica petechia Chestnut-sided Warbler S ,,) SFFsRSav Dendroica pensylvanica Magnolia Warbler F S RFsSav Dendroica magnolia

78 Table 13. Continued

Species I. 2 Breeding"'" Winter'" Migrant'"

Cape May Warbler R FFs Say Dendroica tigrina Black-throated Blue Warbler FRFs Say Dendroica caerulescens Yellow-rumped Warbler F Fs Say F S RFs Say Dendroica coronata Black-throated Green Warbler FRFs Say Dendroica virens Blackburnian Warbler FFsRSav Dendroica fusca Yellow-throated Warbler Fs C') FFs Dendroica dominica Pine Warbler FFs SavR Dendroica pinus Prairie Warbler S Dendroica discolor Palm Warbler Fs S F R W G Say C Dendroica palmarum Bay-breasted Warbler FRFs S Say Dendroica castanea Blackpoll Warbler FFsRS Say Dendroica striata Cerulean Warbler FFsC') FFsRSav Dendroica cerulea Black-and-white Warbler Fe,) FRFsSavS Mniotilta varia American Redstart Fs FFs S R Say Setophaga ruticilla Prothonotary Warbler Fs(r) Fs Protonotaria citrea Wonn-eating Warbler Fe) F Helmitheros vermivorus Ovenbird F FR S Say Seiurus aurocapillus Northern Waterthrush FsR Seiurus noveboracensis Louisiana Waterthrush F FFs Seiurus motacilla Kentucky Warbler F F Say Fs Oporomis formosus Connecticut Warbler S FFsSavR Oporomis agilis Mourning Warbler S FFsSavR Oporomis philadelphia

79 Table 13. Continued

Species'·2 Breeding3.,., Winter'" Migrant'"

Common Yellowthroat GCWSRSav GCWSRSav Geothlypis trichas Hooded Warbler F(rj FR Wilsonia citrina Wilson's Warbler S FFs R Say Wilsonia pusilla Canada Warbler F (" FFs S R Say Wi/sonia canadensis Yellow-breasted Chat S S Say Icteria virens Summer Tanager FSav FSavR Piranga rubra Scarlet Tanager FFs Say FFs Say R Piranga olivacea Northern Cardinal RFFsSC Say RFFs S C.Sav RFFsS C Say Cardinalis cardinalis Rose-breasted Grosbeak FFs Say S FFsRS Say Pheucticus ludovicianus Blue Grosbeak SavS(" SaYS Guiraca caerulea .Indigo Bunting F Fs S Say FFs S C Say Passerina cyanea Dickcissel GC GC Spiza americana Eastern Towhee SF SF SFFsR Pipilo erythrophthalmus American Tree Sparrow SGCR WSav S GCRWSav Spizella arborea Chipping Sparrow RF.Sav RFSavGS Spizella passerina Clay-colored Sparrow S Spizella pallida Field Sparrow S GC Say SGWSav SGCWSav Spizella pusilla Vesper Sparrow CG CG Pooecetes gramineus Lark Sparrow SCG SCG Chondestes grammacus Savannah Sparrow G G GCW Passerculus sandwichensis Grasshopper Sparrow G G Ammodramus savannarum Henslow's Sparrow - SE G (r) G Ammodramus henslowii

80 Table 13. Continued

Species l.2 Breeding'·6., Winter'·6 Migrant,·6 Le Conte's Sparrow GW Ammodramus leconteii Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow W Ammodramus nelsoni Fox Sparrow SFsF S Fs FR Say Passerella iliaca Song Sparrow RSWCG RSWCG RSWCG Melospiza melodia Lincoln's Sparrow SWFsR Melospiza lincolnii Swamp Sparrow W(Tj WFsSG SWFsG Melospiza georgiana White-throated Sparrow R S FFs Say RS FFsSav Zonotrichia albicollis White-crowned Sparrow SRG SRG Zonotrichia leucophrys Dark-eyed Junco R S FFs G Say C R S FFs G Say C Junco hyemalis Lapland Longspur CG CG Calcarius lapponicus Smith's Longspur CG Calcarius pictus Snow Bunting CG Plectrophenax nivalis Bobolink G tr) GW Dolichonyx oryzivorus Red-winged Blackbird WCRGSSav CGFFs WCRGSSav Agelaius phoeniceus Eastern Meadowlark GC GC GC Stumella magna Western Meadowlark GC") GC Stumella neglecta Yellow-headedBlackbird - SE W{r) W Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Rusty Blackbird CFFs RCFsW Euphagus carolinus Brewer's Blackbird CG Euphagus cyanocephalus Common Grackle RWFsF CRFFs RFFsC Say Quiscalus quiscula Brown-headed Cowbird AlI CRFFs AlI Molothrus ater Orchard Oriole SRWSav S R WFFsSav Icterus spurius

81 Table 13. Continued

Species J.2 Breeding"'" Winter'·6 Migrants.6

Baltimore Oriole RFFs S Say FFs R S Say Icterus galbula Purple Finch FFsR FFs R S Say Carpodacus purpureus * House Finch RS RS FFsR S Say Carpodacus mexicanus Red Crossbill FR FR Loxia curvirostra White-winged Crossbill FR FR Loxia leucoptera Common Redpoll GSRF Carduelis flammea Pine Siskin RSF'" RSF RSF Carduelis pinus American Goldfinch SRG S RGFFsSav S RGFFsSav Carduelis tristis Evening Grosbeak RFFs RFFs Coccothraustes vespertinus * House Sparrow RC RC RC Passer domesticus

I Bold type indicates: state threatened - ST, state endangered - SE, andlor federally endangered - FE. 2 * designates an introduced species. , Breeding = species that currently or historieally have bred in the area. 4 Winter = species present from December through February. 5 Migrant = species present during the March-May and late August-November periods. , The following habitat codes are used: L = Lakes, ponds, impoundments, rivers, larger streams C=Crops G = Grassland (inlcuding pasture and hayfield) W = Wetland (seasonally flooded, open habitats such as marshes and sedge meadows) Fs = Forested swamp (forested wetland, including wet floodplain forest) Say :::;; Savanna F = Upland and mesic forest R = Residential areas (including urban centers and the "urban forest") S = Shrublands (open habitats dominated by shrubs, including old fields). , ,n designates a species that is currently a rare and local breeder and may be locally extirpated. Some of these species are good candidates for reestablishment in restored habitats.

Forest

Forests account for 3.1 % of the KRAA (40,079 acres). Most of the remaining forest habitat in the KRAA is found along the Kankakee River and its tributaries (Figure 11), particularly within the Kankakee River State Park.

Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - Typical breeding species of forest habitats in the KRAA include Wild Turkey, Yellow-billed Cuckoo [irregular], Barred Owl, Whip-poor-will [especially edges

82 of woodlands], Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Red-bellied Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Blue Jay, Black-capped Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, House Wren, Carolina Wren, American Robin, Wood Thrush, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Yellow-throated Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Brown-headed Cowbird, Scarlet Tanager, Northern Cardinal, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, and Indigo Bunting [mainly along edges]. Cooper's Hawks have nested and are likely increasing in the area. Most of the species are likely to be common in woodlots of 100 acres or greater. Pileated Woodpeckers are rare or absent from the area, but should be able to recolonize some of the larger sites. Cerulean Warblers have nested in the Kankakee River State Park, but are rare. See Table 13 for a more complete list of forest species occurring in the KRAA area.

Threatened and endangered species - Very few threatened or endangered species nest in forests of the KRAA. The Long-eared Owl (State Endangered - SE) may breed occasionally in riparian woodlots. The Veery (ST) breeds occasionally in small numbers (Hopkins 1982; Doolittle 1993)

Exotic species - European Starlings were introduced into this country during 1890-1891 and spread to Illinois by 1922 (BoWen and Zimmerman 1989). They are now one of the most abundant species in Illinois, and they are detrimental to native species because they compete with residents for nesting cavities, especially in smaller forest tracts.

Population Dynamics and Management

Many bird species are declining across part or all of their breeding range in the Midwest (Peterjohn et al. 1994). The causes of such changes are likely related to problems with reproduction in highly fragmented landscapes. The primary factors controlling productivity of birds in the KRAA are predation on eggs or young in nests, and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other species, and often destroy one of the hosts eggs when they lay their own. Cowbird young also grow faster than their host young and out-compete them for food, often leading to the starvation of the host young. Rates of nest predation and brood parasitism generally increase as a habitat becomes more fragmented, creating more feeding habitat for cowbirds and travel corridors for mammalian predators, such as raccoons, that often inhabit the edges of open country (Robinson et al. 1995). Given the small size of most forest tracts, it is likely that levels of nest predation and brood parasitism by Brown headed Cowbirds are extremely high (Robinson et al., in press). In general, nest predation rates in Illinois forests of less than 500 acres average 70-90% and parasitism levels for cowbird hosts average 80%. These levels are so high that woodlots in this region are very likely to be population "sinks" (Brawn and Robinson 1996) in which reproduction is far below rates necessary to sustain regional populations.

Remarkably, in spite of low productivity, many species that nest commonly in regional woodlots are not obviously declining. This strongly suggests that their populations are being "rescued" by the settlement of individuals from much larger forest tracts outside

83 the region, or even outside the state (Brawn and Robinson 1996). Therefore, to understand the population dynamics of breeding forest birds, it is necessary to monitor both population size and nesting success. Previous research on this subject in Illinois (Robinson and Hoover 1996) suggests that the best candidates for forest restoration are tracts that are or can be 500 acres or larger, such as the forested core of the Kankakee River State Park. As will be described, savanna restoration may be the best strategy for many sites given the high value of oaks to migrant birds (Graber and Graber 1983) and as a source of mast.

Wetland

Although historically there was considerably more wetland in the KRAA (between 25% and 38% of Kankakee and Iroquois counties), wetland habitats in the KRAA are now rare and account for only about 1.4% of the entire KRAA. Those areas of wetland that remain are found mainly along the Kankakee River and in the Iroquois County Conservation Area (Figure 8). Most of the wetlands have been drained for agricultural purposes (see discussion of wetlands in the section "Natural Vegetation Communities" earlier in this report).

Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - The loss of natural wetland habitats makes it somewhat difficult to characterize a typical wetland species in the basin. Currently, only a few species are likely to be common, including the Canada Goose, Mallard, Wood Duck [forested wetlands], Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, Killdeer, American Woodcock, Barred Owl, Ruby-throated Hummingbird [forested], Red-headed Woodpecker [forested], Great Crested Flycatcher [forested], Acadian Flycatcher [forested], Willow Flycatcher [shrubby], Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Tree Swallow, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher [forested], Yellow-throated Vireo [forested], Warbling Vireo [riparian corridors], Yellow Warbler [shrubby], Common Yellowthroat, Common Grackle, Red-winged Blackbird, Baltimore Oriole [riparian corridors], Indigo Bunting, and Song Sparrow, Other species that would likely recolonize or increase greatly in restored wetlands include Pied-billed Grebe and Blue-winged Teal [marshes], Hooded Merganser [forested], Northern Harrier [marshes, especially in grassland areas], Red-shouldered Hawk [wide forested river corridors], American Bittern [marshes], Least Bittern [marshes], Virginia Rail [marshes], Sora [marshes], King Rail [marshes], Common Moorhen, American Coot, Common Snipe, Brown Creeper [forested], Marsh Wren [marshes], Sedge Wren, Prothonotary Warbler [forested], Louisiana Waterthrush [forested], American Redstart [forested], Yellow-headed Blackbird [marshes], and Swamp Sparrow. Other species found in the wetlands of the KRAA are listed in Table 13. Prothonotary Warblers nest commonly in the Momence Wetlands.

Threatened and endangered species - Currently, few threatened or endangered species inhabit the wetlands of the KRAA other than the Brown Creeper (ST), which is rare or

84 absent most years. However, restored wetlands (especially marshes) would have a high potential to include many species, including the Pied-billed Grebe (ST), Northern Harrier (SE), Red-shouldered Hawk (ST), American Bittern (SE), Least Bittern (ST), Virginia Rail (ST), King Rail (ST), Black Rail, Common Moorhen (ST), and Yellow-headed Blackbird (ST).

Exotic species - No non-native species pose a major threat to native wetland birds in the KRAA, although a few Mute Swans, which have been introduced from Europe, are established.

Population Dynamics and Management

Currently, the main problem for birds inhabiting wetlands in the KRAA is a lack of habitat. Forested wetland species likely suffer from the same problems with fragmentation that affect forest species (cowbird parasitism and nest predation), although some species, such as Brown Creepers and Prothonotary Warblers, receive partial protection by nesting in cavities. We know little, however, about the effects of fragmentation on other wetlands habitats. In fact, there have been no studies of the population dynamics and nesting success of wetland birds in the region. Wetland habitats are also used heavily by migrating waterfowl, cranes, shorebirds, rails and long-legged waders (herons, bitterns, and egrets). These habitats therefore have the potential to be important stopover sites for birds during migration. Large-scale wetland restoration should be a high priority in the region to benefit birds that require this habitat.

Savanna

Savanna habitats were once widespread throughout the Midwest. However, due to habitat destruction and the suppression of fire (leading to vegetation changes) they are now an extremely rare habitat. By contrast, savannas are widespread on the sandy soils of the KRAA area, so this area provides valuable habitat.

Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - Savannas share many species with forest habitats. Perhaps the most typical species of savannas would be Whip-poor-will, Red-headed Woodpecker, Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Least Flycatcher [rare, but often associated with open woodlands in the Hooper Branch Savanna], Blue Jay, House Wren, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Yellow-throated Vireo, Baltimore Oriole, Summer Tanager [usually rare this far north, but nests commonly in the Hooper Branch Savanna], Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, American Goldfinch, Lark Sparrow, Field Sparrow, and Chipping Sparrow. Of these species, the Summer Tanager, may be the most specialized to savannas at this latitude. Other forest species remain common in savannas, including the Wild Turkey, Great Horned Owl, Ruby-throated

85 Hummingbird, Northern Flicker, Red-bellied, Downy, and Hairy Woodpeckers, B1ack capped Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, House Wren, Brown headed Cowbird, Scarlet Tanager, and Northern Cardinal. Blue Grosbeaks may also be restricted to open, sandy areas such as savannas but this is the northern edge of their range in central Illinois. The open, parklike structure of some savannas also attracts some species that are more characteristic of grassland habitats, such as the Red-tailed Hawk.

Threatened and endangered species - None of the species inhabiting savannas in this area are threatened or endangered, although the Barn Owl (SE) may have been a bird of very open savannas.

Exotic species - European Starlings are now one of the most abundant species in Illinois. They are detrimental to native savanna species because they compete with resident birds (especially woodpeckers) for nesting cavities.

Population Dynamics and Management

Savannas may be associated with high levels of cowbird abundance and parasitism levels. However, many of the species that are most abundant in savannas are resistant to cowbirds (e.g., cavity nesters, American Robins, Baltimore Orioles). Unlike many forest birds, these species are able to recognize cowbird eggs and either eject them from their nest or rebuild the nests over them (Rothstein and Robinson 1994).

A detailed study of the effects of savanna restoration on bird populations, ecology, and nesting success is under way in the KRAA area (J.D. Brawn, unpubl. data) and additional studies are planned for 1998-1999.

Savannas also appear to be a very favorable habitat for migrants. The heavy use of oaks by spring migrants (Graber and Graber 1983) and by mast-consuming species suggests that savanna restoration should be a high priority for birds in this region.

Prairie/Grassland

High-quality native prairie habitat is extremely rare in the KRAA and, except in the Iroquois County Conservation Area, mostly occurs in small patches. However, many bird species that historically lived in prairies are also able to live in grassland habitat such as hay fields and sometimes pastures. These habitats are also relatively uncommon in the KRAA, covering only about 15.8% of the area (204,337 acres) (Figure 6). Nonetheless, although patches of available grassland habitat in the KRAA are small, they have considerable potential for restoration. Pastures in the area are mostly heavily grazed and little-used by grassland birds. They are also favored sites for foraging Brown-headed Cowbirds.

86 Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - Typical species in these habitats include a subset of those found on larger grasslands throughout the state: Red-tailed Hawk, American Kestrel, Northern Bobwhite, Ring-necked Pheasant, Eastern Kingbird, Homed Lark [recently burned], Barn Swallow, Brown Thrasher [shrubs], Bell's Vireo [shrubs], Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Meadowlark, Bobolink [now rare], Red-winged Blackbird, Dickcissel, Savannah Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow, Henslow's Sparrow [Iroquois County Conservation area], and Field Sparrow. See Table 13 for a more complete list of grassland species found in the Kankakeellroquois region.

Threatened and endangered species - Currently, the Upland Sandpiper and Henslow's Sparrow (SE) are the only endangered grassland species known to breed in the area. However, the Northern Harrier (SE) has been observed during the breeding season (Doolittle 1993), and probably occurs occasionally as a breeding species.

Exotic species - Two introduced species are found in the grasslands of the KRAA. The Ring-necked Pheasant, which is native to Asia, was first released in Illinois in about 1890 (Bohlen and Zimmerman 1989) and they continue to be released. Pheasants are abundant in prairie remnants statewide. European Starlings feed in grasslands following grazing, mowing, or burning.

Population Dynamics and Management

Certain species, such as the Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrows, have declined precipitously as grasslands have been converted to row crops (Herkert 1991). Currently, prairie remnants and other grassland habitats are probably too small to sustain regular breeding populations and successful nesting of most prairie species. For example, the Short-eared Owl is highly area-sensitive and will require larger grasslands than exist currently to maintain a regular breeding population. Henslow's Sparrows (SE) also breed in the area, especially in the Iroquois County Conservation Area, where a large colony exists with numbers of Sedge Wrens (Hopkins 1982; Doolittle 1993). This species is also area-sensitive and requires taller, ranker grass that has not been burned recently (Herkert 1994). King Rails (ST) and Northern Harriers (SE) would also be good candidates for re establishment in restored grasslands. Upland Sandpipers (ST) nest in nearby areas, but they require mowing, grazing, or burning to keep the grass short. Upland Sandpipers are also area-sensitive and likely require larger grassland areas than are currently available. Other rare or locally extirpated species that would be likely to increase rapidly if grasslands were restored include Sedge Wren, Loggerhead Shrike (ST), Bobolink, and Lark Sparrow sandy areas. Grassland birds of the KRAA area will likely benefit from the large-scale restoration efforts across the state line in Indiana and in the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, which is adjacent to the KRAA Watershed.

87 Shrub removal would likely negatively affect Bell's Vireos, but this species can also be managed in game areas or in prairie remnants that are too small to be useful for grassland birds. Other shrubland species that would be lost are of little or no regional concern because they have large global populations and are common throughout Illinois (e.g., Gray Catbird, Brown Thrasher, House Wren). Perhaps the best way to maintain desired shrubland birds (Bell's Vireo, Willow Flycatcher, Yellow-breasted Chat) would be to allow willow thickets to grow in low, wet areas that would not burn in most areas. Natural hazel thickets may also have provided habitat for these species historically. The guidelines provided by Herkert et al. (1993) for grassland management should be followed. In particular, dense, tall stands of prairie grasses are rarely used by grassland birds and should be avoided.

Migrant birds use grasslands as stopover habitat, especially Smith's and Lapland Longspurs, various rails, bitterns, American Golden Plovers, and Pectoral Sandpipers. Given that much of the global population of Smith's Longspur that likely passes through Illinois in the spring, enhancement of prairie/grassland habitat in central Illinois should directly benefit this poorly known species. The same could be said for the American Golden Plover, but it also uses plowed fields, obviously a much less threatened habitat.

Lakes, Ponds, Impoundments, Creeks, and Rivers

There are no natural lakes and only 2 acres of high quality natural ponds in the KRAA. Open water (including human made impoundments) accounts for only 0.5% of the area (6,271 acres). Relative to the rest of the state, the creeks and rivers of the KRAA are in relatively good health (see section on "Aquatic Biota"). Nonetheless, as with several other habitats, the creeks and rivers of the KRAA have been greatly altered.

Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - Although Spotted Sandpipers occasionally breed around lakes, ponds, and impoundments, there are usually few characteristic breeding birds. Common Grackles, Red-winged Blackbirds, and Song Sparrows likely nest along ponds, especially those with gradual shorelines and some emergent vegetation (e.g., cattails) along the edge. Bam Swallows, Northern Rough-winged Swallows, Purple Martins, and Tree Swallows forage over these open-water habitats as long as nest sites are available. Green Herons often nest along ponds lined with dense, woody vegetation.

Among the species found along creeks and rivers are the following: Canada Goose, Mallard, Wood Duck (forested), Cooper's Hawk (forested corridors), Great Blue Heron, Green Heron (forested), Killdeer, Great Horned Owl (forested), Barred Owl (forested), Belted Kingfishers, Eastern Phoebe (especially near bridges), Willow Flycatcher (shrubby margins), Bam Swallow, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, House Wren (in woody debris), Cedar Waxwing, Warbling Vireo (woody corridors, especially cottonwoods and willows), Yellow Warbler (shrubby corridors), Yellow-throated Warbler

88 (sycamore-lined natural levees), Common Yellowthroat (grassy and shrubby streamsides). Common Grackle, Red-winged Blackbird, Orchard Oriole (willow-lined streams), Baltimore Oriole (woody corridors), Indigo Bunting, and Song Sparrow (shrubby steamsides). Forested wetlands on riverine islands contain breeding populations typical of this habitat (see above).

Threatened and endangered species - There are no threatened or endangered species breeding in the open water habitats of the KRAA; however, marshy vegetation along lakeshores would likelyattract wetland species.

Exotic species - The Mute Swan is the only non-native species that would be likely to occur in the area. Although they are rare in Illinois, some may visit local ponds.

Population Dynamics and Restoration

By far the most important role of lakes, ponds, and impoundments for birds is as resting habitat for migrating waterbirds. These open-water habitats are often the only deepwater habitat available for loons, grebes, scaup, Common Goldeneyes, Buffleheads, and mergansers, all of which dive to catch food. Similarly, gulls and terns often forage over open water during migration. At low water, the edges of lakes are also used by shorebirds, herons, and egrets. All species of swallows use openwater for foraging, especially during cold weather.

A comparative study of the use of various ponds, lakes, and impoundments by migrating birds might help improve the design and management of these waters; however, probably the most useful way to enhance these habitats is by increasing the amant of emergent vegetation along their edges. This essentially involves creating shallow wetlands along the edges of open water.

We lack data on populations and nesting success of birds in riparian corridors of varying widths and of their use by migrants. However, increasing the amount of woody riparian corridor habitat should enhance populations of many species, and would help restore natural hydrology. Restoring the hydrology would, in turn, improve wetland habitat in the floodplain, both in woody backwaters and in oxbows. It would also be interesting to measure the movements of migrants along corridors to determine if they act as flyways.

Cultural Habitats: Cropland

Agricultural areas generally provide poor-quality habitat for most birds - diversity in cropland is much lower than in the natural habitats it has replaced. However, it is important to consider the role of farmed habitats for supporting birds in the KRAA because most of the land in the area has been usurped for agricultural purposes. Over 77% of the KRAA acreage is currently used· for agricultural purposes (Table 2, Figure 4). This figures represents a significant part of the area that has lost its natural habitat and,

89 therefore, natural diversity. Intensively farmed areas offer little in the way of stopover habitat for migrating birds, except around farmsteads and wet fields in the spring for shorebirds.

Regularly Occurring Species

Cropland bird communities in the KRAA have the same bird species that are common statewide in this structurally simple habitat: Mallard, Red-tailed Hawk, American Kestrel, Ring-necked Pheasant, Killdeer, Rock Dove, Mourning Dove, Great Horned Owl, Chimney Swift (farmsteads), Eastern Phoebe (farmsteads), Horned Lark, Barn Swallow, American Crow, House Wren (fannsteads) American Robin (farmsteads), Eastern Bluebird (where nest boxes are provided), European Starling, Common Yellowthroat, Indigo Bunting, House Sparrow, Common Grackle, Brown-headed Cowbird, Red-winged Blackbird, Vesper Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Song Sparrow, and American Goldfinch. Some species characteristic of recently burned and heavily grazed dry grasslands have adapted to croplands, including the Horned Lark, Vesper Sparrow.

Threatened and endangered species - The Loggerhead Shrike (ST) is the only threatened or endangered species typically found in the croplands of the KRAA. The shrike, however, also requires spiny hedgerows for nesting and is now rare in the area.

Exotic species - Introduced species thrive in the agricultural habitats of the KRAA. In fact, four of the most abundant species in the cropland of the KRAA - Ring-necked Pheasant, Rock Dove, European Starling and House Sparrow - were all introduced from Europe or Asia. Gray Partridges have also been established in the KRAA.

Population Dynamics and Management

Warner (1994) documented the low populations and extremely low nesting success of birds in Ford County, an area of very intensive agriculture. On the other hand, increasing grassy cover along roadsides, drainage ditches, and around farmsteads can substantially increase grassland bird habitat. Within an agricultural landscape, the CRP can also benefit cropland birds by providing nesting cover and attracting such species as Northern Harrier, Short-eared Owl, and Henslow's, Grasshopper, and Savannah sparrows.

Cultural Habitats: Successional Fields

Successional habitats, such as abandoned fields and pastures, are relatively uncommon in the KRAA. These habitats, which are often dominated by non-native plant species of shrubs and vines, may be structurally similar to native successional habitats that historically occurred along the edges of meandering rivers or in large treefall gaps. Such habitats usually have dense, protective cover and are often rich in fruit-producing plants, and therefore offer rich habitat for breeding and migrating birds. However, given the scarcity of natural shrublands in the Midwest, we know little about them. Nonetheless,

90 many local species that use shrubby vegetation now depend almost entirely on anthropogenic disturbances to set back succession.

Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - Successional habitats dominated by forbs, shrubs, and saplings offer rich habitat for many breeding birds. Typical species include Northern Bobwhite, Ring necked Pheasant, American Woodcock (wet areas), Mourning Dove, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-Billed Cuckoo, Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Northern Flicker, Downy Woodpecker, Eastern Kingbird, Willow Flycatcher (wet thickets), Blue jay, Black-capped Chickadee, House Wren, Carolina Wren, Gray Catbird, Brown Thrasher, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Cedar Waxwing, White-eyed Vireo (rare this far north) Bell's Vireo (very young thickets), Yellow Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Common Yellowthroat, Yellow-breasted Chat, Red-winged Blackbird, Orchard Oriole, Baltimore Oriole (older thickets), Northern Cardinal, Rose-breasted Grosbeak (older thickets), Indigo Bunting, House Finch, American Goldfinch, Eastern Towhee, Lark Sparrow (sandy solid, open thickets), Field Sparrow, and Song Sparrow. Successional habitats add greatly to local diversity, although only a few ofthese species have nationally declining populations (Yellow-breasted Chat, Field Sparrow, Golden winged Warbler, Blue-winged Warbler). Kentucky Warblers and Wood Thrushes also nest in late-successional thickets. Occasionally, northern species nest in successional thickets, including Canada and Mourning Warblers and the Clay-colored Sparrow.

Threatened and endangered species - No threatened or endangered species are known to depend on successional habitats in the KRAA.

Exotic species - Most species found in successional habitats are native, although Ring necked Pheasants use early-successional fields, and House Finches breed in shrubbery.

Population Dynamics and Management

Successional habitats add greatly to local diversity and at least a few species that use these habitats are declining nationally and have few or no remaining natural habitats (e.g., Prairie Warbler, Yellow- breasted Chat) or are rare in Illinois (e.g., Bell's Vireo, Lark Sparrow). For some of these species, Illinois may contain a significant portion of their global population (e.g., Orchard Oriole, Bell's Vireo). For these reasons, maintaining successional vegetation may be an important part of a conservation strategy in the KRAA.

Although nest predation rates appear to be very high in successional habitats, brood parasitism levels are generally moderate or low (Robinson et a1., in press). Some species nesting in these habitats eject cowbird eggs (Gray Catbird, Brown Thrasher, Cedar Waxwing, Eastern Kingbird, Baltimore Oriole, American Robin), nest in cavities that are inaccessible to cowbirds (both Wrens, Chickadees, Eastern Bluebird), abandon many parasitized nests (Yellow Warbler, Bell's Vireo, Field and Chipping Sparrows), defend

91 their nests aggressively (Red-winged Blackbird, Eastern Kingbird, Willow Flycatcher, Common Grackle), have inappropriate diets for cowbird nestlings (House Finch, American Goldfinch), or continue nesting until very late in the season when cowbirds have stopped laying and nest predation rates have generally declined (Mourning Dove, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Gray Catbird, Cedar Waxwing, White-eyed Vireo, Northern Cardinal, Indigo Bunting, American Goldfinch, and Eastern Towhee). As a result, early successional species may be able to thrive even in small patches in agricultural landscapes. An intensive study of habitat requirements, nesting success, and population dynamics of shrubland birds is now under way (S.K. Robinson, J.D. Brawn, and E.J. Heske, unpubl. data). The results of this study should be applicable to shrubland birds in the KRAA. Shrubland species may be excellent target species for lands managed to promote game species, especially Northern Bobwhites.

In addition to use during the breeding season, shrublands are very heavily used by migrating species, especially in habitats mingled with scattered trees. Shrubland preferring migrants include Northern Saw-whet Owl (mainly in evergreens), Yellow bellied Flycatcher, Alder Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, Ruby-crowned and Golden- . crowned Kinglets, Philadelphia Vireo, Golden-winged Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Mourning Warbler, Connecticut Warbler, Wilson's Warbler, Canada Warbler, and Lincoln's Sparrow. Shrubland habitats therefore provide real benefits to migrant birds and greatly increase local biodiversity.

Cultural Habitats: Developed Land

Residential and urban areas represent only about 2.5% of the KRAA (Table 2, Figure 5). These areas, scattered with lawns, parks, and other manicured vegetation, offer suitable breeding habitat for relatively few bird species. This community has no parallel in the natural world.

Regularly Occurring Species

Typical species - Developed lands contain an unusual mix of species that can use ornamental shrubs (e.g., Northern Cardinal and Song Sparrow), shade trees (e.g., Baltimore Oriole, Warbling Vireo, Black-capped and Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, Eastern Wood-Pewee), short mowed grass (e.g., American Robin, Common Grackle, Northern Flicker, American Crow, Brown-headed Cowbird, Mourning and Rock Doves, European Starling, and Chipping Sparrow), and can nest safely in human structures (e.g., American Kestrel, Killdeer [roofs, roads], Common Nighthawk [roofs], Chimney Swift, Eastern Phoebe, Barn Swallow, Purple Martin, House and Carolina Wrens, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, European Starling, House Sparrow and House Finch). Other breeding species found in residential and urban areas include Red-tailed Hawk (in more sparsely inhabited areas), American Kestrel (especially farmsteads), Killdeer, Rock Dove, Mourning Dove, Eastern Screech-owl, Great Horned Owl, Common Nighthawk, Chimney Swift, Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Northern Flicker,

92 Red-bellied Woodpecker ("urban forests"), Eastern Wood-Pewee, Eastern Phoebe, Barn Swallow, Purple Martin, Blue Jay, American Crow, Black-capped Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, House Wren, Carolina Wren, Gray Catbird, Brown Thrasher, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird (farmsteads), European Starling, Warbling Vireo, Common Yellowthroat, House Sparrow, Common Grackle, Brown-headed Cowbird, Baltimore Oriole, Northern Cardinal, House Finch, American Goldfinch, Chipping Sparrow, and Song Sparrow.

Threatened and endangered species - Now that the Bewick's Wren is absent from the region, there are no threatened or endangered species found in residential or urban areas other than the Loggerhead Shrike, which rarely forages in mowed grass of rural farmsteads.

Exotic species - Many species in developed areas are introduced. Huge populations of introduced European Starlings, House Sparrows, Rock Doves, and House Finches compete with native species for nest sites and food at bird feeders. House Finches are native to the western United States, but after a population was released on Long Island in the 1940s, they spread west from New York and are now common in the urban and rural areas of Illinois. Monk Parakeets, Eurasian Collared Doves, and Ringed Turtle Doves are all rare established nesters in some residential and urban areas.

Population Dynamics and Management

High populations of predatory birds, domestic cats, and other mammalian predators may make it difficult for many species that build open-cup nests in accessible locations to nest successfully. However, more data are needed because nesting success of bird species in developed areas has never been systematically studied. Such studies could lead to recommendations for enhancing populations of the native species that have adapted to human developments.

Although not well suited to support many native breeding birds, developed land, such as tree-lines residential areas, can be important stopover habitat for migrating landbirds. Migrating birds make heavy use of shade trees in developed areas and , when available, also use shrubs. Typical migrants of urban forests include Cooper's and Sharp-shinned Hawks (both forage at bird feeders), Common Nighthawk, Ruby-throated Hummingbird (especially at feeders), Northern Flicker, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Red-breasted Nuthatch (conifers), Brown Creeper, Hermit Thrush, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Ruby crowned Kinglet, Cedar Waxwing, Red-eyed Vireo, Tennessee Warbler, Cape May Warbler (conifers), Black-throated Green Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackpoll Warbler, American Redstart, Rusty Blackbird, Evening Grosbeak (feeders), Purple Finch (feeders), Pine Siskin (feeders, conifers), American Goldfinch (feeders), Eastern Towhee (feeders), Dark-eyed Junco (feeders), American Tree Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, and White-throated Sparrow.

Developed areas are characterized by abnormally high population densities of species that occasionally or regularly depredate nests (e.g., Blue Jay, American Crow, House Wren, Gray Catbird, Common Grackle, and Brown-headed Cowbird). Bird feeders

93 further augment populations of many exotic species in rural or urban areas, especially the House Finch, Monk Parakeet, Eurasian Collared Dove, and Ringed Turtle Dove, by increasing winter survival.

Overall Habitat Quality and Management Recommendations

The most exciting possibilities for avian conservation in the KRAA area involve coordinating restoration of grasslands, savannas, and wetlands with large-scale restorations of these habitats in the adjacent Prairie Parklands partnership and in Indiana. Savannas, which are a globally threatened habitat, still exist within the KRAA area in high-quality patches such as the Hooper Branch Savanna. Wetland patches are generally small, but they are also of high quality, both in the Iroquois County Conservation Area and in the Momence Wetlands. Exceptionally large tracts include 1650 acres of floodplain forest at Momence and over 800 acres of sedge meadow at the Iroquois County Conservation Area. These areas provide a core for future restorations.

For breeding birds, we recommend the following strategies for improving habitats:

Forests - Restoration of forests should not be a high priority for the Partnership given the small size of existing tracts and likely problems with low nesting success. In existing· upland forest habitats, special attention should be given to enhancing oak regeneration for nesting Cerulean Warblers and migrating birds in general. Savannas, however, should be protected and restored. The KRAA contains a large portion of the states INAI acreage for sand savanna, including over 1,800 acres mostly located in Pembroke Township.

Wetlands - Wetland restoration (including forested swamps, backwaters, and riparian corridors) is another viable strategy for this region. Wetlands have many threatened and endangered bird species that may not be as sensitive to fragmentation as forest and grassland birds. They are also heavily used by migrating birds. Large existing tracts, such as the 2,440 acre Momence Wetlands Natural Area (INAI # 0635) should be protected.

Grasslands - Grassland restoration also has an excellent potential to bring back populations of many threatened and endangered species. It should be carried out on sites that are relatively large (>100 acres) and dedicated to grassland management. Although restoration of native prairie grasses is a valid, long-term goal, introduced cool-season grasses have the potential to act as good surrogate habitat for many species. Woody vegetation removal (except perhaps in areas that are too wet to burn) may be necessary to attract some birds and to increase their nesting success. Rotational mowing, burning, or grazing may maximize the number of grassland birds that can nest in an area.

Shrublands - These habitats can be managed simultaneously for game and nongame birds.

Developed and agricultural areas - Developed areas, especially urban forests and parks, can be managed to improve habitat by encouraging oaks and leaving shrubby areas for migrants. Agricultural areas benefit from increased cover provided by CRP fields, shrub lined drainage ditches, and unmowed roadsides. 94 Mammals

Introduction

Information in this section has been compiled primarily from range maps and known records in Hoffmeister (1989), the Illinois Natural Heritage Database (lllinois Department of Natural Resources 1997), and mammal surveys near Kankakee in Kankakee County (Hofmann 1996) and at the Iroquois County Conservation Area (Mahan and Heidorn 1984). Taxonomy follows Wilson and Reeder (1993).

Mammal species known or likely to occur in the Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) are listed in Table 14. The 45 species in this table represent 71 % of the 62 mammal species listed as occurring in Illinois by Hoffmeister (1989). The population status of most of these species within the KRAA is unknown; therefore, designations in Table 14 are largely projections based on their status in other parts of Illinois. Of the nine mammal species listed as threatened and endangered in Illinois (lllinois Endangered Species Protection Board 1994), only one, the state-endangered river otter (Lontra canadensis), has been recorded within the KRAA (Anderson 1995). This species has been included in Table 14 even though there are no records within the last 15 years. Table 14 also includes two species with restricted ranges within Illinois - the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), for which there are only recent records for Kankakee and Iroquois counties, and the plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius).

Forest

Typical Species

Mammal species known or likely to occur in the KRAA that are restricted to forested habitats include the hoary bat, silver-haired bat, eastern chipmunk, fox and red squirrels, southern flying squirrel, woodland vole, and gray fox. Species that are primarily associated with forested habitats but also utilize other habitats include the red bat, gray squirrel, white-footed mouse, and raccoon. All other species of bats use forested habitats extensively, although many roost in caves, abandoned mines, or buildings. Some species, such as the eastern cottontail, woodchuck, and white-tailed deer, require wooded habitat at certain times of the year or specialize in the use of forest edges. Additional habitat generalists that would typically occur in forests in the KRAA are listed in Table 14.

95 Table 14. List of mammal species known or likely to occur in the Kankakee River Assessment Areal.

Order Common name' Scientific Name Habitat' Abundance'.5

Marsupials Didelphimorphia Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana W,G,F C Insectivores Insectivora masked shrew Sorex cinereus W, G, F (mesic) C northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda W,G,F C least shrew Cryptotis parva G C? eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus G,F C Bats Chiroptera little brown bat Myotis lucifugus F, caves, buildings C northern long-eared bat Myotis septentrionalis F, caves, buildings C silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans F, caves (hibernation) U? eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus F, caves, buildings C big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus F, caves, buildings C red bat Lasiurus borealis F C hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus F U? evening bat Nycticeius humeralis F, buildings U? Rabbits Lagomorpha eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus G,F C Rodents Rodentia eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus F U woodchuck Marmota monax G, F (edges) C thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus G C Franklin's ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii G U? gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis F, urban R fox squirrel Sciurus niger F C red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus F R? southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans F C plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius G C beaver Castor canadensis W C western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis G C 'deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus G C white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus W, G, F (mostly F) C meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus G C prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster G C woodland vole Microtus pinetorum F U? muskrat Ondatra zibethicus W C Norway rat * Rattus norvegicus buildings C house mouse * Mus musculus G, buildings C meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius W,G,F U? Carnivores Carnivora coyote Canis latrans W,G,F C red fox Vulpes vulpes W,G,F C gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus F U? raccoon Procyon lotor W,G,F C

96 Table 14. Continued

Order 4 5 Common name' Scientific Name Habitat' Abundance •

least weasel Mustela nivalis G U? long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata W,G,F C mink Mustela vison W, G (mostly W) C badger Taxidea taxus G U striped skunk Mephitis mephitis W,G,F C river otter (SE) Lontra canadensis W R Even-toed ungulates Artiodactyla white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus W,G.F C

I Compiled from range maps and known records reported in Hoffmeister (1989), Natural Heritage Database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997), and Hofmann (1996). 2 Bold type indicates a federally endangered (FE), a state endangered (SE), or a state threatened (ST) species. * :::: exotic species. 3 Habitats: W =wetland, G =grassland, F =forest. 4 Abundance C = common, U = uncommon, R = rare, ? = status uncertain. , Subjective estimate based on personal experience of J.E. Hofmann and E.J. Heske in Illinois.

Most species of mammals associated with forests are not restricted to one forest type (i.e., upland forest, floodplain forest, or flatwoods) and use a variety of forest types seasonally or opportunistically. However, species that hibernate (woodchucks, eastern chipmunks) or are primarily fossorial (woodland voles) need well-drained, uninundated soils. Gray fox inhabit both upland and bottomland forests, but because they require extensive forest cover, they have become less common in parts of Illinois (Hoffmeister 1989). Fox squirrels are more strongly associated with upland forests, but gray squirrels can be abundant in both upland and floodplain forests. Gray squirrels require extensive tracts of forest, whereas fox squirrels can occupy open forests, woodlots, and fencerows (Hoffmeister 1989). According to Nixon et al. (1978), gray squirrels are rare or absent in Kankakee and Iroquois counties. Tree squirrels, flying squirrels, and chipmunks tend to be most abundant in forests with a heavy component of mast-producing trees such as oaks and hickories. Raccoons and opossums are most abundant in forest tracts in proximity to water (Hoffmeister 1989).

Threatened and Endangered Species

None of the mammal species associated with forests in the KRAA is listed as threatened or endangered in Illinois. A migratory record of an Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis; state- and federally endangered) from Chicago (Cook County) is from 1928 (Hoffmeister 1989). A maternity colony of Indiana bats was located along the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River in Ford County, but despite recent mist netting efforts, this species has not been found in northeastern Illinois (Gardner et al. 1996).

97 Distribution and Habitat Requirements of Rare Forest Species

The red squirrel may have occurred throughout northern Illinois during the 1800s although there is little early information about this species and no preserved specimens exist (Hoffmeister 1989). If the species was present, it disappeared from the state in the late 1800s, but persisted in Indiana, including Newton and Lake counties, which are adjacent to Cook, Will, Kankakee, and Iroquois counties, Illinois (Hoffmeister 1989). During the 1970s and early 1980s red squirrels were found at several localities along the Kankakee River in Kankakee County and at the Iroquois County Conservation Area (Mahan and Heidorn 1984; Hoffmeister 1989).

The red squirrel is primarily an inhabitant of boreal coniferous forests, but also occurs in mixed hardwood/coniferous woodlands and, in the southern portions of its range, in deciduous forests (Jones and Birney 1988; Kurta 1995). Red squirrels in Illinois seem to prefer dense plantations of white pinel, red pine, jack pine, and Virginia pine, but they have also been found on an island in the Kankakee River with deciduous forest cover dominated by oaks and black walnut (Hoffmeister 1989).

Exotic Species

The Norway rat and house mouse are the only exotic mammals that occur regularly in liIinois. The Norway rat, in particular, is strongly associated with human structures. Both species may be found in woodlots near buildings, but neither is generally considered a forest species. These species are now so widespread that they are part of the mammalian fauna throughout the United States. Not much can be done to alter this situation and it is not one for concern.

Information Gaps

Data on the population status of several forest-dwelling species are not available. Surveys should be conducted to determine the current distribution and abundance of the red squirrel in the KRAA. Additional information on the distribution and abundance of the silver-haired bat, hoary bat, evening bat, woodland vole, and gray fox would be valuable. Because forest habitat is fragmented and reduced in area throughout the KRAA, it would be valuable to assess the ability of forest species to maintain viable populations and to disperse between remaining forested tracts in an agricultural landscape.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Protecting both upland and floodplain forested tracts and maintaining dispersal corridors such as forested riparian zones could enhance the suitability of the KRAA as habitat for a variety of forest-dwelling species, including the gray fox. Preservation of pine plantations and mixed hardwood/coniferous stands would provide habitat for the red squirrel.

1 Scientific names of plants given in Appendix A. 98 Wetland

Typical Species

Mammal species in the KRAA whose life history requires wetland habitats include the beaver, muskrat, and mink. In addition, all species of bats occurring in the KRAA would use wetland areas, primarily as foraging habitat. The masked shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, and meadow jumping mouse use wetlands extensively in addition to grasslands. Other habitat generalists that use wetlands are listed in Table 14. The same subset of mammal species is likely to be associated with aquatic habitats (i.e., lakes, ponds, impoundments, streams, and rivers) as well as marshes within the KRAA. Small mammals, such as the northern short-tailed shrew and meadow jumping mouse, may be found in mesic areas without standing water, whereas larger mammals, such as the beaver and muskrat, utilize open water (still or flowing) habitats.

Threatened and Endangered Species

The state-endangered river otter has been reported from two locations within the KRAA (Anderson 1995). A river otter was sighted along the Kankakee River east of Momence (eastern Kankakee County) in November 1981. Otters were also reportedly seen near Wilton Center (perhaps on Forked Creek) in southern Will County during 1978, 1980, and 1981. However, there are no more recent records for river otters in or near the KRAA (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997). The upper Kankakee River probably represents the most suitable potential habitat for river otters in the KRAA because of the presence of the Momence Wetlands natural area in eastern Kankakee County and the La Salle Fish and Wildlife Area in Indiana.

Habitat Requirements and Distribution of Listed Wetland Species

River otters occupy a variety of aquatic habitats, from coastal swamps and marshes to high mountain lakes (Toweill and Tabor 1982). They are abundant in estuaries, the lower reaches of rivers, and the tributaries and lakes of unpolluted river systems, but scarce in densely populated areas, especially if the water is polluted (Toweill and Tabor 1982). In Illinois, river otters have been found in shallow lakes, sloughs, cypress swamps, rivers, streams, drainage ditches, and ponds (Anderson 1982; Anderson and Woolf 1984). Habitat used by river otters in northwestern illinois has the following characteristics: isolation from the main river channel (providing a relatively stable water level), extensive riparian forest (or emergent herbaceous vegetation), the persistence of open water during winter, good water quality (and healthy fish populations), the presence of suitable den sites (e.g. beaver lodges, log piles, exposed tree roots), and minimal human disturbance (Anderson and Woolf 1984). The shape of river otter home ranges is determined by the type of habitat, and their size is influenced by prey abundance, topography, weather conditions, and the individual's reproductive status (Melquist and Hornocker 1983). At

99 the Lamine River Wildlife Area in Missouri otter home ranges were 11-78 km in length (Erickson et al. 1984). Only a portion ofthe range is used at any time; activity centers are located in areas with abundant food and suitable shelter and are changed frequently (Melquist and Hornocker 1983). River otters may travel long distances, 160 kID or more, in search of suitable habitat (Jackson 1961). Recent river otter records exist for 35 Illinois counties (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997)). The main breeding populations of river otters inhabit the backwaters and tributaries of the Mississippi River in northwestern lllinois (Anderson 1995). Smaller populations also occur in the Cache and Big Muddy river systems of southern lllinois, and the numbers of reports along the Rock River and the middle portion of the Mississippi River have been increasing (Anderson 1995). Releases of river otters from Louisiana have been conducted in the Wabash, Kaskaskia, and Illinois river systems since 1994 (Mueller 1996). Otters also have been released in the Tippecanoe River in northern Indiana (Johnson 1996), which is not far from the Kankakee River.

Exotic Species

House mice occasionally can be found in wetland habitats. This species is so widespread that it is now part of the mammalian fauna throughout the United StateS. Not much can be done to alter this situation and it is not one for concern.

Information Gaps

Surveys for river otters should be conducted periodically along the waterways of the KRAA. The southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi) has not been reported from northeastern lllinois, but this area is within the species' geographic range (Jones and Birney 1988). The presence or absence of southern bog lemmings in emergent wetlands (and grasslands) in the KRAA should be evaluated; if present, their distribution should be determined. The amount of nonforested wetland habitat remaining in the KRAA is small and these wetlands largely exist as isolated habitat patches. The ability of wetland associated mammals to maintain viable populations and to disperse between such wetlands should be examined. The status of beaver populations in the KRAA and their impact on the physical structure of riparian systems also should be evaluated.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Reduction of silt and chemical runoff into aquatic habitats would improve their ability to attract and support river otters. The preservation (and perhaps restoration) of riparian forest along the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers also would be necessary to provide suitable habitat for river otters.

100 Grassland

Typical Species

Mammal species restricted to grassland habitats that are likely to occur in the KRAA include the least shrew, thirteen-lined and Franklin's ground squirrels, western harvest mouse, deer mouse, meadow vole, prairie vole, least weasel, and badger. Other species strongly associated with grasslands include the masked shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, eastern cottontail, woodchuck, and meadow jumping mouse. Additional habitat generalists ofthe KRAA that use grasslands are listed in Table 14.

Most grassland species of mammals are not restricted to native or undisturbed grassland habitat. Rather, the structure of rights-of-way, hayfields, agricultural field edges, pastures, old fields, prairie restorations, and similar sites provides suitable habitat for many of these species. Thirteen-lined ground squirrels are most abundant in short grasses, whereas Franklin's ground squirrels are found in grasses of intermediate height (Hoffmeister 1989). Both species prefer areas that provide an unobstructed view, so tall grasses are inhabited rarely. The masked shrew, meadow jumping mouse, and, to a lesser extent, the meadow vole, generally prefer more mesic grasslands (Hoffmeister 1989). Eastern cottontails and woodchucks are most abundant where grassland habitat occurs adjacent to other habitat types and may be considered edge species. Other species use a variety of grassland habitats opportunistically.

The plains pocket gopher can be locally abundant but has a restricted range in lllinois. It occurs in a band from St. Clair and Madison counties, east and south of the Illinois River, and south of the Kankakee River to the Indiana state line (Hoffmeister 1989). Pocket gophers have been recorded in southwestern Will County (Hoffmeister 1989), at several locations south of the Kankakee River in Kankakee County (Hoffmeister 1989; Hofmann 1996), at the Iroquois County Conservation Area (Mahan and Heidorn 1984), and in central Iroquois County (Hofmann, in litt.). This species is almost entirely fossorial and requires well-drained soils for burrowing. It occurs primarily along roadside and railroad embankments and in agricultural fields that are not deeply plowed, but its burrow systems also can extend into corn and soybean fields (Hoffmeister 1989; Hofmann, in litt.).

Threatened and Endangered Species

None of the mammal species primarily associated with grasslands in the KRAA is listed as threatened or endangered in Illinois.

Exotic Species

The Norway rat and house mouse are strongly associated with human structures, but both species may be found in grasslands in proximity to such structures. The house mouse, in

101 particular, can sometimes reach substantial numbers in grasslands near buildings. These species are now so widespread that they are part of the mammalian fauna throughout the United States. Not much can be done to alter this situation and it is not one for concern. On the other hand, domesticated pets, particularly free ranging and feral housecats, can have severe negative impacts on grassland-nesting songbirds, rabbits, and possibly other small mammals.

Information Gaps

Additional information on the distribution and population status of the Franklin's ground squirrel, plains pocket gropher, meadow jumping mouse, and least weasel would be useful. Franklin's ground squirrel, in particular, appears to have become uncommon throughout much of its former range in lilinois. There are no records for the southern bog lemming from northeastern Illinois, but this area is within the species' geographic range (Jones and Birney 1988). The presence or absence of southern bog lemmings in grasslands (as well as emergent wetlands) in the KRAA should be evaluated; if present,their distribution should be determined. The status of the badger in Illinois was recently investigated by Warner and Ver Steeg (1995), but population status in the KRAA should be determined more precisely. Although the red fox is not strictly a grassland species, it is most often associated with grasslands and other open habitats. There are suggestions that recent increases in the abundance of coyotes may have negatively affected populations of red fox, and status of red fox populations in the KRAA should be evaluated.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Restored grasslands could provide valuable sites for re-introductions of Franklin's ground squirrels in areas where they no longer occur. Prairie restorations, coupled with the preservation of native prairie and other grassland habitats, also would provide additional habitat for badger and red fox.

102 Amphibians and Reptiles

Introduction

Information in this section has been compiled from range maps in Smith (1961), the Natural Heritage Database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1997), the Illinois Amphibian and Reptile Vouchered Database (an INHS computer database that contains information on specimens from museum, university, and private collections), unvouchered records from the literature, and unvouchered records taken from reliable biologists and naturalists. There has not been a systematic survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA). The KRAA contains portions of 3 of Smith's (1961) 11 Herpetofaunal Divisions for the· state: Grand Prairie, Woodlands of the Grand Prairie, and Sand Areas.

Amphibian and reptile species that are known or likely to occur in the KRAA are listed in Table15. The 11 amphibian species and 24 reptile species in Table 15 represent 27% of the amphibian species and 40% of the reptile species of Illinois. No threatened or endangered species are known to exist in the KRAA. The state threatened western hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus) has been collected from the sand areas of the KRAA but it is believed to have been introduced there (see the Prairie Section of this chapter). It is unclear whether the state endangered massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) and the state threatened Kirtland's snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) ever occurred in the KRAA. No reports or specimens are known from the basin, but populations of both species currently exist at Goodenow Grove Nature Preserve in Will County, just outside the northern boundary of the KRAA.

When referring to the habitat designations in Table 15, keep in mind that most amphibian and reptile species are not restricted to a single habitat type. For example, all but two of Illinois' amphibians require some type of aquatic habitat (wetland, pond, creek, or river) for breeding but the adults can also be found in a variety of terrestrial habitats. Some species require a combination of two habitat types throughout their life. For example, the western ribbon snake requires prairie or forest habitat, but wetlands must be present. On the other hand, some species have narrower habitat requirements than the designations in Table 15 might suggest. For example, the smooth softshell turtle is listed as occurring in rivers and creeks, but it is only found in medium -sized creeks with sandy substrates.

103 Table 15. Amphibian and reptile species known or likely to occur in the Kankakee River Assessment Area, with an indication of habitat preference and relative abundance.

Common Name' Scientific Name Habitat2 Abundance3

Amphibians small-mouthed salamander Ambystoma texanum F,W,P C tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum W,P,L U American toad BuJo americanus U C Fowler's toad BuJo woodhousii Sand C cricket frog Acris crepitans W,L,R C western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata U C Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis F,W C eastern gray treefrog Hyla versicolor F,W C bullfrog Rana catesbeiana U C green frog Rana clamitans F,W,R C northern leopard frog Rana pipiens U C Reptiles snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina W,L,R C musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus L R ornate box turtle Terrapene ornata F,W,P U Blanding's turtle Emydoidea blandingii W U painted turtle Chrysemys picta W,L,R C slider Trachemys scripta W,L,R U map turtle Graptemys geographica L,R U smooth softshell turtle Apalone mutica L,R U spiny softshell turtle Apalone spinifera W,L,R C glass lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus F,P U six-lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus P U eastern hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos F,P C racer Coluber constrictor U C smooth green snake Opheodrys vernalis F,W,P U fox snake Elaphe vulpina F,P,C C bullsnake Pituophis catenifer P,C U milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum F,W,P U western ribbon snake Thamnophis proximus F,W,P U plains garter snake Thamnophis radix U C common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis U C brown snake Storeria dekayi U C red-bellied snake Storeria occipitomaculata F,W U Graham's crayfish snake Regina grahamii W,P,L U northern water snake Nerodia sipedon U C

'Nomenclature follows Collins (1990) unless noted. 2 Habitats: F =forest, W =wetland, P =prairie and savanna, L =lakes, ponds, impoundments, R =rivers & creeks, C =cultural, U =ubiquitous

104 Forest

Typical Species

Amphibian species of the KRAA that are typical of forested habitats include both species of gray treefrog. As outlined above, some amphibians also require aquatic habitats for breeding. The gray treefrogs breed in forested wetlands and upland forested ponds. Among the reptiles of the KRAA, the brown snake is typical of forested areas.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Maintaining small, temporary, fishless ponds in forests of the KRAA would benefit almost all of the reptiles and amphibians of the KRAA as well as other species groups that depend on them for food. Creating or restoring small ponds in upland forests is particularly valuable because these habitats are among the rarest in the KRAA and the state.

Wetland

Typical Species

Amphibian species of the KRAA that are typical of wetland habitats include the small mouthed salamander and northern leopard frog. As outlined above, almost all amphibians require some type of aquatic habitat for breeding and most breed in wetlands. Among the reptiles of the KRAA, the painted turtle and common garter snake are typical of wetlands.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Maintaining even small, temporary wetlands in the KRAA would benefit almost all of the reptiles and amphibians of the KRAA as well as other groups that depend on them for food. The importance of cattail marshes under one acre should not be underestimated.

Prairie

Typical Species

Of the amphibian species listed in Table 15, the tiger salamander and western chorus Frog are typical of prairie habitats in the KRAA. The tiger salamander requires fishless ponds and wetlands for breeding. Because of the destruction and degradation of these habitats,

105 the tiger salamander has declined drastically in the KRAA. The western chorus frog has a shorter larval period and therefore can breed in more temporary aquatic habitats such as flooded fields and ditches. Reptile species in the KRAA that are typical of prairie habitats include the eastern hognose snake and Plains garter snake. Both of these snakes can tolerate disturbed habitats such as mowed right-of-way, pasture, old field, and agricultural edge.

The prairies of the KRAA'S sand areas have a different set of typical species, especially reptiles. The ornate box turtle, bullsnake, glass lizard and six-lined racerunner can be found in sandy grasslands of the KRAA. They can tolerate disturbed grassland habitats. The state threatened western hognose snake has been collected in the sandy grasslands of Pembroke Township, but these specimens probably represent released pets or animals translocated from western Illinois by well-meaning reptile enthusiasts. Several Illinois herpetologists, including Phil Smith, searched the Pembroke area for the western hognose snake for many years without success. It is unlikely that this species was overlooked during those investigations.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Restoring native prairie, especially wet prairie, in the KRAA would benefit a variety of amphibians and reptiles, especially the tiger salamander. Restoring and protecting sand prairies would benefit the ornate box turtle, bullsnake, glass lizard and six-lined racerunner.

Lakes, Ponds, and Impoundments

Typical Species

Of the amphibian species listed in Table 15, the bullfrog and cricket frog are typical of lakes, ponds, and impoundments in the KRAA. Both of these species have developed strategies for co-existing with fish and are usually more widely distributed than most amphibians. Among the reptiles of the KRAA, the snapping Tturtle, painted turtle, common garter snake, and northern water snake are typical of lakes, ponds, and impoundments.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Restoration of fishless, forested ponds in upland areas would benefit the small-mouthed salamander, tiger salamander, and gray treefrogs. Leaving at least part of the shore around ponds, lakes and impoundments unmowed and providing forest or grassland connections among ponds, lakes, and impoundments in the KRAA would benefit a variety of amphibians and reptiles. Restoring ponds in the Kankakee Sand Areas would benefit Blanding's turtle.

106 Creeks and Rivers

Typical Species

The cricket frog and green frog are typical of creeks and small rivers in the KRAA. The mudpuppy and bullfrog are common inhabitants of the Kankakee River. Among the reptiles of the KRAA, the northern water snake is typical of creeks and small rivers while the snapping turtle, red-eared slider, and map turtle are typical of the Kankakee River.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Restoring the riparian zone along creeks and rivers in the KRAA would benefit a variety of amphibians and reptiles. Restoring floodplain forests and wetlands along the Kankakee River would also benefit most amphibians and reptiles of the region.

Cultural Habitats

Typical Species

Ofthe amphibian species listed in Table 15, the American toad, western chorus frog, and bullfrog are typical of cultural habitats in the KRAA. These species can be found in cropland, pasture, successional field, developed land, and tree plantations providing adequate breeding sites (ditches, flooded fields, stock tanks, remnant marshes) are present. Among the reptiles of the KRAA, the racer, plains garter snake, common garter snake, brown snake, and northern water snake are typical of cultural habitats in the KRAA.

Enhancement and Restoration Potential

Small stock ponds and farm ponds can provide important breeding sites for amphibians of the KRAA if the ponds are fish free. Most of these ponds are not capable of supporting sport fisheries, so this does not present a conflict between amphibian conservation and recreation opportunities. Because the species listed above are not sensitive to moderate habitat fragmentation, they can maintain viable populations in small remnant patches of natural habitat. For example, the American toad, western chorus frog, and bullfrog do well in patches of cattail marsh under one acre, even when the marsh is surrounded by developed land. It is always best to strive for larger size and connectivity of habitat, but the utility of these smaller areas should not be underestimated.

107 Overall Habitat Quality and Management Concerns

Overall, opportunities for amphibians and reptiles in the KRAA are fair. However, compared to presettlement, the present landscape of the KRAA lacks a significant amount of wet prairie and sand prairie. In addition, a significant portion of the riparian zones along the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers have been destroyed or degraded.

For the herpetofauna, the most critical management concerns for the KRAA are reducing habitat fragmentation and restorating of the riparian zones along major streams and rivers. Natural habitats in the KRAA are typically found in small patches separated from each other by agricultural or developed land; this will continue as development pressure mounts. Habitat connectedness is important for amphibians because they usually travel long distances between their breeding and nonbreeding habitats. For example, the American toad spends most of its time in upland habitats such as forests or prairies, but migrates to lowland areas for breeding. Intact riparian zones may act as dispersal corridors for many amphibians and reptiles, thus reducing the effects of habitat fragmentation.

108 Terrestrial Insects: Butterflies and Skippers

Introduction

The information presented in this section has been compiled from distributional records in Irwin and Downey (1973), Shull (1987), the seasonal summaries published by the Lepidopterists' Society, and from range maps in Opler and Malikul (1992). While the terrestrial insect fauna of the Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) is generally not well known, the butterflies and skippers of the area have become relatively well known in recent decades. This is due to the attention of several amateur and professional entomologists who have become interested in the sand prairies and sand savannas of Iroquois, Kankakee, and Will counties.

The butterflies and skippers known to have been collected in three counties (Iroquois, Kankakee, Will) of KRAA are listed in Table 16 along with species considered by the author to be of likely or possible occurrence. There is no published source of information regarding the population status of the butterflies and skippers of KRAA. The reader is referred to the Headwaters Region Report for records of butterflies and skippers from Ford and Vermilion counties.

Typical Species

The distributions of the butterflies and skippers of a geographic area are tied to the distributions of the host plants and nectar sources of each species. Few species are rigidly habitat specific as adults. On the contrary, wandering adults are often observed far removed from their larval feeding sites. Thus, for example, forest species can be obserVed in prairies, savannas, wetlands, and in areas of cultivation and disturbance.

Forest

Two typical forest species whose caterpillars feed on understory shrubs are the Giant Swallowtail on prickly ash and wafer ash and the Spring Azure on dogwoods. The Northern Pearly Eye, whose larvae feed on bottle brush grass and sea oats, and the Appalachian Eyed Brown, whose larvae feed on sedges, can be expected. Among the skippers, Juvenal's Dusky Wing, feeding on oaks, is likely to be encountered.

109 Prairie

Many records of prairie butterflies are available for KRAA. Among those to be expected are the dione Copper on docks, the Eastern Tailed Blue on legumes, the Gorgone Checkerspot on sunflowers, and the Monarch on milkweeds. Among skippers the Black Dash and the Tawny Edged Skipper should occur.

Wetland

Among the wetland butterflies to be expected are the Acadian Hairstreak and the Viceroy, both willow feeders as larvae, and the Bronze Copper and the Purplish Copper, both feeders on docks. The Eyed Brown, a sedge-feeder, will occur in undisturbed areas. The Least Skipper, a grass feeder, typically occurs in wetland areas.

Savanna

Few if any, KRAA species are likely to be restricted in distribution to savannas. Several species, however, are often encountered in savanna situations. These include three butterflies, namely, Edward's Hairstreak on scrub Oak, the Little Copper on sheep sorrel, and the Regal Fritillary on birdsfoot Violet. Also to the expected is the Silver spotted Skipper on legumes.

Cultural Habitats

Many butterflies and skippers are commonly found in distributed areas, cultivated areas, and in urban and suburban developments. Indeed, some, such as the Cabbage Butterfly and the Alfalfa Butterfly, have pest status. Both certainly occur in the KRAA. Species of broad host range such as the Painted Lady occur commonly in cities and towns, as does the Tiger Swallowtail, which feeds on a wide variety of commonly cultivated trees and shrubs. Among the skippers, the Common Sooty Wing, feeding on amaranths and lamb's quarters, occurs in yards and gardens.

Information Gaps

While the butterflies and skippers of the KRAA are fairly well known, many species in both groups remain to be recorded from the area. For butterflies, forty-six species of the 78 deemed likely to occur have been recorded and 74 of the possible 234 county records are available. In the skippers, 20 species of the 44 deemed likely have been recorded and only 30 of the 132 possible county records are available. The area should be surveyed for butterflies and skippers with careful attention to areas other than sand prairies and sand savannas. Both of these have been well studied.

110 The known or possible occurrence in KRAA of several little-known species of rare or sporadic appearance provide important opportunities to gain information about the population status of those species and to develop sound management practices to protect their habitats. Such target species would include Frosted Elfin, Regal Fritillary, Eyed Brown, Appalachian Eyed Brown and Leonard's Skipper. Because of the widespread use of fire as a tool of management in the habitats

Table 16. Butterflies and skippers known (+) or likely (-) to occur in the Kankakee River Assessment Areal.

Species"'" HabitatS Iroquois Kankakee Will

Pipe Vine Swallowtail Battus philenor F + Black Swallowtail Papilio polyxenes P,C + Giant Swallowtail Papilio cresphontes F + + Tiger Swallowtail Papilio glaucus F,C + Spicebush Swallowtail Papilio troilus F + Zebra Swallowtail Eurytides marcellus F Checkered White Pontia protodice F,C + + * Cabbage Butterfly Pieris rapae F,C + * Alfalfa Butterfly Colias eurytheme P,C + + Clouded Sulphur Colias philodice P,C + + Dog Face Colias cesonia W,C + + + Cloudless Sulphur Phoebis sennae W,C + Little Sulphur Eurema lisa P,C + + Sleepy Orange Eurema nicippe W,C + Dainty Sulphur Nathalis iole P,C Olympia Marble Euchloe olympia S Swamp Metalmark - SE Calephelis mutica W

111 Table 16. Continued

Species'·3,4 Habitat' Iroquois Kankakee Will

Coral Hairstreak Satyrium titus P,C + + Striped Hairstreak Satyrium liparops F,W + Banded Hairstreak Satyrium calanus F,P,S Hickory Hairstreak Satyrium caryaevorum F Edwards' Hairstreak Satyrium edwardsii S + Acadian Hairstreak Satyrium acadica W + + + Red-banded Hairstreak Calycopsis cecrops P,C Frosted Elfin Incisalia irus P,S Henry's Elfin Incisalia henrici F Eastern Pine Elfin Incisalia niphon F,C Olive Hairstreak Mitourea gyrnea P,C Southern Hairstreak Fixeniafavonius F,W White Hairstreak Parrhasius m-album F Gray Hairstreak Strymon melinus F,P,C Bronze Copper Lycaena hyllus W + Dione Copper Lycaena dione P Purplish Copper Lycaena helloides W + Little Copper Lycaena phlaeas P,S,C + + + Marine Blue Leptotes marina P,C Reakirt's Blue Hemiargus isola P,S,C Melissa Blue· FE Lycaeides melissa P,S,C Eastern Tailed Blue Everes comyntas P,C + + +

112 Table 16. Continued

Species2,3,4 HabitatS Iroquois Kankakee Will

Silvery Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus F Spring Azure Celastrina argiolus F,C + + Dusky Blue Celastrina ebenina F Harvester Feniseca tarquinius F,W + American Snout Libytheana carinenta F,W + GoatweedButterfly Anaea andria F,C Hackberry Butterfly Asterocampa celtis F,W,C Tawny Emperor Asterocampa dyton F,W,C + + Red-spotted Purple Liminitis arthemis W + Viceroy Liminitis archippus W + + Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta F,C American Painted Lady Vanessa virginiensis F,P,C + Painted Lady Vanessa cardui F,P,S,C + + Buckeye Junonia coenia P,W,C + + Compton Tortoise Shell Nymphalis vau-album F Milhert's Tortoise Shell Nymphalis milberti F,W,C + Mourning Cloak Nymphalis antiopa F,C Question Mark Polygonia interrogationis F,C + + Hop Merchant Polygonia comma F,C Gray Comma Polygonia progne F,W + Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis F,C + Gorgone Checkerspot Chlosyne gorgone P

113 Table 16. Continued

2 3 Species • ,4 HabitatS Iroquois Kankakee Will

Harris Checkerspot Chlosyne harrisii P,W Pearl Crescent Phyciodes tharos F,P,S,C + Tawny Crescent Phyciodes batesii P,W,C Baltimore Euphydryas phaeton W + Silver-bordered Fritillary Eoloria selene P,W + Meadow Fritillary Eoloria bellona p,W + Regal Fritillary Speyeria idalia P,S + + + Great Spangled Fritillary Speyeria cybele W,P,C + + Aphrodite Speyeria aphrodite W,P,C + + Variegated Fritillary Euptoieta claudia C + Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae C Monarch Danaus plexippus P,S,W,C + + Northern Pearly Eye Enodia anthedon F,W Eyed Brown Lethe eurydice W + + Appalachian Eyed Brown Satyrodes appalachia F,W + Little Wood Satyr Megisto cymela F,P + Common Wood Nymph Cercyonis pegala P,S,W,C + + Eufala Skipper Lerodea eufala C Pepper and Salt Skipper Ambylscirtes hegon F Roadside Skipper Amblyscirtes vialis F,C Dusted Skipper Atrytonopsis hianna P,S Dion Skipper Euphyes dion W

114 Table 16. Continued

Species,,3,4 Habitat5 Iroquois Kankakee Will

Black Dash Euphyes conspicuus P,W + + Two-spotted Skipper Euphyes bimacula W + + Dun Skipper Euphyes vestris P,W,C + Mulberry Wing Poanes massasoit W,C + Hobomok Skipper Poanes hobomok F Zabulon Skipper Poanes zabulon F + Broad Winged Skipper Poanes viator W + Byssus Skipper Problema byssus P Delaware Skipper Atrytone delaware P,W,C + Sachem Atalapodes campestris C + + Little Glassy Wing Pompeius verna C Northern Broken Dash Wallengrenia egerement C + Peck's Skipper Polites peckius C + Tawney-edged Skipper Polites themistocles P,C + Crossline Skipper Polites origenes P,C + + Long Dash Polites mystic P,W + Ottoe Skipper - ST Hesperia ottoe P Dakota Skipper Hesperia dacotae P Indian Skipper Hesperia sassacus F,P,C + + Leonard's Skipper Hesperia leonardus P Cobweb Skipper. ST Hesperia metea P,C + Fiery Skipper Hylephila phyleus C +

115 Table 16. Continued

Species2.3.4 Habitat5 Iroquois Kankakee Will

* European Skipper Thymelicus lineola W,C + + Poweshiek Skipperling Oarisma poweshiek W Least Skipper Ancyloxypha numitor W + + Common Sooty Wing Pholisora catullus e + + Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus centaurea F,e Checkered Skipper Pyrgus communis e Dreamy Dusky Wing Erynnis ice/us F,S Sleepy Dusky Wing Erynnis brizo F Wild Indigo Dusky Wing Erynnis baptisiae p,e Mottled Dusky Wing Erynnis martialis F,P + Horace's Dusky Wing Erynnis horatius F + Juvenal's Dusky Wing Erynnis juvenalis F Scalloped Sooty Wing Staphylus hayhursti F,e + + Southern Cloudy Wing Thorybes bathyllus F Northern Cloudy Wing Thorybes pylades F Hoary Edge Achlaris lyciades F Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus clarus p,s,e

I Sources of data for this table are listed in the reference section of this report. 2 Scientific and common names follow Opler and Malikul (1992). , Order of treatment follows Irwin and Downey (1973), except that skippers follow butterflies. 4 Bold type indicates a state endangered species (SE), state threatened species (ST), and/or a federally endangered species (FE); * = introduced species. , Habitats: F =forest, P =prairie, S =savanna, W =wetland, C =cultural.

116 Aquatic Biota

Introduction

The Kankakee River Assessment Area (KRAA) comprises nearly all of Kankakee and Iroquois counties and parts of Will, Grundy, Vermilion, and Ford counties. Two natural divisions, the Northeastern Morainal and Grand Prairie, are included in the area; the latter encompasses over 90% of the basin (Schwegman 1973).

The Kankakee River flows through the ancient bed of Lake Morris, which was formed as the Wisconsinan glacier began to melt. As modern drainages developed and the ancient lake drained, huge deposits of sand and gravel were left behind (Ivens et al. 1981); these deposits have had a large impact on the biological characteristics of the basin. Limestone outcrops in the stream channel near Momence acted as a natural dam and created a vast swamp in Indiana. The ledge divided the Kankakee River valley into two basins: the Upper Basin in Indiana, and the Lower Basin in Illinois. The Upper Basin, called the Grand Marsh, was more or less levelland and composed of wetlands, swamps, and marshes. The Lower Basin was also flat, but no swamps of any magnitude were present and the banks of the river were high enough to prevent overflow. The Kankakee drainage basin in Illinois is now nearly level with the small amount of topographic relief being a result of low sandy ridges of glacial outwash.

The Kankakee River rises in a large marsh about three miles southwest of South Bend, Indiana. The river enters Illinois approximately six miles east of Momence and flows 62 miles before its confluence with the Des Plaines River to form the Illinois River. The width of the Kankakee River varies from 200 to 800 feet with depths to 15 feet. Most of the river bed in Illinois is on or near bedrock. In lllinois the Kankakee River flows as a naturally meandering stream. Where it enters lllinois the substrate is thick sand deposits; between Momence and Kankakee the river flows on mostly bedrock. From Kankakee the substrate changes from gravel and cobble with numerous riffles, shallow pools, and small islands, to silted pools separated by extensive runs of solid bedrock. Near the confluence with the Des Plaines River the Kankakee River is wide, deep, and heavily silted (Graham et al. 1984).

The Kankakee has been managed differently in Illinois and Indiana. In Indiana the river system has been highly modified and managed as an agricultural drainage project (Ivens et al. 1981). Beginning in the late nineteenth century, the main channel of the Kankakee River was channelized and the Grand Marsh was drained. In Illinois, the river is used as a scenic, cultural, and recreational resource. There are three dams on the river, at Momence, at Kankakee, and an overflow dam at Wilmington. From the Illinois-Indiana border west to Momence the Kankakee River meanders 9.5 miles through an area

117 dominated by floodplain forest-the Momence Wetlands. This section is the most natural part of the Kankakee Valley remaining (Ivens et al. 1981).

The Iroquois River is the largest tributary of the Kankakee River. Rising in Jasper County, Indiana, the river flows southwest past Watseka and then flows north until it joins the Kankakee River just below Aroma Park. In Illinois the stream is 55 miles long and drains an area of 1,240 square miles. At the lilinois-Indiana state line the Iroquois River is 50 feet wide; at its mouth it is 400 feet wide. The depth ranges to about nine feet. There are no dams, and the Iroquois has not been dredged. The substrate is primarily gravel, sand, and silt. In the western part ofthe basin near Gilman are many artesian wells that contribute significantly to the flow of the river. At Sugar Island near Chebanse a prominent rock outcrop maintains a nearly level pool for over 27 miles.

The KRAA supports a large diversity of aquatic species. Known from the basin are 84 species of fishes, 37 species of mussels, and 14 species of malacostracans (large crustaceans). Although some species have disappeared from the drainage in recent decades, the aquatic biota of the basin is in better condition than in many other regions of Illinois and, with improvements in water quality and habitat, those species that have been extirpated could return and natural communities could become re-established in areas where they have been eliminated or altered.

The KRAA also appears to support a high diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate species. Unfortunately, existing data on the distribution and natural community associations of these species are inadequate to summarize typical, unique, or rare species, or to identify exotic species; this is particularly true for the Iroquois River, for which no extensive surveys for aquatic macroinvertebrates other than unionid mussels have been conducted. Two related surveys for aquatic macroinvertebrates occurring in the Kankakee River were conducted during the late 1970s by Illinois Natural History Survey personnel, both to assess the. effects of sedimentation on aquatic life of the Kankakee River. The first of these (Page et al. [undated]) was conducted during 1978; the second (Brigham et al. 1981) was conducted during 1979. Several other small surveys for aquatic macroinvertebrates occurring in the Kankakee River basin were conducted during the 1980s and 1990s; records of specimens taken during the above surveys are deposited in the permanent INHS collections in Champaign.

Common Species

Eighty-four species of fishes are known from the KRAA (Tables 17 and 18). Common species in the rivers are the spotfin shiner, red shiner, rosyface shiner, striped shiner, sand shiner, grass pickerel, shorthead redhorse, smallmouth bass, longear sunfish, and banded darter. The most common species in the smaller streams include the creek chub, bluntnose minnow, red shiner, rock bass, and johnny darter. Clean, spring-fed headwaters support populations of southern redbelly dace, creek chubs, and least darters.

118 The KRAA contains one of the state,s most diverse and abundant mussel faunas. Thirty seven species of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) have been reported from the Kankakee River assessment area, 26 of which have been recorded since 1970 (Tables 19 and 20). In addition to the native species, one exotic bivalve (the Asian clam, Corbiculafluminea) has also been found in the watershed. Historical data are available from surveys by Wilson and Clark (1912), Matteson (unpublished), Lewis and Brice (1980), and Suloway (1981). The six most common species in the latest survey were the mucket, pimpleback, threeridge, fat mucket, white heelsplitter, and plain pocketbook. Although the mucket is by far the most dominant species in the Kankakee River drainage, it is not common in other streams in Illinois. All five of the other mussel species are fairly widespread and common statewide.

Fourteen species of crayfishes, isopods, and amphipods are found in the basin (Tables 21 and 22). The most common crayfish is the northern clearwater crayfish, which is most abundant in clear rocky riffles. The virile crayfish, which also is found in rocky areas, is more tolerant of silt and quieter water and also is common. The most common isopod is Caecidotea intermedia, which lives in rocky areas and on woody debris. The most common amphipod is HyaleUa azteca, which usually is found on filamentous algae growing on rocks or logs. None of the 14 species of crustaceans known from the basin is considered threatened or endangered.

In general, the aquatic macroinvertebrate populations of the KRAA appear to be more diverse than those of many other watersheds in Illinois, even though available information to date is limited to those few surveys that focused primarily on the Kankakee River proper. A list of aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa known or thought likely to occur within the KRAA is presented in Table 23; this information is based upon records from the Kankakee River, a few direct tributaries, and from records from other aquatic habitats within the counties located in the KankakeelIroquois River Assessment Area. Most of these species are considered relatively common in the state of Illinois. Although many of the species listed in Table 23 are known to occur in both standing and running water, the paucity of accessible historical records and limited recent information for taxa known to occur within KRAA make it difficult to associate most taxa with specific habitat types, such as headwaters, larger streams, or small or medium reaches of rivers, or with standing water habitats, such as ponds, lakes, and reservoirs.

119 Table 17. Freshwater fishes recorded from the Kankakee River Assessment Areal.

Family Small Medium Standing Scientific Name2,3,4 Common Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Rivers Water

Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzonfossor - SE northern brook lamprey X X lchthyomyzon unicuspis silver lamprey X Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey X X Clupeidae Dorosoma cepedianum gizzard shad X X X Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller X X X Campostoma oligolepis largescale stoneroller X X # Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner X X X # Cyprinella spiloptera spotfin shiner X X X Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner X X X * Cyprinus carpio common carp X X X Ericymba buccata silverjaw minnow X X X Hybopsis amnis - SE pallid shiner X X Hypophthalmichthys nobilis bighead carp X # Luxilus chrysocephalus striped shiner X X X X Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner X X X Nocomis biguttatus hornyhead chub X X Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner X X X Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner X Notropis buchanani ghost shiner X X Notropis chalybaeus - ST ironcolor shiner X X Notropis dorsalis bigmouth shiner X X X Notropis heterolepis - SE blacknose shiner X X # Notropis ludibundus sand shiner X X X # Notropis rubellus rosyface shiner X X X Notropis texanus • SE weed shiner X Notropis volucellus mimic shiner X Opsopoeodus emiliae pugnose minnow X X X Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow X X X Phoxinus erythrogaster southern redbelly dace X # Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow X X X X Pimephales promelas fathead minnow X X Pimephales vigilax bullhead minnow X X Rhinichthys atratulus blacknose dace X X * Scardinius erythrophthalmus rudd X X # Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub X X Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus quillback X X X Catostomus commersoni white sucker X X X Erimyzon oblongus creek chubsucker X X X Erimyzon sucetta lake chubsucker X X Hypentelium nigricans northern hog sucker X X X

120 Table 17. Continued

Family Small Medium Standing Scientific Name2.3.4 Common Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Rivers Water

Ictiobus bubalus smallmouth buffalo X Ictiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo X Ictiobus niger black buffalo X Minytrema melanops spotted sucker X X Moxostoma anisurum silver redhorse X X Moxostoma carinatum • ST river redhorse X X Moxostoma duquesnei black redhorse X X X Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse X X X # Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse X X Ictaluridae Ameiurus melas black bullhead X X X X Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead X X X X lctalurus punctatus channel catfish X X X Noturus flavus stonecat X X Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom X X Esocidae Esox americanus grass pickerel X X X X Esox lucius northern pike X X X Umbridae Umbra limi central mudminnow X X Aphredoderidae Aphredoderus sayanus pirate perch X Atherinidae Labidesthes sicculus brook silverside X X X Fundulidae Fundulus dispar starhead topminnow X X Fundulus notatus blackstripe topminnow X X X Centrarchidae # Ambloplites rupestris rock bass X X X Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish X X X X Lepomis gibbosus pumpkinseed X X X X Lepomis gulosus warmouth X X X X Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish X X X Lepomis macrochirus bluegill X X X X Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish X X X Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass X X X X Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass X X X X Pomoxis annularis white crappie X X X X Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie X X X X Percidae Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter X X X X Etheostoma chlorosomum bluntnose darter X X X Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter X X X Etheostoma microperca least darter X X X

121 Table 17. Continued

Family Small Medium Standing 2 Scientific Name ,3,4 Common Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Rivers Water

# Etheostoma nigrum johnny darter x X X X Etheostoma spectabile orangethroat darter X X X Etheostoma zonale banded darter X X X Percaflavescens yellow perch X X X Percina caprodes logperch X X X Percina maculata blackside darter X XX X Percina phoxocephala slenderhead darter X X X Stizostedion vitreum walleye X X

I Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Fish Collection. 2 Bold type indicates a state endangered species (SE) or state threatened species (ST). :1 * ::;;; non-native species; #;;;: common species. 4 Total number of species = 84 (82 native, 2 introduced).

Table 18. Freshwater fishes recorded from the Kankakee River Assessment Area, by habitat!.

Family Streams Standing Water 2 3 Scientific Name . ,4 Common Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water

Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon fossor northern brook lamprey X X Ichthyomyzon unicuspis silver lamprey X X Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey X X Clupeidae Dorosoma cepedianum gizzard shad X X Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller X X Campostoma oligolepis largescale stoneroller X X # Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner X X # Cyprinella spiloptera spotfin shiner X X Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner X X * Cyprinus carpio common carp X X Ericymba buccata silverjaw minnow X X Hybopsis amnis - SE pallid shiner X Hypophthalmichthys nobilis bighead carp X # Luxilus chrysocephalus striped shiner X X Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner X X Nocomis biguttatus hornyhead chub X X Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner X X X Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner X Notropis buchanani ghost shiner X Notropis chalybaeus - ST ironcolor shiner X X Notropis dorsalis bigmouth shiner X X Notropis heterolepis • SE blacknose shiner X

122 Table 18. Continued

Family Streams Standing Water Scientific Name2,3,4 Common Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water

# Notropis ludibundus sand shiner X X # Notropis rubellus rosyface shiner X X X Notropis texanus • SE weed shiner X X Notropis volucellus mimic shiner X X Opsopoeodus emiliae pugnose minnow X Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow X X Phoxinus erythrogaster southern redbelly dace X X # Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow X X Pimephales promelas fathead minnow X Pimephales vigilax bullhead minnow X X Rhinichthys atratulus blacknose dace X X * Scardinius erythrophthalmus rudd X X # Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub X Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus quillback X X Catostomus commersoni white sucker X X Erimyzon oblongus creek chubsucker X X Erimyzon sucetta lake chubsucker X Hypentelium nigricans northern hog sucker X X Ictiobus bubalus smallmouth buffalo X Ictiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo X Ictiobus niger black buffalo X Minytrema melanops spotted sucker X Moxostoma anisurum silver redhorse X X Moxostoma carinatum - ST river redhorse X X Moxostoma duquesnei black redhorse X X Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse X X # Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse X X Ictaluridae Ameiurus melas black bullhead X X Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead X X Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish X X X Noturus flavus stonecat X Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom X X Esocidae # Esox americanus grass pickerel X X Esox lucius northern pike X X Umbridae Umbra limi central mudminnow X X Aphredoderidae Aphredoderus sayanus pirate perch X Atherinidae Labidesthes sicculus brook silverside X X X

123 Table 18. Continued

Family Streams Standing Water Scientific Name,·3.4 Common Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water

Fundulidae Fundulus dispar starhead topminnow X Fundulus notatus blackstripe topminnow X Centrarchidae # Ambloplites rupestris rock bass X Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish X X Lepomis gibbosus pumpkinseed X Lepomis gulosus warmouth X X Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish X Lepomis macrochirus bluegill X X # Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish X # Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass X X X Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass X X X Pomoxis annularis white crappie X X X Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie X X X Percidae Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter X Etheostoma chlorosomum bluntnose darter X X Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter X Etheostoma microperca least darter X X X # Etheostoma nigrum johnny darter X X Etheostoma spectabile orangethroat darter X X # Etheostoma zonale banded darter X Percaflavescens yellow perch X X Percina caprodes logperch X X Percina maculata blackside darter X Percina phoxocephala slenderhead darter X X Stizostedion vitreum walleye X

1Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Fish Collection. 2 Bold type indicates a state endangered species (SE) or state threatened species (ST). 3 * = non-native species; # ::;; common species. 4 Total number of species: 84 (82 native, 2 introduced).

124 Table 19. Freshwater mussels recorded from the Kankakee River Assessmeut Areal.

Family Sub-family Headwaters/ Small Medium Standing 2 3 Scientific Name • .4 Common Name Creeks Rivers Rivers Water

Margaritiferidae Cumberlandinae Cumberlandia monodonta - SE spectacIecase X Unionidae Anodontinae A/asmidonta marginata elktoe X X Alasmidonta viridis - SE slippershell mussel X X Anodontoides ferussacianus cylindrical papershell X X X # Lasmigona comp/anata white heelsplitter X X X X Lasmigona compressa creek heelsplitter X X Lasmigona costata flutedshell X X Pyganodon grandis giant floater X X X X Simpsonaias ambigua • SE salamander mussel X X Strophitus undu/atus squawfoot X X X Utterbackia imbecillis paper pondshell X X X Ambleminae # Amb/ema plicata threeridge X X Cye/onaias tubercu/ata purple wartyback X Elliptio dilatata • ST spike X X Fusconaia ebena - ST ebonyshell X Fusconaia flava Wabash pigtoe X X Mega/onaias nervosa washboard X Plethobasus cyphyus - SE sheepnose X P/eurobema sintoxia round pigtoe X X Quadru/a metanevra monkeyface X # Quadru/a pustu/osa pimpleback X X Quadru/a quadru/a mapleleaf X X Tritogonia verrucosa pistolgrip X X Uniomerus tetra/asmus pondhorn X X X Lampsilinae # Actinonaias ligamentina mucket X X Epiob/asma triquetra - SE snutlbox X X # Lampsilis cardium plain pocketbook X X Lampsilis higginsii - SE,FE Higgins eye X X # Lampsilis siliquoidea fatmucket X X X Lampsilis teres yellow sandshell X X Leptodea fragilis fragile papershell X X Ligumia recta black sandshell X Obliquaria reflexa threehorn wartyback X Potamilus ohiensis pink papershell X X Toxo/asma parvus lilliput X X X X Venustaconcha ellipsiformis ellipse X X Villosa iris - SE rainbow X X Corbiculidae * Corbicu/a fluminea Asian clam X X X X

I Data from the minois Natural History Survey Mollusk Collection. 2 Bold type indicates a state endangered species (SE); state threatened species (ST) or federally endangered species (FE). 3 * = non-native species; # = common species. 4 Total number of species = 38 (37 native, 1 introduced).

125 Table 20. Freshwater mussels recorded from the Kankakee River Assessment Area, by habitat!.

Family Sub-family Streams Standing Water Scientific Name2.3,4 Common Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Zone

Margaritiferidae Cumbedandinae Cumberlandia monodonta - SE spectaclecase X X Unionidae Anodontinae Alasmidonta marginata elktoe X X Alasmidonta viridis - SE slippershell mussel X X Anodontoides ferussacianus cylindrical papershell X X X # Lasmigona complanata white heelsplitter X X X Lasmigona compressa creek heelsplitter X X Lasmigona costata flutedshell X X Pyganodon grandis giant floater X X X Simpsonaias ambigua - SE salamander mussel X X Strophitus undulatus squawfoot X X X Utterbackia imbecillis paper pondshell X X X Ambleminae # Amblema plicata threeridge X X X Cyclonaias tuberculata purple wartyback X X Elliptio dilatata - ST spike X X Fusconaia ebena - ST ebonyshell X X Fusconaiaflava Wabash pigtoe X X Megalonaias nervOSa washboard X X X Plethobasus cyphyus • SE sheepnose X X Pleurobema sintoxia round pigtoe X X Quadrula metanevra monkeyface X X # Quadrula pustulosa pimpleback X X Quadrula quadrula mapleleaf X X X Tritogonia verrucosa pistolgrip X X Uniomerus tetralasmus pondhorn X X X Lampsilinae # Actinonaias ligamentina mucket X X Epioblasma triquetra - SE snuftbox X X # Lampsilis cardium plain pocketbook X X X Lampsilis higginsii • SE,FE Higgins eye X X # Lampsilis si/iquoidea fatmucket X X X X Lampsilis teres yellow sandshell X X Leptodea fragilis fragile papershell X X X Ligumia recta black sandshell X X Obliquaria reflexa threehorn wartyback X X X Potami/us ohiensis pink papershell X X X Toxolasma parvus lilliput X X X X Venustaconcha ellipsiformis • SC ellipse X X Villosa iris • SE rainbow X X Corbiculidae * Corbicula fluminea Asian clam X X X X

1 Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Mollusk Collection. 2 Bold type indicates a state endangered species (SE), state threatened species (ST) or federally endangered species (FE). 3 * := non-native species; # := common species. 4 Total number of species = 38 (37 native, I introduced). 126 Table 21. Freshwater crustaceans recorded from the Kankakee River Assessment Area'.

ORDER Family Small Medium Standing Scientific Name" 3 Common Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Rivers Water

ISOPODA (Isopods) Asellidae Caecidotea beattyi Springs Caecidotea forbesi X # Caecidotea intermedia X X X X Caecidotea kendeighi Springs

AMPHIPODA (Amphipods) Crangonyctidae Crangonyx gracilis X Crangonyx minor Springs Gammaridae Gammarus pseudolimnaeus X Hyalellidae # Hyalella azteca X X X X X

DECAPODA (Crayfishes & shrimps) Cambaridae Procambarus acutus White River crawfish X X X X Orconectes immunis calico crayfish X X X X X # Orconectes propinquus clearwater crayfish X X X * Orconectes rusticus rusty crayfish X X X X # Orconectes virilis virile crayfish X X X X

I Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Crustacean Collection. 2 * = non-native species; # = common species. 3 Total number of species = 14 (13 native, I introduced).

127 Table 22. Freshwater crustaceans recorded from the Kankakee River Assessme!1t Area, by habitat!.

ORDER Family Streams Standing Water Scientific Name" 3 Common Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water

ISOPODA (Isopods) Asellidae Caecidotea beattyi Springs Caecidotea forbesi X # Caecidotea intermedia X X Caecidotea kendeighi Springs

AMPHIPODA (Amphipods) Crangonyctidae Crangonyx gracilis X X Crangonyx minor Springs Gammaridae Gammarus pseudolimnaeus X Hyalellidae # Hyalella azteca X X X X

DECAPODA (Crayfishes & shrimps) Cambaridae Procambarus acutus White River crawfish X X Orconectes immunis calico crayfish X X # Orconectes propinquus clearwater crayfish X * Orconectes rusticus rusty crayfish X X # Orconectes virilis virile crayfish X X X Cambarus diogenes devil crawfish burrower

1 Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Crustacean Collection. 2 * = non-native species; # = common species. J Total number of species = 14 (13 native, 1introduced).

128 Table 23. Aquatic macroinvertebrates, exclusive of the Crustacea and unionidean Mollusca, recorded from the Kankakee River Assessment Area'.

Phylum CNIDARIA - Hydrozoans (Coelenterata) Helobdella triserialis Hydridae Helobdella stagnalis Hydra sp. Placobdella multilineata Placobdella parasitica Phylum NEMATODA - Nematode Worms GnathobdelIida (species indetenninate) Hirudinidae Haemopis marmorata Phylum ANNELIDA - Segmented Worms Haemopis terrestris Class BRANCmOBDELLAE - Crayfish Worms PharyngobdelIida BranchiobdelIida Erpobdellidae Cambarincolidae Erpobdella punctata (species indetenninate) Class OLIGOCHAETA - Oligochaete Worms Phylum ARTHROPODA. Arthropods Lumbriculida Class ARACHNIDA Lumbriculidae Hydrachnida - Aquatic Mites (species indetenninate) (species indeterminate) Tubificida Class INSECTA· Insects Enchytraeidae Ephemeroptera - Mayflies (species indeterminate) Baetidae Naididae Acerpenna harti Chaetogaster sp. Baetis intercalaris Dero digitata Labiobaetis propinquus Nais communis Procleon rufostrigatum Nais pardalis Baetiscidae Nais pseuobtusa Baetisca lacustris Paranais frid Baetisca laurentina Pristina leidyi Caenidae Slavina appendiculata Caenis amica Stylaria lacustris Caenis hilaris Tubificidae Ephemerellidae Aulodrilus pigueti Ephemerella needhami Branchiura sowerbyi Serratella frisoni Ilyodrilus templetoni Ephemeridae Limnodrilus cervix Hexagenia atrocaudata Limnodrilus claparedianus Hexagenia limbata Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Hexagenia rigida Limnodrilus maumeensis Heptageniidae Limnodrilus udekemianus Heptagenia diabasia Quistadrilus multisetosus Heptagenia marginalis Tubifex tubifex Leucrocuta aphrodite Lumbricidae Leucrocuta hebe (species indetenninate) Leucrocuta maculipennis Class HIRUDINEA· Leeches Stenocron gildersleevei Rhynchobdellida Stenacron interpunctatum Glossiphoniidae Stenonema femoratum

129 Table 23. Continued

Stenonema luteum Libellulidae Stenonema mexicanum integrum Libellula luctuosa Stenonema modestum Plathemis lydia Stenonema pulchellum Sympetrum semicinerum Stenonema terminatum Sympetrum rubicundulum Stenonema vicarium Plecoptera - Stoneflies Isonychiidae Capniidae lsonychia arida Allocapnia granulata lsonychia bicolor Allocapnia vivipara lsonychia rufa Perlidae Metretopodidae Acroneuria abnormis Siphloplecton interlineatum Acroneuria frisoni Polymitarcidae Acroneuria intemata Ephoron album Agnetina capitata Ephoron leukon Neoperla sp. Tortopus primus Perlesta dicipiens Potamanthidae Perlesta placida complex Anthopotamanthus verticis Perlodidae Tricorythidae lsoperla bilineata Tricorythodes sp. Pteronarcyidae Odonata - Damselflies and Dragonflies Pteronarcys pictetii Zygoptera - Damselflies Taeniopterygidae Calopterygidae Strophopteryx fasciata Calopteryx maculata Taeniopteryx burksi Hetaerina americana Taeniopteryx nivalis Coenagrionidae Heteroptera . True Bugs Argia apicalis Belostomidae Argia fumipennis Belostoma flumineum Argia sedula Corixidae Argia tibialis Corisella edulis Enallagma antennatum Hesperocorixa nitida Enallagma civile Hesperocorixa obliqua Enallagma exsulans Sigara alternata lschnura verticalis Sigara hubbelli Lestidae Sigara modesta Lestes unguiculatus Trichocorixa calva Anisoptera - Dragonflies Gerridae Aeshnidae Aquarius remigis Aeshna verticalis Nepidae Cordulegasteridae Ranatra kirkaldyi Cordulegaster diastatops Ranatra nigra Cordulegaster obliquus Notonectidae Gomphidae Buenoa margaratacea Dromogomphus spinosus Buenoa scimitra Erpetogomphus designatus Notonecta raleighi Gomphus externus Notonecta undulata

130 Table 23. Continued

Megaloptera - Dobsonflies & Alderflies Gyrinus borealis Corydalidae Gyrinus maculiventris Corydalus comutus Haliplidae Sialidae Haliplus borealis Sialis sp. Haliplus immaculicollis Lepidoptera - Butterflies & Moths Haliplus triopsis Pyralidae Peltodytes duodecimpunctatus Acentria sp. Peltodytes edentulus Coleoptera - Beetles Peltodytes lengi Dryopidae Hydrophilidae Helichus lithophilus Berosus aculeatus Dytiscidae Berosus infuscatus Copelatus chevrolati Berosus pantherinus Copelatus glyphicus Berosus peregrinus Coptotomus lenticus Berosus striatus Coptotomus loticus Cymbiodyta vindicata Desmopachria convexa Dibolocelus ovatus Hydroporus hybridus Enochrus cinctus Hydroporus triangularis Enochrus consortus Hydroporus undulatus Enochrus ochraceus Hydroporus vitiosus Enochrus perplexus Hydroporus wickhami Enochrus pygmaeus nebulosus Hygrotus sayi Helophorus lacustris Ilybius fraterculus Helophorus nitidulus Ilybius laramaeus Hydrochus granulatus Laccophilus maculosus maculosus Hydrochus subcupreus Laccophilus proximus Hydrophilus triangularis Liodessus affinis Laccobius agilis Liodessus fuscatus Paracymus communis Matus ovatus ovatus Paracymus subcupreus Uvarus lacustris Tropistemus blatchleyi blatchleyi Elmidae Tropisternus blatchleyi modestus Ancyronyx variegatus Tripisternus lateralis nimbatus Dubiraphia quadrinotata Tripisternus mixtus Dubiraphia vittata Tropisternus natator Macronychus glabratus Psephenidae Optioservus sp. Psephenus herricki Stenelmis crenata Trichoptera - Caddisflies Stenelmis musgravei Brachycentridae Stenelmis sandersoni Brachycentrus lateralis Stenelmis sexlineata Brachycentrus numerosus Stenelmis vittipennis Micrasema rusticum Gyrinidae Glossosomatidae Dineutes analis Protoptila erotica Dineutes assimilis Protoptila maculata Gyrinus aeneolus Protoptila palina Gyrinus analis

131 Table 23. Continued

Helicopsychidae Ceraclea maculata Helicopsyche borealis Ceraclea resurgens Hydropsychidae Ceraclea tarsipunetata Ceratopsyche bronta Ceraclea transversa Cheumatopsyche analis Leptocerus americanus Cheumatopsyche campyla Nectopsyche candida Cheumatophsyche lasia Nectopsyche exquiseta Cheumatopsyche pasella Oecetis avara Cheumatopsyche pettiti Oecetis cinerascens Cheumatopsyche sordida Oecetis inconspicua Cheumatopsyche speciosa Triaenodes jlavescens Hydropsyche aerata Triaenodes injustus Hydropsyche betteni Triaenodes marginatus Hydropsyche bidens Limnephilidae Hydropsyche cuanis Anabolia consocia Hydropsyche hageni Hydatophylax argus Hydropsyche incommoda Platycentropus radiatus Hydropsyche orris Pycnopsyche subfasciata Hydropsyche phalerata Philopotamidae Hydropsyche placoda Chimarra obscura Hydropsyche rossi Chimarra socia Hydropsyche simulans Phryganeidae Macrostemum zebratum Ptilostomis postica Potamyia jlava Ptilostomis semifasciata Hydroptilidae Polycentropodidae Hydroptila albicornis Cernotina calcea Hydroptila angusta Cyrnellus fraternus Hydroptila armata Neureclipsis crepuscularis Hydroptila grandiosa Nyctiophylax celta Hydroptila hamata Nyctiophylax vestitus Hydroptila perdita Polycentropus cinereus Hydroptila spatulata Psychomyiidae Hydroptila waubesiana Psychomyia jlavida Mayatrichia ayama Lepidoptera. Butterflies & Moths Neotrichiafalca Pyralidae Neotrichia minutisimella Petrophila sp. Neotrichia okopa Diptera . Flies Ochrotrichia shawnee Ceratopogonidae Ochrotrichia tarsalis Forcipomyia aurea Oxyethira coercens Palpomyia complex Oxyethira pallida Chironomidae Stactobiella palmata Ablabesmyia sp. Leptoceridae Apsectrotanypus johnsoni Ceraclea alagma Cardiocladius obscurus Ceraclea ancylus Chaetocladius sp. Ceraclea cancellata Chironomus sp. Ceraclea jlava Cladotanytarsus sp.

132 Table 23. Continued

Cricotopus politus Culicidae Cricotopus trifasciatus Simuliidae Cryptochironomus.sp. Tabanidae Dicrotendipes sp. (species indeterminate) Eukiefferiella sp. Tipulidae Glyptotendipes sp. (species indeterminate) Harnischia complex Labrundinia pilosella Phylum MOLLUSCA - Mollusks (not Larsia sp. including Unionidae) Microtendipes caducus Gastropoda - Snails Orthocladius sp. Ancylidae Paralauterborniella sp. Ferrissia sp. Phaenopsectra sp. Physidae Polypedilum convictum Physa anatina Polypedilum fallax Pleuroceridae Procladius sp. Goniobasis sp. Psectrocladius sp. Pleurocera sp. Pseudochironomus richardsoni Pelecypoda - Bivalve Mollusks Rheotanytarsus exiguus Sphaeriidae Stenochironomus sp. Pisidium sp. Stictochironomus sp. Sphaerium sp. Tanypus stellatus Tanytarsus confusus Thienemanniella sp.

I Data are from the Illinois Natural History Survey Insect and Annelida collections, and literature cited in this document. 2 List compiled by MJ. Wetzel and D.W. Webb, Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity.

Threatened and Endangered Fishes

State endangered fishes recorded from the Kankakee River assessment area are the northern brook lamprey, pallid shiner, blacknose shiner, and weed shiner. State threatened fishes are the ironcolor shiner and the river redhorse. The western sand darter, also state endangered, is known from just outside the assessment area in the Kankakee River 0.5 mile west of Custer Park and near Wilmington.

The blacknose shiner, last oQserved in the area in 1967, and the northern brook lamprey, last observed in 1975, may be extirpated from the region; however, these fishes are small and difficult to find, and they may still be present.

The pallid shiner is on the verge of extinction in Illinois, being present only in a segment of the Kankakee River, from 1.5 miles north of Wilmington to the mouth of Horse Creek (at Custer Park), and at one locality on the Mississippi River. The population in the Kankakee River is the only large population extant in the state.

133 The weed shiner is known to maintain populations in the Kankakee River (at Momence), Kankakee County, and in upper Beaver Creek, a tributary of the Iroquois River in Kankakee and Iroquois counties. The weed shiner is one of the rarest fishes in Illinois; elsewhere in the state it is known to persist only at two localities in the Rock River drainage. The populations in the Kankakee basin are the only large populations in the state.

The ironcolor shiner maintains populations in only two sandy regions of lilinois, one of which is drained by the Beaver Creek system in Kankakee and Iroquois counties. The other is the sand region of Mason and Tazewell counties. Ironcolor shiners are found in the upper Beaver Creek system, Kankakee County, and in the Iroquois County Conservation Area, Iroquois County.

The river redhorse is present in only a few large streams in lilinois. The only stream in which it is common is the Kankakee River. Many records since 1980 are from near Custer Park; however, they have also been observed near Kankakee, and this large fish probably occurs throughout much of the river.

Threatened and Endangered Mussels

The KRAA historically has supported nine special status species of mussels, including two state threatened and seven state endangered species. One ofthe state endangered mussels (Higgins eye) is also federally listed as endangered. Of the nine rare species, only three (slippershell, spike, sheepnose) have been observed alive since 1980. A summary of their occurrence in the Kankakee River is presented below.

The slippershell was historically found in the northern half of Illinois, particularly in the northeast. Specimens were found alive in Baker Creek (part of the Kankakee River assessment area) in 1988. The only other occurrences of this species in the assessment area were found in Trim Creek in 1991 and the Kankakee River near Aroma Park in 1994 (both as weathered dead shells).

The spike has undergone a drastic reduction in range in lilinois since the 1950s. This species was historically widespread and abundant in the Kankakee River and ranked second in overall abundance in a 1960 survey of the basin (Suloway 1981). In 1978 only three live spikes were found out of a total of 1,006 mussels collected in the Kankakee River drainage. Since 1980, spikes have been found alive near Aroma Park in 1994 and 1996. This is the only area known to support live spikes in the river at the present time.

The sheepnose is widespread but sporadic in distribution in Illinois. The largest population in the state probably occurs in the Kankakee River. Live sheepnose were found in the river near Aroma Park in 1994 and 1996.

134 Current literature discussing federal- and state-listed threatened and endangered species, species under consideration for such listing, or other species considered rare or of special concern (Herkert 1992, 1994; Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board 1994; U.S. Department oflnterior, Fish and Wildlife Service 1995, 1996) does not include any aquatic macroinvertebrate species other than unionid mussels known or thought likely to occur in the KankakeelIroquois River Assessment Area other than unionid mussels.

Non-native Species

The common carp has been introduced to the Kankakee River drainage. It can be found in almost any type of habitat but prefers warm sluggish waters of streams and lakes and is very tolerant of high turbidity and low oxygen levels. Native to Eurasia, the common carp has been present in Illinois since the earliest surveys, making its effect on native species difficult to determine. The species tends to destroy vegetation and increase water turbidity by dislodging plants and rooting around in the substrate, causing a deterioration of habitat for species requiring vegetation and clear water. The species attains a large size and has become an important commercial food species in lllinois; however, it may have done so at the expense of ecologically similar native species such as carpsuckers and buffalos. It was distributed throughout lllinois by the time of Forbes and Richardson's (1908) survey of Illinois fishes and was described as abundant in all parts of the state by Smith (1979). It remains common in most areas of Illinois.

The exotic Asian clam is widespread in the Kankakee River drainage with records from the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers and Davis, East Branch Horse, Rock, Minnie, Beaver, Little Beaver and Spring creeks. Native to Asia, the species was first documented by collections in the Kankakee River in 1978. Effects of the Asian clam on native species and communities are difficult to measure, but the species probably competes with native mussels for food.

The rusty crayfish is rapidly expanding its range, mostly as a result of bait-bucket introductions, and now is present in the Kankakee River system (Taylor and Redmer 1996). Once established, the rusty crayfish outcompetes native crayfishes and, in the Kankakee River, it is rapidly displacing the ecologically similar White River crawfish.

Information Gaps

The KRAA drainage has been fairly well studied with respect to fishes, crayfishes, and mussels. However, additional survey work in the smaller tributaries would better define the limits of some of the species, especially mussels, and possibly uncover additional populations of the state endangered species.

The status of the several species, especially the northern brook lamprey, blacknose shiner, and weed shiner, is uncertain; additional survey work is needed to determine whether

135 these species still occur in the drainage and, if not, whether they could be successfully reintroduced.

The Illinois Department of Natural Resources have a relatively extensive database for the mainstream of the Kankakee River. However, long-term population monitoring of selected species and communities is needed throughout the state to provide information on trends in biological resources and on the success of various management strategies. Mark-recapture studies also are badly needed to understand normal movements of fishes and other aquatic organisms and, hence, to provide baseline data for interpreting the impacts of environmerital alterations and management strategies. Most groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates known to occur in the KRAAArea have not been as well studied as fishes, mussels, and crustaceans. In fact, with the exception of a few collections, the aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of many of the Kankakee River tributaries has not been studied. The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna thought likely to occur in the Iroquois River and its tributaries has not been documented in any published study to date. Historical as well as recent faunal studies for aquatic macroinvertebrates occurring in Illinois include those for Coleoptera (beetles) (Wooldridge 1967; W. Brigham, unpublished), Ephemeroptera (mayflies) (Burks 1953), Plecoptera (stoneflies) (Frison 1935), Trichoptera (caddisflies) (Ross 1944), Hemiptera (true bugs) (Lauck 1959), Diptera (Malloch 1915a, b), and Annelida (segmented worms) (Wetzel 1992). Several historical and recent collections of aquatic macroinvertebrates from the KRAA are deposited in the permanent lllinois Natural History Survey Collections; information for these collections, however, is not easily retrievable because either the specimens have not yet been identified or the identified material has not yet been incorporated into a searchable database. Once these specimens have been identified and incorporated into a database, comparisons of historical material with that obtained during more recent collections could be made to determine changes in distribution and abundance. Moreover, long-term monitoring of selected groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates in habitats throughout the state particularly in headwater streams and, to a lesser extent, in small ponds, lakes and wetland areas, would provide needed information on population trends and habitat associations.

Water Quality

The Illinois Water Quality Report (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 1996) describes water quality conditions for designated uses including aquatic life, swimming, drinking water, recreation, secondary contact, and fish consumption based on a wide variety of biotic and abiotic monitoring programs. A total of 88.7% of the assessed stream miles in the Kankakee River drainage were rated as "Full Support" (water quality meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards). The remaining 11.3% of stream miles were rated as "Partial UseIMinor Support." Nutrients and siltation attributed to agriculture were the cause of the partial use rating.

136 The Biological Stream Characterization (Bertrand et aI. 1995) rated the Kankakee River from the state line to I-55 and the entire Iroquois River as "B" Streams (Highly Valued Aquatic Resource). Tributaries to the Kankakee River rated as "B" Streams include Gar Creek Ditch, Soldier Creek, Rock Creek, Bull Creek, Black Walnut Creek, Lehigh Raymond Run, Pike Creek, Forked Creek upstream of South Branch Forked Creek, and Exline Slough upstream of Exline. Tributaries to the Iroquois River rated as "B" Streams include Sugar Creek, Pigeon Creek, Pike Creek, and Spring Creek from its headwaters to Shavetail Creek. The remaining portions of the Kankakee River drainage were rated as "C" Streams (Moderate Aquatic Resource) or not rated.

Using fishes as biological indicators, Smith (1971) rated the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers as "Excellent."

Biologically Significant Streams

Five areas of the Kankakee River drainage were recognized as Biologically Significant Streams (Page et al. 1992) because of their mussel and fish diversity. These streams provide the best opportunities in the basin for the protection of large numbers of native species. For more information, see the discussion in the introduction of this report.

1. Kankakee Riverfrom Momence in Kankakee County, to Des Plaines Wildlife Conservation Area in Will County. The Kankakee River flows as a naturally meandering stream, and in this stretch of the river a variety of stream habitats are found including alternating riffles, pools, and vegetated islands. Between Momence and Kankakee the substrate is mainly bedrock overlain with sand and cobble with sandy pools along the margin. At Kankakee the substrate changes from gravel and cobble with numerous riffles, shallow pools, and small islands, to silted pools separated by extensive runs of solid bedrock. Present in the river are the pallid shiner (SE), weed shiner (SE), western sand darter (ST), river redhorse (ST), and a high diversity of mussels including the threatened sheepnose. Bordering the Kankakee River along this stretch are the Kankakee River Nature Preserve and Kankakee River State Park. The Kankakee houses one of the state's most diverse aquatic communities and should be regarded as a resource of national importance.

2. Little Beaver Creek from the state line to two miles southeast ofSt. Anne, Kankakee County. Although once channelized, most of the stream is returning to a natural state. The substrate consists mostly of sand with some gravel and silt. Some segments of the stream have large amounts of vascular aquatic vegetation, The ironcolor shiner and the weed shiner are present. The riparian zone ranges from zero to 30 feet wide and consists of grass, trees, and agricultural fields. The stream is heavily affected by agriculture, and a vegetated riparian zone needs to be maintained.

137 3. Beaver Creek and its tributary from Iroquois County Conservation Area to the confluence ofBeaver and Little Beaver Creek, Iroquois County. Beaver Creek and its tributary are small streams with a sand and silt substrate and vascular aquatic vegetation. The tributary has been channelized, but the water is clear and stream bank erosion is low. The riparian zone is 10 to 20 feet wide and consists of grass, small trees, and shrubs. The ironcolor shiner is present. These streams are an excellent choice for preservation because they drain the Iroquois County Conservation Area.

4. Trim Creekfrom Grant Park to the Kankakee River, Kankakee County. This a small, shallow, channelized, clear-water stream that supports a population of the ellipse, rare in Illinois. The majority of the substrate is bedrock and gravel with some sand and silt. Vascular aquatic vegetation consists of curly leaf, eel grass, a waterweed species, and a pondweed species. The riparian zone is 10 to 30 feet wide and ranges from grasses upstream to woods downstream. Row crop agriculture occurs just outside the riparian zone.

5. Baker Creek from Exline to Kankakee River, Kankakee County. Baker Creek is a small, shallow stream with a sand and silt substrate that supports a population of the state endangered slippershell.

Environmental Problems

Stream ecosystems are fragmented by landscape changes that render stream habitats unsuitable for aquatic organisms and by instream modifications that eliminate stream habitats. Smith (1971) ranked the causes of extirpation or declines in fish species in Illinois as follows: siltation (as the primary factor responsible for the loss of 2, and decimation of 14 species;, drainage of bottomland lakes, swamps, and prairie marshes (0, 13); desiccation during drought (0, 12); species introductions (2, 7); pollution (2, 5); impoundments (0,4); and increased water temperatures (0, I). All of these factors render habitats unsuitable for many aquatic species throughout Illinois and lead to extirpations.

Streams in lllinois naturally have wooded floodplains that are extremely important in maintaining a healthy aquatic environment. The vegetation on a floodplain shades the stream and keeps it from becoming excessively hot during the summer, stabilizes the streambank and reduces erosion, and acts as a filter that removes topsoil and pesticides that would otherwise reach the stream as water drains from croplands. During periods of high water, vegetated floodplains provide feeding and spawning areas for many species of aquatic organisms and nurseries for developing larvae. When floodplains are converted to crop production, as they have been throughout much of Illinois, they no longer provide these benefits to aquatic organisms.

Another major landscape change that has negatively impacted streams has been the tiling of land for agriculture. Land that once drained slowly drains quickly once it is tiled.

138 Rapid drainage of land increases the pulse of a flood and increases the intensity and duration of lowflow once the water has moved downstream. These artificially extreme fluctuations in water levels subject stream organisms to environmental conditions to which they are not adapted and can lead to the extirpation of populations.

Siltation, increased water temperatures, and desiccation follow the removal of riparian vegetation and the tiling of fields as land is prepared for agriculture. The excessive siltation associated with the removal of floodplain vegetation is among the most damaging forms of stream pollution. The clean rock and gravel substrates that are normally characteristic of riffles and other stream habitats with fast-flowing water provide living space for many species of aquatic insects and other invertebrates and important spawning habitat for many species of fishes. The deposition of silt covers the rocks, leaving no place for small organisms to hide or for fishes to hide their eggs. Silt can also cover the leaves of aquatic plants and, if sufficient to prevent gas exchange or photosynthesis, will cause the plants to die. The reduction of plant life in a stream has a cascading negative impact on the stream ecosystem. Many animals, in particular insect larvae and fishes, use the plants as places to hide and forage. Some fishes use plants to hide from predators, others use plants as sites from which to ambush prey. As plants are eliminated, populations of insects and fishes are reduced or eliminated because they have fewer places to live.

The impact of increased water temperatures resulting from the loss of riparian vegetation and reduced water flow during warm seasons is difficult to separate from the effects of siltation and other factors that occur concomitantly. However, throughout lllinois, increased water temperatures per se are probably especially harmful to cool-water species, such as northern pike, and to species dependent on springs and spring-fed streams, such as the southern redbelly dace and many species of amphipods, isopods, and crayfishes. Stream desiccation is thought to be primarily an effect of the artificially extreme fluctuations in water levels that follow tiling of fields for agriculture. The rapid drainage of surrounding land increases the intensity and prolongs the duration of low-flow once the water has moved downstream. A drought that historically would have had the impact of decreasing the flow in a stream can now lead to a dry stream bed.

Floodplains of large rivers normally have low areas that fill with water during floods and survive year-round as shallow lakes. These lakes provide primary habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals, and because they naturally have luxuriant plant growth, they are important feeding areas for waterfowl. They also provide spawning areas, nurseries for larvae, and overwintering refugia for fishes. Unfortunately, most of the bottomland lakes in Illinois have been drained to create cropland, and those that remain have become shallow and barren because of the tremendous silt loads deposited in them each year during periods of high water. The shallow muddy lakes no longer support the plant life that was fundamental to successful completion of the life cycles of many aquatic species.

139 The impacts of introduced fishes include competition, predation, inhibition of reproduction, environmental modification, transfer of parasites and diseases, and hybridization. Freshwater mussels and crayfishes have been seriously impacted in Illinois in recent decades by non-native invaders, most notably the zebra mussel and the rusty crayfish. Nalepa (1994) documented the severe decline in native mussels due to the invasion of zebra mussels in Lake St. Clair over a six-year period. He found that mussel densities declined from 2.4/m2 in 1986 to 0/m2 in 1992 in areas heavily infested with zebra mussels. The rusty crayfish, introduced through its use as fishing bait, is rapidly spreading through Illinois and displacing native crayfishes (Taylor and Redmer 1996).

Point sources of pollution include industrial wastes and domestic sewage. In Illinois, considerable progress has been made in identifying and eliminating point sources of pollution, and water quality has improved as a result. Nonpoint sources are now a larger problem than are point sources and include siltation and agricultural pesticides that reach streams following the removal of floodplain vegetation.

Impounding a stream converts it into a standing body of water that lacks the riffles, runs, pools, and other habitats that stream-inhabiting organisms require. When a stream is dammed, most native species are eliminated from the inundated area, and upstream and downstream populations become isolated from one another. Dams block migrations of fishes that in many species are necessary for reproduction. The loss of migratory fishes from a stream ecosystem can lead to the loss of mussels using the migratory fishes as glochidial hosts.

Channelization is the straightening of a stream to enhance drainage of the surrounding land. The straightening converts the diversity of habitats in a stream to one continuous straight channel that supports few species. Because of their sedentary nature, mussels are particularly susceptible to the effects of channelization.

Potential Management Strategies for Aquatic Species

Management strategies for aquatic ecosystems must consider each watershed on an individual basis. Attempting to correct problems locally without consideration of upstream activities and downstream implications will result in partial, and probably temporary, improvement.

Correction of some factors that have led to stream habitat fragmentation in past decades is relatively easy. Important initiatives include building sewage treatment plants and avoiding the construction of mainstream impoundments when possible. Other initiatives, such as stopping the removal of riparian vegetation, cessation of stream channelization, and the drainage of bottomland lakes, require more public education and governmental action including, perhaps, providing better incentives to landowners. Assuming that pollution will be held at current levels or reduced, nothing will be more beneficial to the

140 biota of Illinois streams than to have natural riparian vegetation restored. Siltation, desiccation, and higher than normal temperatures would all be reduced to acceptable levels if streams were lined with native plants that shaded the stream, stabilized the banks, and filtered sediment and chemicals from runoff before they reached the stream.

Most introductions of non-native fishes have been done in an effort to improve sport or commercial fishing, and usually governmental agencies have been responsible for the introductions. We now know that non-native species alter ecosystems, and the long-term effect of any introduction is likely to be negative rather than an improvement.

Given the opportunity, streams will restore themselves. Often, the best approach to restoration may be to encourage restoration of the native vegetation of the drainage basin, in particular the riparian zone, correct any additional existing pollution problems, and let the stream return to natural conditions. In some instances additional measures, such as reintroducing extirpated species, may be advisable.

141

References

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147 Taft, J.B. 1993. The noteworthy vegetation within the FA 317 (US Route 24) Illinois Department of Transportation project area from Gilman to Watseka, Iroquois County with emphasis on threatened and endangered species and natural quality. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1993(8). 7 pp. + Appendix and Figures. Taft, J.B. 1995a. Ecology, distribution, and rareness patterns ofthreatened and endangered prairie plants in Illinois. Pages 21-31 in T. E. Rice, ed. Proceedings of the fourth Central Illinois Prairie Conference. Milliken University, Decatur, IL. Taft, J.B. 1995b. Botanical survey of FAP 130 - Kankakee West By-Pass. Memorandum dated 21 December 1995 to the Bureau of Design and Environment, Illinois Department of Transportation from the Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Champaign. 14 pp. Taft, J.B. 1996. Reading the signs: plants as indicators of site history. lllinois Steward, Spring 1996:20-24. Taft, J.B. 1997. Savannas and open woodlands. Pages 24-54 in Mark W. Schwartz, ed. Conservation in highly fragmented landscapes. Chapman and Hall Press. Taft, J.B., M.W. Schwartz, and L.R. Phillippe. 1995. Vegetation ecology of flatwoods on the lllinoian till plain. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:647-666. Taft, J., G. Wilhelm, D. Ladd, and L. Masters. 1997. Floristic quality assessment and analysis for Illinois. Erigenia (in press). Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson. 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American wetlands. U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Res. Rep. 2. Vestal, A.G. 1931. Strategic habitats and communities in lllinois. lllinois State Academy of Science Transactions 24:80-85. White, J. 1978. Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Vol. 1. Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. 426 pp. White, J. and M.H. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in Illinois. Pages 310-405 (Appendix 30) in J. White. Illinois Natural Areas Technical Report, Volume 1. Survey Methods and Results. Urbana. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory. Wilcove, D.S., e.H. McLellan, and A.P. Dobson. 1986. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. Pages 237-256 in M.E. Soule, ed., Conservation biology. The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MS. Willman, H.B., E. Atherton, T.e. Buschbach, C. Collinson, J.e. Frye, M.E. Hopkins, J. A. Lineback, and J.A. Simon. 1975. Handbook of Illinois stratigraphy. lllinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 95. 261 pp.

Birds

Bohlen, H.D., and W. Zimmerman. 1989. The birds oflllinois. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. 222 pp. Brawn, J.D., and S.K. Robinson. 1996. Source-sink population dynamics may complicate the interpretation oflong-term census data. Ecology 77:3-12.

148 Doolittle, J. 1993. The report of the 1993 Iroquois County Conservation Area KIVSN nesting bird survey. Final report to the Kankakee-Iroquois volunteer stewardship network. Graber, J.W., and RR Graber. 1983. Feeding rates of warblers in spring. Condor 85:139-150. Herkert, J.R 1991. Prairie birds of Illinois: Population responses to two centuries of habitat change. Illinois Natatural History Survey Bulletin 34:393-399. Herkert, J.R 1994. Breeding bird communities of midwestern prairie fragments: the effects of prescribed burning and habitat area. Natueal Areas Journal 14: 128-135. Herkert, J.R., RE. Szafoni, Y.M. Kleen, and J.E. Schwegman. 1993. Habitat establishment, enhancement, and management for forest and grassland birds in illinois. Illinois Department of Conservation, Natural Heritage Technical Publication No.1. 20pp. Hopkins, E. 1982. Report on the 1982 Iroquois County Conservation Area avian ecological investigation. Final report to moc - Natural Heritage. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 1997. Biological and conservation database system (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Peterjohn, B.G., J.R Sauer, and W.A. Link. 1994. The 1992 and 1993 summary of the North American breeding bird survey. Bird Populations 2:46-61. Robinson, S.K., and J.P. Hoover. 1996. Effects of landscape fragmentation on migrant songbirds in the Cache Wetlands: implications for floodplain restoration. Final Report to USFWS. 149 pp. Robinson, S.K., J.P. Hoover, and J.R Herkert. In press. Cowbird parasitism in a fragmented landscape: effects of tract size, habitat, and abundance of cowbird hosts. In J.N.M. Smith, S.K. Robinson, S.I. Rothstein, S.G. Sealy, and T.Cook, eds. Ecology and management of cowbirds. Univ. Texas Press, Austin, Texas. Robinson, S.K., P.R. Thompson III, T.M. Donovan, D.R Whitehead, and J. Faaborg. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267:1987-1990. Rothstein, S.l., and S.K. Robinson. 1994. Conservation and evolutionary implications of brood parasitism by cowbirds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:162-164. Warner, RE. 1994. Agricultural land use and grassland habitat in Illinois: Future shock for midwestern birds? Conservation Biology 8:147-156. Vanderah, G. C. 1995. Habitat selection and spatial patterns of the declining Cerulean warbler. M.S. Thesis, Uniersity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Mammals

Anderson, E.A. 1982. Status and distribution of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Illinois. M.S. thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. 77 pp. Anderson, E. 1995. Status in the Midwest and illinois. Pages 23-32 in R. Bluett, ed. Illinois river otter recovery plan. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield.

149 Anderson, E.A. and A. Woolf. 1984. River otter (Lutra canadensis) habitat utilization in northwestern Illinois. Final report, Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University. Submitted to llIinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. vi+90 pp. Erickson, D.W., C.R McCullough, and W.E. Porath. 1984. River otter investigations in Missouri. Final report, Pittman-Robertson Project W-I3-R-38, Missouri Department of Conservation. 47 pp. Gardner, J.E., J.E. Hofmann, and J.D. Garner. 1996. Summer distribution ofthe federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) in Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 89:187-196. Hoffmeister, D.E 1989. Mammals of Illinois. University ofIllinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 348 pp. Hofmann, J.E. 1996. A limited survey of the mammalian fauna ofthe Kankakee West Bypass project corridor, Kankakee County, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1996(10). Submitted to Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield. 19 pp. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 1997. Biological and conservation database system (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. llIinois Endangered Species Protection Board. 1994. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of Illinois. lllinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. ii+20 pp. Jackson, H.H.T. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 504pp. Johnson, S. 1996. Tippecanoe and otters, too. Outdoor Indiana 61(3): 16-21. Jones, J.K., Jr., and E.C. Birney. 1988. Handbook of mammals of the north-central states. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 346 pp. Kurta, A. 1995. Mammals of the Great Lakes region. Revised edition. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 376 pp. Mahan, C.J., and RR. Heidorn. 1984. The mammals of Iroquois County Conservation Area. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 77:23-28. Melquist, W.E., and M.G. Hornocker. 1983. Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho. Wildlife Monographs 83: 1-60. Mueller, A. 1996. Otter comeback: behind the scenes. Outdoor Illinois 4(9): 10-13. Nixon, C.M., S.P. Havera, and RE. Greenberg. 1978. Distribution and abundance of the gray squirrel in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes 105. 55 pp. Toweill, D.E. and J.E. Tabor. 1982. River otter. Pages 688-703 in J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. Wild mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Warner, RE., and B. Ver Steeg. 1995. Illinois badger studies. Final report, Federal Aid to Wildlife Project No. W-103-R, 1-6, Illinois Natural History Survey. 161 pp. Wilson, D.E., and D.M. Reeder eds. 1993. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. 2d ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 1,206 pp.

150 Amphibians and Reptiles

Collins, J.T., ed. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 1997. Biological and conservation database system (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Smith, P.W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles of lilinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 28(1):1-298.

Terrestrial Insects: Butterflies and Skippers

Dennis, R.L.H. 1993. Butterflies and c!imate change. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. 302 pp. Ebner, J.A. 1970. Butterflies of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Museum Popular Science Handbook No. 12. 205 pp. Ehrlich, P.R., andA.H. Ehrlich. 1961. How to know the butterflies. w.e. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa. 262 pp. Feltwell, J. 1986. The natural history of butterflies. Facts on File Publications, New York and Oxford. 133 pp. Ferris, e.D., ed. 1989. Supplement to: Acataloguelchecklist of the butterflies of America north of Mexico. Lepidopterists Society Memoir No.3. 103 pp. Field, W.D., e.P. dos Passos, and J.H. Masters. 1974. A bibliography of the catalogues, lists, faunal and other papers on the butterflies of North America north of Mexico arranged by state and provine (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 157. 104 pp. Ford, E.B. 1945. Butterflies. The New Naturalist, Collins, London. 368 pp. Glassberg, J. 1993. Butterflies through binoculars. Oxford University Press, New York. 160 pp. Howe, W.H., ed. 1975. The butterflies of North America. Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 633 pp. Iftner, D.e., J.A. Sherry, and J.V. Calhoun. 1992. Butterflies and skippers of Ohio. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, new series, 111:1-212. Irwin, R.R., and J.e. Downey. 1973. Annotated checklist of the butterflies of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Biologic! Notes No. 81. 60 pp. Klots, A.B. 1951. Afield guide to the butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 349 p. Lepidopterists' Society. 1974. Season summary. News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:9. Lepidopterists' Society. 1975. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2/3:9-10. Lepidopterists' Society. 1976. Season summary. News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:[n.p.].

151 Lepidopterists' Society. 1988. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:33. Lepidopterists' Society. 1989. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:29-30. Lepidopterists' Society. 1990. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:25. Lepidopterists' Society. 1991. Season summary. News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:30 Lepidopterists' Society. 1992. Season summary. News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:21-22. Lepidopterists' Society. 1993. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:43-44. Lepidopterists' Society. 1994. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2:39. Lepidopterists' Society. 1995. Season summary. News of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2 (suppl.):27. Lepidopterists' Society. 1996. Season summary. News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society 38 (suppl.):43-44. Miller, J.Y., ed. 1992. The common names of North American butterflies. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 177 pp. Miller, L.D., and EM. Brown. 1981. Catalog/checklist of the butterflies of North America. Lepidopterists Society Memoir No.2. 280 pp. Mohlenbrock, RH. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Revised and enlarged edition. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. 507 pp. New, T.R. 1991. Butterfly conservation. Oxford University press, Melbourne, Australia. 224pp. Opler, P.A., and G.O. Krizik. 1984. Butterflies east of the Great Plains. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 294 pp. Opler, P.A., and V. Malikul. 1992. A field guide to eastern butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 396 pp. Pollard, E., and T.J. Yates. 1993. Monitoring butterflies for ecology and conservation. Chapman and Hall, London. 274 pp. Pullin, A.S., ed. 1995. Ecology and conservation of butterflies. Chapman and Hall, London. 363 pp. Pyle, RM. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 916 pp. Pyle, RM. 1992. Handbook for butterfly watchers. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 280pp. Scott, J.A. 1986. The butterflies of North America, a natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 583 pp. Scriber, J.M., Y. Tsubaki, and RC. Lederhouse, eds. 1995. Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainsville, Flofida. 459 pp. Sedenko, J. 1991. The butterfly garden. Villard Books, New York. 144 pp. Shull, E.M. 1987. The butterflies of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science and Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana. 262 pp.

152

" Sites, RW., and J.E. McPherson. 1980. A key to the butterflies of Illinois (Lepidoptera: Papilionoldea). The Great Lakes Entomologist 13:97-114. Vane-Wright, RI., and P.R Ackery, eds. 1984. The biology of butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London.

Aquatic Biota

Brigham, A.R., L.B. Suloway, and L.M. Page. 1981. The effects of sedimentation on aquatic life of the Kankakee River. Phase II: Quantitative studies and threatened, endangered, and rare species. lllinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. Document No. 81137. 16 pp. Bertrand, W.A., RL. Hite, and D.M. Day. 1995. Biological Stream Characterization (BSC): Biological Assessment of Illinois Stream Quality through 1993. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Report No. IEPAlBOW.96-058. December 1996. 40 pages + map. Burks, B.D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the lllinois Natural History Survey 26(1):1-216. Frison, T.H. 1935. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of lllinois. Bulletin of the lllinois Natural History Survey 20(4): 281-471. Forbes, S.A., and RE. Richardson. 1909. The fishes oflllinois. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Danville. cxxxvi + 357 pp. Graham, RJ., RW. Larimore, and W.E Dimond. 1984. Recreational fishing in the Kankakee River, lllinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 120. 13 pp. Herkert, J.R 1992. Endangered and threatened species in lllinois: status and distribution, Volume 2 - animals. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iv + 142 pp. Herkert, J. R 1994. Endangered and threatened species in lllinois: status and distribution, Volume 3 - 1994 changes to the Illinois list of endangered and threatened species. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iv + 33 pp. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. 1994. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of Illinois. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. ii + 20 pp. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Illinois Water Quality Report (1994 95). State of lllinois, Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Planning Section, Springfield. 241 pp. Ivens, J.L., N.G. Bhowmik, A.R Brigham, and D.L.Gross. 1981. The Kankakee River yesterday and today. Illinois State Water Survey Miscellaneous Publication 60. 24 pp. Lauck, D.R 1959. The taxonomy and bionomics of the aquatic Hemiptera of Illinois. Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana. xxii + 353 pp. Lewis, RB., and J.R Brice. 1980. A comparison of the past and present freshwater mussel fauna of the Kankakee River in Illinois. Natural History Miscellanea 211:1-7. Malloch, J.R 1915a. The Chironomidae, or midges, oflllinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the lllinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 10(6):275-543.

153 Malloch, J.R. 1915b. Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on other Illinois Diptera. Bulletin of the lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History 11(4):305-363. • Nalepa, T.P. 1994. Decline of native unionid bivalves in Lake St. Clair after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51(10):2227-2233. Page, L.M., K.S. Cummings, c.A. Mayer, S.L. Post, and M.E. Retzer. 1992. Biologically significant Illinois streams. An evaluation of the streams of Illinois based on aquatic biodiversity. Final report prepared for the lilinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the Illinois Department of Conservation. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1992(1a): v + 485 pp. Page, L.M., P.w. Smith, L.B. Suloway, A.R. Brigham, D.W. Webb, J.D. Unzicker, and W.U. Brigham [undated]. The effects of sedimentation on aquatic life of the Kankakee River. Phase I. lilinois Natural History Survey, Urbana. 86 pp. Ross, H.H. 1944. The caddisflies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 23(1):1-326. Schwegman, J.E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois nature preserves system. Part 2. The natural divisions of lilinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield. 32 pp. Smith, P.W. 1971. lilinois streams: a classification based on their fishes and analysis of factors responsible for disappearance of native species. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 76. 14 pp. Smith, P.W. 1979. The fishes of Illinois. University oflllinois Press, Urbana. xxix + 314 pp. Suloway, L. 1981. The unionid (Mollusca: Bivalvia) fauna ofthe Kankakee River in Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 105(2):233-239. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 31 October 1995. 50 CPR 17.11 & 17.12. 44 pp. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of plant and animal taxa that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened. Proposed Rule. 28 February 1996. Federal Register 61(40): 7596-7613. FR Doc. 96-4412. Taylor, C.A., and M. Redmer. 1996. Dispersal of the crayfish Orconectes rusticus in Illinois, with notes on species displacement and habitat preference. Journal of Crustacean Biology 16:547-551. Wetzel, MJ. 1992. Aquatic Annelida of Illinois: introduction and checklist of species. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 85(1 and 2):87-101. Wilson, C.B., and H.W. Clark. 1912. The mussel fauna of the Kankakee basin. Report and Special Papers of the U.S. Fish Commission. [Issued separately as U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document 758]. 1911:1-52 + I map. Wooldridge, D.P. 1967. The aquatic Hydrophilidae of Illinois. Transactions of the lllinois State Academy of Science 60(4):422-431).

154 AppendixA

Incomplete list of vascular plant species known from within the Kankakee River Assessment Area'. ClasslFOREST PRAIRIE SAVANNA WETLAND OTHER PRIMARY CULTURAL Sub-c1ass'lUpl Fpl Fw Prl Spl Dpi Sh Ss M~ swlsrnI Se Pol Rv Dc Cu I I I I 3 Common name ,4 IScientific Namel,4 ladder's-t~ngue fem Ophioglossum vulgatum :. . . On_Oj __ ._ alfalfa* Medicago sativa * x ._--_._._------_. ------._._-_._._- '- ----~--- . ---1-- alkali grass* Puccinellia distans* x x _._-----_.._------_.. ------_._- --_..--.--_ .. allegheny vine* Adlumiafungosa* x ----- .------1- - 1----1------~-.--, ------_.. "-"-- Alsike clover* Trifolium hybridum* x I ..-----.-- --- _ ..------ 1 alternate------leaved dogwood------Cornus alternifoIia ._------+------_.._- x x x American bindweed Calystegia septum . x x x x x ------._...- ---.------1-- -- -~------.-.-. IAmerican black currant Ribes americanum x x x _------1-··· ~-----,. - -_..•. --._-- -~------ 1------ ~ x x VI VI ~::~:: ~~:::~ ~= ;~~:;n~:;r::~;;rpum -~-+---I=.::=:::::ftJ~ __:______--=:= _ x x IAmerican elm _ Ulmus americana x "'~_I __'~'~ --+-+-----1---·----···· 1--- - American feverfew Parthenium integrifolium x x x I~:~~::~ :;::~~r ---=:-- ~;t:~~;;::::t;:l;.:;· virginicum +~ .. ~-I= --: =~~ 1= ~-:::-~-~+_=E!=_'~~ American·hop Humulus lupulus x -. I------.-.-._.- ---- .. - . --- ~. ,-- American pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides x x x IAme~can Pl~m Prun.us americana -----+x ~ - -~~ =~ _~= =-=-~=I::=~=--l=I--=I=I~~.-:~l-- .__~=~=~_~I~··· Amencan spikenard Aralia racemosa x x ---- ' 1·-- American vetch Vida americana x x x I------'- I--.:t:~ American wormseed* Chenopodium ambrosioides* -I ... x 1 ,arnur honeysllckle* Lonicera maackii* +_~ x x __ _. _ x x ---.------ androsace Androsace occidentalis x x _. -- .. _-- - - 1

angelica - Angelica atropurpurea --x ------=1-- --- ~x - -.- - lanise-~____ Osmorhiza longistylis x x. ~ _ ~ ~ x annual bedstraw Galium aparine x x _-._-.-- __ -- -- ! _1 __1 _I ------annual bluegrass* Poa annua* . ."______x annual ground cherry Physalis pubescens x ------11----11 -l-I-I-I----l---l-~- lapple*. Malus pumila* . _1-H---l.-I--I----I-I----I-I----11 x aromatic aster Aster oblono,fnhlJl': ~v x _ .___ , I I I I x I I L __ Appendix A . Continued

3 4 Common narne • IScientific Name3.4 arrow arum Peltandra virginica x ------x arrow feather Aristida purpurascens x --.:.=,,-=~------ ---.----i--~---, arrow grass M SE Triglochin palustris • SE I ---.--.-----.---.- ,,-x ,~, arrow-leaved violet Viola sagittata x x x a-rr-o-w-le-af~------_. ----. fcSa~g:Cit"ta:Cr"'ia=br"e-v-cir-o-s-tr-a-----.__._------.."_.. J--~-Ix-a---- __+-__ -1 I ----_.. _.._-_._.•. -.- ---- ~rro~lea!. . .. Sagittaria latifolia x x x - arrowleaf aster Aster sagittifolius x I I' ------_._------ ~rr?~lea~teart~_~~~ .. . Polygonum sagittatw1! . _ -- _1 1x - I I -,-~ ~um-I~ve~_~:_~~hea~ ..__" Sag!!!ari~ cuneata x ~p.aragus*~ Asparagus ojficinalis** '-_I_J __ J-"_.__ x , - I _~~~ .. _.___ ~~:.~ parviceps ' _ x x ·'==-"::=11-,· aster _. Aster vimineus x x -----~ -"._.'... _------,-_._--_.. _,,_._------ ------+----. ---.--_.-- "-"-- . ,Aun~~~9.: .__...... Ellisia nyctelea x x aut~~~_~~~.t gras~ - -1 .._ _ Agr.'!!..tis perennans ._- "")(-1 ',j__I,,'_. - autumn olive* Elaeagnus umbellata* x x --, x autumn sedge'--'------....--..--- Fimbristylis autu-m-na-/O:is--- --. -.--.------~-- ,.-.- •..--,-- x x x x x -- t ~~~~:~;;~g~~~~~- ~~==== ~~;~~~~ides ===I~=I=1= -----.------ -Ul __ --.-- '" ___ L .. x ~~~:.~b;:;.;::sel~------~:::;~~~:;:~~:~~;rifOlia* ------=crl--~--- --,-- [--, .... _-- l&iliiCrUSil ------]uncus balticus ~ - -~=w-. -~- x bare-stemmed tick trefoil------Desmuuium Ttuui./turum ------x --- - 4 --1=-=-== ,- -::__:=j=-- : barley* Hordeum vulgare* I=L~_t~:='-+----+- barnyard grass :=------Echinochloa muricata = .__--j=1 x x ~arn-y-ar-d-g-ra-s-s-.-- x x ..-,------..._-- Echinochloa pungens __ t--...--..- ..-.. -I barnyard g.~ss*______. Ec1zinochloa crus-galli* x :=~=:f~l·•••• x basswood TWa americana x x x -I - x F------1--1 ------,bastard toadflax Comandra umbellata x x :::~~;~~=~~~;i--=--- ~~:;~~;i~u::~~:::sa ~:. :~:E- ~-I:-= --...: - -- =.:: == -.::: =- =, x:=lT-=rl· bead grass Paspalum ciliatifolium x ------I-- - t-- - , beaked rush Rhyncospora capitellata x x ------~---.- 1 x x ::il;~W -----~-,-.'------.-- :~~i~ ~~~::;ca * ------.--- ~- ~ - --'--] :::::d ---r---[------_.. x bear~ed~*--- ~==__ ~.: =:~ _~~~--t=---=~===~ x I Triticum aestivum* , - -- - beautiflll.~,,~~ q'!!!X bebbii __ __ x I I -+--1--I beggars lice* Lappula echinata* x ------I b]adder_~e~ berry !::t!!.'!!!teris bulbifera _1 __ x Appendix A. Continued

eu Common name3,4 IScientific NameM biennial gaura Gaura biennis x x ---.---.---.------~--- --c- --. -.. -. -. ------ biennial wonnwood* Artemisia biennis* x ~------._------1· ---- big bluestem Andropogon gerardii X x x x x ,big tootb aspen -_._----- Populus grandidentata - ----x - --.... ._------_ birdfoot violet Viola pedata x x x II -bl-·r-d-s~-o-ot·tr-e'-o-i-'*-·--- ..------Lofit; co~-n-ic-ul-afits*------·--·------._.-.--~ -I I _-/=::.::::.c:..:..:.c-== ._.__+ 1_ --. ------ x birthwort Aristolochia serpentaria x :~ ~-=-- '1=1- =J ,. x IBishop's caV-== . . Mitella diphylla __. == == :-=::::=- ----- _ .._ -- bitter cress Cardamine pensylvanica x x x x ------_.--.------.. _. --~------. bitter dock * Rumex obtusifolius '" x -'-1 1~~~C~::~:~e~:=-:~-~-~== -:~:-:'E--~-~-~-~-:::~":n'-~d-;';:-:a-~------== ----:.-:: =:: -~ -: -:~ ~l~1 I x x _b'_a~_b_in_d_w_e_ed_*__ ~_ .. _.. ,.,_ ___ .__ ... Polygonum convol~~.~lu__s_* ._._ x black cherry Prunus seratina x XI x x :~ I I x - ____ "_0.__ -"'0'- x ,-_._----._--- ... -_.. - ---_._------ _._J-- _ .. ---I ~~~ck cho~~~~~ry_____ A.-ro~ia ~ x x _ melanacl!rpa ------1 ~::~t-r;I~;beITy -:~:~ ~!f==::------·----,·-·-~~==- -~~!=~=I=~t!~ x "'1"-1-1 5 __ u ___=:: --1-' .-. __ .., x ;~ ::~::;d*:_--___-~~ -_~ ~;ts~:~o~;~¥na*~ ::-~ --~J~- ~, x __ --- __ - [--I-I]::: .. '1"1:.11: x black nightshade Solanum ptyconthum x x 1:-:---:: .__ --- .------.. _u • ._••------••------. ..- -- - - 1- black oak Quercus velutina x x x X ------.------_._-----_.------_._-.------_._._-- black raspberry Rubus occidentalis x x /-=-=------.------'---.--.--'-----. f--c--- -.------.- black snakeroot Sanicula canadensis x x x ------. ------~------.------.------. -- -I-- --- ~ black snakeroot Sanicula marilandica x x -I: ' ------.------.---c------. ..- -.- .,. x ;l:~~-:!~~~usan:--=--~-_~-.-._--_~~?£::~;::':ta _-~- ~ ~- ~~ -=~f:~~-x---:- .-~-I- ~_I -- -= } : 1 x1 x x blackberry lily* Belamcanda chinensis* x _._.. _::~=-===- :....~ ____==~ x .!,_Ia_d_d_e,."a_t_cb_fl_y_* __-.. Silene cucubalus* -_-::= -- ==1--_ ---.-1":'---1--1. --I bladdernut .__. Staphylea trifolia x x -- bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis x I-;-;--~;--'-----" ----.------·--1------1- .--.- blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata x x ,~=--;==-;c------..------c------.------... ------ blue beech Carpinus caroliniana x Ib-'u-e coh-o-s-h----·------· ---. -.-.-----~--- Caulophyllum thalictroides .; ~------: --- --_. -.------ ~:~: ~::lia----=:·.----:::=.- ...... -- :~;~:e;~hilitica ...... :~==~: .~ -- - =::==:== :J~l;1 x. ---_._-_._-_.. - ---_.._.~--_. ._.--._-_.---- Appendix A • Continued

3 J Common name ,4 IScientific Name ,4

~~-sk-u-I-Ic~_--_-.----- ._. ~~!!~~!_~q_~r:..~eriflora • .. , x 1.__ -----0 _ x x blue toadflax Linaria canadensis X I I 1 1 1 x ------.. _------,-_.,-- --_.- --- ._._------"_._---- :~~~-~~~.~-~------.._.. _- ~:~~~:~-~,-:s-;:-:a-ve------·------··-·-----l-~ X X x I x x. I I 1 x ,~~~:~:~:~ _=-~ ~;f~:~~bidU~-::~===::-::=::=-==rJT~, x ----- x I ----- .'------._- -_...__.•. _.- ---'- -- ..- -. ------_.. _--._------_ ..._. ------~lue-I~~,~~!loYJ_ _ .__.. . ~~~ ?laucophylloides va~. gla_~~!!!~~~!!~ _ xl~11 x I bluejoint grass Calamagrostis canadensis x X X X 1 x ~i~~~~~~~~~s ==~.-~.: ._~ ':-.=. Cala;,~gr~~,;~~i;a7Z!_~ __=~_=-=_=-~·~ X I ...... -- I bluestem goldenrod Solidago caesia x --11------.j- -I x~1 IT. j~~~~~_-_~'_~-=_-~_~-=-_ _~~=~---_llidy~ii~.~~rulea --==-~-=.=~--===~~=. X X ---- .. __ - ','-'----._._------ .... - . .,. ~_Iue~~ !!~!!lotis purpurea ~!l.~.~~Jx.~_q!~ . _ XI bog wi!I~.~. ~~~__ _ . _ 1!pilc:..b..~~!!'_ leptqp'!Yllum __ .... _ X x -I II III ~?~!Ieb~u.s~~~a~~~ . ._ _ ""._--- EI1..11!!!.S_~.~~!!!: .------.. .'" .______j_X x ~9~~?j~~~~t* ~a~J~nar~~ officina!!!~______X 1--- ~~~..:Ide~ .._.______Acec.~~l!.~'!.a.. ... _ x x I bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum ~ x X x I ~ I~~~~~~-.~_re_e_~~~~i~:_~ _-.-~=-. _~__ ~!~Ti!!_tl_le_·~;; v!:-ij-~~-----·- ... _-.-- ...... ------x 1·1 bracted plantain Plantago aristata x - --I f i,-ri-sl-ly-bl-ackberrY:SE- ,. ----RUbusse-to-su-s-:Sii ·------1 x I x x x ------_._------ --1- I -I ------",,---- !1~:·-- =:=~.n~-:~~~ .'.~j, I-I·' X _.;= - I, :: 1-' - brittle willow* Salixfragilis* x ------_._------... _------_._-,------ ~ro~~~leavedga!~~~ . Qalium circaezans _. ~ ---~b- __ I x x x =1-11 X f.~~l~¥~!:~~~~r~==~~==-=-- =~:=~~=====-== .:1;~lJ-CI-I- -- ,_b_ro_n_z~..!.em .J!!!!ryc.~ium _. ,, "' dissectum var. obliquum x --j--+--t ~_~~_e_- _=:=._--_-_-=~.-=~-_-_-_-, ---=~~;,,~:u: ~:~;:~ii 1_-1 x_, - I ::;;:__ _ -_j_-x- =t=t=I=1-I-----1 t x ':::~~~usan --.------.-.---- .. ;:~~:~~~o;n~::~nicu~ -j-I--I-~I--tx --- - ._. - -- .------;;----;c---:------;c--;- buckbrush Symphoricarpos orbiculatus x x --."- x ~~l:~il~::~:_:~~~-=~==:~-=~~;::;;;:~:~SE ·-=~--I~]~~illl:--~---'·-·-- I I· x x Appendix A• Continued

ell

J Common name ,4 Scientific Name3.4 buffalo current* Ribes odoratu'm* x - - bugle weed _____.Ly~?p'us-.------.- virgi"~l!~ ...-.-- . ---·_·1-1-'-·-'-_· .. .!.... ------._---- - I bulb bittercress Cardamine bulbosa x x I' ------_. Ci~~t;bulbife~-;---' -- .-~------' -.------.-. ',_ -- .. I ~ulblet~_~~arin!.!~=~h~~lock ~ ...._--_._--_...._---_._------_._--- " x I bull thistle' Cirsium vulgare * x x ------_.. _---'------_11__ 1xL bulrush Scirpus atrovirens x x x x x -~-_..•_.. ,- ..'-_ .. _------ "----._------_._------~-- _." .'-- bulrusb .. ' . ~!!pus cype~!..'!..~!_. _ x x x x bulrush Scirpus georgianus x .-_ ... _--- -----_.•._._------_.•. _., •._------ - I bulrush ... __ I~cirp~~~~'!.-~ .__._,,_. _. __. _ x . II -- -- .__..- ~II bulrush· SE : _~~~T'!_~!!attorja~":.~_~_!~ x . ._ ·--1....x_-- .-- -.-.. bur cucumber Sicyos angulatus x .--, -·1·· I I X X I~~~i~;-h~-_ ~. ~~;;;;;~~~~~~r~: -~~=-=_- =~~ I x •• -.-- .-.- -_... __--·I X x _..• .. I . burreed Sparganium androcladum Ix '§~cf?~er =~~. ~_~-- ---~,----,. ~_~~deza capitata -_..... ------~ ---1-----11' ---t~ 1X ---- x .:T I bush honeysuckle Diervilla fonicera x x ----_..•. - ....--_." -_._--- x bus~_aste~ ._.. ______~_~~e~_dumosus .___ _:_. .__ x x butter and eggs* Linaria vulgaris* x -VI ....._------.... ------... -.- ,----.------". ----_. 'D ,but~.:_~twee~ .__... _. .. _._ J!.~~lepia! tub~.'!!.s.!! ssp. interi~~_. _ x x x x butternut - WL x x I . Jug/ans cinerea - WL I .. IbUtio~s~=_~=~~~=~-_~_~ -~_-~_~~-= =~=~~_... C-;;E~~lanihu-;;;~-~id;~tciliS------==~-~~~~~.~~-_ =~~t_J ._.1 x buxbaum sedge Carex huxbaumii - -_.- I . r~iii~~N;s~~=~--===.~-~~--~~:~~E~~~~===~=~ -=~_~ ~J_]j-:~;~_I_ -I .. ·1 x x x Canada hawkweed Hieracium canadense ------_0_._._... _ ._.._.. _ -I -_._-_. Canada thistle* Cirsium arvense* x x I~;~:~;_t~~~=-_- ~::~:~~;~:~:~-~=-==~=-=I x-I-'-I-I--I~+ -jl-I ...• :=-_-: -•. -= .. ( x Canadian milk vetch Astragalus canadensis I ----~- ~_ x ---_._._... __._------.. _---_.------_._.- ._x-1 _1 .... 1... ----1 Canadian rush Juncus canadensis ---_.. ,,-_.------_.------~--_.__. Canadian St. John's-wort Hypericum canadense x .:.=_~=J_ ---~-_ ..------~ ------~-- ._------ ~--- .. candIe anemone Anemone cylindrica x x x x ------_._.- - ._--- .._--_._------I-I·~ -. ---,.-. x ,.~awa2'*--..-.- ..-.. --... --..------.- Carul1l..':.~rvl· ------..------ cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis x x -[-l x x ~------_._._._------._------ Carey's heartease - SE Polygonum carey; ~ SE x x -lXI-I· . Ca~olina~~~~~on=~~_-=~===-_=__=_=~ Anemone carol!!!iana _._ ------x x- ~~ =- ~ -_-_~-=~_I carpet weed* Mollugo verticillatus* x ,_.__- __0.- • .•. • ~ ... __ '- __ __ _ ' __ .1. Appendix A• Continued

3 M Common name ,4 Scientific Name QnalJ~~alium catfoot obtusJ!!!.I!:!!_'!! . 0-__._ x x catnip* Nepeta cataria * x x . ~-----... _------/------charlock* Brassica kaber* x ------._------. --,.--- ---,-.-- -I- cheat grass* Bromus tectorum* X -I I x ------_..- --_.------'------_. "._------_. ------~-_. I ~hicka~~_!:~~ ~. . __' .__ . ~~nu~ x aug_'!!!J!!?lia...... ,. ---'---'-1 - .-- 1 - - .- chickory* Cichorium intybus* x x -_._------_._'------._.- ---•..__._---._------_....------_.- ...--- 1- 1 chickweed Stellaria longifolia x x xl ~~~q~E!_~~?~-.. __ -.--~: g~~c~i)~r~~-id-e-sja~.--~'~-~;~~~~~_~'=-=~~=_~ I ~+- --I chokeberry Aronia prunifolia ------~-c;:------.~~_risp~~~ Ch?-:!!-pDr~en~~!!_~ t _Ix ._.__ _ '.. __ ___ . .__ ._. _ -,:t 1:,_ -I cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamamea x x x x x x ------'------_._.. _------_. -'--."--' _..._-- cinnamon willow herb Epilobium coloratum x x x -_._---_._.._.... __ .. _._------"-- ..._--_._------_._-".. II 1 ,--- -_ ... ~-_;:_:_:_-~~;~2_~_~_t~:~ ~.~_: ~;~_~_.;_v~_-:_~_e~_i;!_~_:~-li-~a~~--~--!n--b_-~-t=n s_-~ --_-_~i:'-_JI* x __ , ~~_~my ~.!~oE_____ I hedge.. _ 9!.l}.!}!JJa neglecta -' l_ x --1------ x c1amm~ we~__._,,__ _ ...__ ~t?.lan~!!!._dodecand:!!..::.ar. tra.~_hysp~rma ..._ x 1-- 1 c1earweed Pilea pumila x x x -g; ---_.__ .. _------_.. ------_. ------~------I - I cI:ft phl""-______~~ll~x bifida _ x x x x 1 cleft violet Viola triloba x ------_.. _--_.- ---- .~-~---_.._------_._------ ~{~;;~~,,~:::~=:k:whe~ :~=~ ~:~1;;::::;e~~;s -_~= ~=- -'-1 ------ __ _::== =I-_X -I-_j) x ~!ubm~s~. .______.. Lyc!!l!0diumflabellifo~me .______j~_,_ =1__ --1--- x -- -'---1---x -I [t1~mm_=--_~ ~=~ ~~-=;------~--_-_ --~__ ~~1=r=l:q~:= --I --1----1- -. I ~~lumb~_:':' __._. .. _.. .__..__ . ~1.~ilegia vulgaris* . . ..._ comfrey* Symphytum officinale* -I ~o=m=m=~_n=-b_a-_r-b_e-_rr_y-_*- _-=_~.~-=_:~-- __ ~~-_-_-__-.- Be-r-be-r-is-~ig~~-is-* --~~=~-_-~_-_:-_-_---~-~_-_-_-_-_:~~- _ =~. :.=~ == ~=~ =.~_~-_--_--~:_I 1. com~~n b~~gar tick~_ .. .. Bidel2s frondos!!..-_.______x x __ ~ __ _ .. x x common beggar ticks Bidens vulgata x x ,------ common blackberry Rubus allegheniensis x x x x x ------common blackberry Rubus pensylvanicus x ------f- - -- x ~~~~~iil~iJf}i~~~;==------~-~ E:;~f;.;~~------:=; ---~ T-~ _d_-:_-- ~~- ;~:_~ ]~~: J~ Ixl Appendix A . Continned

3 J Common name ,4 JScientific Name ,4 .common buckth~m* ._. . . Rhamnus catha!tic~~ ~._ 1 x x - '--'--'-I~-t---- :~~_mon !'~~~~~.!______._.. _. Carex g~!!Ji . x common burdock* Arctium minus* x ------_.__._---, ------_.... ------_._-----_._~ -----_.. common carrion flower Smilax lasioneuron x x x ----_._---'.. _----_.. - ._--,. - ----_._-,-._-,.,-'----.------_._._- ---~_.- _.,".'- I common cat-tail Typha latifolia ------_. ,. ._---,------._ --- --_._-_._~_._------ common chickweed* Stellaria media* x -_ .• _._------_...... _ --- -_..._------ common chokecherry Prunus virginiana x -~j:I_, I~~~~!?~-_~~nq~~_~?~_-~~ _""__ _ ,~~~~~P[;;~j;z!i!~-;;- ---~~_ .. .._.___ I x x common cocklebur Xanthium strumarium x x I~_~~_~~~_~~_a~ _¥.r~~_~_~~__ --- -~- -~ -.~_~ ~iit~!i~_~!2~~inal~·s * =-=_~.-.~_=:=-_~~- .~-.- --j x common day flower* Comme/ina communis* x x x -...- .~------.-...... --. -- ··-----·-1 - -r: I common forget-me-not* Myosotis scorpioides* II x ----.-.....- --.~-. -.- r.---..---.------ --.. --.- _:.o~_~~~ fo~_t~~~ _._. __ ~_ .. _. ~_0Eecu_r_us_~€!~?!ini~_u_s ~ ~_1 x 1 common foxtail* Setaria viridis* x _.~_._._.- ~-- -~ _._---~~-~------~------_. I ---- - - .... I~ 1 common goat's beard Tragopogon pratensis* x I x x ~~~~~~*~~;~Ind* -.~ ~:~~~~~2~~t~~~--~:~~:-~:~=_~ I~ x xl-I 1 - .. _1_1L I-x I· . x .x x x common hound's tongue* Cynoglossum officinale* x ....0\ ~--_._-_.._------ -~ . --_.__. --_.. com_m_o_n _~~~~~:~d ~_~ ~_ ~~_rn_o_n_i_afi_a_s_ci~u_l_at_a f_~ __ 1 •. _~. x x x . _ --\- ----:11, ~--I- .:~~~?n milkwee.? . _ .__ ~_~ Asclepias _~:!.c.!~~ ~ _ x x x x x I .common mou~~i~_~~~~. .__ .__ pycnanthemum_ vi,,-~nianum . --'_J __J__ ~L':.I x I~I--~-+ x common mouse-ear chickweed* Cerastium vulgatum * x .--'-1--I I···· I x -_._-_.. ------~ --- I common nettle Urtica _._.__A;ro;l"n . x =:.::::.:..::---_._._._... __ .. .... _- ---~-··_------I-I-- - .---t- J::.p_r~_~E~~s ~ ~ common __ __ "... "_ Lepidium virginicum ,-----1 x x common periwinkle** Vinca minor** x x .-----.----.------..... -- ~ --....--,------1 co~_,!!on phlox ~ ...... ~ Phlox divarica!::______. ~L~_ I x -1-=---"-::\- ~?~!!l0n ~ ~ plantain* __ ._ ._. .Plantago major* ",__ ., ., .. __ 0 , 1- .. - .. - + x ~om~?~.£.~yody _._.__. ~~_~_ .. _. __ ~ __ Pol~!!odium v~!J~~ian~ ._.. _.. _ , , ._._ -----.., , x x ~:::~ ::~~BF------~~--- ~----: ~:::;':E::::~~~;-lia---~-··-- -~ ~~. =-:r~ -=~_.-.:-x--:' . x ...._------. .. I x I .__ . rockr~s~----- ~--.-- ---~~1-xrx'---~'---·- I x -;;;;:'mon - - .-- - Helianthemum canadense - - x -- --I I -_.._------~- ._._-- _. -_. ---I - ~ommon sati~¥~~_~s~ ._. ~~ _. Muhlenbergia frondosa ... x ~~i~r.t:-ta~-;~~r~~;i-----~~~::- £~:~~:~~:::~-~-~~----- ~ ~I~ :=~I~~--: x ....---===- x =- ----I' - I ~~~~:_:~rr~~~~~:e~:.m*-.---__ ~;'~;~:~:~~::~:::llatum* ±[~== x ._ _ :=_j= x = _---_.~- - I Appendix A. Continued

J Common name ,4 Scientific NameJ.4 common sunflower* Helianthus annuus* x ~------_._- .. -, ._----._.. --+~~--~----l-- _~~~~~.!~~~!'...:..<:~~~~ d~i~y* !::..u~i!ntll:mun~~~~_~~.:.~ _ x x common teasel I-~~~~ ~~-~-----~* llJ!?!GCUS sylve~~:~~_~______'_' _ ]J/I--~ x ~ - I I J I ~ common water horehound Lycopus americanus x x x --'._---~----,.._..__ . ------_._._.._-----'-I ~~.~~~water plan!~!~ Alisma subcordatum - I x x I ~ 1 commo~__ wo~~edge _ x x x -.~~~~" blan_da------_------~ ----- _1_ - common woodsia Woodsia obtusa x x --I: . x -- --~----_.,-_._ ...-- ------_.•._._-._------ common yarrow* ~ch_i!~~'!.!!llefoljum_* . __ _ x. x._ x x --_...---. ------I Stlphium laciniatum x x x ~-~~£~~~~-!-_------~ --~- coontail -1------de,~~s~m ------ -, , _ c;!.ratt?Ehylium ______x x - 1- I 1 coontail Ceratophyllum muricatum x I x x --_.__._------_.. ~------ ~'-xl ~ copper-shouldered oval sedge Carex bicknellii --.- x 1 I ------_._._._-_._- ------. corn salad Valerianella intennedia x x 1-- ------x---I----- 1 corn salad· SE Valerianella umbilicata ~ SE x x x 1------ ----,,,_._------.-.._------ com speedwell* Veronica arvenSts'" ------_. --.. x -II ~-I 1 1 - com* ~~.~_~~~E.: ~ 1------ .. _., . _ .----- - -I x cottonweed ______!!?elichiajloridana . . _ x 1--- 1 x .... cottonweed* jFroelicltia gracilis* x x I x Rj --_._------..-- ------~------_.,------I-~ ---- cottonwood P.l!.!!.ulus deltoi~!!!., __~_- ._._--..J-... I x x x x x x x ------,------~ cow herb* ... _I~qponaria vaccaria* -I x ..._. '~--'-I cow parsnip Heracleum maximum x x x -_.__._------I 1 cowslip ~~_~ I ------. __ ICaltha palusrris x x x -~1-1-1- --- ------~ Crawe's sedge ST Carex crawei ST x --I-~-----I-·- I~re~m ;ild.ind~'?_~~=_:~=~~.~~~ Baptisia leucopltaea .,.__ _'_I_L~J J x x ~~~~_r~~g butte~~_~~ !i~un~~l_~!...repens* I ----I __. . ! , . • • _ I x ~~~l~~@r:;;~s~-=~~-=-= ~;:;~::~ ~,:~;;:::* x -=-=-: -::: j-tLI_' x x x-I __I creeping vervain Verbena bracteata x creepi~g yellow cress* ·------·--·--R=-O-rl'"P-p-a--sy-lc-v-e-s-r-r"is'*'------;-.-- ..-.,.- -+=~-~=I-I -- 1 ~~~~d~rn---==·~=_~-=--=_~-~=.-=_-~_~_=__=~ !2rJ0P~,!!~s ~~ist;Ua _ ------"-----.-.- -.-,--- ~~ -- x .=-~ _ x x x 1~;:~tS~ -----~_-:=-.::=--- ~~~i:[i~~:g:~~saq~!~~~=---- -~~I~l£=+ -'-- .---1- x -;- -- --,--- ------,,----_._------_._ cultivated raspberry* Rubus idaeus* I x x x x ;~~f~:- ~-~=-_~--===_:-= ~~:~~-;~~i:-:-c:-ci;-C-U:-- -l:~F=~ .--.- __+ x _ XI ==-- x x x x Appendix A. Continned

3 Common name~,4 Scientific Narne ,4 curly pondweed* X --_'_-._-_._--~- 1-- II ,curl~_:,,~yled wood sedge __::j~-~-_~-~~;i~=~:~n_c_:r!-·-sp---~-~-*~~---- X cursed crowfoot iRanunculus sceleratus X I------._------~~---~------I~ J X curttop lady's thumb on 1~1'(10:ifo[iurn_ x x : -I .... _.-~------,,--_ .. P:'!!.8 "m ---I - cut-leaved grape fern Botrychium dissectum var. dissectum x ----._------. ---_.. _------._.._------_. cut-leaved teasel* Dipsacus laciniatus* x 1- --~------~---~- ----_.....-----._-_._------. ~Ix cylindric blazing star .0.c:.~~~_9.!!.~~~q.~~~ . --_._. - ._-- .. ------______.. I I .~J!!~o!.~~f!... c:l!?~!Jssi.9~ x x ~~P!.~s~~~~.~.~~_. _ __ .. _ - 1 daisy fleabane _I~r~~~on '!_~~uu~ x X x X x _...._------_____ .._.. ,_. _ daisy fleabane _____ .~!.~8..~~~ striJ:..?!!'~ .__ .. _ x X I x ------.- .... "------._----- XI I I dame's rocket* !!!atro~!~~~ x x ------._ _.. _. He.!lJeris .. __ 1 x I_I_ dandelion* Taraxacum officinale* x X x _.. _------_. ------_._-_.".__ ._------_._-... ------I~ dayflower Commelina erecta t~ X ---- _.._._.-_ ... ------XI ~~E...~~~r_~~:.~p_~~~to ···:-_=·~I~~!jE~ri~ rigid~·--=_=~~~==~ ~-=-=~~~~. X X __ __ _ ----- Deptford pink* Dianthus armeria* X X x ,--_.. _------. ------_._.. _.------_.... ~I devils-claw* Proboscidea lousiallica* x ---_._----"-- - .------_.__.• "".."----_._--"..-._------ ,dewberry ~ Rubus jlagellaris X sedoid~-;------_·~---·----- X I ...... ditch stonecrop ·-·----I-pe-nth;;rum x 0 ._._._.-~-~_._._- u.> .._.------_._------dock* Rumex mexicanus* x ------_------.._------ .------_.- ..... -_ -.- . dodder Cuscuta campeslrls x 1 ------1- ~~~f~-~~-==- ~_~~=~l::~~;;~;-=--- =--~_-=~-=~-~~]_=j~:_~ ------._ -- -:- x X .dodder . "_" .. __ ~L!.scuta gronov!i . _ x X ~~-I do~ m~s~~~.. ... _ ~ruc~s!!.um gal!~~~_* _ x ._.. ~-I ..--.-.-- .-,- ,_dog~~~~e~ __ ". . ., ~~~~~~__ _. . ~_ x

X S~::i-~m-:.:=~t-~~~-=-~~=~==~--~~=--~=------= ~;-t~-:;-p~-:-:·:i:~;~um ------~-=:..;= -= =~-=EI ~I· . -.. _----.--- ~w-n-y-=-ar-ro-w-w.~-~-'!.·--~- ~-- ~-~~=_-=:~_==_=- rafine-sq-u·ia-~um --._~-_ ------_ Y_i.b_u_rn..um =:,'= =- --- .------X ~o~ny gentian _._. __~. , ... .Gentiana puberulenta _~_ x _ do~~r ph.lox . ._, .. _, . Phlox pilosa __ _~ ._~. __ _ . _ --, '-::.::-:-uOn-lfl~~~S sea'!.~F;_~_~___ ::~::~:~:~~:escens. SE__ __ -'- -i~~ ~__ _ ~_+ downy yellow -~iolet-" .------.---- -.-- Viola pubescens -- x --. ------. - -.- 1-- -~--~--~----~------~------I------~------1 -1- I downy-blue violet Viola sororia x x x x --~----~------~------~ ------~--~ -- ~---- ._- I dropseed Sporobolus clandestinus x x Drur;;'ond's ast~~'- ~-.------.------.--.-. ASter d;ummondii -~- ~ -- - -.-.------~._- '--1--- I I-du·_ck;eed----·------·------.------··-·-----Ie-m-n-;;;;i;o-r------.-~------f------"~ --- -- _.-.-._- _._--_•.__ ._.1 _ X X X X Appendix A . Continued

3 3 Common name ,4 IScientific Name ,4 duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza _ .._--,.__.__.- "_ ... ~~-_._._------~- ..- ....- "~'------._-- ,------0---.-----.-.- __-,.__ x I x I .1: 1 Dudley's rush Juncus dudleyi x x -_.~------_ ..------_._- '---~-----_._~------_.- I,~une ~~_~~!_'_tE_~~~s_ . __._. _ _ Spir!!_~~'!!!!_'_na_g_nic~1!!!!~'_wn _ . -~=lx Dutchman's breeches Dicentra cucullaria x x I .. ------._------_ ... _------._-'._- dw~rf ~~~~_~~~ __ ... .l!!2!I~~ _~':K~~~c~ _ x x -I I I . I ----- I I dwarf mallow* Malva neglecta* -I x --~-_._-- ... _-'------"... _--'-- -'------.._.-. ~~~~_~~~!~~_~_ !:!l!~.~?~~ vir~ini:~ _ lx x I· I ~~~a!~..~.~.J?~~'~=~~~t .__'__ !!l!!~!~1!_~_m_ut!!~~ .__ ,,_._ ·,l x x x dwarf sumac Rhus copallina x x x I x x ------~-_. .--- .__ ._------~._ ....-._-_._--_._----- I ear~leaved foxglove - ST Tomanthera anrien/ata • ST x x ~~~~~~~utte~cup -_~--- ii~·~~~~~-~-.'!_S!.~~~Ti;-=~~:-.=_-_-_~~:~· I_-:~- I - --- .. x :1 x ,_~_~~t!~~_ort .. __.. ~~~?J!~I!!!~~~~n.c.!!..0lC!.!!3 ~. ._._o_..__.. __ _ x x early goldenrod Solidago juneea x --_.. _._-_._------"------_. -_._----.------_._----'-_...__._.._-- x I x 1-1= II ~~~.!t~_~~_~:_n~ian . .__ !..':}os~ew-'!!3..urantia~um x , I-I· early meadow rue Thalietrum dioicum x x -I x -~-_._------..._. ..._-". ------_....__ .. I I T- east~~!.!.~!~e·~r_~~_~r_~~~ :_~.~. ~.!!.!.~'!!hi_'!m atlantieum~. SE _ x ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron ..... __ .•.• 0 •• __._--_.- _._. _.___ _ • __ ~~~llx_. ,_ eelg~~_s~ .__ .. __ ._ _ _. __. ~'!!!!!neri~.!!.'!!:..':!cana ~ _x :1· elderberry Sambucus canadensis x x XI ._-----_._--. ------".- - -- _ _----_. ------ 1-"-1-- xl= .,. : ~!~-Ie_av~_g~~'!.e~.!:..~~ x _. _ .. . Solidago ulmifolia __ .. __ . _ -I - .- . x elodea Elodea canadensis x x ------.--.------.--.... --.------.-- f--I enchanter's nightshade Circaea lutetiana ssp_ canadensis x x -~_.-.------~------.- -1------. erect knotweed Polygonum erectum x x !~_~~~~ij~~~u~.~_~~~~~~~·~~~~_== -Vib~!.~~~~!!P-.!!lus* _~~ - --~ ==~~.= _~= =-~.~ ~~.~. --... -.-.--_~=_-----I x eve_~~ ca~pion* ~ .. Lychnis alba _~ x ... _.'- ...,_ x * ._._. .. _.. .- 1 eve~oi_~~ primrose .... _.__ _ .. _. Oen'!!!lera bienn.~~._ ~.o.o .... ~__ ~__x _... ~ -1- x everlasti~¥ Ant:..'!!!.'!!J'!.Elanta!i~'!!!~!ia ~ ....__.__ _ .____ _ .. x _. __. .. . I fall coral-root Corallorhiza odontorhiza x -II I _~ ..._.___ _._ _ •• 0' ~_~__ • ~~ •• • __"".. "' . __ _ ._•• -+ ---_._ ~~!~~~tch_¥~~s_. ~~1!!!!J!?'!!~cogn~~_. __ .__ .. 0 •••• _ x false aster Boltonia asteroides x x x 11-\ ------._-_._------_.------_._- x ,_~:_~t~iS~~~{ --~ --_~=-~_-~~= ;~;:~_~_i:_~~~~~~::~------~-~--_-=~~-~ I=~t~ _X_j~ :~~_ 1 _~:-::-:-%~:~;~-;a-d---- _---- _ --- -~ ~~~i~~t~~~;:~:iana ------: : -~ _ ---~ 1 __ I x r ,~_.. ------. - -- ~------~------ false indigo bush Amorpha fruticosa x x x 1 ':ra~~.~.?if0~i!~~-:-:-~-=_~=.-_- . ._==_:~-=- Ludwigi~J~olyca~pa =-___ . --~~ =.~=-.~ x x = ------ -'--1- false~~_rm_~.~~ F_lo_e'!!_ea_proserpinacoi:!!..~ I . _ .__ . .. __. .__._._J_1 x '-1__:==11- I _I Appendix A• Continued

Common name3,4 IScientific NarneJ,4 x x ::i:: :~;~:mel=~~-==~=-~==~-~ ~~:~:;:~;i:~um ------~~~+t= =~-;~=~- =~=~ :-;~.- --I ~ _~~ I~':'---'-=='-c x I===== · .. •.• false red top Tridens flavus x x

---I - ---_.

~~~~-=---e!?===r~l~i~, ------I~ fen thistle Cirsium muticum x I------;------fen~~!~_leave~~~~~~~.~ ... _. Po!!!..rnogeton pec:i.!!!!~~ .. _. -1- , ,- x x fern_~~_s-=dge___ __ .._' ....._.__ Cyperus filiculmis _'__" ' _ x x x fetid marigold* Dyssodia papposa* x ------=~------1-,--, ]-, -- - '" ------..- - ~~ arvensis_*_~ ~. --I bindwe.ed* _ _..,... . ." ... _ Convolvulus __ .. _ --- --1+ - -I x I~d garlic~ __. '__. .. Allium vineale* .__ x --- field goldenrod ' . ~_ Solidago nemoral!.s ~ ~_ x x x x --11'-- field milkwort __.. _".,.. .,._._.__ Polygala sanguinea x x I x x .. _--.----- field mint Mentha arvensis var. villosa x x x ~ mouse-e-ar-edchick;~~d------,· -x-I~ ~ field Cerastium arvense ,.,.,..-.- --- x ------r------~~-I Sl field mustard* Brassica rapa* x --- _._._------_._-- ._--~--- .._------'------I - .-- field penny cress* Thlaspi arvense* x x x ------_.------field pepper grass* Lepidium·campestre* .______.__ x I~;:d~:~~le ==~_~=-:---~~::e~i;~:~::ifoli~--~------x :_ ==='-=1 x_I x firepink Silene virginica x x 11--1- Iflat top aster ------~=~~- ~, :~,-:, _=:1. flatstem pondweed .. . '""'-,,-Potamogeton zosterifolius :~_ _.-I _ _ _ x flax leaved ast~_r .__ Aster linariifolius "--'r-- __ __ _ !_ _ _ _ _~ _ I -- 1- floating manna grass ._. ._ .. Glyceria septent~ionalis _" t- __ _ _ x x flower-of-an-hour* Hibiscus trionum* x ------;;--.~---'-----'-'-~:------flowering spurge Euphorbia corollata x I-"- .::.. _-r--- t----.'2----~ _ fog-fruit Phyla lanceolata x x Iforked aster - ST Aster["rcalus - ST x I--- -- ~-Ix ------c- 1- ----r------x, Iforked chickweed Paronychia canadensis x _~ t--- _ ' ' x _ -I fowl manna grass Glyceria striata x x x I -- r------x x x Ifox sedge Carex vulpinoidea x _ x I_--.J~_. __ ._." fox-tail barley* Hordeumjubatum*- I x ------1-- - foxglove beard-tongue Penstemon digitalis x x x foxtail Alopecurus aequalis t- x Appendix A . Continued

3 Common nameJ,4 'Scientific Name ,4 foxtail millet* Setaria italica* l=t~ foxtaIl* Setaria glauca* ..-:tj=t.-I------I-- -" ------ fragile fern Cystapteris protrosa x fragrant coneflower .__ Rudbeckia subtomentosa ._ ,_~ ~ ~ . .__ ' fragrant water lily Nymphaea odorata ------.. ----j--:!--'-;-----;--;-:------t--I -- --- French grass Psoralea anobrychis x x ;:;~~;::t~-=-_=== -~ ~:c~:~a:~:ata ~~. ~I=- ._.~ =.= ~~- ..... __=-]~ 1 frost grape Vilis vulpina x -fr-o-st-w-e~d·-~~_-__-_....-_-~--- .-.--.--"--- Helianthemum bicknellii ~--- -_.. ~_.!_ i~_ .'----' ~_-~~- ___-___-_.~~-__-_~-_. galingale Cyperus aristatus x ------_._-- ------ . ---- - - ----_. gama grass Tripsacum dacty/aides x -----.. ------... . ---- ···------1---1 garden phlox Phlox paniculata x ------_.. ----_..--.-_.__ . __.- --_... _-- -. . - --- ---- garlic mustard* Alliaria petiolata* x x ------_.. _... _---- ------ I::::~~~~~-==~·=.·-- -.-=.=.=~~:~;:~~::a . ~ _~ L~; ~~- ~=-.= =--=1-~ 0\ ginseng Panax quinquefolius x - - . ------ - -- - -- 0\ glaucous campion* Silene:..:.cs"'ec.r.ce:i_* . _ --/-----1--·--·· -/ :::~~:~:~~c_:=:_.. ----~-~-- =~:;~;;;~;::o:a .=a~e ---1---- I x .----.- ·--f goat's beard* . ._ Tragopogon dubius* x goat's rue Tephrosia virginiana x x x ,----. --+--1- golden Alexanders ------~-_ . .Zizia aurea x ~ _ ..- 'f~-- ~ golden aster* Chrysopsis camporum* x golden corydalis - SE Corydalis aurea • SE f-- -x - -----I x golden ragwort - Senecio aureus - ~" =_~+~ ~_== ------= 8. .. L_LLLx •. •. --1- golden seal Hydrastis canadensis x x -.---.. .._f--I- goldenglow Rudbeckia laciniata x ----- ....._.... - goose grass* Eleusine indica* x sati~um* t=I=I·=t~=j=r--t:=-~=·-==:~~ x Igooseberry* . Ribes -I ---I goosefoot ChenopodlUm standleyanum x gourd* _. Lamium amplexicaule* x grape honeysuckle Lonicera prolifera x .f~l- x I I f--I-- grass beaked rush· SE __ Rhynchospora globularis • SE x x --1 f I \--+ x grass leaved arrowleaf Sagittaria graminea r-l---.Fjj----t I - grass of pamassus Parnassia glauca x grass pink orchid· SE Calopogon tuberosus • SE f- --= =_ =~ =-_~=-=== ==r--' Appendix A . Continued

J J Common name ,4 IScientific Name ,4 grass-leaved goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia x x x - .--. - ------I xI_IX grass-leaved goldenrod Euthamia gymnospermoides x ~SS-leaved rush _.~_~---- Juncus marginatus ._._-~ =- ~ == ~-=I~ =-~ =-- ==-~.~~. __ ! __ 1·.1-1 gray dogwood Comus racemosa x x x x x x x X x x· ------_.._---_.__._ -- -- - _. _. --_.. -_.. - ..._ gray sedge Carex annectens x x x x -----_._. - ------ ._-_._-- ---_.__. ------ _.. great bulrush Scirpus oculus x x _._.._-_.._---_.. _- _... _.. __- - - ------ great water dock Rumex orbiculatus x ------.------ - -.-- u __ f-- .- ...--- - - -- - . -·1·· great waterleaf Hydrophyllum appendiculatum x x ------.------.-----.- -.------f------. -- 1--- --I - great white lettuce Prenanthes crepidinea x ------_..._- ._._-----_._----_._------_ .._- --- ._- _. _. _ .._- -- green amaranth* Amaranthus hybridus* x --_._------...•._.'------ gree~ash .~. __"... .. Fraxinus pennsylvanica -+-1__ 1_1 I~lx-I--1 x I~- _~!een dragon . ._._~ _. ~risaemu clfUl.;umium x _ +.'...J....'...,---,-,,-. .---,--.- .---.--_ .. Platanthera lacera I green fringed orchid x x ----1--- __ .. _ .. _ green milkweed Asclepias viridijlora x x ~----~------f---- ....-- ~I-I~---·· -.-.-.-,---,-, green sedge. SE __. .Carex viridula - SE ~_ ~. green~~~_uited burreed . ~~._.. Sparganium chlorocarpum . SE '.--- - =t _____ x =~]=- --~- green-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed Eupatorium purpureum x I I I x ------cc -- ---t-- - _ -- -_. grooved yellow flax Linum sulcatum x x I_I ' -2j . . .. - --.------I---j+-I--I··-I·, ground cherry Physalls vtrglmana x x x ---.-.--.-----. -f------ ground pine· SE Lycopodium dendroideum . SE x x .x - .- -.-f--- -1----- _ ....---- -1--+-1---- groundnut __ Apios americana _ _~___ _ x ... ,__ x hackberry Celtis occidentalis x x x x --_._._---- _._-._--- 1-- --. hair grass Agrostis hyemalis x -- - -I~-··_·_·- - -.- ,hair sedg~______Bulbostylis capillaris ._. . __ x -- hairy aster Aster pilosus x x x x x ------_. _._------.- hairy bedstraw - Galium pilosum x ------_._---x - --+-- Ihairy bitter cress* Cardamine hirsuta* x .------.------t---.._ ..~t------. .. ----.-~- •...... - hairy brome* Bromus commutatus* x ------1--1-1---r---.---...--- hairy green sedge Carex hirsutella x ~-_.... ------[-- hairy hawkweed Hieracium gronovii x x x - --- hairy hawkweed Hieracium longipilum 1_ x x __. _~ .__.. x - --- hairy hawkweed Hieracium scabrum x x hairy marsh yellow cress· SE Rorippa islandica ssp. hispida • SE x -1- -t-- -r--~=-~ ._~_~ ---xI .. ------ ., .. hairy meadow parsnip Thaspium barbinode x x x - 1- ..--~-- hairy mountain mint Pycnanthemum pilosum x ------hairy panic grass Panicum villosissimum X ------. ----i (airy panic grass Panicum villosissimum vaT. praecocius I ~_._I_ ~I~ -~ x l==:=~=-'-' 1 hairy panic~grass PanirwYl InmlPinmmm I , - xI , •• x I------.J------' .__~.__•__._ x Appendix A . Continued

3 J Common name .4 IScientific Name ,4 ~iryp_i_nw_e<:l .. ~ Lechea vil/osa ------.-- ~ - x -1- 1 ~airy puccoon .. ._.~___ _ .__ Lithospermum caroliniense ,.,~_L~_ x hairy rock cress Arabis hl:C-''-su'''t'''o _ I x -- I 1-

x x ~;c=§~L -==~@tjn--~~:

---~---_. __. :~:~c;~;.:dge --~ ~:~~:~~~::::;ana ~__= x :.x:1~ _~ ~-E[I~-= 1_, ,_ --- I - ---==__ ------ .. =- x hoary p'u~coon _. Llthospermum canescens x ~--...... ~--- hoary vervain Verbena ~tricta x I x x x hoary willow Salix candida x x ---I . hog peanut Amphicarpa bracteata ------ ~-r_x-r-t--.. I--~-~------I--·--·- - -'---1 - '~Joe:py;-~e~-~- Eupatoriumfistulosum ~~ -I-'-~---- -l.. _.I=·==--=t~ hollyhock* Aleea rosea * x h-o-n-ewort -;C~ry-::p"'t:-o-:'ta-e'-n-;-ia-ca--n--a-d-;-e-n-sl---s------J -x- -~ --f--- x -,- ,- honey locust ----~=- Gleditsia tTiacantho~ x t- r--+---J------1-1 -1----1-1--1-1 hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana x x X 'I---I-~--I- homed pondweed ------ zannichelliq palustTis r-- ---r-- r---t--_J -I x I-I---i-----+-·-·---·- Ihorse gentian Triosteumperfoliatum x r- , ~ ~_. __ horse-nettle Solanum carolinense x x 1--+-1 x

lhorsemint Monarda punctata x _~LU x _L_.I I__ -----.J__-' I____ 1_ Appendix A . Continued

J Common nameJ,4 IScientific Name ,4 ~?rsetail milkweed Asclepias verticillata _.~__..__._..__ .- -~ x -~-l-t~-._._~------x horseweed Conyza canadensis x x x .-.. c--- - . -._. -~-·I Illinois bundleflower Desmanthus illinoensis x x x .._... ._- ~-_.. \: Illinois pondweed Potamogeton illinoensis x I x I:~~::~s;~~~~. __~ qt:;;,:~:~::~::::se _-==~=:.I= =- ....-~ ~x ~X=l~-~= ... ~:--~I-t-I - . - --- Indian hemp Apocynum cannabinum x x x x ----_._. .._._- - _.. - _. - _ .. _. - I J_ Indian hemp Apocynum sibiricum x x _. ._-_. - - .. _.- Indian mustard* Brassicajuncea * x x Indian E~r:t~..!:~~_----==_., ~ .Castilleja coccinea - -=__ x~ ~~r=~l-- inland rush Juncus interior x x x ------ -----~-_._~._- --)--- . inland sedge Carex interior Ixl;1 - .._.__ _--~_. I- --.~- intermediate scouring rush Equisetum xferrissii x x .._------",-----.--- ._. .1 x ) ..•_ interrupted fern Osmunda claytoniana x x I 'Iowa cr~ap~le "=-=-=_-~.~=-----==---=-~ Malus ioensis =_~~ -= ~ __~ _~_~_. ._ ivy-leaved morning glory* Ipomoea hederacea* 1- I x ---~-.. ~. - p.---- __ u_ --- ._-. - u_ --·-l· - _.. _ Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum x x ------_..-._..'- .._.. _- --- - ,-_.- G.. -0\ '0 !::;;~~~~c~:eed* ::l:;t::~:~e::~;:um* ..~ ~~=:_~ -j.~-=x_:::.~t~]-J=~:=-:=,~_. x .______=:. x ----- James'sedge Carexjamesii x F=-'--.------.. u~----.. - -.- .-. --- ..--.--.- ~- -.- Japanese batberry* Berberis thunbergU* _,,- -"- . - ._~ -.__ ..__ - _. _j__ __ ..__ ... __.. .. x Japanese brome** Bromus japonicus* x ------_. --_.._--"_ ... - -----_..._., . ------_ .•. -. .--- ~~panese fleece !.I0wer~ ~__ .Polygonum cuspidatum * ._ .... __ _ __ x Japanese spiraea Spiraea alba x x ---~-~--...... -1 _ .. -. .--...--- -_.. - Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus x x x -_..._-_....._-_._--_. -- - ..- ~- _.. ._-_._ - ... - --_._-) jimson weed* Datura stramonium * x .. .._-~-_._ ... Johnson grass* Sorghum halapense* I x Itointedrush Juncus nodosus ~~1=l~=r-~':::::'=-.I~ x x L_I ~'--- === - _= =- =: '-~-+- ... ~tweed = ._ Polygonella articulata x -I June grass Koeleria macrantha x x x _._ 1 • __ ·--11- 1-· ------ Kankakee mallow· SE Iliamna remota· SE _. ._'.__. x Kansas sunflower*. Helianthus petiolaris* 1 I 1 1 1-1- x Kentucky bluegrass* Poa pratensis* x I x ·_·_)(+_+_1__ I x Kentucky coffeetree Gymnociadus dioica x I x king devil* Hieracium caespitosum* x x 1-+-1--1-+---1 1 - ). knawel* Scleranthus annuus* x knotty leaved rush FJO-u-"n:..:c-"us=ac:..:u=m-=:-in-"a-"tu-"s=------I-t xl r I§tweed ~-=Polygonum ramosissimum =t1x l=tjj=l~===L~ x Appendix A. Continued

J Common nameJ,4 IScientific Name ,4 knotweed* Polygonum aviculare* x I ~;e;~~~:* ~~-~-o-;-c~-;-:~-t~:-uCC~CCa~c-ea-_-c*~-_- _-----:"--~=-I- xl:~=.~j=I=I--I+--- x __. . .-- __-_.-... f I ~~~~______Athyriumfilix-jemina . . x _..... lady's thumb* Polygonum persicaria* x x x - ~_._~.... _,-- . 1--- -- lake cress Armoracia aquatica x x -I '-::~-~~~~E~;:~~~:-~--=~::~:=~-· -_~-:a-:-;-:i~-~::~~:::-c-:-co-lo-C~{'--~:-ta:*------.---.------.- =-=-----:~~==-~ l~: ~-l x -.. = : x - ·-+IJ _1 •.•.. 1,_ x I lance-1ea5::d loosestrif~-==~= LYsimachia Ta~-"olata . _~].=-: x x= _ x --=-.--==--==_ __ ---.-- .. lance-leaved violet Viola lanceo/ara x x x ____ +cc:.:.:,.:.::..cc::.._~-~------1 --- - x ---- ..- -- .. - -r--- ------11 x .1·------. - -- x .--_._.- .._----- '!~§~==--=~~E§E~;-'ro ~=:~=1~~-;11 x .._. __... x I x 1- _ ------ ---- x ------_.. ------,--_._------ ,~!~~old~'mr?~______.. _....._Solidago gigan/eo x ------·_~I-I~-I ~ ---.-- leadplant Amorpha canescens x x ._---_.__ ._------.... _..._-'---- _I --- ----.----- ------ leafy pondweed Potamogetonfoliosus x -J ------ - ~ ---~ ~S"'Ec-CC'------I .•~.-._.. o leafy prairie clov;r SE ... Dalea foliosa _ x :--~-;--;--;------f- --- - ------ least duckweed Lemna perpusilla x x leatherflow~~------'_.-. -_~~ ~Cc;;le--m-a-t~is-p--7it-c-h;-e~rc-i------·------ --~ ~ ------= :=:.. ::··~I.-=_.~-"~--- _·Jj:~I'i __ leucospora Leucospora multifida x x I~~'------f- - ------ llion's foot . . .____ Prenanthes alba _~ x ~_ ~_ ... _ - --- ------'"- little barley Hordeum pusillum x =li_t-t_l-e:b:l_u-e_s_te-:'m-:'-:'-=-··_-~=-~~_-=--:'-:'-:'=-~_-_-=_--~-_--S~"-h"-iz-a-ch"-y-·r-;iu-m-s-c-op-a-r-ci-um------·---.=-=_ -_- '~ -X-_ ~~ =-~ ~ ~_-_x_=--=f~ little pussy toes Antennaria neglecta x x x x ------_.------ - _..._ ._-- .. _- - --I . 1---1 liverleaf . Hepatica nobilis var. acuta x 1 lizard's tail ---- ..-.~.------_. Saururus cernuus -.-f---'-':; -~ ~------x x E:' ------.------~+--- -.--.- .. ~eak buttercup Ranunculus longirostris x ::::::::e~~:~;:d S~g,,_.: =.=:--I-~::::-~-:-:-;p-ra-r;-~:c~;--:--'li"-i------j·I--- -I-f--- ~ ~ - -I .. -... x =_ == _x_ _ ------l-;--· -.·-1·· . I f Iiong-leaved amm~~~ ._.. Amm~niacoccinea .. x --f------ ~ _ _ _ __ ~ x loose-headed braeted sedge Carex sparganioides x x 1 I:-----c;------c- ------.------1--1--+-. - --f------loosestrife Lysimachia hybrida 1 ------.;C;------;--'-----.,------c------.. ~- --~---+ _1_ IX lopseed PhryfUU iepiuJiul:hyu x I . lousewort --- Pedicula~is can~densi~ .---. -.-- 3]---.. -~-§1=-1=.~- .. ~--'~=-~1~~.'. x love grass EragrostJs pectmacea x x low ealamint Satureja arkansana ~ --- - x x - -_. __ . .J. • • _ Appendix A • Continned

3 M Common name ,4 IScientific Name • x x I :::-~:~::;~:rry------=------~Vif~~~::~E:;;ium t~~~~--1~[~; x x __ --- low-bush blueberry Vaccinium pallidum ._~ x 1-.1 1- 1 ------maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum x -I ------_._--_._------..._--_._._----~- -- -- . maple-leaved arr~wo~~____ _ Vibur~m acerifolium ... ~~ - ._-.----.-----. --- -,----- I ,_maple-Iea~~~~

J J Common name ,4 IScientific Name ,4 Missouri goldenrod --Solidago missouriensis __ ._~~.x--f---i------+ Mlssoun gooseberry Rlbes mlssounense x x x x Missouri ironweed ---- ----- Vernonia missurica --- ~ r--;'-I x / . -- ._-- ---- .__._ - --- Missouri violet Viola missouriensis x -_...•.----,- I - 1 x II ~~Eer -~~~~=-:==~=-- ~~~;E::::~:~~:::---~~~ -t[-~~G; ~~::=- x x - -x x morning glory* Ipomoea purpurea_. .~ ._~. ,I x moth mullein* Verbascum blattaria* IIx 11 1- I --.--- ·---c-_. -1- motherwort* Leonurus cardiaca* ---.---.-.--.------,,----, x -'_._-'-'--~----'--'------I --- mountain_bl~!."~~ gr~~~- S~ . ~isyrinchium montanum - ~E .'=::::j -.-.--"_ -~ I~T::::_==- ---I--j c-+ I mouse-eared whitlow* Draba verna* x .-.- --_._--~---------.-- -1--1--1------1 mousetail Myosurus minimus x --- ------.. _ :~:~~ ------._-.. -..---.-- :::~::::~~~: :;l~::ica 1-x-I-·':·r--. __ .__ .· -1------1---:' ----'-"--"'- -_ ... ~ .'.• ---- - mullein foxglov~ .,.,. ._ Dasistoma macrophyll~ x multiflorarose* __ ~_-_., _" Rosa multiflora * ~_~~ -xlf" , x x x x :::i Imunro grass Panicum rigidulum 1 x x X x +--+~- ---I. o. tv Muskingum Rive~_~~~~~_==~,__ Carex muskingumensis -.--.--- x X ---.. - -·----~-1------1------naiad Najas guadalupensis x x / - ·-·1------1 natmYbe~ry-----=~~=-=----==_-'~Viburnum lentago rG.·f~~-·- narrow-leaved cat-tail* _. __._ Typha augustifolia* ._~~=I--I----lxL-"[T narrow-leaved dragonhead Physostegia augustifolia __ T,I---I--- narrow-leaved goosefoot Chenopodium desiccatum --I-----1--t-=I=I===~=~___==1 narrow-leaved pinweed Lechea tenuifolia 1..x..LJ.-1 I 1 I I x narrow-leaved snndew • ST Drosera intermedia • ST 1 1- 1----,,- --. ---1-+--I-H-1---1----- ---1----'--'--' - narrow-leaved vervain Verbena simplex i-j-I--1--xt--I-..--I--I----

Pe~I~~~:~~d:~er -~- ~~::;~::ase~:~::i;:s -----1=1~~j' 1----_xrJ~F_Fr= r--- x New Jersey tea Ceanothus amencanus x x x x x - --1------ New York fern· SE Theiypteris noveboracensis - SE x x x I I x -;-;---;;:--;---- --- - - - -------.-.- -.---.--.-- night flowering catchfly SiJene noctiflora** x ~-;-;---c;;--~------ - -----j nimble will Muhlenbergia schreberi x x ---I -- --;--;--;--- --- --- -- - --I-----I--jl-I -_._- Ininebark Physocarpus opulifolius _1 __ ..":. __ x x nodding beggar ticks Bidens cernua x .~-= ._I·--~=-~~==-I nodding brome* Bromus squarrosus* _ _ -11-.::==1' 1 - x nodding fescue Festuca obtusa x x x -~------ ------ Spiranthes cernua nodding ladies' tresses x x L--I----I I x Appendix A . Continned

J Common name ,4 IScientific Name3,4 nodding mouse-ear chickweed ~erastium nutans _ _ --1~I- :.!10dding spurge __ Chamaesyce mq.culata ~ .. . x --I-I-t --1--·--· -.- lnodding wild onion Allium cernuum x x x 11-1 loorthern bed~traw .. _ Galium boreale x x I x x x northern bitter cress Cardamine douglassii xix _____._._ -_-- 0. -- _ ._ ~ _ - _1 I· 1-1._ .northern bU~~!ed .. .Lycopu~.uniflorus .. ... ~.I x x - , northern gooseberry - SE Ribes hirtellum . SE x 1 x ~::~~~:~;~~~~!:~~~-~= w:;:~;~: :;~::~~ePiS --~= =~~ I~ ..----. .-. .---= X ..x-l=-j_.__ .Ix ----.... --- .. -----.-. ... _.- --1-······ .- - .-.... ·:~~:~:edg.;-osef~()l* ._ r~~:~:~:a~e::::cum* --=~ ~=-I--:- =- -~- =r ==-:=-: I Ohio buckeye --.------Aesculu.}giuuru ------."." .- ..-- XIX ~O_SP_id_e~~_o_r_t _-_-_-_-__ --_~ "_._. Tradescantia ohiensis . x -- ._--_. old plainsman Hymenopappus scabiosaeus x -"-l-"-I-"-I--I-x .-.--\- --- ~ ...-.. - . ---f-'-. ------r------ _~n_:_t:m_n_:w_:_~~_::_b_r()_om_rajJ_~ -----=-=---=_.__ ~;:~aO:t:~i::;:ora ----..~x~I-"- -__-. "- ~=I--·----~~.-..--l~ -J-·-I~· --.--. == _. - --_._.. _.... -J orange day lily* Hemerocallis fulva* x x x w------~-~.-.- - ~I-- -1--.. -- --'-.- ... -1.-.--. L x 1orange fringed orchid - SE _ Platanthera ciliaris· SE --I-- ~_.~ _ -----1----.- ···_.• l ·__.. , ..1 orchard grass* . Dactylis glomerata* Osage-orange* ,.~ Maclurapomifera* x x 1------~--._------1 ~~:==l------1 ::;~:i~~:~d. ~;:;~~: ;;i~:~Olia. .-'-~ ~ ~~:I-~~-. ~~-=[r.'-->- SE .---- SE __ -_ .. : --··'-1-· pale aIyssum* .. _~ Alyssum alyssoides* .. .,._ x ~ I::::~:;:ood __ ~:;::Sa:z~~:US ----t----'-I·-- _-_I~ ~X-l_:'·:-1----· - ._ 1- 1 x pale fals~ foxglove _- ST .. Agal~nis skinnenoana . ST "---1- ~..._x -I.-.-1.----.. ---1 pale gentian Gentlana alba x .--. I--- -1--...- -. pale purple coneflower Echinacea paUida I--- __1_ -"- -~. _._1__1_._ ... ~_._._I __ +..... pale sunflower Helianthus decapetalus x pale touch-me-not Impatiens paUida r----- x x x :~~~::::: ::~i:::U;;:~~::~US =i-t==-t~I==:~.. sunflower_ x =EXt panIc grass Pan".,..." "~U:..IfIUII.'" x pan~c grass- . Pan~cum l:iber~ii. I 1=1-- ··~-I=tJ=I===--=I-I---.+.- ~ __ pamc gr~ss ~.. Pamcum lzndhelmen J J. x panic grass Panicum tinerarifoiium x .. 1 panic grass Panicum meridionale _ 1- x x 1 Appendix A. Continued

3 Common name3,4 IScientific Name ,4 Ipan~c grass ~~m oligosanthes _I~--+-_ !.j:'+-I--J ---.x panic grass Pamcum sphaerocarpon x I --_._..--~_. . -- -----'------ ...-.. -- , I panic-grass Panicum latifolium x -----_._-~--_._~-_._._--_._-~ ------~-_._--_._- panicled aster Aster simplex _-~-1-- x - ------_._--_.. . .. -;1=CC1=r-r-:-::..: ··x.i .----- panicled tick trefoil Desmodium paniculatum ._------'--_. parsnip* ,___ ..__ . Pastinaca sativa * . x I x x x --I x I partridge pea Cassia fasciculata x x I I x I x _1 .. ,pasture rC:~~_~=-=--====-__==_='=----= ~o~;~!-~-;cli;-n-a--·------~~_==.~~·--- x I x I I x x 111 x ~:: :~ ._._-,-- ------~~~;n~~u~i:J~-;-~-~~ba---~-· --~----I- : - ·-+-1-1····· j--j-- I ----. -.-.------.. --I-c--c- -----.-... x Ipeach lea~:~~J_~~~ S_a_l_ix_a_m_,ycegc.d_a_l0c_i-cde-s------.---- x x ._1_...1 __1.... 1-L--f-----.-.- ~-- -- II- pear* Pyrus communis* x .------~- --- -··-···-·----o--;-~-;-----:--c---~------pellitory Parietaria pensylvanica xix IpennSYlva~~!~g~ ~~~=_~~~~-= .~=-.= ""'c;-a-re·-x-p-e--n-s~yc-lv-a~nC"ic-a------·--_-. -~_.. ]~=:~=-.-._,._.x x x ---- I peppermint* Mentha X piperita* x x -----~---~ . _.. - - --,--_._'.._'. ---,-----~, .__._------~ - II perideridia Perideridia americana xlxl-Ix ._-.,-,-I,-,-.~_...•".----.,--I----,I-,-,,-·_-,-- ._ pickerelw~~ __=--=· ~._ ._" ~':.~.~~~' p~7rt~deria cord~ta:':':":':':"---·-- -.---- x x ...... I. -.l pignut hickory Carya glabra x ._-~----_. .j:o. - --_.----_.__ -----_..'---;--:--;------ pin oak Quercus palustris -----,---_.-'------"._------,----~~---- I--~ . --- ~nea!E!.= w~,~~ ..... '!!...'!.tric9ria matricarioides*_ --~ ~p+:-~~~:-_I-= ~~_~~=:I-' x pinesap .__ ..__~~__.__~ ~~~otropa hypopithys .. ---.J~-.t=tLI.::: j-_·-·---1-+---'-- - pineweed ~ Hype~icum gentianoides --II --I-I-I-I--I-~l-I~------I- -;~_ol~y;"-g_ala--ci;_n~car~n_a-ta---S-E------.---- x I x pink milkwort • SE -+~-_.~- pinweed ,Lecheaminor x ::::;~UhIY------~== =~:;::::sPidata -= -:..:: =-:-]=; =-1 --=-~-=- =~I~--l':II+-I. plains oval sedge ------CQrex brevior -- x -~ -~- --~- - -x ::~i~st~;::t~;:rass ':;:~~~:~~~t;~ --:~_== ----- =_ .= ------=1=-1-::-1==-\.::[ x pointed tick trefoil Desmodium glutinosum x x poison hemloc~_*____ Conium maculatum* x poison ivy ._____ Toxicodendron radicans x -~-I--++~1"---I-rx-LIT:[~I-:-1::=-1 poison sumac Toxicodendron vernix _ I.--I_,I- ~ poke milkweed ..__ Asclepias exaltata I-~~=t=t=t= pokewe~ ~ Phytolacca americana ~ x --1 x -1-=_-:1 ... - --, '-,' IPond sedge , .. _,~ __..' ~ Dulichium arundinaceum ~ x x -'-'-'-~-'---+-----I~- pondweed ._____ Potamogeton nodosus xl ~; Appendix A• Continued

J Common name ,4 IScientific Name3,4 ---I . x :::;n:a~~::~====-~-~_-- ~~~:i:;::icata -~- ~_ =:-: il~- ~~EJ- ~~~: 1 ..... I prairie alumroot Heuchera richardsonii x x x ------~-_.------. . --"._-,------....._-. - - I'prai~~~~~gst8:':.. .._. , '_.__~atris pycnr:~achya .__. . '., x x It ------prairie blue-eyed grass ..-.------.--.. -. ------Sisyrinchium campestre ------+-/--1x 1-- prairie cinquefoil Potentilla arcmtn x I -- 1 X x -. x ~~_g~s_;:~ __ :--;:--~~ .. _::~:~~~~;_~_t;u_;:_Si:'i_{~_·~_~_:'_-n_a_ce_u_m_~-__~-~~==~l:= --~-IJ~H.~:l~I:: ---- , . x I x x x P!~~rie g~~~_~~_s~l . . Senecio plaltensis _. ... I --~tF .... .------_.. ---- ,prairie_~ndi~~_~~~ ..,...... Cacalia plantaginea x x-I , prairie lettuce· SE Laduca ludoviciana ~ SE x ._--_._------_._,---- .------,----_.------ prairie milkweed Asclepias sullvantii x x x -"'-_. ,jJrairierose ==~=.------··-··~.-_-=_=_I!..~~asetigera .-----.---- ~_ -~~ == .'--.. ~_=_---~----I- 1- ... - . prairie sundrops Oenothera pilosella x x x x x I- prairie sunflower ".------. .. -- H~lianthus rigidus - --.x --; ..------·-x-

-J prairie switchgrass ~~~--==---~= -Panicum virgatum ~~_-::::=_--=-_==_. :~ ~~ ~~. =~ ~ ~-~. -~---;-=. ~II-t----I - - =t=J:- _ .._'--- -U1 prairie trillium Trillium recurvatum x x x --- _._ .. _-_. ---._- ~ ._-- -~ .-.- ---- prairie vio~ __ .. Viola pedatifida _ .. __ ~ ~ __ _ _ _ prairie wedge grass __" Sphenopholis obtusata .____ x __ .. _ _ .. ... _ =t=I=-I=~=:~r- --I prairie white fringed orchid a SE Platanthera leucophaea . SE, FT x prairie willow Salix humilis -- y -----;-- - x x .-.--.---.------1--.. ~ IOp-r-cetccty-s-ed--;-ge-.So;;E"'------Carex woodii . SE x ------r--t----j-I--+-l---1--1- 1----- ------_.. _ Iprick!r!sh _ Zanthoxylum americanum _~ _._. _ x prickly gooseberry Ribes cynosbati x. prickly lettuce* Lactuca serriola* -- - ._- -~.------.. _--..---- ._--. --.. x prickly sedge -- Carex stipata -- ;--- ..--- -- _ .. ------. -x- - --~l-~- .. ---1--.----I prickl~ sid~ .._=------=-==---==-_ Sida spinosa* __ ~ ~ ~~__ ~.----- ~~~ x x = = ... =_ --- ---I prickly-pear Opuntia humifusa x x x. .Iprimrose violet-=Si---=-~== Viola primulifolia . SE __ _ x...::: _x x_== == ---- I_Pf.o_sl_fa_le_amar_a_n_th_* fA;-m::-c:a..:ra:::n:::t..:h=.us:..<>g..:ra.e::::c:::iz=.a:::n"'s;-* · I_-\_I_ _ _ x IPuccoon* __ Lithospennum arvense* _ _ __...__ _ . _ __. I x ~~:::::l~i::;se~_~ ~__ t~;::'~l::r;:;~~:~us ::}~: x .. ---_------3=Jt ••.. ) x 'purple amaranth* ... _ Amaranthus cruentus* _ x purple dead nettle* La.m__iu_m-+p_u~rp'-u_r_ec-u_mc_*-c__;ccc------_--l--1 x 'purplegia~thysso~ --~-=__ Agastachescrophulariaejolia x. ~ -- --_-=1__J=..__.__ . Appendix A. t;ommueo

Class FOREST PRAIRIE Sub.c1ass' Upl FplFw Prj Spl Dpl Sh

3 3 Common name ,4 IScientific Name ,4 purple loosestrife* Lythrum salicaria* x - J--- - 1-1------1 x IX purple love grass Eragrostis spectabilis --~--~ ~.~ '_1 __+--1 _ I,~l+ purple mea_dow rue .. _-_ Thalictrum dasycarpum __ :_:il=t_ -+ x purple milkweed _. , ._. Asclepias purpurascens __. ....x _J_-=,I~_ .- 1- I IPurp~_~lkwort ' Polygala polygama var. obtusata _<__•__• _ x +-1---1-- -I 'p~!ple oxalis ~._ Oxalis vialacea x x x x purple prairie clover Dalea purpurea x 1 x ------.------c------ ,purple rock~~_~ ~_____ lodanthus pinnatifidus x ------t~I---t- - 1- 1' purple sandgrass Triplasis purpurea x

~------~------,._-----_. J:~rple_~te~_begg~_ tic~~,._._~ . Bidens cannata x x ------.-. ,Purslan~~~~d~ . ._ Veronica peregrina x x -=-- =r: x I purslane* Portulaca oleracea* 1:-1 x russy w!!~~~__ ----=_~ ~~~=_~~=-~-=---=~~~= Sal~x discolor .- ~~=__===+--.-.-----.----x - x x ------J I quack grass* Agropyron repens* x ------_._----- _._--._---_...__._ ..-.- ---_._~...- .. _--_. -1------. -;J':I x ,----.----- qu~~~¥_~'p':'~~ ~_~ ~.. Populus tremuloides I_~_U x x __ I Queen Anne's lace* Daucus carota* x x x x -..._--_._--.... _.._------_._------._--~-- radish* Raphanus sativus* x I"=------~------ -.J ragged evening primrose Oenothera laciniata x x - ~~--~------ -'--1: 0\ j ragweed Ambrosia bidentata ,---_._"----_._-_._--~-_._------_.- --- --- I - .. ! rattlebox Crotalaria sagittalis .::::::~I x 1------.---- ~------~- - -- ••. _-:·_==t-__ rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum x

----- ...._---- I~:~:~;:;~e~aster ---_~~-~-. ~:~:::::~~;~um- -~- ~ =-I~fff~E===--~ .~=-_;E ~_ :~_:_ x -I red bulrush Scirpus penu'uiu",' x x x x x -- - __+ I_x I red cedar Juniperus virginiana x red c1ove~_::". ~~__ _ Trifolium pratense* -_.~.~ -~-=I=-.t=-=:=·:-=:~L=-.I=-~l---~ 1- .-.----.---- x red haw Crataegus mollis x ------~ . --'- --1--1--1 red mulberry Morus rubra x ~-~- ---1- ---~------_..... red oak Quercus rubra X X x - f- - - -- - --~ -I-I---I---l-~---I- red raspberry Rubus strigosus x ~ .._ -~-+~.. ..._-_.__._- red seeded dandelion* Taraxacum laevigatum* x -1--'-- red top Agrostis alba x x x x -- -- f--- - ~------red-osier dogwood Comus stolonifera __ I_~ ~ ~ x x x _ .__ "!_~ __. _ red-rooted sedge Cyperus erythrorhizos x x ~ J x x x redbud Cercio:: rnnnrllm.o::i.o:: x x- _ ___~_=. =~ ='~~:'- -.------x x redhead grass Potamogeton richardsonii am-III--- 11--1 r Ix 1 x ,reed canary grass* Phalaris arnndinacea* . x ~ ill-==C---=I.!LJ~~r:-~_~.~_. . Appendix A . Continued

J Common name ,4 IScientific NameJ,4 x x 1 x 1 X ~~~;~;_-:g_;_~_~_dn--_r_Od_ ---~-=~-= E:~:;:!:::;~~~------__--~ ~~=t1~·~t~~.~~:-x. x _ri_v_e~.?ulrush ._. .. ,, __ ,. ~1J!c.u,-sc'fl,-u_vi_acti_li_s --Ix x x I x ri veT sedge Carex lacustris riverbank grape --''.-.--... ------~~'-\('-it·cis'-ric-p-a-ric-a--_------_-_--__ ~~==_==jxlx·--- ... I _.~-.~x-~... ~-_....-- ---. ~_ =Txrrx-I . x, '" ------ 1 Ro~in'~_2}an~~~ ."_.__ ,__ ... "~ , Erigeron pulchellus .__...__ x --~- I 1 . 1 ~~~n~~~ -;:_. --_... .__ _ .n__ Silphium integri,f0lium , .__._"_.... x .=_.__x_ ..... , x :?~g~~_~~~s ._._. ' .. Q~~m laciniatum x x !~~.¥~b~~_str~~ ._ . ,__ ,...... Galium asprellum .__' .. __ .. .-~~- -.~.-.~~=~~~-~-~ -+,-x .1._-x -- ... rou¥~_~!~~!~.!t~! ______.__ ~atris asp~ .. .. x ~~gh_but~~_rcur __ . ...'_ _ ~ __ ~l!nunculus hispidus var. nitidus x -- 1 rough cinquefoil* Potentilla norvegica* x ---_... _~------"'-'------,-- ---_.__._----- rough dropseed Sporobolus asper x x ---/ ------~ ------f~i;~f~~glo~e---- Ag--;;ii~i~-;pe~- " 'rough ---- x ==-= ----~---_.. ----- ..._._------_._-~------_._------x -1 ------ 1 .- 1-· I ~oughJ)ennyroy~I ~ __._, ._ __~.!!.~deoma hispida .__._. ~ I x x -1- ,rou~~.pig~~ed.:.. ._._____ Amaranthus retroflexus* x ..... !.?~~~~hite l~ttuce ~ _.~ ~_~ x --j---- -I . -.I "_.. __ Prenanthes aspera _ x -.I -,------ ~~.~¥.!t-clustere~_~edge _~ ._.. _._. Carex cephalophora _. .. ~ ~l ..x --I ., roug~-leaf goldenro-. x rush Juncus greenei x r-u"shc-as-te-r ------.- .-- Aster borealis - -- - '-1-- -1-- L Ix x saHo~ sed~.: . ._ Carex lurida --I~ -- -1- -,------x-, ~-.. -- - I .. salsify*___ Tragopogon porrifolius* I_~_. .__._._. x salt and pepper plant Plantago pata~nnirn ~nr_ hrpvirm7ln _, x I x x x If:~5f~~grns:__ ~~:~~~::t:cuminata* -----Hllr-EEE-=: -I --- AppendiX A . contInueo

1 Common name ,4 IScientific NameJ,4 sand croton _.__ Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis ....__.. ~.~ _~__~_I-I_ x Isand dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus __ _ x I x x sand milkwort Asclepias amplexicaulis X x - ---_.__ .~ --1 . sand primro~e ~ .,._._. Oenothera rhombipetala .. _ x x 1 sand reed Calamovilfa longifolia x x --_._------_._--- . 1 sand spurrey* Spergularia rnbra* x ------_... _---_.__.._'._'------_._--- sand violet Viola fimbriatula x x 1------..·------ -::----"---c-c;---c;-;:--·------.----.-•. -.-.- sandbar love grass Eragrostis frankii --. f---.---., x '~~~~~!~~!low-=~~~-.==-___=_~~_=_==-~~-~~~ ~_ exi~!! ___==_==_==____=J=rx x x I Sartwell sedg:. .. . Carex sartwellii . I:::~~:s-se-dge------_.--- ~:::~::::~idum ~_I.~J_~-I--_J--x--.- _.-- x __ x --r Isawtooth s~nfli~~_=.~=_------.Helianthus grosseserratus -.----._. ~J=-~[~~ x x x x x .. _-- ==_ 1-- - scarlet pimpernel* Anagallis arvensis* x - ---- --~ ..__ .._._ - Schreber's aster· ST Aster _~I'hrpheri ~ .f\.T x F-.-··------.--.... ..- . -1 ----...--. scorpIOn grass MyosotlS verna x x scouring rush --. -----~------Equisetum hyemale var. affine _. __ .-.:;. -- x -~- -..._. - -- -I-~-I x -;-1 - x 1 - ..-.-.-.-..------ ..--- -- --- ._- ..·,,1- --.----- I .. ----- 1...... Scribner's panic grass Panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum x x x x -J ..._--- - . - - -- - ._. .. -- -_.._--_. .., - --~- _._.... 00 _ _ _ ..- ... sea oats . -_._ Chasmanthium- latifolium .. --x -+-- ---- ..... ------_._ sedge Carex aggregata x x x sedge Carex albolutescens x ~ -~- -1 --- ~-- ---.--.------ ---I~'--I 1--- - ~~~=-=------I·..:.:..--. --..- ---- ---- --.... --.,,-- ---.sedge --. Carex albursina x -.. ...- --I--- --.. --- -.-..-. sedge Carex artitecta x - ---- --- _.-._-- ~ fsedge Carex cristatella __ _ __•.. __ .•._ ---.. I .... s_e_dg_e ._ Ca::..r::::ex.:..::cu:::m::..:.u:::la:::ta=- . --+---+-1 x -+-. sed~e . _. Carexfestucacea ___ .. _. ..!.. ~ x ...------ sedge Carex gracilescens x x -I- -I. --- ..------ - -f-- ---. sedge Carex haydenii x x x I~------·~·· ~~~a--- ~-=-~~ =~~I=I------..-.--- ... =_=== =1- ...... _. __ .._1 x x I sedge Carex laevlcomca x ------...... - --I--. ..-. sedge Carex laevivaginata x x -=-~~~:='" 5~~jl= 'Jl[ J :::sedge _. ~___ ~arex muhlenbergii ...~__~ Isedge __. .__ Carexno.rmalis _~ ~ __~_+ '_~__I sed_g"e ._ . . I~C,::::a::..r::::ex::..:.o:;:ll"-go=-c:.:a..:.r.cp::::..a x sedge Carex oligosperma x Appendix A . Continued

3 Common name3,4 IScientific Name ,4 sedge Carex scoparin x x 3~-~-I-~I-l~I~~--~1 I sedge -.-- Carex shortiana x I a x . -I li=_--~~ ~~~=:~-=~_ g:~:: :::E: =_L~~tJj-==r=-:~-~J : - sedge Carex trichocarpa _~._+_~ ;Ix 1------ --~-~------.... -.-- IX

~::: - ~==;;:::;~~:;~nescell_s____ l:'.-~~---~-"-.- x Isedge _. __ ~ __~~ Cyperus houghtonii __. _ _ _ ~ __. _~__ seedbox Ludwigia alternifolia x x ~,---._------_._._._. -- - ~.-.~. ~elf_heal ~~ ~_._ Prunella vulgaris* .__~x I __x .__ x x sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis x x x ---"-'-0 .~~__~~ _. ..._•.. sessile trillium Trillium sessile x 1--:-:I -se-sSii-e--fl-o;-ere-d-y-el-lo-!'.-c~~~i~_·"=~.. _.. .__ Rorippa sessiliflora ' -!; == ~== -_.-- =_-_-~-_- _'~'-_-~_I-!_J------j __ x t x seSSile-leaved tick tref~l_, .. Desmodium sessilifolium . f------ ~ _~ ., . __. x _ --I ------ shadbush _ Amelanchier arborea x ~-;--;---;-;--:-:----~- ---_.. __. - -- -~ - _.----- shagbark hickory Carya ovata X x .~ ~_~~. bursa~pastoris* ~~~- -_~~- =---~~-~~=~=l.-- __ .__ I x.• _ ---L-::: -.l shepherd's purse* __ Capsella .. __ =__ -_-_"...-=-= x -\0 ~==~'-o--shingle oak ~_.__ Quercus imbricaria _x x 1 _ shining bedstraw Galium concinnum x x x ---, f----c------ - --~- .----- .------,.--.-- shining willow Salix lucida x x I shooting star ------.- Dodecatheon meadia x - -r---; -~ ------_.-~.--.------ - -rx ------~ ._---_._--- ---- shore St. John·s~wort· SE Hypericum adpressum· SE x x x x-r-I· . _. ·-·-··------1 _ ~- ~ ~---- Short's aster Aster shortii ----.------ --_. x :~::;::::i:~Sh ---_=-~==~:_ ~~I:::s~::~hYCePh~lus =~I= .~~~- =::-~:~~~_=:~=~ - := =Ht::__ showy goldenrod Solidago speciosa x x -;----"-''--;--:-;;-;;---~~------~ - ._- ---+----- _.._,---, -- ,- ...... -- showy tick trefoil ~_~D~es:cm"-0:cd:::i:::u:cm'ccc:aC:n"-a"-d"-e"-ns:::e=-----~~~~__j--- __+_....__ x x _.__.__. Siberian elm* Ulmus pumila* x ---- _._~~-_._.- ---.---,--.---- 1------ sicklepod Arabis canadensis x ~ide-flowered aster _~~~:==-- Aster lateriflorus x~ I x -== ===' ---- sideoats grama Bouteloua curtipendula x x 1 - c------..--.- ,silky aster Aster sericeus .. _ silky willow Salix sericea x x ~ silver maple -- Acer saccharinum X ----.---. -->_ .. x silvertop sedge Carexfoenea x "--. ------------.."..--..-.--.---- -- _.. silvery cinquefoil* Potentilla argentea* _~~ -~-~--:I:==[=~_I_~ I . x six-weeks fescue Vulpia octoflora x x x x _._.~----- _._. Appendix A . Continued

3 Common name3.4 IScientific Name ,4

skunk cabbage Symplocarpus/oetidus 1·- . -J.-j .._.. ·.----·.I·.-I-.:'.J-. _Lx_ ---- ~ky-blue aster . Aster GZUTeUS x .,_...... • _ sleepy catchfly Silene antirrhina x x x I-:-~-;-~c---·-··· T-_-x .-. ---I--- -- .--- --. -----... slender bush c1over.______Lespedeza virginica__ __~ ..._. -!_.__ ~----f':'I-_ slender corydalis Corydalis micrantha x x ,.. :'1 slender false foxglove ..----- Agalinis lenni/olia ...--=-_~=~~__.,,~~-_ =~-Ixl x -----:1 x slender false pimpernel Lindemia dubia vaT. anagallidea Ix Slender knotweed -~~=~_===~ -~~=_~ .Polygonum tenue _~~ -== ~__ =~r=I~~l='=I---I----- __. .... _ x slender ladies' tresses Spiranthes lUI...C;fU x x -- -'-"'------_._------ slender mountain mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium x x .-..- I . 5Iende~-;;:;~~~=_=~=-~=_=--===- __ Muhlenbergia tenuiflora -_.--= ~~~rx- slender panic grass Panicumflexile ------_.._-- _.._------_. slende~ sa~dwor!--=Ji~_._ -·xlt=-'IJ~:JJ:L':::I I ._ _ .. .__ Arenaria patula . SE . __ ••.• x slender spike rus~ .. .~leocharis verrucosa _ x --1 1 slender three-seeded .J!lerc_,:!!~_." .. __ . Acalypha gradlens __ _ I __ • x__ x slender wild rye .." ~ .__ ..._. ~~us villosus ~__~ .- 1 .---- x C:~~~~:b -~:=-=.:.-=-~~ ~7r;~;~:~anthus --~ - ~1~:J~t= -o00 --+._--- -1---- . small cranesbill* Geranium pusillum* x

._------ t::::: :~~:~o~::t~;~s seal --- ~:~l~;~:~;;;~~::era --..._-- ":':=:~.:. ~t-~1-~=l-fT~-i~=~·-·---'x - x small peppergrass* Lepidium densiflornm* x x f--- ..... -- . ,-.--+- . -.------ small skullcap .. Scutellaria leonardii x x ,small skullcap ,, . Scutellaria 0v..ata x ._. _~ ----:-' ' small skullcap _ Scutellaria parvula ..._ ±I_L~J._~. __ ---x---t-x -1- small St. John's-wort . _ Hypericum gymnanthum _ x x small yellow flax Unum medium var. texanum x ~ . . _. __._-_._. . -- small yellow lady's slipper orchid· SE Cyprlpedlum calceolus var. parviflornm ~ SE x x x ------1--1---1-=-1 x . ~--~t' small-flowered bitter cress . Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola . -C-o x -+-----1-··1.,--1 ~small-flowered crowfoot Ranunculus abortivus x x x x small-ftuited agrimony Agrimonia parviflora. ...:_._'~:= ~ll-L~~'-i-----.1 ~-fruitedfalse flax* Camelina microcarpa* _ _ _ _ x smartweed__' -~-.---- -.---- f"'l>'~onum pensylvanicum - .--'--"- .• -.:'-- -~~.J-=I- 1---·---·'-----····--l-.--.,. x smooth arrowwood Viburnum recognitum x ------._-_. . -- -- _.. -.. - Ismooth aster Aster laevis x x _ _ x -.~-~ smooth beard-tongue Penstemon calycosus ==--=f-- == = =-x---- smooth brome grass* Bromus inermis* x x x x -~ ---_.._-- Appendix A . Continued

3 Common name ,4 IScientific Name3,4 I~?oth cliff-brake _ Pellaea~abella. I x ~ooth crab grass* Digitaria ischaemum* x - --,- r I - :=~-:-~-:-~-!-:~L---~_~=--- --~_-~~ ~:::::;;~:;~::rata ------=~~---i~§~jjtFH---.--- 1 x -+------ 1 x §ooth hedge nettle Stachys tenu!falia F.=E_ smooth phlox ._. Phlox glabe.!rim~ x x x I x ~n:~oth pigweed* Amaranthus powellii* .______. .__._._.__ ~_ I -I~-- x I smooth rock cress Arabis laevigata x x ---- ---- - smooth rue::.:l"li=a______Ruellia strepens -3;-t.2.-t- -'==1_1 __ - smooth scouring rush Equisetum laevigatum .. x x x x -t- ,smooth sow thistle' _ _ Sanchus arvensis var. glabrescens* - --=~ _I= x I x ~ ~ _~~_L~~ x x smooth sumac Rhus glabra . . ... --I smooth yellow violet ._ _ _ _ Viola pubescens var. eriocarpa x ---I sneezeweed Helenium autumnale x x x x x I----,-----c------------ - - ------ ------ - soapwort gentian Gentiana saponaria x x x ---- - ---- --_._~ ~.._~.~ '-~ -- -- ---I---'~.------1------I

F=C=-"2soft agrimony ~______Agrimoniapubescens x x _ x _ ~ ~rl-;I-I-----I soft rush Juncus effusus x x 00 I===-~------x ~ --- --!---- ------- 1 Solomon's seal Polygonatum commutatum x x x x x I-'---c---::--'-'------ - -- --- f- --- -- ------ +--1- 1- --1- ~~~~ ~___ _ ._ Sorghum bicolor* x x ------, x :;:;_* -=--=~ ~~:::s~;:~~:~la* ---~l~tt =~=t~I=--==x---=I-=:~=:== --~-~I southern lady fern Athyrium asplenioides x x ------1---· ----.--. sow thiS"tle* - Sonchus oleraceus * -- _j=I=-~I--f~-'I'----f-- x , = soybean* Glycine max* ------x Spanish needles* Bidens bipinnata* x x spiceb~~~------·------·----- Lindera benzoin - x x --,-, '- -~II X1--' ------ ---1--1 spike rush Eleocharis elliptica x x

:~~;~-=~==___- ;::::::::~ :~~~~::;=: --~---~'-f-- :==~l-tt==-:~-=j±I=JL I --- campressa . spike rush Eleocharis obtusa var. detonsa x ------ -- -I~-- ,spike rush, .__ Eleocharis palustris _ I_~ ..! x x x x spike rush Eleocharis wolfii x x x ------- Ic---c - -- -, ~ -I spiked lobelia Lobelia spicata x x x x spik~d lobelia ------Lobelia spicata var. leptostachY;-- == -~I-+x_ EX_ x '_ ~_-_.,-_.,. x ~inUlose woodfern Dryopteris carthusiana x ~_. -t-~ ~, .__ ...__~_ x spiny sow thistle* Sonchus asper* --I I x '-- - - Appendix A 0 Continued

Cn 3 Common name,,4 IScientific Narne ,4 spotted centaurea* Centaurea maculosa* x ----I tspoued Joe-Pye-we:.~-· ·-'·~------=.~=~upat.t?!iummaculatum ~~ -=-~ _j_- ~~-t- - I-~ 1=1- -1=Jj x _I spotted 51. John's-wort Hypericum punc.tatum x x x -----_.. _._------_._..~ ----- ----- --+- spotted touch-me-not Impatiens capensis x x x spreading dogba~e-----~---··--- a-n~d~r-o-sa-e-m-cifi;--o/;-;-iu; -x ------Apocynum -------- x -----_._.. _------_._..- .-'-,.,---- ..... ------ spreadin.¥-~t~~~!~~ .". .__,_. Pani!!.!!.m dichotomiflorum .. _._. _ x I I x spre~~~~ yellow~~~~___ Rorippa sinuata ... . __ x x ---- spring avens Geum vernum ~ x I~ ~-ri-ng-be-_~uty-·-.-=-_--_--~_~~=-=~=-~---==-=~~ Claytonia virginica .- -=~-__-_.._---=--==-. ~-~J~;-:~~~'---'x I- x--.--~--. --. _.-. -- I . ~~~~e* . ._. .__.__ . Eup~.!?~~ia he~erophylla* -I- . x - .---- squirrel com ~ __ .. , ... Dicen!ra canadensis x x I 11 - 81. John's-wort Hypericum majus x x -~------~----~-~-~-- c:-~------ ---- -+ ,~-~-~-i~-~-~-~ ~-~-t~~ ~:J;: --~---~-=r ~ ~ ~~~-=-l~ -~ .------r- x x J_ x stiff gentian ~__. . .Gentianell!! qUinque/oli€! ... ~._.~_ x x -00 - 1 N stink grass* Eragrostis cilianensis* 1="'""'-"'0=:--- -~-----~------~ __ o '_~ 1------ storax ~ ST Styrax americana· ST I'-'----:---c------~~------ -I -- - -~ -~------~-- --~- ~~od ~..! ~_ ,stout !eed __.,__ Cinna arundinacea ... __ ...__ _ _ -I straw colored flat sedge Cyperus strigosus x x x 1-'-:--'--'--- --~-----~--~ --+------ --~---- I::~:~S~~:-~e------'---- ~;;;:;::~:um ---.-.~- XI x - -. . X Ix .------ x ------ ~------ -I- --~- -- - ----0 sulfur cinquefoil* Potentilla recta* x x x x Sullivant's-orange ~oneflower .. _-- Rudbeckia/ulgida var. sullivantii --- x ~,. -----.---... ,.. ----- - -- ---- -~- summer grape Vitis aestivalis x sunshi;:;e-rose·-· .-- Rosa suffulta --- x x .. - -- ------,----.-- 1 x 1-,----'''-;------ -- f-- - ~ - -~------ -- swamp aster Aster puniceus x ··It-I ;;"ampblillcrcup~-=-~ Raccn:.:u-'n"'c:::u"'/u:::s:.:s:.:e'-p"Cre-n-rr-oio-n-a"C/""is------ ~~ =-~-==~t~_._o_ =-;--- ..= x I ,swamp candles _n_ Lysimachia terrestris _,-_ _ ~ x swamp dock Rumex verticillatus __ ~ __ ~ ) __ _ x ~ '_'_I 'I __ ~_'I x swamp marigold Bidens aristosa x x x ------ - - - - ------ - - - ~- ---~ I swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata x x x x x !swamp saxifrag~_~=-__ Saxifraga pimsylvanica _- ~ --- ~~~r--~~_ = =_-- - - ···--,-x' x swamp tickseed Bidens tripartita x ------ swamp white oak Quercus bicolor X' ,swamp wOOd__~~!~~i=_------' Pedicularis lanceolata f---- _. ==1=t=~_~,-=--==L_L_ x x Appendix A • Continued

3 J Common name ,4 IScientific Name ,4 Iswaf!lPY dewberry --_._-- - -- Rubus hispidus -.!~- -t'-I-I~- x ~w_am_py_r_o_s~ . ~ ~_o_sa_p_a~lu_s_trl_'s ~ ---l _ -Xt~=_- ~ I~~11 . x J sweet annie* Artemisia annua* x x ,sweet cicel_y______Q~orh~za claytoniL___ _ _~ ~. __•__•_~. __ -I- . sweet flag* Acarus calamus* X x -_.- - .. ---. ------_.. sweet grass Hierochloe odorata ------_._------_.. - _.- --~. I . 1 ,sweet-sc~~edbedstra~ , q,aliu~~J!l.!:~ ... ". x 1 sweetbrier* Rosa eglanteria* x COm-p-'to'"-n·-i;-a·-p-e-r·-eg·-n·c·n-a-.~S::E:;·-·------.. Ft~~t=l= sweetfern . SE .=_= x x 1 sycamore Platanus occiden/alis -, x I ------,~--._--._ ---'--1-' --I~=cr~t-.- ~Il agrimony .., ~grimonia gryposepala x ._---_.. _------.---•.. __.... ---~- tall anemone_. ._...... , Anemone virginiana x x ---'·-1- .-. ~all ~ l bellflower Campanula americana x x x I tall blue lettuce Lactuca biennis x x ---~----_._.- _.'------'.. ------,------'- --- _.. _-~-,_.- _. ------.- tall boneset Eupatorium altissimum x x x x -----_._-----_.__._-~- _._------... . -_. ~_._--.._-_. ··1- - I· tall coreopsis Coreopsis tripteris x x x I· -.. -- . 00 I::~=~~~~~~·=~=-~-=---· -~~ -~ ~- ~ ~-- ~= =~~= ~F ~-- x -u.> ;;;;E:Bf::::ta i: - 1- tall sunflower· SE Helianthus giganteus - SE x x x ------~-___11-.------.. -.. tall swamp marigold Bidens coronata x x x -- - . ._.. _--- . ------ tali thistle Cirsium altissimum x -j------I-I-I--I--I-i x ,---.-.---.-~--- I - tall water hemp ---- Amaranthus tuberculatus __ .__ x .1= =1-- -== --= -==------=-~l--I- I-- . _.__.__ x tall white lettuce Prenanthes altissima x -:-c-o-:c---;-;-;------+::~__;_-_;_;;_------f------ ,tall white orchid Platanthera dilatata . _ -f--- ______x x --.---.-- .-..--. I· tamarisk water hemp Amaranthus rudis x x .------f----- .. ------ tansy mustard Descurainia pinnata x x ------.. --- -,------.---- - 1 tansy * Tanacetum vulgare* x -+-=-"'::':"~---'--"--'----'------I---l -~-.I-.-.--I---l---- x taperleafflat sedge .. Cyperus acuminatus ._._ -+1 1- -1 tartarian honeysuckle*~ LonirprrI 1II111rirn:" x x . .. _ x Tennessee milk vetch· SE Astragalus tennessensis . SE x terrestrial starwort ..------Callitriche heterophylla x ..,,+------. - -.-- x three-awned grass ----.------Aristida longespica ~ _. ~ ------.--~---.---.-.. _____+:-~-c--''--'-----~ f---- - f------. -.-...- -- --- three-flowered melic grass Melka nitens x x f-"'----c---:-'-'------"f------+~------.------+-_+-+--.---- .. - -.------.-- - Ithree-leaved stonecrop Sedum ternatum x 1 .1 . .. ~ . I ;three-seeded mercury Acalypha rhomboidea x I 1-1---1---+--- -.---.---.--- -.- .-.- -- -.. Ithree-seeded mercury Acalypha virginica __ I---- __ ~_.___ _ .. .. _ thyme-leaved speedwell* Veronica serpyllijolia* -- _.. _..- ---. Appendix A• Continued

J Common nameJ.4 IScientific Narne ,4 tick trefoil Desmodium cuspidatum ._------ tick trefoil Desmodium glabellum , ._------ , tick trefoil Desmodium rigidum --ttj-l-l - .--1'rlll Tirnothy* Phleum pratense*..... __. '. __ ~J-,j_,- - , x --- - - I 1 toad rush . , ._~_". Juncus b'~f(m_;_"C',_,---. _ ~-I-I , .... jj I , I , I;:~~~ ~~:=---~-=----:=: ~f~~~~:;entum* - -~ ~-=+~t: ~~: ~J= ~-_ -:= I'.- Ix 1- .. I toothed cress Arabis shortii , , ---1------1-,- toothwort Dentn,.in__. In,,ininfn._____ x , ------.-.---.------. .-.-._- ~------1--11- ----·1 , , torrey rush ~ Juncus torrey' x x ______, .,_. ' '0- ._ _ , •• ------I tree-of-heaven* Ailanthus altissima* , 1-=.':.-_..._-_._._-- - ..------1----.- I Itrumpet creeper Campsis radicans x ---·----·-1-- 'tubercled"orchid-='SE __. Platanthera }lava var. herbiola SE _. ~ ._~_ =~ ~ ~ =-~ -~_==~~:~J=txt :._~ = .. , _. ,.. -_.. -- tufted hair grass ..-.----- Deschampsia caespitosa .. -- - ._..------'- -.... --..-.---- ..--{. 1--- tufted loosestrife Lysimachia thyrsiflora x ---E'-.- .. .----.------.- - _.... ----_. _..._----.-.-..--- tumble mustard * Sisymbrium altissimum * , ------_. .------_._- --- .--.-.---.----- ;;C; tumble ringwing* Cycloloma atriplicifolium* x , ---1----- . .f;:I. ~bleweed - Amaranthus albus ·-I~- -x ------.. - -- - ,------.._-,------ , 1------turnbleweed** Salsola kali** .__ . . ~. ,twin leaf Jeffersoniadiphy/la , __ _.__.__ _ twisted yellow-eyed grass Xyris torta x , --- .---'------1·------.. ---. 1----- two flowered melic grass ~ SE Melica mutica - SE x ----_. --- upright smilax Smilax ecirrhata . ~--j_I-I-I_ vemy pea Lathyrus vpnn.~/JI., l1nr mfnn,~'H' , , --.------. --~- -'-'---I~- veiny skullcap Scutellaria nervosa x ---c------.. ······ Ivelvet leaf' Abuti/on theophrasti* . ' 1 _ --t--I , (Venus' looking glass TriQdanis perfoliata x , ------Verbenaperuviana* _~ _. __...' _ , Ivervain* _._ ----1----- _1_ Iviolet Viola cucu/lata . -I,-LI..'- Iviolet _ Viola x bernardii ,--...:'...--,-_ .. ~_ virgin's bower* Clematis virginiana* x , - -_."-- I- ~_ Virginia bluebells Mertensia virginica x x _, 1.._-----0 .,_.....__ L Virginia creeper Parthenocj.ulL~ imPrfn " y , Virginia creeper Part"-!!nocissus quinquefolius x x -. ------.- ·-·-I---t--~I-·~ , I x IVirginia knotw~ed . ~ Polygonum virginianum ._~ == ",. _ ~ =--=== ---'-~~~t--I-~- , IVirginia rock _cress _ Sibara virginica -·-1·_ -- ..------.. l----I-.. IVirginia spiderwort Tradescantia virginiana x x x ~ ... D ... _ , Appendix A . Continued Class FOREST PRAIRIE Sub-class' UplFPIFw PrISplDPI Sh J Common name ,4 IScientific Name3.4 Virginia waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum )I: x x Ix x FW~~-=-~-- ;:~:::~;~::::us _~~: ,_._..- .----- :-:-IJ-.x i r=I------ wahoo _ __ Euonymus atropurpureus x ~ _._ -_.- . walking rem Asplenium rhizophylium ------_._._._---_. - - -- ._ - x I . ,water cress. _ _ Nasturtium officinale** 1--····· ... x '-I x x 1 ~~~-~ ~~=-:!fi~.:::~===~'J=~~~" I- - x x x x x .. x ~-j 1 . _1 -I -- water smartweed . Polygonum amphibium . x x x - -""------ "- water speedwell Veronica comoso f------.~- -----.-. -.--._- ------.. . - .- 1 x x water star grass ._--. ------ Zoslerella dubia .. _- =1- - x I . water willow Justicia americana x x -- I 1==1~~_-=_-~=_~:-·:= ~;;~~:~:~~~~~~~ =~Er~- =~ x 1-- . SE .------_ IE :'=_====1: x -,-----.----x -_._-+ western ragweed Ambrosra P;Htu':lIuc.:nyu x ..... j 00 western snowberry " ._____ Symphoricarpos occidentalis VI --_c=-~-_ -1~ western sunflower _ _. Helianthus occidentalis ... I x -I---~ - .. white ash Fraxinus americana . X X --'-----1- 'White avens ---~----. Geum canadense =-~ _+ + x I x x- -;- =[=1=-1-- --'---1-· white bedstraw* Galium mollugo* --·-1 white camass • SE Zigadenus glaucus • SE x ~ite ~ ~_ H------I~· --.-~.---.-.-- clover* _ _ Trifolium repens* =-ffi ---x - -.- ~ite grass Leersia virginica x x x while lady's slipper· SE ------Cypripedium candidum - SE =--~-I=t:L-=:_~=I=,__ .__ Iwhite mulberry* Morus alba * x _~_ __ x x white mustard Brassica alba * ~ I-f-t----I-I~-:~: ~_~ x I -:-= j - white oak .. .-. Quercus alba -r!-I.! X _tj-t-I-----x--- - x white poplar* .______Populus alba * x x white prairie clover Dalea candida xx x x _.--_._._---~, Iwhite sage Artemisia ludoviciana 1 --I-I-H--I-I-I .1_1_+__' .._ x ---- -- -- - x white snakeroot EUp"u"lum 'UYI1.HUIl x x :::-::-:.+-j--+-----+-I~-I--I-·I---1 white sweet clover' . Meli/otus alba; x -- , x white trillium _.. _- Trilliumjlexipes --Jx-J~r-~-·r=r=n-----·~r-I----I--.-'- 'white trout lily ~_~~=-=~----- Erythronium alhidum Ixl x ~-"- .- ------ - 1 white turtlehead Chelone glabra x ----_.._-_._- ~-I-I--j~-I-I--+---- -~I-~!-_I=·I white vervain Verbena urticifolia --- --~ , -,~ Appendix A • Continued

3 Common name3,4 IScientific Name ,4 white water crowfoot Ranunculus trichophyllus x I -'-1 -xl I::~-=-_==~-:;roromllt=--=;=I, t whItlow grass Draba reptan, ,,' __~,_, __ I--l __ I,~-1~IA+,++__x "-I whorled lo?~~trife __~ Lysi'!!.~_hia quadriflora x x x x whorled milkwort Polygala verticil/ata x x ------'------'--;--0-;---- t~--·,,--·-·-·- 1 - I . wiid hean Strophostyles helvola ------._------, x ---+ wild ~.e~ . .Strophostyles leiosperma x I 1wild b_e_r_g~~_ot . .._._' . .M01!!!!d_a_fi_'s_tuJ!!sa .. ~ __ .. _ x I x x x wild chervil Chaerophyllum procumbens x J . ~;~:~~:~c~*~-=~-~-~=~~--~ ffi~~~~~----- ~[=E ~ -f--- I - x --- __ __- I -I x -- wild_~~, ... __ , All~i!..'!! canadense . ._ _~_ x x I x -I wild gerani_~~ ~.,, Geranium macu/alum ~_ _~ x I x x 1-

I_~~~ • _._. ._ •••__' __ Asarum canadense _~"_~ x ...... wild hyacinth ,,(:amassiascillOides --- - x-ID~-t=cx--t------~-- 00 wild leek Allium tricaecum x -~-, ------ -f--- wild lettuce Lactuca canadensis x x x x '" ------,._------,----- ~ -- - -- wild lily . Ulium mi~higanense __ .__ ~ ~ -- .--1---1--- .. Iwild I~pine ,.______L"pinus perennis __ '_ x '~'_ ' ._____x __ x -I .xI-i------I------1----- wild onion Allium burdickii x -1- I it-I I wild petunia -.-.----...--- Ruellia humilis vaT. longifolia . -1---;1---1------.-'- -- '-"-1---'_. '- .1. ------ wild poinsettia Euphorbia dentata x x "" "------" " l---j-I-f--+---+--i--j----I-I-I--I-I-I--I--x -,---i wIld sarsapanlla Arauu flUWI,..UU£I,} ~~~g:~__---. ~;;:c'a;:c;:c~:cr';'~:::;:i't~.::.i;:ca~:::,,::::i::cn-a------'l--''--IR,.~-f ~~II?=E~I· :::: ..__-=f. ,-+- x wiI~ aPE~~ x sweet crab .._ _ Malus coronaria x ==t=I=tt= j x______. _.__ ---.-,----1----- wild sweet potato vine _Ipomoea pandurata ~ -1----,-,._- wild yam Dioscorea villosa x x x x -----j ;-;;--0--;---;------'-1'-1-1-1-11------,--- =:e-r--·~=- ~::~;:::E~~a -~ -=::~ ~: ~=_=x-x-I·~:. I -- ---. - - f- =fl- I willow-leaved lettuce --- !.Arturo saligna -- f------;z--- -= ~.~~_ --=,~~,_. _ winged loosestrife Lythrum alatu'!!.. x x x x 1 winged monkey flower Mimulus alatus x x x lWint~dt* ,-- L~ Vida villosa* _ I I J I I I I I __.._.. L __, •••• x Appendix A . Continued

3 Common name ,4 IScientific Narne3,4 Iwinterberry l/lex verticil/ata +---I-"-I.!.I--1--I--L" x wirestem grass Muhlenbergia mexicana -I x 1---_ ~_+x Iwitch grass Panicum capillare __ ~ x .,," _ ~~..:I x witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana .,,, .. :1 .. _ x -... wood anemone Anemone quinquefolia x x -1- ---. -I wood gray sedge Carex grisea x x ._------_._------ wood lily______Lilium philadelphicum _.__ -,,-_ - - . ___j wood nettle Laportea canadensis x x , w~od orchid.. ~ SE . -_--=---- Platanthera clavellata - SE -~ ~-= -,:= =:-I'I~--- -=~: ~~:~_-=~. --x":- -:~~ --~_I _ wood rush* Luzula multiflora * x - ---_.------_._. ------ wood sage Teucrium canadense x x ,x x x ;;~dwort .~---- ~ _~~ ~~ .,-~~ -. -1 wood ----- .. __ Arenaria lateriflora __.. _= ==: =_==----=- __ 1 --I - x wood sheathing dropseed Sporobolus vaginiflorus ~ __ ._._.__ x --I wood sorrel Oxalis stricta x x x x ---_·_------1------j - j -I woodfem Dryopteris x triploidea x x ------..------.---~---.~------.. _------1------ -I woodland agrimony Agrimonia rostellata x ------r------.- woodland blue violet Viola affinis x x _...----.."..._------.- _.- - ._._..- ~- -_. ---.. _~-- Iwoodland bluegrass _ _ ~_ Poa sylvestris x_. _ ~- 1- , -" x woodland lettuce Lactucafloridana x x I!~l x - I ~~u~~e~~~~~~---,.,-----.----- ~;~~a::;~~ ~~:;:::~us _., ~ ~ _ _ : _~ x~ _ - x --- --1------I - ---- - wonn seed mustard* Erysimum cheiranthoides* -, x ~_ B~rtonia ~-= ~ ~-----+ . ,---_._- Iyellow bartonia virginica - x -- - x "L_ x yellow bellwort - - Uvulnrin ~rnnn~f1nrn 3-@j~=EI_-I-I------j-I--+--'- -- 1 yellow coneflower Ratibida pinnata x x x 1------+---·---_·--·-x yellow crown beard Verbesina helianthoides ~ ~ ~ ~ --I--'-----I---.--~-J-----I-_+- .. f--I-. .------. ------.-.. x yellow dog-tooth violet Eryt;uv,,;um umr::,;l,..wJum ----1- ...... I 1-+--1-1-+-+--1---- ·----1--1-----·-- _._---_.__ .. --. yellow false foxglove Aurr::Ulunu g'UUUljlU'U vur. puu;uru x - - yellow giant hyssop Agastarhl" nl"pl"tllidl"s I--txl 1 1 1--+-1----+---'--'--'--'- ------_------0 _ Iyellow iris* Iris pseudacorus* 1------. x . I_x_ x yellow ironweed Verbesina alternifoiia x , _

yellow lady's~slipper orchid· WL Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens ~ WL' x --+_. _1_.l. Iyellowmeadow~ue Thaspiumtrifoliatumvar·flavum x x x __ -----.. -.---J----=t=-.-.- - -1-. yellow pimpernel Taenidia integerrima x x 1--1--- yellow pond lily Nuphar luteum var. macrophyllum x x yellow rock_et* Barbarea vulgaris* _+__ ~.i. --:=.~ ! . -1'---1-.-- x __ t.. 1 . yellow star grass Hypoxis hirsuta x x ---I yellow stonecrop* - Sedum ;mlmr::uiu;mm '7 - -- --..---'-1-.- x x J. __ x ----'-~.. ,-_._--- ,--. Appendix A . Continned Class FOREST PRAIRIE SAVANNA WETLAND OTHER PRIMARY CULTURAL Sub-class2 Up Fp Fw Pr Sp Dp Sh S5 M Sw Sn Se Po Rv Dc Cu 3 Common nameJ,4 Scientific Name ,4 yellow sweet clover* Melilotus officinaJis* x x x --..._.-....-.. . -. -...---..--- - ... -1-- ...... --_.- -- "-- yellow water buttercup Ranunculus flabellaris x x .'-"--'.._._ •.. - ._---_....._---_.__. _. __ .. . _. ---- ..- _.~ .. _,_.._._ . . yerba de tajo Eclipta prostrata x x ... . •...... ,...... -----_.•._---_..•. _....._- •. _-- ~---"-- _ ...... -,---, ------_ _ .,.

1 X = dominant species; x = occurrence of species

2 Habitat codes for each community are as follows: Up = Upland Ma= Marsh Fp = Floodplain Sw = Swamp Fw = Flatwoods Sm = Sedge meadow Pr = Prairie Se = Seep Sp = Sand prairie Po = Pond Dp = Dolomite prairie Rv = River Sh = Shrub prairie Dc = Dolomite cliff 5s = Sand savanna Cu = All cultural habitats JThreatened. endangered, and watch list species are in bold: SE = state endangered; ST = slate threatened; FT =federally threatened; FE =federally endangered; WL = watch list. 4 * = Introduced species.

00 00 AppendixB

Plant species from Appendix A, listed by scientific name

l 1 1 Scientific Namel,1. Common name ,2 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Abuti/on theophrasti* velvet leaf* Amaranthus hybridus* green amaranth* Acalypha graci/ens slender three-seeded mercury Amaranthus powellii* smooth pigweed* Acalypha rhomboidea three-seeded mercury Amaranthus retrojlexus* rough pigweed* Acalypha virginica three-seeded mercury Amaranthus rudis tamarisk water hemp Acer negundo box elder Amaranthus tuberculatus tall water hemp Acer saccharinum silver maple Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed Acer saccharum sugar maple Ambrosia bidentata ragweed Achillea millefolium * common yarrow* Ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed Acorus calamus* sweet flag* Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed Actaea pachypoda doll's eyes Amelanchier arborea shadbush Adiantum pedatum maidenhair fern Ammania coccinea long-leaved ammania Adlumiafungosa* allegheny vine* Amorpha canescens leadplant Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye Amorpha fruticosa false indigo bush Agalinis aspera rough false foxglove Amphicarpa bracteata hog peanut Agalinis gallingeri rough-stemmed false foxglove Anagallis arvensis* scarlet pimpemel* Agalinis purpurea false foxglove Andropogon gerardii big bluestem Agalinis skinneriana • ST pale false foxglove. ST Andropogon virginicus broom sedge Agalinis tenuifolia slender false foxglove Androsace occidentalis androsace Agastache nepetoides yellow giant hyssop Anemone canadensis meadow anenome Agastache scrophulariaefolia purple giant hyssop A~emone caroh"niana Carolina anemone Agrimonia gryposepala tall agrimony Anemone cylindrica candle anemone Agrimonia parviflora small-fruited agrimony Anemone quinquefolia wood anemone Agrimonia pubescens soft agrimony Anemone virginiana tall anemone Agrimonia rostellata woodland agrimony Angelica atropurpurea angelica Agropyron repens* quack grass* Antennaria neglecta little pussy toes Agrostis alba red top Antennaria plantaginifolia everlasting Agrostis hyemalis hair grass Anthemis cotula* dogfennel* Agrostis perennans autumn bent grass Apios americana groundnut Ailanthus altissima* tree-of-heaven* Apocynum androsaemifalium spreading dogbane Alcea rosea* hollyhock' Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp Aletris farinosa colic root Apocynum sibiricum Indian hemp Alisma plantago-aquatica water plantain Aquilegia canadensis columbine Alisma subcordatum common water plantain Aquilegia vulgaris* columbine* Alliaria petiolata* garlic mustard* Arabis canadensis sicklepod Allium burdickii wild onion Arabis hirsuta hairy rock cress Allium canadense wild garlic Arabis laevigata smooth rock cress Allium cernuum nodding wild onion Arabis lyrata sand cress Allium tricaccum wild leek Arabis shortii toothed cress wild sarsaparilla Allium vineale* field garlic* Aralia nudicaulis Alopecurus aequalis foxtail Aralia racemosa American spikenard Alopecurus carolinianus common foxtail Arctium minus* common burdock* Alyssum alyssoides* pale alyssum* Arenaria lateriflora wood sandwort Amaranthus albus tumbleweed Arenaria patula • SE slender sandwort • SE Amaranthus cruentus* purple amaranth* Arisaema dracontium green dragon Amaranthus graecizans* prostrate amaranth* Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit

189 Appendix B. Continued

Scientific Name1.2 Common namel .2 Scientific Name'.2 Common namet.2 Aristida longespica three-awned grass Aster umbellatus flat top aster Aristida oligantha plains three-awn grass Aster vimineus aster A ristida purpurascens arrow feather Astragalus canadensis Canadian milk vetch A ristida luberculosa beach three-awned grass Astragalus tennessensis - SE Tennessee milk vetch· SE Aristofochia serpentaria birthwort Athyrium angustum lady fern Armoracia aqua/jea lake cress Athyrium aspleniaides southern lady fern Amnia melanocarpa black chokecherry Athyrium filix-femina lady fern Amnia prunifolia chokeberry Atriplex patula* fat-hen saltbush* Artemisia annua* sweet annie* Aureolaria flava smooth false foxglove Artemisia biennis* biennial wormwood* Aurealaria grandiflora Artemisia caudata beach wormwood var. pulchra yellow false foxglove Artemisia ludoviciana white sage Aureolaria pedicularia Asarum canadense wild ginger var. ambigens clammy false foxglove Asclepias amplexicaulis sand milkwort Avena sativa * oats* Asclepias exaltata poke milkweed Baptisia lactea white wild indigo Asclepias hirtella tall green milkweed Baptisia leucophaea cream wild indigo Asclepias incarnata swamp milkweed Barbarea vulgaris* yellow rocket* Asclepias meadii • SE, FT Mead's milkweed· SE Bartonia virginica yellow bartonia Asclepias avolifalia • SE oval milkweed. SE Belamcanda chinensis* blackberry lily' Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed Berberis thunbergii* Japanese barberry' Asclepias sullvantii prairie milkweed Berberis vulgaris* common barberry* Asclepias syriaca common milkweed Betula nigra red birch Asclepias tuberosa ssp. interior butterfly weed Bidens arislOsa swamp marigold Asclepias verticillata horsetail milkweed Bidens bipinnata* Spanish needles* Asclepias viridijlora green milkweed Bidens cemua nodding beggar ticks Asimina triloba pawpaw Bidens connata purplestem beggar ticks Asparagus officinalis** asparagus** Bidens caronata tall swamp marigold Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort Bidens frondosa common beggar ticks Asplenium rhizophyllum walking fern Bidens tripartita swamp tickseed Aster azureus sky-blue aster Bidens vulgata common beggar ticks Aster borealis rush aster Blephilia ciliata pagoda plant Aster brachyactis* rayless aster* Boehmeria cylindrica false nettle Aster drummondii Drummond's aster Boltonia asteroides false aster Aster dumosus bushy aster Botrychium dissectum Aster ericoides heath aster var. dissectum cut-leaved grape fern Asterfurcatus • ST forked aster· ST Botrychium dissectum Aster laevis smooth aster var. obliquum bronze fern Aster lateriflorus side-flowered aster Batrychium virginianum rattlesnake fern Aster linariifolius flax leaved aster Bautelaua curtipendula sideoats grama Aster novae-angliae New England aster Brassica alba* white mustard Aster oblongifolius aromatic aster Brassica juncea* Indian mustard* Aster ontarionis Ontario aster Brassica kaber* charlock* Aster parviceps aster Brassica nigra * black mustard* Aster pilosus hairy aster Brassica rapa* field mustard* Asterpraealtus willow aster Brickellia eupatorioides false boneset Aster puniceus swamp aster Bromus ciliatus fringed brome Aster sagittifolius arrowleaf aster Bromus cammutatus* hairy brome* Aster schreberi • ST Schreber's aster· ST Bromus inermis* smooth brome grass* Aster sericeus silky aster Bromus japonicus* Japanese brome** Aster shortii Short's aster Bromus pubescens Cana~a brome grass Aster simplex panicled aster Bromus purgans brome grass

190 Appendix B. Continued

l 1 Scientific Name1.2 Common name ,]. Scientific Name .2 Common name1.2 Bromus squarrosus* nodding brome* Carex hirsutella hairy green sedge Bromus tectorum* cheat grass* Carex hirtifolia hairy wood sedge Bulbostylis capillaris hair sedge Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock's sedge Cacalia plantaginea prairie Indian plantain Carex hystricina sedge Calamagrostis canadensis bluejoint grass Carex interior inland sedge Calamagrostis inexpansa bluejoint grass Carex jamesii James' sedge Calamovilfa longifolia sand reed Carex lacustris river sedge Callitriche heterophylla terrestrial starwort Carex laeviconica sedge Calopogon tuberosus • SE grass pink orchid· SE Carex laevivaginata sedge Caltha palustn's cowslip Carex lanuginosa sedge Calystegia sepium American bindweed Carex laxiculmis • ST spreading sedge - ST Camassia scilloides wild hyacinth Carex lupulina sedge Camelina microcarpa* small-fruited false flax* Carex lurida sallow sedge Campanula americana tall bellflower Carex meadii sedge Campanula aparinoides marsh bellflower Carex muhlenbergii sedge Campanula rorundifolia harebell Carex muskingumensis Muskingum River sedge Campsis radicans trumpet creeper Carex normalis sedge Cannabis sativa* marijuana* Carex oligocarpa sedge Capsella bursa-pastoris* shepherd's purse* Carex oligosperma sedge Cardamine bulbosa bulb bittercress Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge Cardamine douglassii northern bitter cress Carex rosea curly-styled wood sedge Cardamine hirsuta* hairy bitter cress* Carex sartwellii Sartwell sedge Cardamine parviflora Carex scoparia sedge var. arenicola small-flowered bitter cress Carex shortiana sedge Cardamine pensylvanica bitter cress Carex sparganioides loose-headed bracted sedge Cardaria draba* hoary cress* Carex sprengelii long-beaked sedge Carex abdira hidden sedge Carex stipata prickly sedge Carex aggregata sedge Carex stricta strict sedge Carex albolurescens sedge Carex suberecta sedge Carex albursina sedge Carex swanii savanna sedge Carex annectens gray sedge Carex tenera sedge Carex ar/ileela sedge Carex tetanica sedge Carex bebbii beautiful sedge Carex tribuloides awl-fruited sedge Carex bicknellii copper-shouldered oval sedge Carex trichocarpa sedge Carex blanda common wood sedge Carex virescens sedge Carex brevior plains oval sedge Carex viridula • SE green sedge - SE Carex buxbaumii buxbaum sedge Carex vulpinoidea fox sedge Carex cephalophora rough-clustered sedge Carex woodii • SE pretty sedge· SE Carex conjuncta bristly sedge Carpinus caroliniana blue beech Carex crawei • ST Crawe's sedge ST Carum carvi* caraway* Carex cristatella sedge Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory ,Carex cumulata sedge Carya glabra pignut hickory Carex davisii awned graceful sedge Carya ovata shagbark hickory Carexfestucacea sedge Cassia fasciculata partridge pea Carex foenea silvertop sedge Cassia hebecarpa . wild senna Carex gracilescens sedge Cassia marilandica Maryland senna Carex granularis meadow sedge Cassia nictitans wild sensitive plant Carex gravida long-awned bracted sedge Castilleja coccinea Indian paintbrush Carex grayi common bur sedge CauLophyllum thaLictroides blue cohosh Carex grisea wood gray sedge Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea Carex haydenii sedge Celastrus scandens bittersweet

191 Appendix B. Continued

1 l 1 Scientific Name ,2 Common namel.2 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Celtis occidentalis hackberry Coreopsis lanceo/ata lance coreopsis Cenchrus longispinus mat sandbur Coreopsis palmata prairie coreopsis Centaurea mucu/osa* spotted centaurea* Coreopsis tripteris tall coreopsis Cephalantluts occidentalis button bush Comus altemifolia alternate leaved dogwood Cerastium aroense field mouse-eared chickweed Comus drummondii rough-leaved dogwood Cerastium nutans nodding mouse-ear chickweed Comus obliqua pale dogwood Cerastium vulgatum* common mouse-ear chickweed* Comus racemosa gray dogwood Ceratophyllum demersum coontail Comus rugosa round-leaved dogwood Ceratophyllum muricatum coontail Comus stolonifera red-osier dogwood Cerds canadensis redbud Coronilla varia* crown vetch* Chaerophyllum procumbens wild chervil Corydalis aurea • SE golden corydalis. SE Chamaedaphne calyculata • ST leathedeaf· ST Corydalis micrantha slender corydalis Chamaesyce humistrata milk spurge Corylus americana hazelnut Chamaesyce mucu/ata nodding spurge Crataegus coccinea hawthorn Chamaesyce supina milk spurge Crataegus crus-galli cock-spur thorn Chasmanthium latifolium sea oats Crataegus mollis red haw CheIone glabra white turtlehead Crataegus punctata dotted thorn Chenopodium album* lamb's quarters* Crataegus succulenta hawthorn Chenopodium ambrosioides* American wonnseed* Crotalaria sagittalis rattlebox Chenopodium desiccatum narrow-leaved goosefoot Croton glandulosus Chenopodium gigantospennum maple-leaved goosefoot var. septentrionalis sand croton Chenopodium glaucum* oak-leaved-goosefoot* Croton monanthogynus croton Chenopodium standleyanum goosefoot Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort Chimaphila maculata • SE spotted wintergreen ~ SE Cuphea viscosissima clammy cuphea Chorispora tenella* chorispora* Cuscuta campestris dodder Chrysopsis camporum* golden aster* Cuscuta compacta dodder Ciclwrium intybus* chickory* Cuscuta glomerata dodder Cicuta bulbifera bulblet-bearing water hemlock Cuscuta gronovii dodder Cicuta macu/ata water hemlock Cycloloma atriplicifolium* tumble ringwing* elnno arundinacea stout wood reed Cynanchum laeve blue vine Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis enchanter's nightshade Cynoglossum officinale* common hound's tongue* Cirsium altissimum tall thistle Cyperus acuminatus taperleaf flat sedge Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle* Cyperus aristatus galingale Cirsium discolor field thistle Cyperus diandrus low flat sedge Cirsium hillii • ST Hill's thistle· ST Cyperus erythrorhizos red-rooted sedge Cirsium muticum fen thistle Cyperus esculentus nut grass Cirsium vulgare* bull thistle* Cyperus ferruginescens sedge Claytonia virginica spring beauty Cyperus filiculmis fern flat sedge Clematis pitcheri leatherflower Cyperus houghtonii sedge Clematis virginiana* virgin's bower* Cyperus rivularis brook flat sedge Collinsia verna blue-eyed Mary Cyperus strigosus straw colored flat sedge Comandra umbellata bastard toadflax Cypripedium calceolus Commelina communis* common day flower* var. parvijlora small yellow lady's slipper orcWd • SE Commelina erecta dayflower Cypripedium cakeolus Comptonia peregrina· SE sweetfern ~ SE var. pubescens yellow lady's~slipper orchid - WL Conium maculatum* poison hemlock* Cypripedium candidum • SE white lady's slipper. SE Convolvulus arvensis* field bindweed* Cystopteris bulbifera berry bladder fern Conyza canadensis horseweed Cystopteris protrusa fragile fern Corallorhiza maculata ~ ST spotted coral-root orchid ~ ST Dactylis glomerata* orchard grass* Corallorhiza odontorhiza fall coral-root Dalea candida white prairie clover

192 Appendix B. Continued

1 Scientific Namel.l Common name ,2 Scientific Name1.2 Common name1.2 Dalea foliosa - SE leafy prairie clover· SE Eleocharis obtusa var. detonsa spike rush Dalea purpurea purple prairie clover Eleoeharis palustris spike rush Danthonia spicata poverty oat grass Eleocharis verrucosa slender spike rush Dasistoma macrophylla mullein foxglove Eleocharis wolfii spike rush Datura stramonium * jimson weed* Eleusine indica* goose grass* Daucus carota* Queen Anne's lace* Ellisia nyctelea Aunt Lucy Delphinium ajacis* larkspur* Elodea canadensis elodea Dentan'a laciniata toothwort Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hair grass Elymus hystrix bottlebrush grass Descurainia pinnata tansy mustard Elymus villosus slender wild rye Desmanthus illinoensis Illinois bundleflower Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye Desmodium canadense showy tick trefoil Epilobium coloratum cinnamon willow herb Desmodium cuspidatum tick trefoil Epilobium leptophyllum bog willow herb Desmodium glabellum tick trefoil Equisetum arvense common horsetail Desmodium glulinosum pointed tick trefoil Equisetum fluviatile water horsetail Desmodium illinoense Illinois tick trefoil Equisetum hyemale var. affine scouring rush Desmodium nudiflorum bare-stemmed tick trefoil Equisetum laevigatum smooth scouring rush Desmodium paniculatum panicled tick trefoil Equisetum palustre marsh horsetail Desmodium rigidum tick trefoil Equisetum x ferrissii intermediate scouring rush Desmodium sessilifolium sessile~leaved tick trefoil Eragrostis cilianensis* stink grass* Dianthus armeria* Deptford pink* Eragrostis frankii sandbar love grass Dicentra canadensis squirrel corn Eragrostis hypnoides creeping love grass Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's breeches Eragrostis pectinacea love grass Diervilla lonicera bush honeysuckle Eragrostis spectabilis purple love grass Digitaria ischaemwn * smooth crab grass* Erechtites hieradfolia fire weed Digitaria sanguinalis* common crab grass* Erigenia bulbosa harbinger-of-spring Diodia teres poorjoe Erigeron annuu~ daisy fleabane Dioscorea villosa wild yam Erigeron philadelphicus marsh fleabane Dipsacus laciniatus* cut-leaved teasel* Erigeron pulchellus Robin's plantain Dipsacus sylvestris* common teasel* Erigeron strigosus daisy fleabane Dodeeatheon meadia shooting star Erucastrum gallicum* dog mustard* Draba reptans whitlow grass Eryngium yuccifolium rattlesnake master Draba vema* mouse~earedwhitlow* Erysimum cheiranthoides* worm seed mustard* Drosera intermedia - ST narrow-leaved sundew· ST Erythronium albidum white trout lily Drosera rotundifolia - SE round leaved sundew - SE Erythronium americanum yellow dog-tooth violet Dryopteris carthusiana spinulose woodfem Euonymus atropurpureus wahoo Dryopteris cristata crested fern Eupatorium altissimum tall boneset Dryopteris x triploidea woodfern Eupatorium fistulosum hollow Joe-Pye-weed Duliehium arundinaceum pond sedge Eupatorium maculatum spotted Joe-Pye-weed Dyssodia papposa* fetid marigold* Eupatorium peifoliatum common boneset Eehinacea pallida pale purple coneflower Eupatorium purpureum green-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed Eehinoehloa erus~galli* barnyard grass* Eupatorium rugosum white snakeroot Eehinoehloa muricata barnyard grass Eupatorium serotinum late boneset Eehinochloa pungens barnyard grass Euphorbia corol/ata flowering spurge Eclipta prostrata yerba de tajo Euphorbia cyparissias* cypress spurge* Elaeagnus umbellata* autumn olive* Euphorbia dentata wild poinsettia Eleocharis aeieularis needle spike rush Euphorbia heterophylla* spurge* Eleoeharis elliptiea spike rush Euthamia graminifolia grass-leaved goldenrod Eleoeharis elliptica var. compressa spike rush Euthamia gymnospermoides grass-leaved goldenrod Eleocharis erythropoda spike rush Festuca arundinacea* large fescue*

193 Appendix B. Continued

1 1 Scientific Name .2 Common name .2 Scientific Name1.2 Common namet .2 Festuca obtusa nodding fescue Hedyotis purpurea var. calycosa bluets Festuca pratensis* meadow fescue* Helenium autumnale sneezeweed Fimbristylis autumnalis autumn sedge Helianthemum bicknellii frostweed Floerkea proserpinacoides false mennaid Helianthemum canadense common rockrose Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry Helianthus annuus* common sunflower* Fraxinus americana white ash Helianthus decapetalus pale sunflower Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash Helianthus divaricatus woodland sunflower Fraxinus quadrangulata blue ash Helwn~us~gankus·SE tall sunflower· SE Froelichia floridana cottonweed Helianthus grosseserratus sawtooth sunflower Froelichia gracilis * cottonweed * Helianthus hirsutus bristly sunflower Galium aparine annual bedstraw Helianthus mollis downy sunflower Galium asprellu1n rough bedstraw Helianthus occidentalis western sunflower Galium boreaLe northern bedstraw Helianthus petiolaris* Kansas sunflower* Galium circaezans broad-leaved galium Helianthus rigidus prairie sunflower Galium concinnum shining bedstraw Helianthus strumosus pale-leaved sunflower Galium malmgo * white bedstraw* Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke Galium obtusum stiff bedstraw Heliopsis helianthoides false sunflower Galium pilosum hairy bedstraw Hemerocallis fulva* orange day lily* Galium tine/orium stiff bedstraw Hepatica nobUis var. acuta liverleaf Galium triflorum sweet-scented bedstraw Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa round-lobed liverleaf Gaultheria procumbens • SE wintergreen. SE Heracleum maximum cow parsnip Goura biennis biennial gaura Hesperis matronalis* dame's rocket* Gaylussacia baccala black huckleberry Heuchera richardsonii prairie alumroot Gentiana alba pale gentian Hibiscus laevis halberd-leaved rose mallow Gentiana andrewsii closed gentian Hibiscus trionum* flower-of-an-hour* Gentiana puberulenta downy gentian Hieracium caespitosum* king devi1* Gentiana saponaria soapwort gentian Hieracium canadense Canada hawkweed Gentianella quinquefolia stiff gentian Hieracium gronovii hairy hawkweed Gentianopsis procera small fringed gentian Hieracium longipilum hairy hawkweed Geranium carolinianum wild cranesbill Hieracium scabrum hairy hawkweed Geranium maculatum wild geranium Hierochloe odorata sweet grass Geranium pusillum* small cranesbill* Holosteum umbellatum* jagged chickweed* Geum canadense white avens Hordeum jubatum* fox-tail barley* Geum laciniatum rough avens Hordeum pusillwn little harley Geumvemum spring avens Hordeum vulgare* barley* Glechoma hederacea* creeping Charlie* Humulus lupulus American hop Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust Hydrastis canadensis golden seal Glyceria septentrionalis floating manna grass Hydrophyllum appendicularum great waterleaf Glyceria striata fowl manna grass Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf Glycine max* soybean* Hymenopappus scabiosaeus old plainsman Gnaphalium obtusifolium catfoot Hypericum adpressum • SE shore St. John's·wort· SE Gratiola neglecta clammy hedge hyssop Hypericum boreale northern St. John's-wort Gratiola virginiana round-fruited hedge hyssop Hypericum canadense Canadian St. John's-wort Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky coffeetree Hypericum gentianoides pineweed Gypsophila scorzonerifolia* baby's breath* Hypericum gymnanthum small St. John's-wort Hackelia virginiana stickseed Hypericum kabnianum - SE Kalm's St. John's·wort· SE Hamamelis virginiana witch hazel Hypericum majus St John's-wort Hedeoma hispida rough pennyroyal Hypericum mutUum dwarf St. John's-wort Hedeoma pulegioides American pennyroyal Hypericum perforatum common St. John's-wort Hedyotis caerulea bluets

194 Appendix B. Continued

1 1 1 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Scientific Name ,2 Common nameU Hypericum pune/alum spotted St. John's-wort Lappula echinata* beggars lice* Hypericum sphaerocarpum round-fruited St. John's-wort Lathyrus palustris marsh vetchling Hypoxis hirsuta yellow star grass Latlzyrus venosus var. intonsus veiny pea /lex ver/ieilia/a winterberry Lechea minor pinweed Iliamna remota ~ SE Kankakee mallow· SE Lechea pulchella pinweed Impatiens capensis spotted touch-me-not Lechea stricta pinweed Impatiens paUida pale touch-me-not Lechea tenuifolia narrow-leaved pinweed lodanthus pinnatifidus purple rocket Lechea villosa hairy pinweed Ipomoea hederacea* ivy-leaved morning glory* Leersia oryzoides rice cutgrass Ipomoea pandurata wild sweet potato vine Leersia virginica white grass ipomoea purpurea* morning glory* Lemnaminor duckweed Iris pseudacorus* yellow iris* Lemna perpusilla least duckweed Iris shrevei blue flag Leonurus cardiaca* motherwort* Iris X germanica* bearded iris* Lepidium campestre* field pepper grass* Isoetes butleri • SE quillwort. SE Lepidium densiflorum * small peppergrass* lsopyrum biternatum false rue anenome Lepidium virginicum common pepper grass Jeffersonia diphylla twin leaf Leptochloa acuminata* salt meadow grass* Juglans cinerea· WL butternut· WL Leptoloma cognatum fall witch grass Jug fans ntgra black walnut Lespedeza capitata bush clover Juncus acuminatus knotty leaved rush Lespedeza virginica • slender bush clover funcus balrfeus Baltic rush Leucanthemum vulgare* common tansy, ox-eye daisy* luncus biflorus rush Leucospora multifida leucospora Juncus brachycarpus rush Liatris aspera rough blazing star luncus brachycephalus short-headed rush Liatris cylindracea cylindric blazing star Juncus bufonius toad rush Liatris pycnostachya prairie blazing star Juncus canadensis Canadian rush Liatris scariosa Juncus dudleyi DUdley's rush var. nieuwlandii .. ST blazing star· ST Juncus effusus soft rush Liatris spicata marsh blazing star funcus greenei rush Ligustrum vulgare* common privet* luncus interior inland rush Lilium michiganense wild lily funcus marginatus grass-leaved rush Lilium philadelphicum wood lily luncus nodosus jointed rush Linaria canadensis blue toadflax funGus tenuis path rush Linaria dalmatica * toadflax Juncus torreyi torrey rush Linaria vulgaris* butter and eggs* Juniperus virginiana red cedar Lindera benzoin spicebush Jus/icia americana water willow Lindemia dubia false pimpernel Kochia scoparia* burning bush* Lindemia dubia var. anagalh'dea slender false pimpernel Koeleria macrantha June grass Linum medium var. texanum small yellow flax Krigia biflora false dandelion Linum sulcatum grooved yellow flax Krigia virginica dwarf dandelion Lithospermum arvense* puccoon* Kummerowia stipulacea * Korean bush clover* Lithospermum canescens hoary puccoon Lactuca biennis tall blue lettuce Lithospermum caroliniense hairy puccoon Lactuca canadensis wild lettuce Lithospermum latifolium American gromwell Lactucafloridana woodland lettuce Lobelia cardinalis cardinal flower Lactuca ludoviciana - SE prairie lettuce - SE Lobelia siphilitica blue lobelia Lactuca saligna willow-leaved lettuce Lobelia spicata spiked lobelia Lactuca serriola* prickly lettuce* Lobelia spicata var. leptostachys spiked lobelia Lamium amplexicaule* gourd* Lolium perenne * crested rye grass* Lamium purpureum* purple dead nettle* Lonicera maackii* Amur honeysuckle* Laportea canadensis wood nettle Lonicera prolifera grape honeysuckle

195 Appendix B. Continued

1 1 Scientific Name1.2 Common namel.2 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Lonicera tatarica* tartarian honeysuckle* Mon~tropa hypopithys pinesap Lotus comiculatus* birdsfoot trefoil* Morns aLba * white mulberry* Ludwigia a/lenzifolia seedbox Morus rubra red mulberry Ludwigia palustris var. americana marsh purslane Muhlenbergia bushii muhly Ludwigia polycarpa false loosestrife MuhLenbergia cuspidata plains muhly Lupinus perennis wild lupine MuhLenbergiafrondosa common satin grass Luzula multiflora* wood rush* MuhLenbergia mexicana wirestem grass Lychnis alba* evening campion* MuhLenbergia schreberi nimble will Lycopersicon esculentum* tomato* Muhlenbergia sylvatica mUhly Lycopodium clavatum • SE running pine - SE MuhLenbergia tenuiflora slender mUhly Lycopodium dendroideum • SE ground pine - SE Myosotis scorpioides* common forget-me-not* Lycopodiumflabelliforme clubmoss Myosotis vema scorpion grass Lycopus americanus common water horehound Myosurus minimus mousetail Lycopus unijIorus northern bugleweed Najas guadalupensis naiad Lycopus virginicus bugle weed Nasturtium officinale** water cress Lysimachia ciliata fringed loosestrife Nepeta cataria * catnip* Lysimachia hybrida loosestrife Nuphar Luteum var. macrophyLlum yellow pond lily Lysimachia lancea/ala lance-leaved loosestrife Nymphaea odorata fragrant water lily Lysimachia nummularia* moneywort* Nymphaea tuberosa white water lily Lysimachia quadriflora whorled loosestrife Nyssa sylvatica sour gum Lysimachia terrestris swamp candles Oenothera biennis evening primrose Lysimachia thyrsiflora tufted loosestrife Oenothera laciniata ragged evening primrose Lythrum alatum winged loosestrife Oenothera pilosella prairie sundrops Lythrum salicaria* purple loosestrife* Oenothera rhombipetala sand primrose Madura pomifera* Osage orange* Onodea sensibilis sensitive fern Malus coronaria wild sweet crab apple Onosmodium hispidissimum marbleseed Malus ioensis Iowa crabapple Ophioglossum vuLgatum adder's-tongue fern Malus pumila* apple* Opuntia humifusa priCkly-pear Malva negLecta* dwarf mallow* Omithogalum umbellatum* common star-of-Bethlehem* Malvastrum hispidum • SE false mallow· SE Orobanche unijlora one-flowered broomrape Marrubium vulgare* common horehound* Osmorhiza daytonii sweet cicely Matricaria matricarioides* pineapple weed* Osmorhiza longistylis anise-root Medeola virginiana • SE Indian cucumber root - SE Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern Medicago lupulina* black medic* Osmunda daytoniana intenupted fern Medicago sativa * alfalfa* Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis royal fern Melica mutica - SE two flowered melicgrass • SE Ostrya virginiana hophombeam Me lica nitens three-flowered melic grass Oxalis dillenii sorrel Melilotus alba* white sweet clover* Oxalis stricta wood sorrel Melilotus officinatis* yellow sweet clover* Oxalis violacea purple oxalis Menispermum canadense moonseed Oxypolis rigidior meadow parsnip Mentha arvensis var. villosa field mint Panax quinquefolius ginseng Mentha X piperita* peppermint* Panicum boreale - SE northern panic grass· SE Mertensia virginica Virginia bluebells Panicum capiLlare witch grass Mimulus alatus winged monkey flower Panicum clandestinum broad-leaved panic-grass MimuLus ringens monkey flower Panicum columbianum • SE hemlock panic grass - SE MirabiLis fZyctaginea * wild four-o' clock* Panicum dichotomiflorum spreading witch grass Mitella diphylla Bishop's cap Panicumflexile slender panic grass MoUugo verticiLLatus* carpet weed* Panicum gattingeri panic grass Monarda fistuLosa wild bergamot Panicum lanuginosum hairy panic-grass Monarda punctata horsemint Panicum latifolium panic grass

196 Appendix B. Continued

1 1 1 l Scientific Name .2 Common name .2 Scientific Name .2 Common name ,2 Panicum latifo/ium panic-grass Plantago aristata bracted plantain Panicum Leibergii panic grass Plantago lanceolata* buckhorn plantain* Panicum lindheimeri panic grass Plantago major* common plantain* Panicum linerarifolium panic grass Plantago patagonica Panicum meridionale panic grass var. brevicarpa salt and pepper plant Panicum oligosanthes panic grass Plantago rugelii Rugel's plantain Panicum oUgosanthes Plantago virginica dwarf plantain val: scribnerianum Scribner's panic grass Platanthera ciUaris ~ SE orange fringed orchid ~ SE Panicum rigidulum munro grass Phltanlhera clavellata , SE wood orchid - SE Panicum sphaerocarpon panic grass Platanthera dilatata tall white orchid Panicum vilIosissimum hairy panic grass Phltanlhera flava Panicum villosissimum var. herbiola SE tubercled orchid· SE var. praecocius hairy panic grass Platanthera lacera green fringed orchid Panicwn virgatum prairie switchgrass Platanthera leucophaea ~ SE, FT prairie white fringed orchid ~ SE Parietaria pensylvanica pellitory Platanthera viridis bracted green orchid Parnassia glauca grass of pamassus Platanus occidentalis sycamore Paronychia canadensis forked chickweed Poa annua* annual bluegrass* Parthenium integrifolium American feverfew Poa compressa* Canada bluegrass* Parthenocissus inserta Virginia creeper Poa pratensis* Kentucky bluegrass* Parthenocissus quinquefolius Virginia creeper Poa sylvestris woodland bluegrass PaspaLum ciliatifoIium bead grass Podophyllum peltatum mayapple Pastinaca sativa * parsnip* Pogonin ophioglossoilks - SE snake~mouth ~ SE Pedicularis canadensis lousewort Polansia dodecandra Pedicularis lanceolata swamp wood betony var. trachyspenna clammy weed Pellaea glabella smooth cliff-brake Polemonium reptans Jacob's ladder Peltandra virginica arrow arum Polygala cruciata var. aquilonia cross milkwort Penstemon calycosus smooth beard-tongue Polygaln incarnala -SE pink milkwort - SE Penstemon digitalis foxglove beard-tongue Polygala polygama var. obtusata purple milkwort Penthorum sedoides ditch stonecrop Polygala sanguinea field milkwort Perideridia americana perideridia Polygala verticillata whorled milkwort Phalaris arundinacea* reed canary grass* Polygonatum commutatum Solomon's seal Phleum pratense* Timothy* PolygonalUm pubescens - SE downy Solomon's seal ~ SE Phlox bifida cleft phlox Polygonella articulata jointweed Phlox divaricata common phlox Polygonum amphibium water smartweed Phlox glaberrima smooth phlox Polygonum aviculare* knotweed* Phlox paniculata garden phlox Polygonum careyi - SE Carey's heartease - SE Phlox pilosa downy phlox Polygonum convolvulus* black bindweed* Phragmites australis common red reed Polygonum cuspidatum* Japanese fleece flower* Phryma leptostachya lopseed Polygonum erectum erect knotweed Phyla lanceolata fog-fruit Polygonum hydropiper* common smartweed* Physalis heterophylla clammy ground cherry Polygonum hydropiperoides mild water pepper Physalis pubescens annual ground cherry Polygonum lapathifolium curttop lady's thumb Physalis subglabrata smooth ground cherry Polygonum pensylvanicum smartweed Physalis virginiana ground cherry Polygonum persicaria* lady's thumb* Physocarpus opulifolius ninebark Polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed Physostegia augustlJolia narrow-leaved dragonhead Polygonum ramosissimum knotweed Physostegia speciosa false dragonhead Polygonum sagittatum arrowleaf tearthumb Physostegia virginiana false dragonhead Polygonum scandens climbing false buckwheat Phytolacca americana pokeweed Polygonum tenue slender knotweed Pilea pumila clearweed Polygonum virginianum Virginia knotweed

197 Appendix B. Continued

l l 1 Scientific Name .2 Common name .! Scientific Name!'! Common name .2 Polypodium virginianwll common polypody Ranunculus flabellaris yellow water buttercup Pontederia cordata pickerelweed Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus rough buttercup Populus alba * white poplar* Ranunculus longirostris .long beak buttercup Populus deltaides cottonwood Ranunculus repens * creeping buttercup* Populus grandidentata big tooth aspen Ranunculus sceLeratus cursed crowfoot Populus tremuloides quaking aspen Ranunculus septentrionalis swamp buttercup Portulaca oleracea* purslane* Ranunculus trichophyllus white water crowfoot Potamogeton crispus* curly pondweed* Raphanus sativus* radish* Potamogetonfoliosus leafy pondweed Ratibida pinnata yellow coneflower Potamogeton ilLinoensis Illinois pondweed Rhamnus cathartica* common buckthorn* Potamogeton nodosus pondweed Rhamnus frangula* glossy buckthorn* Potamogeton pectinatus fennel-leaved pondweed Rhamnus lanceolata lance-leaved buckthorn Potamogeton richardsonii redhead grass Rhexia virginica meadow beauty Potamogeton zosterifolius flatstem pondweed Rhus copallina dwarf sumac PotentilLa argentea * silvery cinquefoil* Rhus glabra smooth sumac Potentilla arguta prairie cinquefoil Rhus ryphina staghorn sumac Potentilla norvegica* rough cinquefoil* Rhynchospora alba· ST beaked rush· ST Potentilla recta* sulfur cinquefoil* Rhynchospora globularis • SE grass beaked rush· SE Potentilla simplex common cinquefoil Rhynchospora glomerata • SE clustered beak rush· SE Prenanthes alba lion's foot Rhyncospora capitellata beaked rusb Prenanthes altissima tall white lettuce Ribes americanum American black currant Prenanthes aspera rough white lettuce Ribes cynosbati prickly gooseberry Prenanthes crepidinea great white lettuce Ribes hirtel/um • SE northern gooseberry· SE Prenanthes racemosa glaucous white lettuce Ribes missouriense Missouri gooseberry Proboscidea Lousianica* devils-claw* Ribes odoratum* buffalo current* Proserpinaca palustris mermaid weed Ribes sativum* gooseberry* Prunella vulgaris* self heal * Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Prunus americana American plum Rorippa i,landica Prunus augustifolia chickasaw plum ssp. hi,pilla • SE hairy marsh yellow cress· SE Prunus serafina black cberry Rorippa islandica var. femaldiana marsh yellow cress Prunus virginiana common chokecherry Rorippa sessiliflora sessile-flowered yellow cress Psoralea onobrychis French grass Rorippa sinuata spreading yellow cress Ptelea trifoliata wafer ash Rorippa sylvestris* creeping yellow cress* Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern Rosa blanda meadow rose Puccinellia distans* alkali grass* Rosa carolina pasture rose Pycnanthemum pilosum hairy mountain mint Rosa eglanteria* sweetbrier* Pycnanthemum tenuifolium slender mountain mint Rosa multiflora* multiflora rose* Pycnanthemum virginianum common mountain mint Rosa palustris swampy rose Pyrus communis* pear* Rosa setigera prairie rose Quercus alba white oak. Rosa suffulta sunshine rose Quercus bicolor swamp white oak Rotala ramosior tooth-cup Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill's oak Rubus allegheniensis common blackberry Quercus imbricaria shingle oak. Rubusflagellaris dewberry Quercus macrocarpa bur oak Rubus hispidus swampy dewberry Quercus palustris pin oak. Rubusidaeus* cultivated raspberry* Quercus prinoides var. acuminata chinquapin oak. Rubus occidentalis black raspberry Quercus rubra red oak Rubus pensylvanicus common blackberry Quercus velutina black oak Rubus setosus • SE bristly blackberry· SE Ranunculus abortivus small-flowered crowfoot Rubus strigosus red raspberry Ranunculus fascicularius early buttercup Rudbeckiafulgida var. sullivantii Sullivant's orange coneflower

198 Appendix B. Continued

l l 1 1 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Scientific Name .2 Common name ,2 Rudbeckia hirta black-eyed Susan Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem Rudbeckia laciniata goldenglow Scirpus acutus great bulrush Rudbeckia subtomentosa fragrant coneflower Scirpus americanus American bulrush Rudbeckia tn°loba brown-eyed Susan Scirpus atrovirens bulrush Ruellia humilis hairy ruellia Scirpus cyperinus bulrush Ruellia humilis var. longifolia wild petunia Scirpus fluviatilis river bulrush Ruellia strepens smooth ruellia Scirpus georgianus bulrush Rumex aeetoselIa * sour dock* Scirpus hollii - SE Hall's bulrush - SE Rumex altissimus pale dock Scirpus hattorianus • SE bulrush - SE Rumex crispus* 'curly dock* Scirpus micranthus small bulrush Rumex mexicanus* dock* Scirpus pendulus red bulrush Rumex obtusifolius* bitter dock* Scirpus purshianus • SE weak bulrush - SE Rumex orbiculatus great water dock Scirpus validus bulrush Rumex verticillatus swamp dock Scleranthus annuus* knawel* Sagittaria brevirostra arrowleaf Scleria triglomerata taU nut rush Sag ittana cuneata arum-leaved arrowhead Scrophularia lanceolata early figwort Sagittaria graminea grass leaved arrowleaf Scrophuloria marilandica late figwort Sagittaria latifolia arrowleaf Scutellaria epilobiifolia marsh skullcap Sagittaria rigida deep· water duck potato Scutellaria galenOculata marsh skullcap Salix alba* white willow* Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap Salix amygdaloides peach leaved willow Scutellaria leonordii small skullcap Salix bebbiana beaked willow Scutellaria nervosa veiny skullcap Salix candid;a hoary willow Scutellaria ovata small skullcap Salix discolor pussy willow Scutellaria parvula small skullcap Salix eriocephala willow Sedum sannentosum* yellow stonecrop* Salix exigua sandbar willow Sedum tematum three-leaved stonecrop Salix fragilis* brittle willow* Selaginella apoda marsh club moss Salix glaucophyLLoides Senecio aureus golden ragwort var. glaucophylLa blue-leaf willow Senecio pauperculus balsam groundsel Salix humilis prairie willow Senecio plattensis prairie groundsel Salix Lucida shining willow Setariafaberi* giant foxtail* Salix nigra black willow Setaria glauca* foxtail* Salix petialaris meadow willow Setaria italica* foxtail millet* Salix rigida heart-leaved willow Setaria verticillata* bristly foxtail* Salix sericea silky willow Setaria viridis* common foxtail* Salix X subsericea willow Sibara virginica Virginia rock cress SalsoLa Iwli" tumbleweed** Sicyos angulatus bur cucumber Sambucus canadensis elderberry Sida spinosa* prickly sida* Samolus valerandii brookweed Silene antirrhina sleepy catchfly Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot Silene cserei* glaucous campion* Sanguisorba canadensis· SE American burnet - SE Silene cucubalus* bladder catchfly* Sanicula canadensis black snakeroot Silene niveo showy campion Sanicula gregaria common snakeroot Silene noctiflora** night flowering catchfly Sanicula marilandica black snakeroot Silene stellato starry catchfly Saponaria officinalis* bouncing bet* Silene virginica firepink Saponaria vaccaria * cow herb* Silphium integrifolium rosinweed Sassafras albidum sassafras Silphium lociniatum compass plant Satureja arkansana low calamint Silphium perfoliatum cup plant Saururus cemuus lizard's tail Silphium terebinthinaceum prairie dock Saxifraga pensylvanica swamp saxifrage Sisymbrium altissimum* tumble mustard*

199 Appendix B. Continued

1 l 1 1 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Scientific Name ,2 Common name ,2 Sisymbrium officinale* hedge mustard* Sporobolus neglectus puffsheath dropseed Sisyrinchium albidum blue·eyed grass Sporobolus vaginiflorus wood sheathing dropseed Sisyrinchium angustlfolium common blue-eyed grass Stachys hispida smooth hedge nettle Sisyrinchium atlanncum - SE eastern blue-eyed grass· SE Stachys palustris hedge nettle Sisyrinchium campestre prairie blue-eyed grass Stachys tenuifolia smooth hedge nettle Sisyrinchium montanum • SE mountain blue-eyed grass· SE Staphylea trifolia bladdernut Sium suave water parsnip Stellaria graminea* common stichwort* SmiLacina racemosa false Solomon's seal Stellaria longzfolia chickweed Smilacina stellata small false Solomon's seal Stellaria media * common chickweed* Smilax ecirrhata upright smilax Stipa spartea porcupine grass Smilax hispida bristly catbrier Strophostyles helvola wild bean Smilax lasioneuron common carrion flower Strophostyles leiosperma wild bean Solanum carolinense horse-nettle Styrax americana ~ 5T storax - ST Solanum comutum * buffalo bur* Symphoricarpos occidentalis western snowberry Solanum dulcamara * bittersweet nightshade* Symphoricarpos orbiculatus buckbrush SoLanum ptycanthum black nightshade Symphytum officinale* comfrey* Solidago eaesia bluestem goldenrod Symplocarpus foetidus skunk cabbage Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod Taenidia integerrima yellow pimpernel Solidago flexicaulis broadleaf goldenrod Tanacetum vulgare* tansy* Solidago gigantea late goldenrod Taraxacum laevigatum* red seeded dandelion* Solidago juncea early goldenrod Taraxacum officinale* dandelion* Solidago missouriensis Missouri goldenrod Taxus canadensis Canada yew Solidago nemoralis field goldenrod Tephrosia virginiana goat's rue Solidago patula rough-leaf goldenrod Teucrium canadense wood sage Solidago riddellii Riddell's goldenrod Teucrium canadense Solidago rigida rigid goldenrod var. virginicum American germander Solidago speciosa showy goldenrod Thalictrum dasycarpum purple meadow rue Solidago ulmifolia elm-leaved goldenrod Thalictrwn dioicum early meadow rue Sonchus arvensis var. glabrescens* smooth sow thistle* Thalictrum revolutum waxy meadow rue Sonchus asper* spiny sow thistle* Thalictrum thalictroides rue anenome Sonchus oleraceus * sow thistle* Thaspium barbinode hairy meadow parsnip Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass Thaspium trifoliatum meadow parsnip Sorghum bicolor* sorghum* Thaspium trifoliatum var. flavum yellow meadow rue Sorghum halapense* Johnson grass* Thelypteris noveboracensis - 5E New York fern - SE Sparganium androcladum burreed Thelypteris palustris Sparganium chlorocarpum - SE green-fruited burreed - SE var. pubescens marsh fern Sparganium eurycarpum American burreed Thlaspi arvense* field penny cress* Spartina pectinata prairie cord grass TWa americana basswood Spergularia rubra* sand spurrey* Tomanthera auriculata - 5T ear-leaved foxglove - ST Sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedge grass ToriUs japonica* hedge parsley' Spiraea alba Japanese spiraea Toxicodendron radicans poison ivy Spiraea tomentosa hardhack Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac Spiranthes cernua nodding ladies' tresses Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio spiderwort Spiranthes lacera slender ladies' tresses Tradescantia virginiana Virginia spiderwort Spiranthes magnicamporum Dune ladies' tresses Tragopogon dubius* goat's beard* Spirodela polyrhiza duckweed Tragopogon porrifolius* salsify* Sporobolus asper rough drop seed Tragopogon pratensis* common goat's beard Sporobolus clandestinus dropseed Triadenum virginicum marsh St. John's-wort Sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed Tribulus terrestris* puncture vine* Sporobolus heterolepis northern prairie dropseed Trichostema brachiatum false penny

200 Appendix B. Continued

1 l Scientific Name .2 Common name ,2 Scientific Name1); Common narne1.2 rridens flavus false red top Veronica comosa water speedwell Trientalis borealis - ST star-flower - ST Veronica peregrina purslane speedwell Trifolium campestre* low hop clover* Veronica scutellata • ST marsh speedwell. ST Trifolium hybridum* Alsike clover* Veronica serpyllifolia* thyme-leaved speedwell* Trifolium pratense* red clover* Veronicastrum virginicum culver's root Trifolium reflexum - SE buffalo clover - SE Viburnum acerifolium maple-leaved·arrowwood Trifolium repens* white clover* Viburnum lentago nannyberry Triglochin paluslris - SE .arrow grass· SE Viburnum opulus* European high bush cranberry* Trillium flexipes white trillium Viburnum prunifolium black haw Trillium recurvatum prairie trillium Viburnum rafinesquianum downy arrowwood Trillium sessile sessile trillium Viburnum recognitum smooth arrowwood Triodanis per/aUata Venus' looking glass Vida americana American vetch Triosteum aurantiacum early horse gentian Vida villosa* winter vetch* Triosteum perfoliatum horse gentian Vinca minor** common periwinkle** Triplasis purpurea purple sandgrass Viola affinis woodland blue violet Tripsacum dactyloides gama grass Viola cucullata violet Triticum aestivum* bearded wheat* Viola fimbriatula sand violet Typha augustifolia* narrow-leaved cat-tail* Wola lanceolata lance-leaved violet Typha Latifolia common cat-tail Viola missouriensis Missouri violet Ulmus americana American elm Viola pedata birdfoot violet Ulmus pumila* Siberian elm* Viola pedatifida prairie violet Ulmus rubra slippery elm Viola pratincola common blue violet Urtica dioica common nettle Viola primulifolia • SE primrose violet· SE Utricularia vulgaris common bladderwort Viola pubescens downy yellow violet Uvularia grandiflora yellow bellwort Viola pubescens var. eriocarpa smooth yellow violet Vaccinium augustifolium low-bush blueberry Viola sagittata arrow-leaved violet Vaccinium macrocarpon • SE large cranberry· SE Wola sororia downy-blue violet Vaccinium pallidum low-bush blueberry Viola triloba cleft viol~t Valerianella chenopodiifolia - SE com salad· SE Viola v/arum - SE plains violet- SE Valerianella intermedia com salad Viola x bernardii violet Valerianella umbilicata - SE corn salad - SE Vitis aestivalis summer grape Vallisneria americana eelgrass Vitis riparia riverbank grape Verbascum blattaria* moth mullein* Vitis vulpina frost grape Verbascumthapsus* woolly mullein* Vulpia octoflora six-weeks fescue Verbena.bracteata creeping vervain Woodsia obtusa common woodsia Verbena hastata blue vervain Xanthium strumarium common cocklebur Verbena peruviana* vervain* Xyris torta twisted yellow-eyed grass Verbena simplex narrow-leaved vervain Zannichellia palustris homed pondweed Verbena stricta hoary vervain Zanthoxylum americanum pricklyasb Verbena urticifolia white vervain Zea mays* com* Verbesina alternifolia yellow ironweed Zigadenus glaucus • SE white camass· SE Verbesina helianthoides yellow crown beard Zizania aquatica giant wild rice Vernonia fasciculata common ironweed Zizia aptera heart leaved meadow parsnip. Vernonia gigantea tall ironweed Zizia aurea golden Alexanders Vernonia missurica Missouri ironweed Zosterella dubia water star grass Veronica arvensis* corn speedwell*

I * Designates an introduced species. 2 ST = state threatened; SE = state endangered; Ff = federally threatened; FE = federally endangered; WL = watch list.

201 The lliinois Department ofNatural Resources receives federal financial assistance and therefore must comply with federal anti-discrimination laws. In compliance with the lllinois Human Rights Act, the lilinois Constitution, Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended, and the U.S. Constitution, the lliinois Department ofNatural Resources does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age or disability. Ifyou believe you have been discriminated agaiust in any program, activity or facility please contact the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, Department ofNatural Resources, 524 S. Second St, Springfield, IL 62701-1787, (217) 782-7616, or the Office ofHurnan Rights, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 20240.

All public meetings conducted by the Department ofNatural Resources will be accessible to handicapped individuals in compliance with Executive Order No.5 and pertinent state and federal laws, upon notification of the anticipated attendance. Handicapped persons planning to attend and needing special accommodations should inform the Department ofNatural Resources at least five days prior to the meeting by telephoning or writing the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, Department ofNatural Resources, 524 S. Second St., Springfield, IL 62701-1787, phone (217) 782-7616.

Department ofNatural Resources information is available to the hearing impaired by calling DNR's Telecommunications Device for the Deaf: (217) 782-9175. The Ameritech Relay Number is (800) 526 0844.