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Advanced Health Information Sharing with Web-Based Gis ADVANCED HEALTH INFORMATION SHARING WITH WEB-BASED GIS SHENG GAO March 2010 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 272 ADVANCED HEALTH INFORMATION SHARING WITH WEB-BASED GIS Sheng Gao Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick P.O. Box 4400 Fredericton, N.B. Canada E3B 5A3 March 2010 © Sheng Gao, 2010 PREFACE This technical report is a reproduction of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, March 2010. The research was supervised by Dr. David Coleman and Dr. Harold Boley, and funding was provided by the GeoConnections Secretariat of Natural Resources Canada. As with any copyrighted material, permission to reprint or quote extensively from this report must be received from the author. The citation to this work should appear as follows: Gao, S. (2010). Advanced Health Information Sharing with Web-Based GIS. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Technical Report No. 272, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 188 pp. ABSTRACT Web-based GIS is increasingly utilized in health organizations to share and visualize georeferenced health data through the Web. In the development of a public information and disease surveillance network, issues of data publishing and user access are important concerns. The handling of data heterogeneity, lack of available data and tools, and methods of health information representation constitute continuing challenges. The purpose of this research is to address these three problems and provide new solutions for health information sharing. Regarding data heterogeneity, a geospatial-enabled RuleML method has been designed for semantic disease information queries. Geospatial and non-spatial components of health data are represented through an ontology-based approach. The support for spatial representation in the proposed method enables the discovery of spatial relations in a semantic system. This research proposed an improved system, based on ontologies and rules, addressing both non-spatial and geospatial semantics for the querying of respiratory disease information. Furthermore, a new architecture based on open standards and Web Services was designed to provide better solutions in health information sharing with Web-based GIS. This architecture overcomes the weakness of a closely coupled design, allows interoperable data access, and enables dynamic data integration from different providers for decision making. This architecture has demonstrated its effectiveness in an infectious disease information mapping application across international borders. In addition to i demonstrating health information sharing, this research provided an initial approach to designing and implementing Web Processing Services that allow online sharing of health data processing functionalities. For the dissemination of health information, a health information representation model has been designed to facilitate users’ understanding in using health information. This model covers health information representation in the semantic, geometric, and graphic dimensions with the purpose of minimizing user misunderstanding. The platform- independent XML format was utilized in the implementation of this model, and maps can be generated from this XML format for visualization and analysis. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my original co-supervisor, Dr. Darka Mioc, for her constant encouragement and support through most of my PhD studies. I sincerely appreciate my current co-supervisor, Dr. David Coleman, for his guidance in my research and thesis writing. Without his illuminating instructions and comments, this dissertation could hardly reach its present quality. I would also like to express my gratitude to my co- supervisor, Dr. Harold Boley, for providing me with advice on my research and writing. I thank Dr. Yun Zhang, Dr. Peter Dare, Dr. Edmund Biden, and Dr. Songnian Li for reviewing my thesis and providing me valuable comments and suggestions. I am truly grateful to Mr. Xiaolun Yi, our project partner and colleague from the GGE department. His inspiration and assistance have walked through my research and preparation of the papers for publication. Many thanks also go to the professors and staff at the GGE department, especially David Fraser, who has instructed and helped me greatly in the past few years. I want to thank all my friends and colleagues who gave me help both in studies and life. Last but not least, I deeply appreciate my family for their great love and spiritual support throughout all my studies. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................iii Table of Contents...............................................................................................................iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures..................................................................................................................... x List of Symbols, Nomenclature or Abbreviations ............................................................ xii Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Dissertation Structure............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Background........................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 GIS Mapping and Analysis........................................................................ 5 1.2.2 Benefits of (Web-based) GIS..................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Health Applications Using (Web-based) GIS.......................................... 10 1.2.4 Emerging Technologies for Health GIS Applications............................. 14 1.3 Problem Statement.............................................................................................. 22 1.4 Research and Development on Health GIS ........................................................ 25 1.4.1 Data Heterogeneity .................................................................................. 25 1.4.2 Resource Deficiency ................................................................................ 27 1.4.3 Health Information Representation.......................................................... 29 1.5 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 30 1.6 Methodology....................................................................................................... 31 1.6.1 Architecture Design for Health Information Sharing .............................. 32 1.6.2 Usability Analysis and Performance Evaluation of SDIs........................ 33 1.6.3 Model Development for Health Information Representation .................. 35 iv 1.6.4 Geospatial Semantics Exploration for Health Information Sharing ........ 36 1.6.5 Evaluation of the Research ...................................................................... 37 1.7 Overview............................................................................................................. 39 References................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2. Online GIS Services for Mapping and Sharing of Disease Information......... 53 Abstract..................................................................................................................... 53 2.1 Background......................................................................................................... 54 2.1.1 Challenges in Disease Mapping............................................................... 57 2.2 Methods............................................................................................................... 60 2.2.1 Disease Mapping Architecture................................................................. 60 2.2.2 Study Area and Data Description ............................................................ 62 2.2.3 Spatio-temporal Data Model and Data Matching .................................... 63 2.2.4 Statistical Methods for Data Processing .................................................. 65 2.2.5 OGC Services for Disease Mapping........................................................ 67 2.3 Results................................................................................................................. 67 2.3.1 Web Map Service Support....................................................................... 68 2.3.2 WMC for Sharing Disease Maps ............................................................. 72 2.4 Discussion........................................................................................................... 74 2.5 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 76 Acknowledgements................................................................................................... 77 References................................................................................................................
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