6. REFUGEE EXPERIENCE Baltic Leave Homes in and he Baltic Germans were the first group to leave the Ten masse. In 1939 and 1940 the German government organized the resettlement (Umsiedlung) of the Baltic Germans to Western Poland, where they were placed in homes and farms that had been seized when invaded Poland. A second wave of resettlement (Nachumsiedlung) took place in 1941.

MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP PACT AND THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR As the 1930s came to an end, the threat of war loomed in Europe. Germany and the pursued their strategic interests by signing the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, on August 24, 1939. The agreement included a secret protocol that divided territories of the Baltic states, Finland, Poland and Romania into Soviet and German spheres of influence. This cleared the way for Germany to invade Poland one week later, an act that marked the beginning of the Second World War. The Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia, Latvia and much of followed in 1940. These events triggered the mass repatriation of Baltic Germans into Germany and German-occupied territories, and multiple waves of emigration by Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian refugees.

CHRISTINA VON WAHL [b. 1934] Abandoned manor house, I was five years old, and I understood that we were leaving our homeland to never come back and Araküla (Koeru), when we left in my father’s little car, I was looking out the back window until I could no longer see the Estonia. house, thinking I would never see it again.

SUIT OLVET [b. 1935] EVELYN IRSCHICK [b. 1931] When we were living in Pärnu, we lived in a 300-year-old house and the owners were a very We left our homeland in 1941 on the last train that left Estonia. We wanted to leave with the nice old couple, old when I was little … they were almost 50. Their name was Neumann other Baltic Germans in 1939, but my mother was of Estonian and Swedish origin and she and they had a little Scotty dog. Very polite people, very friendly, and they had a beautiful didn’t want to go. Also, my brother was born only two days after the marched in garden too. And then, of course, the war started and Hitler called the Germans home after on June 16, 1940. Eventually, they decided that they had to go. On the last night, my mother 700 years. We didn’t know exactly why – well, there was an agreement with Stalin to divide and father had a big party and destroyed all the windows and everything in the house, so up Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland with the Germans, and so on. So there was as to not leave the house for the Russians in a good state. We only packed certain things, this white ship in Pärnu harbour and we didn’t know why but then it became clear. And I curtains, clothes and a few personal items – a few suitcases, that was all. saw these nice wooden, very organized crates with stickies, yellow stickers with the number two on them. They were packing their belongings in these very orderly Germanic boxes to TOMAS EDEL [b. 1939] go home to Germany. And as we found out later, they never made it, they ended up in East I only know the story from my parents. It was either in 1939 you go to Siberia or you come Prussia and Poland and, basically, Russia. So they never really got home. And we were sorry to Germany – tough choice. So they came to Germany [occupied Poland] by boat to to see them go but only later did we understand why. Gotenhafen []. The Polish people were kicked out of their homes and we were put in … The family lived in the basement and we lived up in their house. It wasn’t ideal for us either. It was tough. In Gotenhafen we lived and had a fairly good life. My father was the harbour manager and they didn’t put him in the army, so you can imagine how important he must have been. We stayed until the end. We had everything and didn’t really miss anything in a sense, so our life in Gotenhafen was really good but then in January 1945 we had to flee. GUNTER FAURE [b. 1934] The harbour in was jammed with Baltic families who were waiting to board the cruise ship Ozeana that was to take us to Germany. The grown-ups were worried because the Russians were rumoured to have placed mines across the entrance of the harbour and there was talk that Russian torpedo boats were going to sink our ship in the . Perhaps for that reason, all lights were turned off when our ship left the harbour under cover of darkness. JUTTA NEULAND [b. 1931] Baltic Germans being evacuated from Tallinn, Estonia. I left my home country in 1939, most likely in October. I was told I couldn’t take my doll furniture along so I gave them away to my doctor, a pediatrician, Dr. Rabinovich. We travelled by boat to Memel, which is on the northeast coast of Germany. And then by train to what is now called Posen and then we were in a camp. The camp was a school; we slept on the floor; there were boards around and that’s where we slept.

BALTIC GERMAN ESTONIAN LATVIAN LITHUANIAN