Features and Exploitation of Thermal-Mineral Water in The

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No.4 p 26-30

sand, grit, coal and sandston. The role of Features and Exploitation of water collectors is performed by different kinds of sand and grit, and the clay Thermal-Mineral Water in the has the role of the insulator. The hydrologic system includes freat, artesian and subartesian water. In the same time, it Yugoslav Banat is a system which contains the largest part of free water suitable for exploitation. Tomić, P.* Freat water represents the water Romelić, J.** which lies in the porous ground next to the First System. The water of this sys- Abstract The subterranean water tem is free for exploitation. Banat is a geographic area which in- The subterranean water of the area is Artesian water can be found be- cludes the northeast part of Yugoslavia, trapped in the cracks and pores in rocks tween two waterproof layers, under hy- the west part of Romania and the south which make the lithosphere. One part drostatic pressure. The zone in which part of Hungary. The Yugoslav Banat, of the water is of the fossil origin, the the artesian water is collected includes which is interesting for our research, in- other is of hydro-meteorologic origin. the Karpaty Mountains, the Dinarides cludes the east part of the Vojvodina prov- The fossil water represent the re- and the Alps. The water runs through ince, bounded by the rivers Danube and mains of the former seas, lagoons and the subterranean cracks and flows out Tisa and the Hungarian and Romanian lakes. The water is still trapped in either in natural way (through splits borders. It covers the space of 9,296 sq the sediments settled long time ago. It in the earth) or artificially (artesian km, which is 43.2% of the total territory should be mentioned that the water has wells). of Vojvodina. undergone certain chemical and physi- While the artesian wells were dwe- Banat is an interesting part of the cal changes and, therefore, it can not be lled, it was established that the water Pannonian Basin because it offers the observed as the original sample of water springs out to the surface which means possibilities of intensive exploitation of from this environment.. that it has positive piesometrical level. geothermal springs of this area. The Hydro-meteorological water is the Regarding this level, we make a distinc- springs represent a part of the unique hy- water which comes from the atmosphere tion between artesian and subartesian dro-geothermal system. The paper gives as rain and snow. A certain amount of water. the analyses of the main features of min- this water sink and reaches different The piesometrical level in Banat is eral and thermal water in the Yugoslav levels of depth, which depends on the usually higher than the theoretical one Banat. It also establishes the localities hydro-geological features of the terrain. (gasdruck system), and it comes from which have the greatest resources and The subterranean water of Banat the gas which raise the pressure in the shows the degree of the water exploitation stays in the hydro-geologic systems water (e.g. the artesian wells around for the purposes of the spa and recreation- which are related to certain stratograph- Jermenovac). On its way up to the sur- al tourism. The paper also presents the ical formations. The systems are char- face, the artesian water absorbs certain ideas for improving the financial back- acterized by special features like: depth amount of gas (gaslift system), like in ground of the localities where the water and abundance of water collector, chem- the wells in Boka, Konak, etc. is most intensively used. Apart from ical structure, physical features, etc. On The system of artesian water in Banat tourist reasons for the water exploitation, the basis of geological structure and is characterized by the appearance of there are several other possibilities for its geotectonic and hydrologic factors, we several water layers. In the area around usage: in agriculture and aqua-culture, can distinguish four hydro-geologic sys- Zrenjanin, there are five layers full of for room heating, as technological water, tems. water. The first one, at the depth of etc. The First Hydro-geologic System 35-60 m, is placed within the diluvial includes all the sediments from the sur- sediments. The second one is 60-80 m Key words: Banat, thermal-mineral water, face earth layer to the upper pont, i.e. deep and it is separated from the previ- hydro-geologic systems, spa tourism, the Quaternary sediments. It appears ous one by a 6-20m thick layer of clay. recreational tourism on the whole territory of Vojvodina, ex- The deepest part of this layer is in the cept for The Fruska Gora and the Vrsac Zrenjanin area; it sinks on the north Mountains. Its presence is most obvi- and rises on the south. The water con- ous in the north and central parts of tains a considerable amount of iron and Banat and on the east of Backa, while other materials. The fourth water layer it is much thinner in the rest of Vojvo- is found at the depth of 135-195 m, and dina and, therefore, does not play an im- the fifth one 250 m deep. portant role in supplying of geothermal By the end of the last century, peo- * Pavle Tomić, Institute of Geography, Uni- water. Its thickness varies from 450 m ple started drilling for water in this versity of Novi Sad, YU, Novi Sad ,Trg in the north of Banat to several tens part of Europe, and in Zrenjanin and its Dositeja Obradovića 3 of meters on the fringes of the Panno- surroundings also. The first well was ** Jovan Romelić, Institute of Geography, nian Basin. From the lithological point drilled in 1890 in front of the district of- University of Novi Sad, YU, Novi Sad ,Trg of view, the First Hydro-geologic Sys- fice. However, at the depth of 320 m the Dositeja Obradovića 3 tem is build from various kinds of clay, quality of water was not good enough 26 pzc Romeliić, J. Tomić, P. for drinking and it was decided to go on with drilling up to 450 m, which again did not lead to expected results. Until 1897, three wells were drilled to the third water layer (135-195 m). In 1900 there were nine wells in Zrenjanin, and in 1907, already 18 wells. Just before the World War II, there were 54 public and around 80 private artesian and subartesian wells. The construction of the water supply in Zrenjanin was started in 1963, and since then, around 20 new wells (115-121 m deep) were made. In the meanwhile, some of them were closed, as well as all of the old artesian wells. Apart from Zrenjanin, artesian and subartesian wells were made in Belo Blato (there were 9 public subartesian Lake of Rusanda Spa wells 42-48 m deep), Ecka (there were 54 public subartesian wells 46-50 m energy for heating rooms, hot-houses between 5-10 l/s of water, maximum 25 deep) and some other Banat settle- and farms. l/s. The temperature of the springing ments. Generally, the quality of the ar- The Second Hydro-geologic Sys- water is between 40 and 50°C (Aksin, tesian water is good. The water temper- tem is right below the first one and is Milosavljevic). ature can vary significantly. The warm- made of marl, clay, sand, lawer pont and The Fourth Hydro-geologic Sys- est wells (btw. 19 and 22°C) are the ones panon. The sand collectors are spread tem is made of metamorphic rocks of in Ovca, Borca, Konak, etc. The tem- on the north and central Banat with poor different age and sedimentary rocks perature of water in the wells of Kikin- possibilities for collecting water. Marl from Triassic period. The main distinc- da, Coka and Novi Knezevac is between and clay are insulators. The thickness tive feature of this system is secondary 15 and 19°C. The lowest water tempera- of this layer varies from 1200 m in the porousity. The most important collec- ture (10-15°C) is measured in the wells north Banat, to several tens of meters tors are Triassic limestone and dolo- of Banatski Dvor, Lukino Selo, Ecka, on the fringes of the basin. The previ- mite with cavities and cracks: they col- etc. ous research has shown that the layers lect a lot of water of low mineralization The water is hottest in the deepest of water are not abundant. Geothermal degree. Thermal-mineral water of this layers (around 120°C) but one can ex- water from this system belong to the system belongs to Cl-Na type or HCO3- pect the maximum temperature of 90°C HCO3-Cl-Na type with the total miner- Na type. The total mineralization of the when it gets to the surface. The accu- alization of 4-20 g/l, and most common- water varies significantly, from highly mulated thermal waters in these layers ly it goes from 5 to 12 g/l. At the places salty to fresh water. In the isolated mostly belong to the HCO3-Na type with where the sediments of the system are zones, the fossil water of this system has the total mineralization of 1-9 g/l (most lain deep, the temperature of the water the same structure and mineralization often it is 3-5 g/l). According to pre- can reach 160°C, but it does not exceed as the water of the Third Hydro-geo- vious results the amount of water that 100°C once the water reaches the sur- logic System. However, there are some springs out is usually between 7 and face. The amount of springing water extremely wide zones (Macva, Posavo- 13 l/s, and the maximum is 28 l/s. The usually varies from 2.5 l/s to 5 l/s (maxi- Tamnava, south and east Srem) in which temperature of water in the moment mum 7.3 l/s). Usually, the temperature the Fourth System water mixes with the when it springs out is usually between of the springing water is between 50 and surface water. In the deepest layers the 45 and 55°C. The highest water tem- 60°C. water temperature can reach 120°C, but peratures were measured in Vrbica, the The Third Hydro-geologic System when the water gets to the surface the north Banat – 82°C, and in Srpska Crnja includes collectors (sand and limerock) temperature does not exceed 90°C. The – 75°C (Aksin, Milosavljevic, 1982). and insulators (marl, clay). The water is accumulated thermal-mineral water in

The First Hydro-geologic System in highly mineralized with the total amount this system belongs mostly to the HCO3- the north and central Banat is consid- of salt in water up to 50 g/l. The water Na type with the total mineralization ered to be very important because of is aggressive towards metal and cement between 1 and 9 g/l, most commonly its wide-spreading water layers and the and it tends to sediment minerals on 3-5 g/l. According to the previous re- great amount of water which they hold installations and pipes, which is why it sults, the amount of springing water is in reserve. In addition, the First System cannot be economically used in heat- between 7 and 13 l/s, maximum 28 l/s. water is hardly mineralized and, there- ing. Thermal-mineral water of this sys- The greatest initial amount was mea- fore, it does not tend to produce mineral tem belong to the HCO3-Na type (rare- sured in Srpska Crnja (18.3 l/s). The sediments. Its negative influence on the ly Mg and Ca type) with various ther- temperature of the springing water is sustainable development is smaller than apeutic possibilities of its components usually between 45 and 55°C, maximum the influence of water from other hydro- (Iodine, Fluorine, Bromine, Strontium, 82°C. The highest temperatures were logic systems (Milosavljevic, Janeckov, etc.) which is why it is suitable for spa recorded in Vrbica in the north Banat Alimpic, 1984). treatments. The water temperature in (82°C) and Srpska Crnja (75°C), (Aksin, The water from this system can be layers varies greatly: it depends on the Milosavljevic, 1982). used as thermal-mineral water in rec- depth of the layers and geothermal fea- As for exploiting thermal-mineral reation, sport, tourism, etc., but also as tures of the area. The wells usually give water for the purposes of heating, the 27 pzc

water from the First and the Fourth nents can have important influence on ature of the thermal-mineral water of System is the most useful because of its the medical features of the water and be the north Banat is high enough for the Banat favorable physical and chemical features the main criterion for distinguishing dif- purposes of spas, tourism and sport. and the abundance of water in wells and ferent kinds of thermal-mineral water. There are still many technical, eco- collectors. Thus we have Sulphur, Iodine, Arsenic nomical and ecological problems when it The water from the Third and Fourth water, radioactive water, etc. Consider- comes to more intensive exploitation of System are used in spa therapies. For ing its spa effect, the mineral water can the thermal-mineral water in Vojvodina. the purposes of sport, recreation and be characterized according to the pre- Some of those problems, like corrosion tourism, the most suitable is the water vailing ion structure of the water (the and appearance of methane and mineral from the First and Fourth System. chemical type of the water), (Udicki, sediments, are already mentioned. 1985). The Banat thermal-mineral water Physical and chemical The type of water in Banat mostly de- contains dissolved salts and gases in dif- features of thermal-mineral pends on the srtatographic level of col- ferent ion ratios. Some of them have de- lectors. Thus, the First System water be- structive effect on metal and cement.

water and its exploitation long to the HCO3-Na type, the Second The aggressive substances are sulphur Physical and chemical features of ther- System water belongs to the HCO3-Cl- hidrogen, carbon dioxide and sodium mal-mineral water are determined by Na type, the Third System water be- chlorid. The process of corrosion is in- the quantity and quality of minerals and longs to the Cl-Na type (rarely, it belongs tensified by the high temperature of gases, temperature and pressure. The to the Mg or Ca type), and the Fourth the water. The concentration of aggres- evaluation of these features can be done System water also belongs to the Cl-Na sive substances in the thermal-mineral from two aspects: type (rarely to the Ca type), (Tomic et al, water of the First System is small and a) from the aspect of active physiologi- 1989). A number of medical experts rep- its destructive effect on the cement is cal and medical effect on human or- resent the opinion that certain pharma- minor. Therefore, the equipment for this ganism cological components can be given to the system does not have to be made of spe- b) from the aspect of limiting factors in patient in the required doses and, there- cial and expensive materials, which is the phase of exploitation of thermal- fore, some kinds of medical thermal-min- not the case with the deeper systems mineral water eral water can be substituted by medi- featuring highly mineralized water. Sed- For the evaluation of medical effects cines. However, if we carefully analyze imentation of minerals appears in the the following criteria are estimated: the procedure of medical treatment by water which contains carbonates, i.e. hy- Features and Exploitation of Thermal-Mineral Water in the Yugoslav Yugoslav the in Water Thermal-Mineral of Exploitation and Features mineralization, ion structure, contents thermal-mineral water, we can notice dro-carbonates, which is very common of therapy active components, contents that spa treatments have complex effect for the Banat thermal-mineral water. of gases, radioactivity, active reaction of on human body and spirit. The reason for this phenomenon is the water (pH) and water temperature (Al- Thermal-mineral water of Banat con- violation of chemical balance in the impic, 1989). tains different pharmacological compo- water which disturbs the balance of car- General mineralization is an impor- nents: sulphur hydrogen, Iodine, Bro- bon acid and leads to the separation of tant pharmacological index. The prac- mine, Boron, Strontium, Lithium, etc. calcium carbonate which settles on the tice has shown that the effect of water The concentration of medical compo- walls of borehole and the surface in- on human body is greater if the level nents is generally high enough to con- stallations. The chemical balance of the of mineralization is higher. In order for sider the water healing, according to water gets disturbed when the pressure the water to affect the human body, the international standards. Banat is rich or temperature falls drastically or when lower limit of mineralization is taken to with thermal-mineral water which con- the water becomes turbulent. Apart be 1 g/l, in some countries, and 2 g/l, in tain Iodine, Sulphur-hydrogen, Arsenic, from calcium carbonate, the extract- others. Lithium and Boron (Alimpic, 1989). able substances are: magnesium carbon- General mineralization of the ther- Previous researches have shown that ate, silicats, oxides, etc. Due to the low mal-mineral water of Vojvodina moves water in Banat generally contains dis- level of mineralization and raised con- on the scale from 1 g/l to 50 g/l. It usu- solved gases in the amount which var- centration of carbon acid, thermal-min- ally depends on the stratographic posi- ies from 0.5-1.5 m3 of gas/ m3 of water. eral water of the First System does not tion of the collectors and the intensity of Most commonly this gas is methane, but usually deposit mineral sediments and, water moving. In the First Hydro-geo- we can also find nitrogen, carbon diox- therefore, the precautionary measures logic System the general mineralization ide, Sulphur-hydrogen, etc. The pres- are not necessary. The water from all can reach 9 g/l, in the Second System ence of methane creates great difficul- other systems, except for the Fourth it goes from 4-20 g/l, in the Third one ties in the process of water exploitation, System water from south and east Srem from 4-50 g/l and in the Fourth System because it can be explosive in certain and west Backa, tends to deposit min- from 0.8-30 g/l. conditions. Sulphur hydrogen is a very eral sediments in considerable amounts Apart from the dissolved minerals, interesting component of thermal-min- (Udicki, 1985). the quality of the water greatly depends eral water of northern Banat, and to- The presence of methane in thermal- on the ion structure. There is a great gether with carbon dioxide, it can cause mineral water is more of an economical number of chemical elements, dissolved corrosion of the metal equipment in the problem than a technical one. The so- in different concentration, in the sub- borehole (Basic et al, 1988). lution to this problem requires addition- terranean water. Some components can In spa treatments, the temperature al equipment which is very expensive. be found in all subterranean waters and of water is an important factor. However, More or less, the thermal-mineral water they are referred to as “macro compo- the temperature itself, without the med- of Banat contains methane. In the ex-

nents” (Na, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl), while ical components in the water, cannot ploitation process, while the water is the others are found in small quantities make the water healing. The tempera- being pulled up to the surface, the pres- and are referred to as “micro compo- ture is only an additional favorable char- sure falls and methane is extracted in nents”. Nevertheless, the micro compo- acteristic of mineral water. The temper- the form of bubbles (free methane is 28 pzc Romeliić, J. Tomić, P. created). In cases when thermal-miner- Stankovic, 1979). • the total mineralization is 16.539 g/l al water is used in closed space, it is Geothermal characteristics of terrain • distinctive ions (in g/l) are: Natrium 5.8, possible for the concentrated methane depend on several factors: thickness of Calcium 0.24, hidro carbonate 1.464, to create explosive mixture. To prevent the earth’s crust, conduction of heat chlorides 8.52 and sulphate 0.341. this, some expensive equipment must through rocks, igneous and tectonic ac- • the medicinal substances are: Fluo- be used (Milosavljevic et al, 1984). tivities, intensity of natural radioactiv- rine, Bromine, Iodine, Iron, Sulphur- The storage of used (cooled) thermal- ity and oxidation process. Hydrogen, Lithium, Barium, Stron- mineral water is one of the major prob- In the area of northern Banat, the tium, Arsenic, Radon and carbon-di- lems in the exploitation process. The geothermal gradients vary from 4.5 to oxside. The water is described as al- water of Vojvodina generally contains 5.4°C/100 m, and geothermal degree kaline and saline. It is muddy and mineral substances. Some of them, if re- varies from 18-20 m/°C. Before the mea- yellow because of the presence of leased in rivers, canals, lakes and ponds, suring was conducted, the borehole had humus. The average salinity is 4%, can violate ecological system because of stayed untouched for several months, so but this value varies from one sea- their negative effect on flora and fauna. that the stable geothermal balance be- son to another: it is higher in summer The water with high concentration of tween all the relevant factors was estab- than in winter (Laskov, 1982). Sodium, chloride and phenol is partic- lished. The bottom of the lake is covered ularly suitable for storage. In the pre- Hydro-thermal system: Mk-1/H with a thick layer of mud. Its average vious period, this problem has always (Mokrin), Ki-1/H (Kikinda) and Vs- thickness is 1 m but, at the places where been carefully considered. Therefore, 1/H (Veliko Selo) represents three dif- salt-water springs appear, it can be even people have used only the thermal-min- ferent boreholes. Their main purpose is 2 m thick. The mud from the lake is eral water which is not dangerous for getting hot water for heating the sta- black and shiny. It sticks to skin very nature. Today, the researches and ex- bles and pig farms. Hydro-thermal lay- well, which is an important feature since periments are conducted which aim to ers are in the depth between 925 and the therapy implies covering one’s skin solve this problem by bringing the used 1,200 m. The boreholes give between with the mud. It smells of Sulphur- thermal-mineral water back to its origi- 6.2 and 10.5 l/s of water, the tempera- Hydrogen. Apart from organic substanc- nal collector (Milosavljevic et al, 1984). ture of which goes from 43-51°C. These es, the mud contains: hydro-carbonates, boreholes have been used for almost ten carbonates, sulphates, Sulphur-Hydro- Thermal-mineral water years now without a pause. The facilities gen, chlorides, K and Na, Silicon-diox- of northern Banat are air-heated on the water-air principle. ide, Fe and Aluminium-oxide. Unlike The northern Banat (north of the Begej Thermal water heats the air; when cold, the lake water, the mud is alkaline (pH river) is rich with thermal-mineral water. the water is deposited into the near-by 8), (Bajic 1964). For now, there are seven hydro-thermal canals and the fans direct the warm air Hydro-thermal borehole Me-1/H boreholes in this area. Three of them are into the facilities. This heating system (Melenci), made in 1978, is located right used today (Mk-1/H, Ki-2/H, Vs-1/H), saves 1,155 tons of crude oil a year. next to the lake and the spa park. It was one is still in the construction phase (Vs- However, the system could be used even built with the intention to examine the 2/H), one is temporarily closed (Sm- more rationally: the deposited water possibility of using the thermal-mineral 1/H), one is still in the research phase (25°C) could be used for sanitary facili- water of this area. The water was found because of the great amount of gases ties and, during the summer, the cold 1,095 m under the ground. Its tempera- (Ki-4/H) and one is closed because of water could be used for cooling the air ture is 69 oC and the chemical analysis the high concentration of phenol. (Bogdanovic et al., 1997). has shown the following: The Sm-1/H (“Sumice”) borehole The Vs-2/H (Veliko Selo) borehole. • the water is alkaline (pH 8.6) was build in order to provide thermal- The original plan was to use the ther- • sedimented minerals: 2.591 g/l mineral water to a sport center which mal water for heating the offices in Ve- • distinctive ions: Na, hydro-carbonate was planned but, eventually, not built. liko Selo. The borehole was finished, in- and chloride The borehole is 950 m deep. The layer spected and equipped but, eventually, it • medicinal substances: Fe of sand goes from 865 m to 926 m. It was never activated due to some finan- Due to its high temperature and mild gives 6.2 l of water per second, the tem- cial and technical problems. mineralization, this water is used in spa perature of water being 50°C. Test bot- baths and pools. It would be possible to tling has given the positive results, but The Rusanda Spa use it for heating, too. there was no company at the time in- The spa is based on the mud baths from The lake mud has been used for me- terested in exploitation. Eventually, the the Rusanda Lake and the thermal water dicinal purposes since the middle of the water was used for heating. The ther- from the Me-1/H borehole, both being last century, but more intensly since mal-mineral water heats the water in near the spa. 1875. Originally, it was used for treating radiators and later is deposited in the The lake has fluvial origin and a semi- different skin diseases and, only later, near-by canal. The exploitation of this circular shape. It occuppies the area of people started using it for various rheu- hydro-thermal system for the purpose 4 sq km and it is only 1.5 m deep (Bajic, matic pains. In 1963, the Rusanda spa of heating saved over 150 tons of crude 1964). The water in the lake is salty but became a center for physical medicine oil a year (Udicki, 1985). the salinity is not the same in all parts and rehabilitation (Cigulov, 1974). The amount of water given by the of the lake. The level of salinity is high- rest of the hydro-thermal boreholes lo- er in the places where the salt-water Hydro-thermal water of cated in the Kikinda region varies from springs appear from the bottom of the Jermenovci 6.2 to 16.7 l/s. The boreholes in the lake. The chemical analysis of the lake On the outskirts of the Jermenovci vil- “Sumice” complex give from 6.2 to 15.2 water gave the following results: lage, in the southeast Banat, there is a liters of water per second. The water • the water is slightly acidic (pH 6.8) borehole called Je-17. Originally, it was pressure at the surface of the boreholes • the material which remains after the used for removing the oil from the earth. varies from 0.25 to 1.5 bar (Marinovic, evaporation is 15.68 g/l After the oil had been completely ex- 29 pzc

hausted, the well was used for the ex- which gives it the bitter taste. Regard- zones are rather small. The only spa ploitation of the thermal-mineral water. ing chemical structure and medicinal center which can compete with the spas Banat In 1973, the first thermal-mineral water features, the water from Torda differs of central Serbia, regarding the tourist was drawn up from the depth of 700-800 significantly from all the other kinds of offer, is Rusanda. m. The borehole gives 300 l of water healing water found in the area. The per minute, and the temperature of the Torda water belongs to the Na and Mg- References water is 48°C. The chemical analysis sulphate type with very small amount of Bukurov, B. (1974): Bačka, Banat i Srem, has shown the following: Cl (Bogdanovic et al. 1997). Matica srpska, Novi Sad • the water is slightly alkaline (pH 7.6) On 4th November 1957, the authori- Fond stručne dokumentacije NIS NAF- • the amount of settled minerals is ties stated that the water from Torda is TAGAS, Novi Sad 15.674 g/l drinkable. Several scientific institutions Bajić, M. (1964): Banja Rusanda, Matica • distinctive ions (g/l) are: Na (4.8) and conducted the detailed analyses which srpska, Novi Sad Cl (9.335) gave the positive results. It is concluded Aksin, V., Milosavljević, S. (1982): Geo- • the medicinal substances: Bromine, Io- that the water can cure liver damages, termalni potencijali SAP Vojvodine, dine, Hydrogen-sulphate, Strontium, piles and some minor stomach problems Istraživanje i korišćenje, Novi Sad Iron and Barium (Aksin, 1976) (Laskov, 1982). Baić, Ð., Milosavljević, S., Vidović, The scientists from the “Boris Kid- S. (1988): Korišćenje niskotempera- ric” Institute in Vinca have measured The Bitter Water – Lazarevo turnih voda bogatih gasovima, Zborn- the radioactivity of the water (88 pCi/l) The village of Lazarevo is on the east ik radova, Adana (Turska) and concluded that it comes from Radi- from Zrenjanin. The first borehole was Marinović, Ð., Stanković, S. (1979): Ter- um-226, Radon and K40. Although the drilled in 1931, and soon after that the momineralni gradijenti i početni slojni level of radioactivity is high, the water exploitation began, with a help from pritisci u prepliocenskom geološkom can be used for the spa baths. The re- some German investors. The water was kompleksu Vojvodine, Zbornik rado- searchers have also determined the con- bottled and sold as “Bitter Wasser – Laz- va sa naučnog skupa, Zagreb tents of microelements. The water of arevo”. It was very helpful in treating Tomić, P., Romelić, J. (1999): Mineral Jermenovci is known as the most ra- stomach illnesses (Bogdanovic, 1995). and Thermal Waters of Srem, Present dioactive and the Iodine-richest water By the end of the World war II, the Ger- and Perspective Usage, Geographica in the whole Vojvodina. It is considered man investors left the country and the Pannonica, International Scientific to be one of the most healing waters exploitation was stopped. After the war, Journal, No. 3, Institut za geografiju, Features and Exploitation of Thermal-Mineral Water in the Yugoslav Yugoslav the in Water Thermal-Mineral of Exploitation and Features in Serbia. Baths are used for treating the scientists concluded that the Laza- Prirodno-matematički fakultet, Novi various rheumatic pains. There are two revo mineral water belongs to the type Sad, strana 8-12. pools: one for the purposes of therapy of bitter water. However, its exploitation Romelić, J., Tomić, P. (1995): Specifični and the other, in the open, for recre- has never been revived. uslovi razvoja banjskog turizma u Vo- ation. For the time being, the spa build- jvodini i mogućnosti za njihovu op- ing is closed for the visitors. However, Conclusion timalnu valorizaciju, Zbornik radova this is only temporary: according to the Regarding the features of thermal-min- sa Naučnog skupa Banjska i klimats- urban plan made for this area, this place eral water on the Banat territory and ka mesta jugoslavije, Vrnjačka Banja, will be developed into a complex tourist having in mind the cases of similar areas 5-7. oktobar 1995, strana 473-478. center. around the world, we can conclude that Vuković, M., Soro, A. (1989): Dinamika the mineral water of Banat can be used podzemnih voda, Geološki anali, Beo- Torda - The Bitter Water in the following ways: for spa treatments grad Torda is a village located 40 km north and therapies, for the purposes of sport Alimpić, S. (1989): Uslovi i mogućnost of Zrenjanin. In 1924, while the locals and recreational centers, in agriculture iznalaženja geotermalne energije Vo- were making a well, a gust of water sud- - for heating hothouses, for keeping live- jvodine, Savetovanje o termoenergiji, denly sprang out from the depth of 15 m. stock (heating the stables), in industry Beograd Later, it was established that the water – as technical hot water, for providing Udicki, A. (1985): Geotermski poten- is mineral and the exploitation began: flats with sanitary hot water and, finally, cijali prvog hidrogeološkog sistema the water was bottled and sold. Beside in fishing. na području Kikinde, NIS Naftagas, this well called “St. George”, another The most important reason for the Novi Sad one was drilled – much deeper (230 exploitation is the usage of this water Bogdanović, Ž., and eth. (1997): Termal m) and called “Jordan”. Although cold, in spas and recreational centers with water Banat’ s, Banat, Geographic the water from these two wells is high- local contractive zones. This conclusion Monographis of European regions, ly mineralized: the “St. George” water comes from the fact that the choice of University of Novi Sad, West Univer- – 7.871 g/l and the “Jordan” water – healing water indications is relatively sity of Temisoara, Jozsef Attila Uni- 11.669 g/l. The water contains sulphates limited and that the tourist contractive versity Szeged.