FORAMINIFERA Zooplankton Families: Globigerinidae and Sheet 108 Globorotaliidae (BY A.W

CONSEIL PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL POUR L’EXPLORATION DE LA MER

FORAMINIFERA Zooplankton Families: Globigerinidae and Sheet 108 Globorotaliidae (BY A.W. H. Bk)* 1967

https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.4949

* ) Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York. Contr. No. 982. This study received support from National Science Foundation, Grant GB-42 19. -2-

PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA There are about 30 described species of planktonic Foraminifera living in the world oceans. They occur primarily in the euphotic zone. The few deep water-species probably spend their earlier stages in near-surface waters. Most of the species (22) are tropical-subtropical; five are cold- temperate or subpolar species. Three species are found in Antarctic waters and of these one is also present in the Arctic Ocean. The Indo- Pacific fauna except for its greater species diversity, is essentially similar to that of the Atlantic. The classification and key used here agrees in most respects with that of PARKER(1962). The presence or absence of spines is a major criterion in distinguishing the two families. The morphological terms in this key have been defined in a publication by BOLLI,LOEBLICH, and TAPPAN(1957).

Order FO-RIDA

Family Globigerinidae CARPENTER,PARKER and JONES, 1862

Description (after PARKER,1962): Test trochospiral in the adult or in ontogeny, streptospiral, or globular; chambers spherical, ovate or clavate; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, hispid, spinose when living either in the adult or in ontogeny ; primary aperture umbilical, umbilical-extraumbilical, equatorial or spiroumbilical; may have secondary apertures; may have bullae with accessory infralaminal apertures.

Family Globorotaliidae CUSHMAN,I927

Description (emended from that of PARKER,1962): Coiling of test trochospiral; chambers angular to ovate or spherical; may have a keel; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, smooth, pitted; non-spinose when living both in the adult and in ontogeny; primary aperture extraumbilical-umbilical or umbilical ; no secondary apertures.

KEY TO GENERA 1. Trochospiral test (spines simple, if present)...... 2 1. Planispiral test with triradiate spines (gerontic stage streptospiral) ...... Hastigerina 2. Primary aperture (and, if present, secondary apertures)...... 3 2. Sutural apertures,smooth surface ...... Cana'eina 3. Non-spinose tests ...... 4-6 Family Globorotaliidae 3. Spinosetests ...... 7-10 Family Globigerinidae 4. Test with spherical or hemispherical chambers, umbilical aperture and rounded periphery...... 5 4. Test with angular to ovate chambers; spiral side flat or gently curved; peripheral keel may be present; aperture a narrow slit from umbilicus to periphery...... Globorotalia 5. Trochospiralcoilingthroughoutlife ...... 6 5. Streptospiral coiling in adult...... Pulleniatina 6. Hemispherical chambers with umbilical aperture; coarsely pitted surface texture; umbilical tooth...... Globoquadrina 6. Spherical chambers and umbilical aperture frequently covered by bulla with infralaminal apertures; smooth surface texture Globigerinita 7. Primary aperture only ...... 8 7. Primary aperture and one or more secondary apertures...... 9 8. Aperture umbilical, chambers spherical to ovate...... Globigerina 8. Aperture from umbilicus to periphery; trochospiral in ontogeny becoming nearly planispiral in adult...... Globigerinella 9. Multi-chamberedtest ...... 10 9. One-chambered spherical test (juvenile stage is multi-chambered with secondary apertures) ...... Orbulina 10. Cancellate, honeycomb-like surface...... Globigerinoides 10. Pitted to smooth, translucent texture; chamber flanges...... Sphaeroidint.lla -3-

Figures Hastigerina pelagica i PLANISPIRAL-Triradiate SpinFTransparent Test-nHastigerinacc IHastigerinella digitata 2 Orbulina universa 3 Globigerinoides conglobatus 4 Globigerinoides ruber 5 Globigerinoides sacculifer 6 7 -Sphaeroidinella dehiscens Globigerina rubescens 8 SPINOSE- Globigerinidae - Globigerina digitata 9 Globigerina quinqueloba 10 Globigerina pachyderma 11 Globigerina humilis 12 ~Globigerinacc Globigerina falconensis 13 Globigerina bulloides 14 Globigerina calida 15 Globigerinella aequilateralis 16 -Globigerinella adamsi 17 TROCHOSPIRAL Globigerinita glutinata 18 *Globigerinitacc 7 I Globigerinita bradyi 19 -Globoquadrina dutertrei 20 Globoquadrina conglomerata 21 Globoquadrina hexagona 22 -Pulleniatina obliquiloculata 23 -Globorotaliidae -Globorotalia inflata 24 Globorotalia truncatulinoides 25 Globorotalia crassaformis 26 Globorotalia hirsuta 27 Globorotalia scitula 28 Globorotalia menardii 29 -Globorotalia tumida 30 LSutural Apertures acandeinacc-Candeina nitida 31 Very Smooth Test -

In the Key overleaf species marked ** are commonly found in the northeastern Atlantic between 40°N and 65"N lat. and between 25OW long. and Western Europe. Species marked * occur less commonly in this area. Each species in the Key and in the diagram above is given a number and the same number is used in the figures, different views of the name species being lettered a, b, c. Unless otherwise marked all the bar scales (placed underneath the middle specimen) are 500 p.

References

BANNER,F. T. and BLOW,W. H., 1960. Contr. Cushman Fdn BOLTOVSKOY,E., 1964. Serv. Hidrogr. Naval, Argent., Publ. Foramin. Res., 11(1) : 1-41. H. 639: 1-54. B%,A. W. H., 1959. Micropaleontology, 5( 1) :77-100. BRADSHAW,J. S., 1959. Contr. Cushman Fdn Foramin. Res., Bb, A. W. H., 1966. ))Distributionof planktonic Foraminifera lO(2) :25-64. in the World Oceanscc. Abstracts of Papers, 2nd Interna- CIFELLI,R., 1965. Smithson. Misc. Collns, 148(4): 1-35 tional Oceanographic Congress, Moscow 1966. p. 26. (Publ. 4599). BELYAEVA,N. V., 1964. Trudy Inst. Okeanol., 68: 12-83. PARKER,F. L., 1962. Micropaleontology, 8(2):219-254. BOLLI,H. M., LOEBLICH,A. R., Jr. and TAPPAN,H., 1957. SCHOTT,W., 1935. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped. Bull. U.S. Natn. Mu., 215:3-50. ,Meteorcc, 3(3) :43-134. Key to Species

Test Chambers Apertures

Domi- nant Diagnostic Species spies Distribution Figs. Outline Coiling Texture Maxi- Number Shape Primary Secondar character9 Direc- mum per aperture ape- tion length whorl position per (spiral chamber side)

*Hastigerina pdagica Planispiral Smooth >I mm 4 in juvenih Spherical Equatorial Truadiatt Transparent test, triradiate spines Subtropical, tropical (d'orbigny) 6 in adult spines

Hastigerineiia digitata Planispiral Smooth upto 6 Bifurcate or Equatorial Triradiatc Transparent test, triradiate spines, Subtropical, tropical (mumbler) Streptospiral 5mm trifurcate in becoming spines horn-like chambers below 500 m depth adult spiroumbilical

*&bulina unimsa Trochospiral spinose -1 mm 4-5 in juve- Spherical Umbilical One (in spinose Silespherical chamber Tropical, subtropical 3 d'Orhigny in juvenile; nile; 1 in in juvenile; earlier spherical in adult none in Stages adult adult dY)

Gbbigm'm'ah conglo- Trochospiral Left+Right Coarsely -I mm 5-6 in Spherical Umbilical Two Spinose Two secondary apertures per Tropical, subtropical 4 6ahrs (Brady) nearly spinow juvenile; becoming chamber; primary aperture over 3 aurface watua spherical 4 in adult compreved chambers; round outline

Globigerinoides ruber Trochospiral Left+Right Coarsely -0.6 mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical Two spinose Pdto red pigment; two secondaq Tropical, subtropical 5 d'orbigny spinw 3 in adult apertures per chamber; primary surface waters aperture over two chambers Globigerinoides sacculifer Trochospiral Left+Right spinose, - 1.3 mm 67in Spherical; Umbilical One spinose Sac-like final chamber (if present) ; Dominant species in 6 (Brady) [=Globigerinoi- ovate honeycomb juvenile; last chambel one secondary and one primary tropical surface water; ah trib6u.r (Reuss)] texture 4 in adult often aperture per chamber; honeycomb common also in subtropi- elongate and texture; primary aperture over cal regiom compruscd three chambers >Sphaeroidineila dehkctns Trochospual Left+Right Smooth to - 1.3 mm 4 in adult Spherical Umbilical One Spinose in Great wall thickening producing Tropical, subtropical 7 (Parker and Jones)u ovate pitted with (obscured) (concealed: juvenile; smooth, glassy layer; chamber below 500 m depth a terminal form of chamber non- flanges coalesce and obscure Gbbigerimides soccul~m flanges spinw in apertures (Brady) - adult Globigm'na rubercm Trochospiral Left+Right Spinose -0.25mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical spinose Light orangepink pigment in test Tropical, subtropical 8 Hofker Hiapid 4 in adult surface waters Globigerina digirala Brady Trochospiral Left+Right spinose -0.65mm 4-5 in Spherical in Umbilical spinose Digitate final chamber@) Tropical, subtropical 9 HLpid iuvenile; juvenile; spiro- 4-6 in adult digitate in umbilical in adult adult

**Globigarina quinqueloba Trochospiral kft+Right Spinose; - 0.27- 5-6 in Hemispher- Umbilical; spinose Final &amber a lobed extension Subarctic and subant- 10 Natland compressed smooth juvenile and ical to ovate sometimes over umbilicus, hut not always arctic cold-temperate sur- adult flaplike fina modified present face waters; left-coilii chamber into infra- population in colder laminal waten apertures

'"Globigm'na pachyderma rrochospiral Left Right coarse - 0.47mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical May be Subquadrate, coarse-crystaline Left-coiling in sub-polar; (Ehrenberg) compact 4 in adult becoming becoming present in compact test; aperture is a narrow right-coiling in cold- subquadrate utra-umbi- iuvenile; slit with distinct lip temperate waters lical;dktinct absent in lip adult Trochospira Left+Right Spinose "0.21 mm 5-6 in Hemispher. Umbilical; Spinose Six to eight chambers per whorl Subtropical to subpolar 12 compressed smooth juvenile; ical to sometimes and bulla-lie final chamber 6-8 in aduli ovate; flap modified like final into infra- chamber laminal apertures Ghbigmha falconmrir Trochospira Left+Right Spinose -0.43mm 5 in juvenil Spherical Umhilical Spinose Resembles Globigcrina bulloidcs Cold-temperate and Blow hispid 13 4 in adult to ovate with lip but has more elongate chambers, iubtropical low arched aperture with lip and smaller test

**Ghbigcrina klhi&s Trochospira Left+Right Spinose 0.8 mm 5 in juvenili - Spherical Umbilical Spinose Large, high-arched aperture Subpolar, cold-temperate 14 d'Orbigny hispid 4 in adult

Globigcrina calida Parker Trochospiral Left+Right Spinose 0.8 mm 5 in juvenili - Spherical Umbilical 3pinose Elongate final chambers, highly Subtropical, tropical 15 bispid 46in adull becoming becoming arched aperture, intergrades with elongate extra-umbi- Globigcrina Alloidcs and lical Globigcrinella aequilatcralis

* Globigcrinella aequilatcralir Trochospira' LeftfRight Spinose 0.9 mm 5 in juvenil< - Spherical Equatorial, jpinose Nearly planispiral test hbtropical, tropical 16 (Bra49 becoming hispid 5-6 in adult interio- [= Ghbigm'nella siphomfcra nearly marginal (d'orbigny)] planispiral arch

Globigcrinella adami Trochospiral Left+Right Spinose 9 1.48mm 5 in juvenilc Spherical Umbilical jpinose Radially elongate, pointed final Subtropical, tropical in (Banner and Blow) becoming 17 hispid 5-7 in adult becoming becoming :hamhers [ndian and Pacific Oceans nearly radially interio- IdY planispiral :longate marginal - equatorial Trochospiral Left+Right * 0.48mm Smooth 5 in juvenilt Spherical Umbilical, Bulla and infralaminal apertures; Subpolar to tropical 18 Enely hispic 4 in adult sometimes imooth test modified into infralaminal apertures Ghbigcrinita brad$ Trochospiral Rft+Right Smooth 0.19mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical 3ulla and infralaminal apertures; Subpolar and cold- Wiesner [ = Ghbigcrinita 19 iinely hispid 4 in adult sometimes ligh spire and numerous chamben emperate uvula (Ebrenbeg)] modified nto infra- aminal spertures

*Globoquadrina dutertrci rrochospiral tight mostly 20- 0.68mm 50r6in 3emispher- Umbilical 'Ion-spinose, pitted wall; rropical, subtropical 20 (d'0:bigny) (= Ghbigcrina 2itted iuvenile; cal Nith unbilical tooth; predominantly cggcrr Rhumbler) +6 in adult imbilical ight-coiling 00th Globoquadrina conglomraia rrochospiral kft+Rigbt Zoarse, 0.86mm 5 in juvenile 3emispher- Jmbilical (on-spinose, pitted wall; rropical Pacific and (Schwager) 21 itted 1 in adult Cal with unbdical tooth; 4 chambers in last ndian Oceans only unbilical vhorl of adult 00th

Ghboquadrina hexagona 2ompressed xft+Right Zoarse, 0.58mm 5 in juvenile Iemispher- Jmbilical ion-spinose, pitted wall; rropical, subtropical in 22 (Natland) rochospiral itted i4 in adult Cal )e c o m ing unbilical tooth; compressed test 'acific and Indian Oceans ,ecoming 'xtra umbi- vith apertural and spiral sides lnly iearly ical with lepressed kmispiral 00th Pulhiatina obliquiloculata rrochospiral Light mostly 'itted in ' 0.8 mm M in Iemispher- Jmbilical Ntreptospiral, right-coiling; .ropical, subtropical; (Parker and Jones) ,ecoming 23 uvenile; uvenile; :al, later Iecoming ,ighlypolished test with .bundant in November in treptospiral zry smooth I yZ in adult verlapping xtra rescent-shaped aperture; ubtropical North Atlantic n adult arlier imbilical ivenile resembles Globoquadrina hamben utcrtrci

Keel is absent in all species listed on these two pages. Key to Species

Test Chambers Apertures

Domi- Diagnostic nant Keel Distribution Coiling Texture Maxi- Number Shape Primary Secondar Characters Direc- mum per aperture apertures tion length whorl position per (spiral chamber side) - - "Gbborotdia inj7ata Trochospiral; Left mostly Smooth; - 0.65 mm 5 in juvenile; Inflated, Large; Large aperture, rounded periphery; Cold-temperate regions 24 (d'orbigny) flat spiral crystalline I. in adult hemispher- umbilical to left-coiling and smooth test between subpolar and side; inflated at apertural ical extra subtropical; in winter in apertural base umbilical subtropics side

*Globorotdia tnmcatulinoidcs Trochospiral &+Right Smooth to ., 0.9 mm 5 in juvenile; Angular Elongate Well- conical test Subtropical, especially 25 (d'orbigny) conical hispid 5-6 in adult conical from ieveloped abundant between umbilicus to keel December and March in periphery, Sargasso Sea; distinct with lip provinces of left- andright- coiling populations in Atlantic and Pacific

Globorolalia crarsaformis Trochospiral Left mostly Smooth to - 0.65 mm 5-6 in Angular Elongate Obscure, Differs from Globmotaliainflata in Subtropical, often below 26 (Galloway and Wissler) planoconvex hispid iuvenile; conical from thin keel its slit-like aperture and angular 300 m [ = Globorotalia punchdata 4-5 in adult umbilicus to periphery; differs from GbborotlJia (d'orbigny)] periphery, hirsuta in its convex apertural side with lip and flat spiral side

Globorotalia hirnrta Compressed tight mostly Coarsely - 1.0 mm 4-5 in adult Angular Elongate Obscure i: More lobulate periphery and fewer Subtropical, especially in 27 (d'orbigny) trochospiral; hispid rhomboid from juvenile; chambers than Globorolalia winter biconvex or umbilicus to thin in scitula; right-coiling mostly apertural periphery, adult side flat with lip

Globorotalia scitula Compressed ;eft+Right Smooth in - 0.66 mm 5-6 in And? Elongate Absent or More rounded periphery and Subpolar to equatorial 28 (Brady) trochospiral juvenile, juvenile rhomboid from obscure smoother test than Globorotalia especially below 500 m biconvex becoming and adult umbilicus to hirsuta hispid periphery, with lip

Globorotalia menardii Compressed Left mostly Smooth in ,. 1.5 mm 5-6 in adult Angular Elongate Well- Rounded, moderately lobulate Tropical, subtropical 29 (d'orbigny) trochospiral juvenile; rhomboid from developed periphery; diffen from [ = Globmotalia nrltrata subcircular coarsely umbilicus to keel Globmotalia tum'da in flatter and (d'orbigny)] outline hispid at periphery, subcircular, thinner test aperture bas with lip Compressed Left mostly Smooth in - 1.4 mm 5-6 in adult Angular Elongate Well- Elongate oval outline and higher Tropical, subtropical 30 trochospiral juvenile; rhomboid from developed spire than Cloborotalia menardii; elongate coarsely umbilicus to keel test often greatly thickened oval outline crystallie periphery, - in adult - with lip Cdeina nitida Trochospiral tight mostly Very smooth 0.76 mm 4 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical ktural Multiple sutural apertures between Tropical, subtropical 31 d'Orbigny 3 in adult but absent ipertures all chambers; very smooth surface waters in adult globular test

Spines are absent in all species listed on thii page. Ih

7a 7c 2so)l 9a 9b 9c

l25y @ I I I oc I la Ilb I Ic

Q - I2a 12b I2c Ild I le I If - 13a 13b I3c

15a I5b I5c 16a t6b

1'7'a I 17b I I7c

Unless otherwise marked, all the bar scales (placed underneath the middle specimen) are 500y. I 2sop I

~ 18a 18b I8c 19a 19 b 19c

20a 20 b 20c 21c

250p U 22a 22 b 22c 23a 23 c

24 a

26a 26b 26c

28c 29a 29 b 29c

30a 30 b 30c 3 la 31 b 31c jades, tional NO. 25 - SIIb DISTRIBUTION OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA IN THE WORLD OCEANS BB Allan W.H. Lamont Geolopical Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA There are about 30 species of planktonic Foraminifera living in the world oceans, and they can be grouped into three major distributional zones - a warm-water belt between approximately 40" N and 40" S Latitudes, which divides the northern cold-water region from its southern counterpart. The bipolar nature ol the species distributions is evident from the striking similarity of the foraminiferal faunas in reciprocal latitudinal zones between the northern and southern hemispheres. The majority of the species (22) belong to the warm-water province. Its faunal diversity suggests that here evolution proceeded more rapidly than in the colder areas. The warm-water species can be grouped into (a) the Equatorial or Tropical species (e. g.,. Globigerinoides sacculifer, Globo- rotalia menardii, Globoquadrina dutertrei, Pulleniatina o bliquiloculata, and Globorotalia tumida), which are transported to mid-latitudes via the warm currents (Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Currents, etc.) along the eastern margins t of the continents; and (b) the Central-water or Subtropical species (e. g., Globorotalia hirsuta, G. truncatulinoides and Hastigerina pelagica) which occur in the central oligotrophic areas of the oceans. Some species (Glo- higerinoides ruber, Globigerinella aequilateralis and Orbulina universa) occur abundantly in both tropical as well as subtropical waters. The seaso- nal succession of these foraminiferal assemblages was documented in the the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda from plankton tows collected biweekly between 1958 and 1962. There are at least three warm-water species that occur in the Indo-Pa- cific region, but which are no longer present in the Atlantic Ocean. They are Globoquadrina hexagona, G. conglomerata and Globigerinella adamsi. The former two species are known from Pleistocene deep-sea sediments, but they have apparently disappeared since from the Atlantic. The cold-water fauna can be divided into Subpolar species (Globigerina quinqueloba, right-coiling G. pachyderma, G. bulloides sensu strict0 and Globigerinita bradyi) and a single Polar species (left-coiling G. pachyderma). The bipolarity in the faunal zonations is clearly observed in the distributional patterns of the coiling directions of G. pachyderma and G. truncatulinoides in the North and South Atlantic. The two transitional zones between the warm-water and cold-water fau- , nas are characterized by the prolific occurrence of Globorotalia inflata. Its distribution is generally limited to the middle latitudes, with the exception of incursions equator-ward along the western margins of continents, where upwelling takes place. Planktonic Foraminifera apparently spend their earlier stages in the en- photic zone and later descend to deeper depths. Life at great depths is accom- panied by considerable shell thickening in most species which is estimated to add about 5O0/o or more CaCOa by weight to the foraminiferal test (e. g., . Globorotalia menardii, G. truncatulinoides, Globigerinoides sacculifer - d3. dehiscens))). Some species such as Globorotalia crassaformis, G. scitula, and Hastigerinella digitata appear to be truly meso- or bathypelagic. The spinose species are generally epipelagic, whereas the non-spinose ones ex- hibit a great range in depth habitats.

From: Abstracts of Papers, Second Intern. Oceanogr. Congr., Publ. House "Nauka'l, Moscow, 1966.