~

6

,

f

) i

b

wn s

gy

of be

eral · ,

s o

a

o at

10

their l v a,

who · A the . fung

the othe~

f

1

under S kno

se

e fungal

o

lm

account human 2-

yco

also

v y U

e because

.

peoe humans f similar

the

cause of both M

K , s

of

. ' ig

and

; a optimum from into

d e

Compared clea of F

can

e 0

( v

effective brie detail route

feed

the persons

4 Inc

opportunistic

er

,

s

chrysosporium in

in how that ided be

are cause

· ommonl . fever

s

Appli

they

uffers v rum and

) A

c

fungi. are

Under

o or 8

microbes.

· di bout aspects incidence o

p can . s s ~ermany

can

27: the s

s

by parasitising

haete but

. hay primary 27 o by

they c al

be f a

drugs Fungi part etc. food

the

ER cr o

19 .

i are

mean

B1osc1ence

the gas

of are

They

ligninases can M

discussed

fungi

',

'

Gm~H,

caused

most

) product (Table

ny; AIDS,

a

rise

Phanero the fuel

important

fungi the a compound because

\...,t1APT asthma, group

mical infected

e

10 the

,

Isco cause,

Chapter ~ been ·

the to plants

s

health.

the individuals, _

7

lik to the of

erm

animals HIV/

2

for

nature

G see .

animals

of

requirements kin

coal

they

and which STIP

' ' 1g 's

carbon

e . m

ungi

.

r f . lead

enzymes,

d)

in (F

ors,

ur already

0

fungi

c l'

s healthy ammals thousands,

thermoch

es cancer,

_ some

rot

observed specialised

d week nng immunosuppressant e~

urns

d ingestion

conversion ; 1 in GmbH

way blooded Mammals

b

a a

P_

diseases

an of iosens have

to which

these ox1d1s h1te er

wor

b· the ?ermany; from

are

er have

ammals. of

k

W . e

ouht

and d ( inocu normal, e . use to warm-blooded

third H, th on

1 b warm . urt

we 1 consi~er

;

ir allergies.

O

in er ere

e typ umans

product m Gree stechn1k

:~utn~roduc coa nst1tute spores idermophyton due . which

h

or

th The e

a

G b fies th

will P

° .

of f

is and Although co n other suffering f E

th blooded

o and O tak - d

O

·

Mycotoxins weath Rather, eous we

, rmation

nge or

.

as, a chain an

increasing

Dermatophytes

plants,

L

fungal

gas

below:

temperature

.

info

basis fungi

chapter r symptoms

warm

topic

or

the genera,

or substrate animals

patients Umweltmes

u

impact source

such

. , solubilisatio

heavily

a the

surgery. hundreds.

high poisoning in hu~ans

component this

carbon

Humans

this

more mild

humans

and the

as or

other and with on

These

_of

in infectmg

·

few coal of the In liquid

mycotoxins. of

-••'4i•y

Fungi

solubilisation

on

discussed air-borne -

·

.

a

and m and

features only of maJor

to and

.

some is of

a years d .

significant

fungi

ungt.

on named

mycoses,

f transplant

only especially

humans

a

' bonds · For

disease_s

coal use

of

host,

stock

of cause

in diseases.

Y

hyphomycetous

are

low-ranked Mycology of igmn,

through

complete

groups vantage are 1·

recent

metabolites humans or

: the

d have Solubilisation ve based ,

LARAnalyt1k pathogenic

. 1

USA. feed

as is

s1 worm

Pathogens

in

.

types

production

u ~1~a

can number

into

these

-

undergone

coal · infect

animals fungi

exten

threatening, ring

Dermatophytic

the Mycoses Poisoning all

the

sfilter,

onversion

arbon-carbon olub1hzmg

v1~----

V 1 (iv) 13elgium; Dermatophytes 01ajo~ (i) as anamorphic C s • structure are c of conditions chemical entry Medical Fungi categories Fungal to and pathogens The diseases of secondary diseases occupational that various life have

i i

; ;

: : . .

l l

a a

c c o o

1 1

tr tr

s1 s1 p

tr tr

d

roh roh

-

spp, spp,

nail~ nail~

37°( 37°(

in in

persc persc

roorr roorr

soil soil

the the

zoop

corpo corpo

fungi fungi

groin groin

at at

invasio invasio

Thus Thus

any any

cats, cats,

to to

relating relating

lungs. lungs.

acquire acquire

scratchi1 scratchi1

infectio

which which

are are

and and

the the

anthropt anthropt

the the

Microspo Microspo

-

anthroph anthroph the the

Trichophyton Trichophyton

after after

of of

in in

tinea tinea

grow grow

hair. hair.

in in

have have

of of Arthroderm

These These in in

hair hair

macroconidia

the the

e.g. e.g. who who

cattles, cattles,

changing changing

person person

to to

use use

and and

host), host),

live live

chronic chronic

humans humans

classified classified

Epidermophyton Epidermophyton

secondary secondary

Among Among

named named

27.4), 27.4),

grow grow

their their

skin, skin,

disease disease

27.5). 27.5).

cannot cannot

stage, stage,

to to

of of

to to

from from

skin skin

of of

are are

areas, areas,

and and

found found

Among Among

shared shared

the the

dermatomycosis, dermatomycosis,

the the

humans humans

microconidia microconidia

humans, humans,

animal animal

(Plate (Plate

the the

(humans, (humans,

intense, intense,

of of (Plate (Plate

of of

and and

usually usually

prefer prefer

by by

basis basis

the the

and and

been been

an an

sexual sexual

of of

carried carried pneumomycosis, pneumomycosis,

leading leading

frequently frequently

hairs. hairs.

ringworm. ringworm.

tract; tract;

bathing bathing

scalp scalp

infect infect

host host on on

the the

America America

not not

nails nails

more more

be be

Macroconidia Macroconidia

are are

of of

tissues tissues

a a

and and

spread spread

form form

thus thus

on on

worm, worm,

of of

and and

dermatophytes dermatophytes

(a) (a)

head head

has has

Macroconidium Macroconidium

through through

also also

other other

acquired acquired

as as

shedding shedding

(living (living

South South

organisms organisms

ear; ear;

can can

Macroconidia Macroconidia

interdigitale interdigitale

ring ring

is is

-

can can

causes causes fungi. fungi.

in in

below, below,

(c) (c)

stage stage

and and

further further

particular particular

Mycoses Mycoses or or

respiratory respiratory

causes causes

thus thus

infection infection

feathers feathers

a a

occasionally occasionally

tissue, tissue,

infection infection

of of

-

latter latter spreads spreads

spp. spp.

is is

keratinised keratinised

animals. animals.

is is

and and

as as

differentiated differentiated pools pools

sexual sexual

tissues tissues

tinea tinea

zoophilic zoophilic

body. body.

rubrum rubrum

The The

dead dead

infection infection

be be dead dead

attack attack

from from

infections infections

as as

source source

T. T.

the the

species species

capitis capitis

the the

Trichophyton Trichophyton

commonly commonly

audouinii audouinii

such such

the the

Trichophyton Trichophyton

into into

to to

in in

dermatophytic dermatophytic

otomycosis, otomycosis,

the the

infection infection

living living

can can

The The

of of

the the

of of

Microsporum Microsporum

and and

unguium unguium

foot, foot,

scratching scratching

of of

the the

the the

and and

tinea tinea

more more

swimming swimming

known known

grow grow

nails; nails;

to to

part part

geophilic. geophilic.

habitat habitat

of of

where where

which which

- However, However,

as as

phase. phase.

genera genera

sometimes sometimes

but but

Geophilic Geophilic

tinea tinea

materials materials

bronchomycosis, bronchomycosis,

the the

becomes becomes

specialized specialized

and and

leads leads

athlete's athlete's

on on superficial

Microsporum Microsporum

but but animals animals

of of

canis, canis,

floccosum floccosum

and and

example, example,

e.g. e.g.

are are

pets. pets.

27.I0c) 27.I0c)

microconidia microconidia

is is

In In

common common

irritation irritation

commonly commonly

facilities facilities

tissue tissue

soil soil

and and

dormant dormant

particular particular

host) host)

For For

and and

disease. disease.

basis basis

Microsporum Microsporum

a a a a

body body

(Fig. (Fig.

etc. etc.

causing causing

worldwide worldwide

fungi fungi

are are

three three

irritation irritation

of of

Ascomycota). Ascomycota).

in in

of of -containing -containing

characteristically characteristically

the the

parts parts

from from

severe severe

the the

although although

the the

attacked, attacked,

domestic domestic

onychomycosis, onychomycosis,

human human

toes, toes,

attack attack

This This

on on

these these

of of

common common of of

found found

a a

Microsporum Microsporum

carpets carpets infection. infection.

fungi fungi

body body

keratinised keratinised

of of

keratin keratin

the the

is is cause cause

macroconidia macroconidia

with with

Epidermophyton Epidermophyton

survives survives

they they

species species

is is

body body

of of

usually usually causation causation

on on

infections infections

27.3); 27.3);

such such

Spores Spores

Trichophyton Trichophyton

or or

infection infection

can can

divided divided

site site

These These

the the bacteria. bacteria.

many many

the the

Many Many

infection infection

ecies ecies

and and

Some Some (Plectomycetes, (Plectomycetes,

in in

The The

but but

by by

shedded shedded

fungus fungus

from from

domestic domestic

27.10 27.10

posts. posts.

p

etc.) etc.)

(Plate (Plate

of of

the the fungal fungal

(living (living is is

also also

degrade degrade

species, species, between between

the the

species species

contact contact

s

gypseum gypseum

Spindle-shaped Spindle-shaped

FIGURE FIGURE

(b) (b) spp. spp. ­

plant

11

d

wild

ng a _

. •

the

.

on an

on

high

us1 fatal usmg

-- sma

soil,

by to

other ---- animals

d

usually

soil

so

soil, factors

Canduia mucosa soil,

healthy -

are

mucosa, is ere

in

excreta animals.

in vegetation

leukemia,

in common with h of

bloo

on

of

etc.

or

Some tissues, w check

animals

bat the

persons mother t

the

habitat

in several

very which

. m body,

and becomes roa excreta,

. m

domesticated h is

t

from

number diabetes,

adhesion

the

kept Humans, Bird

Bird , It d Saprotrophic material Saprotrophic invades

Saprotrophic pregnant Commensal

vegetation, Saprotrophic

and Keratinised -----

Natural

is in

. an

.

mouth fungus candidosis.

,

,s · . warm-blooded However, large are

h and

predisposition. condition

or a

the

the

thrush

------dentures

27.lla). conditions. vertebrates advanced

lesions of

systemically .

mout transferred of other

d

quite f

invasive

rarely brain, is the women

o

. lung,

skin .

population (Fig.

or of

and other

systemically common

from by

hormonal

dermatomycos proliferates a . clinical

sporotrichosis lung, lung, its spread competition.

ung,

candidiasis

vovaginitis, . 1

and~=-=-~- 1 mycoses, when

atta:;ck:e:d:-- it is sed

,

lungs

s yeast

-

as • grow

population Y vu

inea,

vagina

infection t' ll trong

may

cau os,

,

humans Ycos,s, condition

.

then or inflammation several

a s can suffering

brain

urnans The a

. '

of because

: h ·

bacterial

Plasmosis, 'The

pathogenic.. e it 1s

· they

known gut i

h'' ).Thrush

UT and

especia

st0 budding by

6

ones, · sperg11losis,

isease/Parts

as

Pneumonia systemic Hi under meninges b systemic Cryptococcosis, A Blastomyc Coccidioidornycosis, rus abrasion Candidiasis Ringworm !~~~~:~eous_ n·

--~

harm immunocomprom1se

27

cases . . h there

persons t and canal. t species

as

"

initis

become

disorders

no es

mouth,

g of no

·n 1

balance

diploid

membranes

of

cas

(~late

sue

birth collectively

its are stomatitls,

cause vova . observed

l

extreme route mune

defenses ese

causes are

Candida

. h vu h be

in ·

1m

t

can who . it

bserved

sometimes o

mucosal mucosa life-threatening er

causes it . 1n

infected

can

and

Lungs Lungs th produced Lungs Mucosa Lungs Lungs Lungs entry Skin Primary Wounds other dimorphic,

en

natural cond1t1ons o

the the causes disturbing an also cases

ft

a

people

o are

or

of

conditions on

on , babies and is

in

· 1s

also become

may

C.

t

body's most

Commensals Several e ·

frequently

sp., The HIV.

infections

irritation,

of

infective

In sp.,

1as1s may found tissues.

found carinii

sp.,

sp., neoformans

cured pustules

.

sp., immitis capsulatum dermatitidis

because

it .d. 1

is contraceptives; it n,ger, fungus fum1gatus,

albicans sp., albicans

species d

.

local ~ew-born

albica~s A.

entures. an

albicans umours,

Candida d oral easily Th white baby In that lymph C t

yeast make

Harmless

• • e ergi/lus • • C.

·dermophyton

1

navus,

EP Microsporum ctadospoflum phia/ophora Trichophyt~n sporothrix candida

ASP coccidioides ;iastomyces cryptococcus Histop/asma pneumocystis (ii) Candida can causing consequences. commensal combination Candida Candida The individuals. s

F

l<

C:

the

are

shift

usu_al

plate

of

surgical

the This

hands

Coccldloldes

)

Basidlospore

of

)astpha~ Conjugation

denture \ •

.

lungs

Q

form.

other

tissue,

,.

~ whose

cycle

the

the

/

01/.,'"''"'• ~

populations

in

neoformans.

Life

and

(d)

host

(b)

Phase

high

people

(ii)

~

.

'----.__,.-

of

filamentous

Ce)_,/

infect

Dikaryon

underneath

. Filobasid/ella

alb/cans.

catheter

to

develop (b)

Uninucleate spores

Basidiospores

but

stage,

can

Candida

fingernails

(a)

through

fluid

~

sexual

multicellular

and r(o.______

stress

environment

Its

"'

.

I

body

and

humans.

skin

blood

in

with

closed

invasive,

the

the

phase

connections

the

in

an

the

on

continuous

diseases

Dikaryotic

mycelium

clamp

neoformans

into

Arthrospores

also into

yeast

Saprotrophic

9

Microconidium

under

(i)

(5

causing

as

and

o

(J'

infections

water.

fungi

switches

0

living

Cryptococcus

to dd' p

situation. the

plastic

0

cause

(d)

Fungi

introduced a

of

(c)

form

of

be

systemically also

some

persons such dental

exposed .

of

to can

the

also

capsulatum. Activities

grows

forms

yeast-like

to

5:

lead

can

cells

can

Candida

frequently

PART It

procedures

Sometimes,

yeast.

Growth

(a)

•

•

•

Candida

Hlstoplasma

(c)

680 27.11

unicellular

FIGURE

lmmitls.