Complejidad Y Relevancia Narrativa Del Diseño De Producción

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Complejidad Y Relevancia Narrativa Del Diseño De Producción PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Winter is Coming: Complejidad y relevancia narrativa del Diseño de Producción. El caso de la serie televisiva “Juego de Tronos”. Tesis para optar el Título de Licenciada en Comunicación Audiovisual que presenta la Bachiller: NORMA INÉS CALDAS GAYOSO ASESORA: MAGISTER ORIETTA MARQUINA VEGA Lima, febrero 2017 A mi esposo Roberto, que no le gusta decorar. A mi asesora Orietta por los “cafés”, la paciencia y la amistad. Al profesor Auza por sus consejos y buena crítica. A mis abuelos, a mi madre y a mi padre, por el apoyo constante. 2 He must have knowledge of architecture of all periods and nationalities. He must be able to visualize and make interesting a tenement or a prison. He must be a cartoonist, a costumier, a painter, a designer of ships, an interior decorator, a landscape painter, a dramatist, an inventor, a historical and, now, an acoustical expert.1 William Cameron Menzies. 1 Él debe tener conocimiento de arquitectura de todas las épocas y nacionalidades. Él debe ser capaz de visualizar y hacer interesante un apartamento o una prisión. Él debe ser un dibujante, un vestuarista, un pintor, un diseñador de naves, un decorador de interiores, un pintor de paisajes, un dramaturgo, un inventor, un historiador y, ahora, un experto en acústica. (Traducción libre) 3 TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 CAPÍTULO 1: PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 1.1 Presentación y delimitación del tema ………………………………………………………………. 7 1.2 Justificación y relevancia……………………………………………………………………………. 9 1.3 Pregunta y objetivo de la investigación ………………………………………………………….…. 10 1.4 Hipótesis………………………………………………………………………………………...…... 11 CAPÍTULO 2: DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO 2.1 Enfoque metodológico, tipo y nivel de investigación…………………………………………..…... 12 2.2 Método de investigación, categorías y unidades de análisis……………..………………….……… 13 2.3 Técnica e instrumentos para el recojo de la información …………………………………………... 14 2.4 Técnica e instrumentos para el análisis de la información …………………………………………. 15 2.5 Aspectos éticos de la investigación……………………………………………………………..…... 16 CAPITULO 3: MARCO TEÓRICO 3.1 Sobre la narración audiovisual………………………………………………………………...……. 17 3.1.1 ¿Qué es la narrativa audiovisual?…………………………………………………………… 17 3.1.1.1 Sobre la enunciación……………………………………………………………... 21 3.1.1.2 Sobre el mensaje………………………………………………………………….. 24 3.1.1.3 Sobre el receptor/espectador………………………………………………...…… 29 3.2.1 De lo cinematográfico a lo televisivo……………………………………………...……….. 32 3.2.1.1 Códigos narrativos del cine y la televisión: Semejanzas y diferencias……...…… 35 3.2.1.2 La nueva televisión de calidad: El caso de HBO ……..…………………………. 39 3.2 Sobre el diseño de producción ……………………………..……………………………………….. 45 3.2.1 ¿Qué es el diseño de producción? …………….…………………………………………… 45 3.2.1.1 El diseño de producción como herramienta narrativa...………………………….. 51 3.2.1.2 Línea y Forma: Estableciendo el espacio…………...……………………………. 57 3.2.1.3 Tono, Color y Textura: De la asociación a la interpretación……………………. 61 3.2.1.4 El diseño de producción en la realización televisiva …………………………… 66 4 CAPITULO 4: LA SERIE TELEVISIVA “JUEGO DE TRONOS” 4.1 Sobre la serie televisiva ………………..…………………………………………………… 78 4.1.1 Antecedentes……………………………………………………………………… 79 4.1.2 Argumento………………………………………………………………………... 80 4.2 Sobre la primera temporada……...…………………………………………………………. 81 4.2.1 Argumento………………………………………………………………………... 82 4.2.2 Espacio geografico………………………………………………………………... 85 4.2.3 Personajes de la primera temporada…….………..……………………................. 93 4.2.5 Sobre el diseño de producción de la primera temporada………………………... 97 CAPITULO 5: EL DISEÑO DE PRODUCCIÓN COMO ELEMENTO NARRATIVO EN “JUEGO 100 DE TRONOS” El diseño de producción y la construcción de la naturaleza individual y colectiva de los 5.1 100 personajes. Identificación de los personajes principales con mayor aparición en la primera 5.1.1 101 temporada. Aportes del diseño de producción a la narrativa audiovisual para la construcción 5.1.2 102 de personajes. El uso del diseño de producción para la construcción de los elementos socioculturales en 5.2 200 los espacios donde se desarrolla el relato. Identificación de los espacios principales con mayor aparición en la primera 5.2.1 200 temporada. Aportes del diseño de producción a la narrativa audiovisual para la construcción 5.2.2 201 de los espacios CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………………………. 243 RECOMENDACIONES………………………………………………………………………………... 244 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS…………………………………………………………………. 245 ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 249 APÉNDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 251 5 INTRODUCCIÓN La presente tesis de investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar un aspecto muy específico dentro de la realización audiovisual: el diseño de producción. No solo para identificar y describir las responsabilidades propias de esta labor, sino también interpretar su discurso narrativo más allá de la mera apreciación estética. Hablar del diseño de producción es hablar del universo tangible del relato, aquel que se sucede detrás de una pantalla y que como espectadores solo podemos ver y oír, pero que muchas veces va más allá de nuestra propia imaginación. Y es que el truco para que la fantasía de la ficción resulte totalmente convincente, sin la necesidad de concederle dicha cualidad, es que esta pase totalmente desapercibida para nosotros. En el teatro, por ejemplo, le concedemos a lo que vemos realidad, suspendemos nuestro “escepticismo” porque de otro modo disfrutar de la obra seria sencillamente imposible. En la ficción audiovisual no existe la necesidad de “creer” en lo que vemos, lo hacemos sin más, siendo el diseño de producción el principal responsable de este universo, que se extiende más allá de los encuadres de la cámara y que parece subsistir aun cuando ya hemos dejado el cine o apagado el televisor. Gracias al diseño de producción se puede transmitir una gran cantidad de información a través de toda la historia, no teniendo que depender por ejemplo, de tediosos discursos o continuas explicaciones que perturben el ritmo del relato. La habitación de un personaje puede hablar por si misma de su etapa emocional, el estado desastroso de una ciudad justificar la dureza que rige el estilo de vida de sus habitantes o una fastuosa construcción arquitectónica ayudarnos a sumergirnos en el periodo histórico en el que se encuentra. De esta manera el diseño de producción cobra un silencioso protagonismo que sostiene el relato, potenciándolo y brindándole verisimilitud, por lo que resulta un aspecto base sobre el que siempre hay que trabajar. En su planteamiento nada debe dejarse a una decisión improvisada, de la misma manera que el planteamiento de una toma no parte de un mero capricho o arbitrariedad, sino de un verdadero sentido narrativo por parte del director. Es por esto que la presente tesis tiene como finalidad analizar esta labor dentro de la producción audiovisual, tomando como caso de estudio la serie televisiva “Juego de Tronos”, para entender cómo el diseño de producción se desarrolla y ayuda a conformar una apariencia visual que además de construir, afirma y enriquece el relato. 6 CAPITULO 1 PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 1.1 Presentación y delimitación del tema Cuando pensamos o discutimos sobre alguna producción audiovisual solemos percatarnos de la visión y estilo del director, de los actores, de la fotografía o la cantidad de efectos especiales que encontramos en ella. Muchos realizadores confían y apuestan por estas herramientas cinematográficas, que si bien tienen un papel importante no funcionan en el aislamiento, ni construyen por si solas la narración. Sino que vinculan el imaginario del realizador con el del equipo técnico, el cual confluye en las diferentes áreas que lo hacen posible. Desconocer esto significaría ignorar uno de los objetivos fundamentales de la producción audiovisual, no sólo como medio sino como industria “Después que el tema es introducido y desarrollado, la narrativa debe alimentar el interés a medida que progresa la historia. Cada plano debería lograr su objetivo. Todas las escenas deben ser enlazadas de modo que su efecto combinado, antes que sus contenidos individuales, produzca las reacciones deseadas en el público” (Mascalli, 1990, p.126). Para Jennifer Van Sijll "The first part of the director’s job is knowing what the audience should be feeling, and when. The second part is harnessing the tools to get them there”2 (2005, p.14). A lo que LoBrutto complementa “Before you write your first screenplay or the next one, study and understand the palette and tool box that will empower you to fully execute the production design appropriate to tell the story through your personal vision of the film” 3(2002, p.32). Sin embargo ¿qué es el diseño de producción? A menudo suele pasar desapercibido para el espectador y es considerado un misterio para muchos realizadores, “It's a mistake widespread considering that a film has excellent photography when realize its merit lies in a choice of locations and production design truly successful” 4 (Stuart Dryburghs: Director de fotografía GOT from HBO, 2014). Apenas a inicios del siglo pasado la mayoría de directores simplemente se remitía al decorado y la utilería como parte de un 2 La primera parte del trabajo de un director es saber lo que el público debería estar sintiendo, y cuándo. La segunda parte es el de aprovechar las herramientas para llevarlos allí. (traducción libre). 3 Antes de escribir tu
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