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Aberrant Crypt Foci, 7, 103, 116 Acetaldehyde, 216, 247, 248, 249 Aberrant crypt foci, 7, 103, 116 Benzo[alpyrene, 245, 247, 272 Children, 87, 139 Acetaldehyde, 216, 247, 248, 249, 279 Betel quid, 247, 249, 272 Chlorophyllin, 220 N-Acetylcysteine, 261 Bias, 63-65 Chromosome alterations, 18, 172-173 N-Acetyltransferase, 5, 36, 142, 181, Biomarkers, 27 Cigarette smoking, see Tobacco 182, 243, 276 definition, 1 Cirrhosis, 241 Actinic kecatoses, 7, 85, 88 exposure, 3-6, 29-32 Clofibrate, 232 Adducts, see DNA adducts, Protein intermediate effect, 6-8, 13-22 Colorectum adducts predictive value, 50 aberrant crypt foci, 7, 103, 116 Adenoma prognostic value, 38 adenomas, 7, 14, 15, 18, 21 colorectal, 7, 14, 15, 18, 21, 103, surrogacy, 38-41 cancer, 20, 21, 36, 37, 62, lOi 105, 113-116, 133 susceptibility, B-10 and alcohol, 65 hepatic, 223, 226 validity, 2, 5, 29, 57, 63, 70 dietary factors, 101, 105-108, 115 Adenomatous atypical hyperplasia, 192, Bile acids, 102, 105 DNA adducts, 104 200,265 Bladder, urinary exposure biomarkers, 5, 101-104 Aerodigestive tract, 5, 18, 34, 37, 257, cancer, 18, 20, 34, 36, 58 intermediate-effect biomarkers, 7, 261,272 precancer, 14 103,113-120 Aflatoxins, 5 Bloom's syndrome, 37 intervention trials, 52, 105-108 albumin adducts, 41, 216, 217 Bowel, large, see Colorectum p53 mutations, 117 DNA adducts, 32, 216,218, 242 Bowman-Birk inhibitor, 53 susceptibility biomarkers, 131-144 and liver cancer, 216, 218-220, 223, Bran, 119 see also Hereditary non-polyposis 241 Breast colorectal cancer and Familial metabolites, 31, 216 ATM gene, 180 adenomatous polyposis protein adducts, 31, 217 BRCA genes, 15, 37, 62, 178-184 Confounding, 65 Age, 119, 131, 132, 166 cancer, 34, 37 Contraceptives, oral, 156, 241 Ageing, breast tissue, 163, 166 and diet, 149 Cotinine, 5 AIDS, 21,38,39 and hormonal factors, 5, 149-159, Cowden syndrome, 178 Albinism, 93 163, 166,180 COX-2, 5, 10, 16, 62 Albumin adducts, 31, 41,216-218,249 density, 7, 163-167, 173 Cyclins, 1, 172 Alcohol ductal carcinoma in situ, 7, 14, 35, Cyclobutane pyrimidine climers, 69 and colorectal cancer, 62, 65 171-174 Cytochrome P450 (GYP), 5, 97, 152, and liver cancer, 5, 216, 223, 241 intermediate-effect biomarkers, 180,242,272-275,277-278,281 metabolism, 279 163-167,171-174 CYP1A1, 97, 242, 250, 272 and oral cancer, 247, 271 mammography, 1, 163, 173, 174 CYP1A2, 65, 219, 250, 277, 281 2-Amino-i -methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- screening, 173, 174, 182 CYP2A6, 242, 277 b]-pyridine, see PhIP susceptibility biomarkers, 177-184 CYP1B1, 277 M-Androstenedione, 150, 151 tamoxifen trial, 49, 184 CYP2B6, 242 Androgens, 5, 150, 157, 193, 199, Broccoli, 38, 281 CYP2C9, 277 201-203,208 CYP2C19, 277 Angiogenesis, 194 Calcium, 101, 105, 115, 116 CYP2D6, 97, 250, 274 Antiestrogens, 16 Calprotectin, 104 CYP2EI, 65, 250, 274 Antioxidants, 4,58,97,105, 191, 208, Carbohydrates, 149 CYF3A2, 208 232 Carcinoembryonic antigen, 32, 117 CYP3A4, 210, 217, 277 cr-1-Antitrypsin deficiency, 241 Carcinoid tumours, 32 CYP17, 208 APC gene, 15, 20, 22, 33, 37, 115, 117, 3-Carotene, 5, 58, 105, 116, 119, 141, CYP19, 182 134-140 269-262,279,280 Apoptosis, 15, 154, 192, 194, 258 Carotenoids, 9 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 151, 157, Aromatase, 151, 157, 180 Catechins, 280 228,231-234 Ashkenazi Jews, 140, 144,179 Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Detoxification, 58, 96, 142, 154, 216, Aspirin, 37 152-154,180,182 245, 249, 272, 276, 281 Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C jI-Catenin, 115, 137 Diabetes, 229 Ataxia telarigiectasia, 37, 180 CD44, 118 Dietary factors, 58 Celecoxib, 21, 22, 37 breast cancer, 149 Barrett's oesophagus, 8, 14, 20 Cervix uteri, cancer of, 3, 32, 38 colorectal cancer, 101, 105-108, 115 291 Biomarkers in Cancer Chemoprevenhion liver cancer, 216, 241 Fanconi's anaemia, 37 GSTT1, 96,181, 275, 276, 282 prostate cancer, 191 Fat, 101,115, 116, 119,149, 191 and breast cancer, 181-183 2-Difluoromethylornithine, 18, 22, 37, Fenrehinide, 156, 184, 259 and liver cancer, 233 51-53 x-Fetoprotein, 32 and lung cancer, 275-276 DNA Fibre, 101, 105, 115, 116 and skin cancer, 96, 97 adducts, 5, 6,8,29,31, 57-58,104, Field cancerization, 257 Glycogen, 226-230 271 Finasteride, 202, 211 Glycophorin A assay, 33 at latoxin, 32, 216, 218, 242 Fish oil, 119 Gorlin's syndrome, 139 bulky, 55, 273, 277, 278 Flavonoids, 158 Growth hormone-releasing hormone, ehheno, 5, 104, 108 Fluorescent bronchoscopy, 265 155 exocyclic, 272 Foci of altered hepatocytes, 223-229, postlabelling analysis, 31, 58, 233-235 HaemochromatOsis, 241 104,247 Folate, 115, 141 Haemoglobin adducts, 31, 249 in skin, 4 Food, see Dietary factors Head and neck cancer, 16, 18, 261 tobacco carcinogens, 245, 247, Fruit, 58, 61, 107, 115, 116 (see also Oral cancer) 273 Hepatitis viruses, 3 methylation, 34, 248, 264 Gene and liver cancer, 5, 33, 215, 220, repair, 8, 36, 58, 61, 70, 74, 94, 103, amplification, 16 223,241 133,138, 181 APC, 15, 20, 22, 33, 37,115, vaccination, 218 synthesis, unscheduled, 8 134-140 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ses Ductal carcinoma in situ, 7, 14, 35, AR, 209 Liver, cancer of 171-174 ATM, 180 Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal Dysplasia, 8, 113, 258, 265 BRCA, 15, 37, 62, 178-184 cancer, 9, 16, 37, 119, 131-133, CDKN2A, 95 138-139,178 Endocrine factors, see Hormones CQMT, 154, 180, 182 Heterocyclic amines, 5, 30, 32, 36, 65, Enzyme DNA repair, 35, 37, 94, 133, 138 104,141,277 antioxidant, 97 HPRT, 33 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleopro- carcinogen-metabolizing, 9, 35, 58, MOMI, 131,140 tein (hnRNP), 7, 262 241,271-282 MSH2, 140, 178 Homocysteine, 62 DNA repair, 35, 37, 58, 74 MTHFR, 141 Hormones induction, 272, 280, 281, 282 NAT2, 5, 3E, 142, 181, 182, 243, 276 and breast cancer, 5, 149-159, 163, steroid-metabolizing, 151-154 penatrance, 8, 10, 35, 62 166, 180 see also Cytochrome P450, PTCH, 95 exogenous, 149 Glutathione S-transferase PTEN, 139, 178 insulin, 151, 154-158, 229 Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 16, 18 ras, 15, 33, 95, 115, 117, 135,263, and liver cancer, 229, 232 Estradiol, 150,151, 158 265 and prostate cancer, 5, 201-203 Estrogens, 150-156, 166 SI-1H, 95 replacement therapy, 156,159, 166 Estrogen receptor, 16, 18 SMO, 95 steroids, 150-154, 157, 180 Ethanol, see Alcohol SPIDA5A2, 209, 211 thyroid, 232, 234 Ehheno adducts, 5, 104, 108 see also Cytochrome P450, Human immunodeficiency virus, 38, 39 Ethical issues, 10, 143 Glutathione S-transferase and p53 Human papillomavirus, 3, 38 Exercise, 115, 149, 157 Genetic polymorphism, see 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 32 Exposure biomarkers, 3, 29-32 Polymorphism 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 5, 61 breast, 149-159 Genomic instability, 32, 34, 263 colorectum, 5, 101-104 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Iceland, 179 liver, 3, 215-220 233 Immunosuppression, 85 lung, 245-251 Glucuronides, 30, 153 Inflammatory bowel disease, 134 prostate, 191 y-Glutamyltranspeptidase, 228, 233 Insulin, 151, 155, 156, 158, 229 skin, 4, 69-78 Glutathione S-transferase (GST), 38, Insulin-like growth factors, 16,150, validation, 5 218, 272, 281 154-159,208,231 GSTMI, 5, 36, 63, 96, 97, 181-183, Intermediate effect biomarkers, 6-8, Faecal occult blood test, 101, 104 242, 273, 275, 280, 282 13-22,32-35,49 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 9, 18, GSTM3, 275, 276 breast, 163-167, 171-174 20, 37, 103, 104, 116, 119, 131, GSTP1, 96, 181-183, 228, 275, 276, colorectum, 7, 103, 113-120 136-138,142 282 liver, 223-235 292 Subject Index lung, 257-266 223,241 APC gene, 9,22,37, 115, 117, prostate, 191-197, 200-203 intermediate effect biomarkers, 135-140 skin, 81-89 223-235 breast cancer genes, 37, 178 Intervention studies, 16, 27 susceptibility biomarkers, 241-243 -catenin, 115 breast, 34, 155-158, 184 Lobular carcinoma in situ, 35, 171 mismatch repair genes, 37, 138 colorectum, 52, 105-108, 116 Loss of heterozygosity, 16, 258, 263 MSH2, 178 liver, 7, 218, 220 Lung, cancer of, 34, 37 p53 gene, 10,37 lung, 259-262, 266, 279 atypical cells in sputum, 7, 259, 281 in colorectal cancer, 115, 116, 117 oltipraz, 31, 38 and GST polymorphism, 63 in liver cancer, 7, 33, 218, 220, population selection, 3, 8, 9, 18, 27, exposure biomarkers, 245-251 242 35,283 intermediate effect biomarkers, in lung tumeurs, 263, 274 phase 1,19 257-266 in skin tumeurs, 7, 82 oral leukoplakia, 53 non-small-cell, 34 PTEN gene, 139, 178 phase 11, 2, 18 and oxidative stress, 272 ras gene, 115,117, 135, 263 breast, 7, 19 p53 mutations, 263 screening, 179, 182 colon, 52 retinoic acid receptor t, 7, 258 STK11, 178 liver, 220 second primary, 261, 262 lyrosinase gene, 94 oral leukoplakia, 53 and smoking, 245, 257 prostate, 19 susceptibility biomarkers, 271-283 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase phase 111, 2, 18 Luteìnizing hormone, 157 (NQ01), 97, 278 breast, 157 Lycopene, 191, 208 Naevus, 4, 7, 84, 87, 89, 95, 139 colon, 53 Lymphoma, 37 NAT'2 gene, 36,142, 181, 182, 243, prostate, 19, 210-211 Lynch syndrome, see Hereditary non- 276 Intraepithelial neoplasia, 8, 13, 15, 35 polyposis colorectal cancer Nicotine, 31, 245, 251, 274, 277 cervical, 35 Nitrosamines, 32, 245, 247-250, 277 ductal carcinoma in situ, 7, 14, 35 Mammography, 7, 163, 173, 174,184 W-Nitrosonornicotine, 272, 274, 278 prostate, 7, 14, 35, 191-197, Measurement error, 57, 61, 113, 117 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 9, 200-203 Meat, 58, 101, 104, 115, 119, 141 18, 21, 22, 119 8-Isoprostane F-2e, 61 Melanin, 94 Nutrition, see Dietary factors Isothiocyanates, 5, 31, 38, 248, 250, Melanoma, 7, 70, 81, 86-87, 93 (see 281 also Skin, cancer) Obesity, 115, 149, 151, 155, 157, 191 Isotretinoin, 259 Menopause, 1 66 Oesophagus, Barrett's, 8, 14, 20 Mercapturic acids, 130 Oltipraz, 31, 38, 41,218,232 Juvenile polyposis, 139 Metabolism, 9 Oncogene, 14, 18 (see
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