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TX/Medieval History History 7: Medieval Europe May 18 – May 22 Time Allotment: 30 minutes per day Student Name: __________________________ Teacher Name: __________________________ Medieval History May 18 – May 22 Packet Overview Date Objective(s) Page Number Monday, May 18 1. Explain whether the motivations of Theodora, 2 Justinian, and Vigilius were primarily secular, religious, or some combination of the two. Tuesday, May 19 1. Explain whether the motivations of Pope Gregory 6 the Great were primarily secular, religious, or some combination of the two. Wednesday, May 20 1. Explain whether the motivations of Charlemagne 9 were primarily secular, religious, or some combination of the two. Thursday, May 21 1. Explain whether the motivations of Gregory VII 13 and Henry IV were primarily religious, secular, or some combination of the two. Friday. May 22 Minor Assessment 17 1. Write a 2-paragraph essay on one of the prompts below. Further Instructions: To deepen your understanding of the material, watch our fun and helpful videos on Google Classroom, especially the one for this week! Also, for the maps and images, you probably will want to look online to see the color version. Academic Honesty I certify that I completed this assignment I certify that my student completed this independently in accordance with the assignment independently in accordance GHNO Academy Honor Code. with the GHNO Academy Honor Code. Student signature: Parent signature: ___________________________ ___________________________ 1 Medieval History May 18 – May 22 Monday, May 18 History Unit: Semester Review Lesson 1: Justinian, Theodora, and Pope Vigilius Socratic Guiding Question: Keep this question in mind as you study! What are the dangers of secular leaders having tremendous influence in the Church? What causes Church leaders to change their minds? Objective: Be able to do this by the end of this lesson. 1. Explain whether the motivations of Theodora, Justinian, and Vigilius were primarily secular,1 religious, or some combination of the two. Unit Overview One way of summing up the story of Medieval history is to narrate the rise in the cultural influence of the Christian Church. At the beginning of the year, we witnessed the legalization of Christianity in Constantine’s Edict of Milan. This ended the persecution of Christianity and set the stage for it to become the official religion of the Roman Empire. Already Christian missionaries had been sent North and East of the Roman Empire’s borders, and the spread of Christianity continued. Soon, major barbarian tribes, like the Franks, the Irish, and the English in Britain, became Christian, often through the efforts of the popes like Gregory the Great, but also through the influence of tribal leaders’ wives (like Clovis’ wife). Though Palestine and Africa were lost to Christendom with the Muslim conquest, it wasn’t long before the most powerful barbarian tribe became united with the pope, when the Frankish King Charlemagne was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor (800AD). Though the Viking invasions shocked Europe and briefly threatened its unity, gradually, across all Europe the Pope and the bishops of the Christian Church became the most influential people in the public sphere, in both temporal2 and spiritual matters. Henry IV’s humbling penance at Canossa and the Pope Urban’s ability to initiate the Crusades demonstrated just how powerful the Christian Church, and especially the pope, had become. While so much temporal power in the hands of bishops allowed for many good things, like helping the poor and giving money to build beautiful churches, it also heightened the danger of its abuse, leading to reform efforts both from the top down, like Pope Gregory VII, and from the bottom up, like St. Francis. The Medieval world began to come to a close as the disastrous effects of the Black Death, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Popes’ temporary abandonment of Rome undermined the authority of Church leaders, especially the pope. Though medieval culture still flowered from the 1300s through the mid-1500s, the loss of Christian unity in the Protestant Reformation brought an end to the Medieval age. Some of the themes that this story lends itself to are 1) the benefits and dangers of Church leaders having secular power and 2) the benefits and dangers of secular leaders having 1 Worldly, though not necessarily in a negative sense. Desire for political gain, money, and power fall under the category of “secular” motivations. 2 Secular, worldly 2 Medieval History May 18 – May 22 tremendous influence in the Church. To explore these themes, you will choose one essay prompt below and write an essay on Friday. To help prepare for your essay, you should read the prompts now and keep them in mind as you annotate the readings for this week. 1. What are the benefits and dangers of Church leaders (bishops) having secular power – OR – a secular leader (emperor/empress/king/duke/count) having tremendous influence in the Church? Provide specific examples to support your claims (e.g. “King ____ did/said ____, showing that ___.” NOT simply “King ___ was good.”). If you would like to draw from examples in earlier lessons, either from your notes or from packets, you may, but the examples must be specific. 2. Compare and contrast either 2 secular leaders (e.g. Justinian, Theodora, Charlemagne, Henry IV) – OR – 2 popes (e.g. Vigilius, Gregory the Great, Gregory VII). What were their motivations? Were their motivations primarily secular,3 religious, or some mixture of the two? How did they achieve them? Provide specific examples to support your claims (e.g. “King ____ did/said ____, showing that he wanted ___.” NOT simply “King ___ was good.”). If you would like to draw examples from earlier lessons, either from your notes or from packets, you may, but the examples must be specific. Introduction The Edict of Milan legalized Christianity, ending the era of persecution of Christians. Not only did bishops cease to be persecuted, but also their positions became positions of secular power. Two effects of this were that sometimes corrupt people sought to gain secular power by becoming bishops and that the Byzantine Emperors had tremendous influence in the Church in the East. These themes are especially clear in the story of Justinian and Theodora attempting to control the affairs of the Church. Theodora was a Monophysite4 heretic, and Justinian hoped to bring unity to the Byzantine empire by allowing Monophysite heretics back into the Church. As such, he fully supported the most powerful Christian bishop in his Empire—the patriarch of Constantinople—even though he was a Monophysite. Theodora, Justinian, and Pope Vigilius: Read and answer the questions at the end. During Belisarius’ invasion of Italy, Pope Agapetus I (535-6) journeyed to Constantinople to try to negotiate peace between Goths and Byzantine Romans (cf. pope Leo). While there, he discovered that the Patriarch of Constantinople, Anthemius (as well as other bishops— Theodosius and Severus), was a Monophysite heretic and deposed5 him before Justinian and Theodora. Appalled, Justinian demanded that Agapetus take back his deposition and threatened the Pope with banishment. To this, Agapetus replied: A) “With eager longing have I come to gaze upon the most Christian emperor, Justinian. In his place I find a Diocletian,6 whose threats, however, terrify me not.” 3 Worldly, though not necessarily in a negative sense. Desire for political gain, money, and power fall under the category of “secular” motivations. 4 Monophysites believed that Jesus had only one nature—a divine one—and thus was not fully human. 5 Made to step down. 6 Roman Emperor from AD 284-305 who persecuted Christians more than almost any other Emperor. 3 Medieval History May 18 – May 22 At this bold public display of papal authority, Justinian backed down and the deposition of Anthemius stood. But Agapetus perished in Constantinople shortly afterwards, and with the Pope’s position vacant, the Augusta (the wife of the emperor) Theodora sensed a golden opportunity: B) “Augusta [Theodora] summoned Vigilius, deacon of Agapetus, and asked him secretly to promise her that if he were made pope, he would annul the council of Chalcedon, where the dual nature of Christ had been maintained, and would write to Theodosius, Anthemius and Severus and in his letters approve their faith, and she offered to give him an order to Belisarius to make him pope and to bestow on him 700 pounds of gold. So Vigilius gladly gave his promise, desiring the bishopric and the gold, and after making his pledge, went to Rome.” [Liberatus, Breviarium, 22] Meanwhile, another pope had been elected, whose name was Silverius. But Theodora hatched a plan to get Vigilius elected. Having hurried back to Rome, Vigilius bided his time until the military situation stabilized. Once it became clear that Belisarius held the city firmly and that the besieging Gothic army was not able to dislodge him, a conspiracy was hatched. Secret letters were revealed, claiming to be from Silverius to King Vitiges, offering to let the Goths into the city during the night. Pope Silverius protested his innocence, but he was accused of conspiring with the Goths by Belisarius’s own wife, Antonina—herself an agent of Theodora. As a result, he was stripped of his vestments (priest’s clothes), put in a monk’s robe, and led into hiding. Immediately thereafter, Vigilius was elected Pope. His first act was to send the deposed Silverius into exile at Patara, a city in the east. Given the chaotic situation in Rome and the power of Belisarius, few among the clergy or the laity protested his actions or his irregular election. Later, when some friends of Silverius were able to plead his case before Justinian, the emperor took pity and ordered a trial for the deposed Pope in Rome.
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