Identifying an Unknown Compound by Solubility, Functional Group Tests and Spectral Analysis
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Poisoning – Investigative and Management Protocols
UNIT-1 Management of Common Clinical Poisoning Dr. Pallav Shekhar Asstt. Professor Veterinary Medicine Suspection Common Symptoms exhibited by large no. of animals at a time. ➢ Sudden death ➢ Salivation ➢ Vomition ➢ Neurological signs ➢ Presence of mouldy feeds ➢ Presence of house hold waste and medicaments ➢ Sewage water contamination ➢ Presence of dead rat or rat wait ➢ Spray of insecticides, weedicides. ➢ Use of paint Principal of treatment Prevention of further exposure Alkalis are more dangerous than acids. Acids form insoluble acid proteinates and hence its effect is partially self limiting Alkalis form alkali proteinates along with soaps which will penetrate rapidly into tissues. Inhaled poisons can be eliminated by providing assisted ventilation. Topical applied toxicant can be removed by washing with plenty of water and soap. Skin contact can be eliminated by washing with plenty of water and soap if the poison is water soluble and with organic solvents like Benzene, alcohol if they are fat soluble Conti…. Clipping of hair or wool may be necessary Emesis is of value in dogs, cats and pigs if done within few hours of ingestion. Emesis is contraindicated when ▪ The swallowing reflex is absent ▪ Animal is convulsive ▪ Corrosive agent or volatile hydrocarbons or petroleum product ingested Conti…. Emetics: a) Oral: I. Syrup of ipecac; 10-20ml in dogs II. Hydrogen peroxide: 2ml/kg b) Parenteral: Apomorphine can be used in dogs at dosage of 0.05-0.1mg/kg Conti… Gastric lavage: This is done in mono-gastric animals and 10ml lavage fluid/kg body weight should be given. Potassium permanganate solution This is done with Endotracheal tube and stomach tube Conti… Insertion of stomach tube in cattle for gastric lavage Conti. -
Automated Kappa Number Determination of Pulp
Application Note YSI, a Xylem Brand • XA00077 Automated Kappa Number Determination of Pulp PULP & PAPER SERIES Introduction The Kappa number describes the Lignin content of pulp which gives information about the bleaching process of the pulp. The longer the pulp was cooked and bleached the lower the Kappa number is. For the determination of the Kappa number a sample weight adjusted to the expected result is chopped and inserted into a beaker, then 400 ml of water is added. The sample/water mixture is stirred for 10 minutes. Afterwards 50 ml of potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 0.02 mol/L) and 50 ml sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 2 mol/L) are added simultaneously. The mixture is stirred for another 10 minutes. The reaction is stopped by adding 10 ml potassium iodide (KI, 1mol/l). The excess of KMnO4 reacts with Iodide to Iodine, which is titrated with sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3, 0.2 mol/L). Chemical Equations: The weight is adjusted to a consumption of about 50% of the MnO4- . - + ➔ - Lignin + MnO4 + 4 H oxidised Lignin + MnO4 (excess) + MnO2 + 2 H2O The reaction is stopped by adding KI. - - + ➔ 2+ 2 MnO4 + 10 I + 16 H 2 Mn + 5 I2 + 8 H2O The formed Iodine is titrated with Na2S2O3. 2- ➔ - 2 S2O3 + I2 S4O6 + 2 I Calculation of the Kappa number: 1. Calculation of the consumed volume Va of KMnO4: 2. Calculation of a correction factor d, which corrects the consumption of permanganate depending on Va to a V1 – V2)c Va = consumption of 50%. 0.1 with d= 100.00093 (2Va – 50) In(10) • 0.00093 (2Va– 50)) V1 = Consumption of Na2S2O3 during blank titration = e V2 = Consumption of Na2S2O3 during sample titration c = Concentration of Na2S2O3 3. -
Page 1 of 7 Analyst
Analyst Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/analyst Page 1 of 7 Analyst 1 2 Analyst RSC Publishing 3 4 5 ARTICLE 6 7 8 9 Enhancing permanganate chemiluminescence 10 detection for the determination of glutathione and 11 Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x 12 glutathione disulfide in biological matrices 13 14 a a a b 15 Zoe M. Smith, Jessica M. Terry, Neil W. Barnett, Laura J. Gray, Dean J. Received 00th January 2012, Wright c and Paul S. Francis a* 16 Accepted 00th January 2012 17 18 DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence enables direct post-column detection of 19 glutathione, but its application to assess the redox state of a wider range of biological fluids www.rsc.org/ 20 and tissues is limited by its sensitivity. -
Basic Principles and Analytical Application of Derivative Spectrophotometry
13 Basic Principles and Analytical Application of Derivative Spectrophotometry Joanna Karpinska Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok Poland 1. Introduction Analytical methods based on measurements of UV or visible light absorption belong to the most popular and most often used in laboratory practice. Commercially available apparatuses are cheap and easy for operation. Spectrophotometric procedures usually are not time- and labour-consuming. The economical aspects of UV-Vis techniques is worth of emphasize too. It is one of the cheapest technique, so spectrophotometers are basic equipment of every laboratory. The main disadvantage and limitation of the spectrophotometry is its low selectivity. The measurement of absorbance is burden by interferences derived from others components of sample. A recorded UV-Vis spectrum is the sum of absorbances of analyte and matrix. Usually, recorded bands are well-defined but more or less distorted by a background. As the background is called absorbance exhibited by matrix (reagents or accompanied compounds). The problem with specific or nonspecific background can be omitted by measurements versus blank. Such procedure can be successfully applied only in the case of simple samples, which composition is stable and well known or when highly selective reagents are used. An isolation of an analyte from matrix is another solution for increasing the selectivity of assay. But every additional operation introduced into sample preparation procedure extents time and costs of single analysis and increases risk of loss or contamination of the analyte. One of the simplest method for an increasing a selectivity is derivatisation of spectra. This operation allows to remove spectral interferences and as a consequence leads to increase selectivity of assay. -
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids • Select the Longest Carbon Chain Containing the Carboxyl Group
Chapter 5 Carboxylic Acids and Esters Carboxylic Acids • Carboxylic acids are weak organic acids which Chapter 5 contain the carboxyl group (RCO2H): Carboxylic Acids and Esters O C O H O RCOOH RCO2H Chapter Objectives: O condensed ways of • Learn to recognize the carboxylic acid, ester, and related functional groups. RCOH writing the carboxyl • Learn the IUPAC system for naming carboxylic acids and esters. group a carboxylic acid C H • Learn the important physical properties of the carboxylic acids and esters. • Learn the major chemical reaction of carboxylic acids and esters, and learn how to O predict the products of ester synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. the carboxyl group • Learn some of the important properties of condensation polymers, especially the polyesters. Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux • The tart flavor of sour-tasting foods is often caused Angelo State University CHEM 2353 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry by the presence of carboxylic acids. Organic and Biochemistry for Today (Seager & Slabaugh) www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea 2 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids • Select the longest carbon chain containing the carboxyl group. The -e ending of the parent alkane name is replaced by the suffix -oic acid. • The carboxyl carbon is always numbered “1” but the number is not included in the name. • Name the substituents attached to the chain in the Nomenclature of usual way. • Aromatic carboxylic acids (i.e., with a CO2H Carboxylic Acids directly connected to a benzene ring) are named after the parent compound, benzoic acid. O C OH 3 -
Functional Group Transformations in Derivatives Of
Article pubs.acs.org/joc Functional Group Transformations in Derivatives of 1,4- Dihydrobenzo[1,2,4]triazinyl Radical † § † ∥ † ‡ † ⊥ Agnieszka Bodzioch, , Minyan Zheng, , Piotr Kaszynski,́ *, , and Greta Utecht , † Organic Materials Research Group Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States ‡ Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łodź,́ Tamka 12, 91403 Łodź,́ Poland *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Transformations of functional groups OCOPh, ’ − OCH2Ph, I, NO2, and CO2Me in Blatter s radical derivatives 1 5 were investigated in order to develop synthetic tools for incorporation of the benzo[1,2,4]triazinyl system into complex molecular architectures. Thus, basic hydrolysis of OCOPh or Pd-catalyzed debenzylation of OCH2Ph gave phenol functionality, which was acylated and alkylated. Pd-catalyzed Suzuki, Negishi, Sonogashira, and Heck C−C cross-coupling reactions of iodo derivatives 1c, 1d, and 2d ffi were also successful and e cient. Reduction of NO2 in 1e led to aniline derivative 1t, which was reductively alkylated with hexanal and coupled to L-proline. Selected benzo[1,2,4]triazinyl radicals were characterized by EPR and electronic absorption spectroscopy, and the results were analyzed in tandem with DFT computational methods. Lastly, the mechanism for formation of the 1,4- dihydrobenzo[1,2,4]triazine ring was investigated using the B3LYP/6-31G(2d,p) method. ■ INTRODUCTION little attention, and only a handful of derivatives have been Stable π-delocalized radicals are becoming important structural reported in the literature. This situation changed several years elements of materials for solar cells,1 energy storage,2 ago when Koutentis began systematic development of synthetic − electronic,3,4 and biological5 8 applications.9,10 Their incorpo- access to this class of radicals. -
Assessment at the Single-Cell Level Identifies Neuronal Glutathione Depletion As Both a Cause and Effect of Ischemia-Reperfusion Oxidative Stress
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 6, 2015 • 35(18):7143–7152 • 7143 Neurobiology of Disease Assessment at the Single-Cell Level Identifies Neuronal Glutathione Depletion As Both a Cause and Effect of Ischemia-Reperfusion Oxidative Stress Seok Joon Won,1,2 Ji-Eun Kim,1,2 XGiordano Fabricio Cittolin-Santos,1,2 and XRaymond A. Swanson1 Departments of 1Neurology, University of California San Francisco, and 2Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (SFVAMC), San Francisco, California 94121 Oxidative stress contributes to neuronal death in brain ischemia-reperfusion. Tissue levels of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are depleted during ischemia-reperfusion, but it is unknown whether this depletion is a cause or an effect of oxidative stress, and whether it occurs in neurons or other cell types. We used immunohistochemical methods to evaluate glutathione, superoxide, and oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. GSH levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons were normally high relative to surrounding neuropil, and exhibited a time-dependent decrease during the first few hours of reperfusion. Colabeling for superoxide in the neurons showed a concurrent increase in detectable superoxide over this interval. To identify cause–effect relation- ships between these changes, we independently manipulated superoxide production and GSH metabolism during reperfusion. Mice in which NADPH oxidase activity was blocked to prevent superoxide production showed preservation of neuronal GSH content, thus demonstrating that neuronal GSH depletion is result of oxidative stress. Conversely, mice in which neuronal GSH levels were maintained by N-acetyl cysteine treatment during reperfusion showed less neuronal superoxide signal, oxidative stress, and neuronal death. -
SDC 1. Supplementary Notes to Methods Settings Groote Schuur
Mouton JP, Njuguna C, Kramer N, Stewart A, Mehta U, Blockman M, et al. Adverse drug reactions causing admission to medical wards: a cross-sectional survey at four hospitals in South Africa. Supplemental Digital Content SDC 1. Supplementary notes to Methods Settings Groote Schuur Hospital is a 975-bed urban academic hospital situated in Cape Town, in the Western Cape province, which provides secondary and tertiary level care, serves as a referral centre for approximately half of the province’s population (2011 population: 5.8 million)1 and is associated with the University of Cape Town. At this hospital we surveyed the general medical wards during May and June 2013. We did not survey the sub-speciality wards (dermatology, neurology, cardiology, respiratory medicine and nephrology), the oncology wards, or the high care / intensive care units. Restricting the survey to general medical wards was done partly due to resource limitations but also to allow the patients at this site to be reasonably comparable to those at other sites, which did not have sub-specialist wards. In 2009, the crude inpatient mortality in the medical wards of Groote Schuur Hospital was shown to be 573/3465 patients (17%)2 and the 12-month post-discharge mortality to be 145/415 (35%).3 Edendale Hospital is a 900-bed peri-urban regional teaching hospital situated near Pietermaritzburg, in the KwaZulu-Natal province (2011 population: 10.3 million).1 It provides care to the peri-urban community and serves as a referral centre for several district hospitals in the surrounding rural area. It is located at the epicentre of the HIV, tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis epidemics in South Africa: a post-mortem study in 2008-2009 found that 94% of decedents in the medical wards of Edendale Hospital were HIV-seropositive, 50% had culture-positive tuberculosis at the time of death and 17% of these cultures were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin.4 At Edendale Hospital, we surveyed the medical wards over 30 days during July and August of 2013. -
A Binuclear Ruthenium(I) Carbonyl Complex Containing a Bridging Benzene-1,2-Dithiolate Ligand
FULL PAPER Derivative Chemistry of [Ru2(µ-bdt)(CO)6], a Binuclear Ruthenium(I) Carbonyl Complex Containing a Bridging Benzene-1,2-dithiolate Ligand Javier A. Cabeza,*[a] M. Angeles Martı´nez-Garcı´a,[a] Vı´ctor Riera,[a] Diego Ardura,[b] Santiago Garcı´a-Granda,[b] and Juan F. Van der Maelen[b] Keywords: Ruthenium / Thiolate ligands / Dithiolate ligands / Substitution reactions / Electrophilic additions The known dithiolate-bridged ruthenium(I) complex [Ru2(µ- bdt)(CO)4}(µ-dppm)]n, which consists of binuclear {Ru2(µ- bdt)(CO)6](1) (bdt = benzene-1,2-dithiolate) has been bdt)(CO)4} units linked to each other by bridging dppm prepared in fair yield (55%) by the sequential treatment of ligands. The use of two equivalents of dppm leads to [Ru2(µ- 1 RuCl3·nH2O with carbon monoxide, benzene-1,2-dithiol and bdt)(CO)4(η -dppm)2] in quantitative yield. The X-ray zinc in a one-pot reaction. Complex 1 reacts readily with diffraction structure of [Ru2(µ-bdt)(CO)4(PiPr3)2](3c) confirms monodentate phosphanes to give, stepwise, the penta- and that the phosphane ligands are located in axial positions, cis tetracarbonyl derivatives [Ru2(µ-bdt)(CO)6–n(PR3)n](n= 1, 2; to both sulfur atoms, and that the Ru–Ru distance is short R = Ph, Cy, iPr). However, the reaction of 1 with one [2.6753(7) A˚ ]. A comparative study of the reactivity of + + equivalent of bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane (dppm) complexes 1 and 3c with the electrophiles H , [Au(PPh3)] , affords a mixture of complex 1 and the disubstituted and HgCl2 has allowed the isolation of the derivatives [Ru2(µ- 1 derivative [Ru2(µ-bdt)(CO)4(η -dppm)2], in which the dppm H)(µ-bdt)(CO)6–n(PiPr3)n][BF4](n= 0, 2), [Ru2Au(µ-bdt)(CO)6–n- ligands are monodentate. -
2021 ACMT Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts—Virtual
Journal of Medical Toxicology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-021-00832-9 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS 2021 ACMT Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts—Virtual Abstract: These are the abstracts of the 2021 American College of 001. Gender-Based Production of N-Acetyl-P-Benzoquinone Imine Medical Toxicology (ACMT) Annual Scientific Meeting. Included here Protein Adduct Formation With Therapeutic Acetaminophen are 178 abstracts that will be presented in April 2021, including research Administration studies from around the globe and the ToxIC collaboration, clinically significant case reports describing toxicologic phenomena, and encore Brandon J Sonn1, Kennon J Heard1,2, Susan M Heard2,Angelo research presentations from other scientific meetings. D'Alessandro1, Kate M Reynolds2, Richard C Dart2, Barry H Rumack1,2,AndrewAMonte1,2 Keywords: Abstracts - Annual Scientific Meeting - Toxicology 1University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 2Rocky Investigators Consortium - Medical Toxicology Foundation Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, USA Correspondence: American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) Background: Acetaminophen (APAP)-associated transaminase elevation, 10645 N. Tatum Blvd Phoenix, AZ; [email protected] induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) protein adduction, re- mains a global concern. Distinct from known genetic, physiologic, and dos- Introduction: The American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) age associations dictating severity of hepatic injury, no known factors predict received 188 eligible research abstracts for consideration for presentation an absence of NAPQI protein adduct formation at therapeutic APAP dosing. at the 2021 Annual Scientific Meeting (ASM), including 85 research Hypothesis: Gender-based physiologies are predictive of APAP-induced studies and 103 case reports. Each abstract was reviewed in a blinded protein adduct formation at therapeutic doses. -
Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Water with Chemical Oxidation
Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Water with Chemical Oxidation Major Qualifying Project completed in partial fulfillment Of the Bachelor of Science Degree at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA Submitted by: Lauren Hannmann Kyle Powers Olivia Shepherd Hailey Taylor Professors John Bergendahl and Robert Thompson, Faculty advisors April 5, 2012 This report represents the work of four WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its web site without editorial or peer review Abstract Contamination of water sources with compounds of emerging concern, particularly pharmaceuticals such as ciprofloxacin, is becoming an increasingly large problem. Current water and wastewater treatment facilities are not specifically designed to remove pharmaceuticals. The objective of this project was to study the removal and degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from water through reactions with five oxidative treatments. Reactants included hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, potassium ferrate, persulfate and hydrogen peroxide activated with ferrous oxide (Fenton’s reaction). The concentration of CIP remaining after treatment was quantified using a UV spectrophotometer. Results showed that all treatment methods evaluated were capable of removing concentrations of CIP from water. Potassium ferrate, Fenton’s reaction and hypochlorite all achieved removal extents above 90%. Persulfate and potassium permanganate did not achieve complete removal with the dosages utilized in -
Potassium Permanganate MSDS
He a lt h 2 0 Fire 0 1 0 Re a c t iv it y 0 Pe rs o n a l Pro t e c t io n J Material Safety Data Sheet Potassium permanganate MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Potassium permanganate Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLP4912, SLP3892, SLP1075 Sciencelab.com, Inc. 14025 Smith Rd. CAS#: 7722-64-7 Houston, Texas 77396 RTECS: SD6475000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Potassium permanganate Order Online: ScienceLab.com CI#: Not available. CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: Synonym: Potassium Permanganate, Biotech Grade 1-800-424-9300 Chemical Name: Potassium Permanganate International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887 Chemical Formula: KMnO4 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400 Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients Composition: Name CAS # % by Weight Potassium permanganate 7722-64-7 100 Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Potassium permanganate, Biotech: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 1090 mg/kg [Rat]. 2157 mg/kg [Mouse]. Section 3: Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). Possibly corrosive to eyes and skin. The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death.