Weed Risk Assessment for Tridax Procumbens L. (Asteraceae) – Coast Buttons
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United States Department of Weed Risk Assessment Agriculture for Tridax procumbens L. Animal and (Asteraceae) – Coat buttons Plant Health Inspection Service July 3, 2018 Version 1 Left: Tridax procumbens habit (source: USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org). Top right: Infestation on the island of Kahoolawe, HI; bottom right: small patch with hundreds of inflorescences (source: Forest and Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org). AGENCY CONTACT Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Weed Risk Assessment for Tridax procumbens (Coat buttons) 1. Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000). We use the PPQ weed risk assessment (WRA) process (PPQ, 2015) to evaluate the risk potential of plants, including those newly detected in the United States, those proposed for import, and those emerging as weeds elsewhere in the world. The PPQ WRA process includes three analytical components that together describe the risk profile of a plant species: risk potential, uncertainty, and geographic potential (PPQ, 2015). At the core of the process is the predictive risk model that evaluates the baseline invasive or weed potential of a plant species using information related to its ability to establish, spread, and cause harm in natural, anthropogenic, and production systems (Koop et al., 2012). Because the predictive model is geographically and climatically neutral, it can be used to evaluate the risk of any plant species for the entire United States or for any area within it. We use a stochastic simulation to evaluate how much the uncertainty associated with the risk analysis affects the outcomes from the predictive model. The simulation essentially evaluates what other risk scores might result if any answers in the predictive model were to change. Finally, we use Geographic Information System (GIS) overlays to evaluate those areas of the United States that may be suitable for the establishment of the species. For a detailed description of the PPQ WRA process, please refer to PPQ Weed Risk Assessment Guidelines (PPQ, 2015), which is available upon request. We emphasize that our WRA process is designed to estimate the baseline (i.e. unmitigated) risk associated with a plant species. We use evidence from anywhere in the world and any type of system (production, anthropogenic, or natural) for the assessment, which makes our process a very broad evaluation. This is appropriate for the types of actions considered by our agency (i.e., Federal regulation). Furthermore, risk assessment and risk management are distinctly different phases of pest risk analysis (IPPC, 2016). Although we may use evidence about existing or proposed control programs in the assessment, the ease or difficulty of control has no bearing on the risk potential for a species. That information could be considered during the risk management (decision-making) process, which is not addressed in this document. Ver. 1 July 3, 2018 1 Weed Risk Assessment for Tridax procumbens (Coat buttons) 2. Plant Information and Background SPECIES: Tridax procumbens L. (NGRP, 2018). FAMILY: Asteraceae SYNONYMS: We found no major synonyms, but see The Plant list (2018). COMMON NAMES: Coat buttons, tridax daisy (NGRP, 2018), railway weed (Graves, 2000), wild-daisy (Stone, 1970), Mexican daisy (Raju, 1999). BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Tridax procumbens is a semi-prostrate perennial herb forming many lateral branches that ascend 30 to 50 cm high (Holm et al., 1997) or trail along the ground and root at the nodes (Graves, 2000). Plant stems are covered with coarse, stiff hairs (Ivens, 1967; Reed, 1977). Leaves are simple and opposite, about 3-7 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, with irregularly toothed margins (Holm et al., 1997). Plants produce solitary involucrate flowering heads (i.e., daisy-like) about 1-2 cm across on a peduncle that is about 10-25 cm long (Holm et al., 1997; Ivens, 1967). Ray flowers are few and pale yellow, while disk flowers are yellow to brownish-yellow (Holm et al., 1997). Fruit is a black achene about 2 mm long by 1 mm wide, with a pappus that is 5-6 mm long (Holm et al., 1997). For a full botanical description see Long and Lakela (1976) and Reed (Reed, 1977). Tridax procumbens has a chromosome number of 2n = 36 (Galinato et al., 1999; Turner et al., 1961) and is probably of polyploid origin, as several closely related Tridax species have a diploid count of 2n = 18 (Turner et al., 1961). In tropical regions this species germinates and flowers throughout the year (Pemadasa, 1976), which makes control difficult. INITIATION: PPQ had previously developed a WRA for this species in 2000 using an older, narrative- based process (Graves, 2000). We reevaluated it with our current weed evaluation process in order to have a current assessment to support management and policy decisions. WRA AREA1: Entire United States, including territories. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION: Tridax procumbens is native from Mexico south through Central America (e.g., Belize, Costa Rica, Panama) and to most of South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela) (NGRP, 2018). It is also native to the Galapagos Islands and the Caribbean (e.g., Cuba, Martinique, St. Vincent and the Grenadines) (NGRP, 2018). It has become naturalized in Africa (e.g., South Africa, Kenya, Senegal, Ethiopia, Cape Verde, Zimbabwe), tropical Asia (e.g., India, Vietnam, the Philippines), eastern Asia (e.g., China, Taiwan, Japan), the Pacific (e.g., Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Palau), and Australia (Maroyi, 2012; NGRP, 2018; Space et al., 2009). In its native range, it is considered a weed [e.g., Mexico (Villaseñor Ríos and Espinosa García, 1998); Cuba (Acuña Galé, 1974); and Brazil (Moreira and Bragança, 2011)]. 1 “WRA area” is the area in relation to which the weed risk assessment is conducted [definition modified from that for “PRA area”] (IPPC, 2017). Ver. 1 July 3, 2018 2 Weed Risk Assessment for Tridax procumbens (Coat buttons) Tridax procumbens is considered invasive in China (Weber et al., 2008), Palau (Space et al., 2009), and Taiwan (Wu et al., 2004). Seed and shredded plant material that is marketed as T. procumbens is available from foreign vendors on eBay (eBay, 2018); however, some of those listings use images of plants that do not resemble T. procumbens (Koop pers. obs.). U.S. DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS: Tridax procumbens is native to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; NGRP, 2018). It has become naturalized through southern and central Florida (Wunderlin and Hansen, 2018), in eight Texas counties (Eason, 2018; Everitt et al., 2007; Graves, 2000; iNaturalist, 2018; Kartesz, 2018; NGRP, 2018; UT, 2018), and in Hawaii (Starr et al., 2008; Wagner et al., 1999). It is also naturalized in the Midway Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and Wake Island (NGRP, 2018; Stone, 1970). It is the most common dicotyledonous plant on Wake Island (cited in Holm et al., 1997) and is considered a weed in its native range in Puerto Rico (Más and Lugo-Torres, 2013). Tridax procumbens was listed as a U.S. Federal Noxious Weed (FNW) (7 CFR § 360, 2016) on May 4, 1983, based on the recommendations of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds (TCENW). The TCENW was composed of representatives from the Agricultural Research Service, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the Agricultural Marketing Service, and the Weed Science Society of America (Graves, 2000). In the past, PPQ and other agencies have attempted to control or eradicate localized populations of this species (Graves, 2000). We found no evidence that T. procumbens is cultivated (e.g., Bailey and Bailey, 1976; Dave's Garden, 2018; Page and Olds, 2001) or sold in the United States (e.g., eBay, 2018; Univ. of Minn., 2018). Figure 1 shows the current U.S. distribution of T. procumbens. Ver. 1 July 3, 2018 3 Weed Risk Assessment for Tridax procumbens (Coat buttons) Figure 1. Known naturalized distribution of Tridax procumbens in the United States and Canada. The records shown here were obtained primarily from other species-distribution databases (Eason, 2018; Everitt et al., 2007; Graves, 2000; iNaturalist, 2018; Kartesz, 2018; UT, 2018; Wunderlin and Hansen, 2018) and were not independently verified by PERAL. Scales differ for all map insets. See text for a description of this species’ distribution on some of the United States Pacific Island Territories. Ver. 1 July 3, 2018 4 Weed Risk Assessment for Tridax procumbens (Coat buttons) 3. Analysis ESTABLISHMENT/SPREAD POTENTIAL Based on its wide naturalized distribution throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, T. procumbens has already demonstrated a strong ability to establish and spread. Tridax procumbens is an annual or short-lived perennial (Everitt et al., 2007; Ivens, 1967) that reproduces by seed (Holm et al., 1997) but can also reproduce vegetatively, as it roots along the nodes of its decumbent stems (Moreira and Bragança, 2011). This species readily forms high-density populations in disturbed areas (Doll et al., 1977; Udoh et al., 2007), is self-compatible (Shivanna, 2014), and produces large quantities of seed, up to 2500 seeds per plant (Pancho, 1964). Tridax procumbens is wind-dispersed (Tadulingam and Venkatanarayana, 1955) and is readily spread by people as a hitchhiker on cars (Lonsdale and Lane, 1994), ships and containers (Graves, 2000), and commodities (AQAS, 2018; Smither-Kopperl, 2007).