Cuatro Ensayos Sobre Jazz

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Cuatro Ensayos Sobre Jazz KOBIE (Serie Bellas Artes) Bilbao Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia - Foral de Vizcaya N. º 3, 1985-6. CUATRO ENSAYOS SOBRE JAZZ Por Estanislao M. ª de Aguirre RESUMEN Se trata de cuatro breves ensayos sobre cuatro diferentes instrumentistas de free-jazz, tres saxofonistas negros (Archie Shepp, Sam Rivers, Pharoah Sanders) y un pianista blanco (Joachim Kühn). El análisis de su forma de tocar se hace parale­ lo al fondo ideológico sobre el que su praxis artística se construye. A la vez se construye ese análisis sobre o con textos lite­ rarios, ya sean de Julio Cortázar ya de Hermann Hesse ya de Albert Camus. Se da asimismo una discografía de los cuatro músicos (en cuanto leaders) con perfecto registro hasta 1980. SUMMARY The work consists of four brief essays about four different free-jazz instrumentalists, three black saxophone players (Ar­ chie Shepp, Sam Rivers, Pharoah Sanders) anda white pianist (Joachim Kühn). The analysis of the way they play is parallel to the ideological background upan which their artistic practice is built up. At the sama time, this analysis is constructed upan or with literary texts either by Julio Cortázar, or by Hermann Hesse, or by Albert Camus. A phonography of the four musicians (as leaders) can be found as well, with perfect register up to 1980. LABURPENA Free-jazz jotzen duten soinulari desberdin, hiru saxofonista beltz (Archie Shepp, Sam Rivers, Pharoah Sanders) eta pia­ nolari (Joachim Kühn) zuri bati buruzko lau said labur dira hemen agertzen zaizkigunak. Bere jotzeko moduaren azterketa eta bere mami ideologikoa non bere praxi artistikoa eratzen den, bat datoz Honekin ba­ tera, analisi han literaturazko textoekin edo literaturazko textoetan eratzen da, hauek Julio Cortazarrenak zein Hernan Hes­ senak zein zein Albert Camusenak direlarik. 218 ESTANISLAO M. DE AGUIRRE Estructuro aquí una crítica de jazz, la recensión de unos modos musicales amados, y gozados, en tres partes y una coda literaria: 1. Un saxo al servicio de la Revolución Permanente: AR­ CHIE SHEPP. 2. El esceptismo individualista como Revolución: SAM Rl­ VERS. 3. La encarnación de Siddharta: PHAROAH SANDERS. A estas tres notas de color, una melodía blanca: 4. L'exil et le Royaume: JOACHIM KIJHN. UN SAXO AL SERVICIO DE LA REVOLUCION PER­ MANENTE: ARCHIE SHEPP Por el momento el transcurrir vital, en su sentido más elemental, de ARCHIE SHEPP (Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1937), poco tiene que ver con la vida real o la no tan ficticia de Johny Carter (prot-)agonista de ese cuento de Julio Cortázar, titulado El Perseguidor, prototipo del mú­ sico de jazz entregado de lleno a expresarse a través de ese no menos representativo instrumento de nuestro difícil siglo. Frente a la desmesura existencial -en lo musical y en todos los órdenes- de Charlie "Bird" Parker, frente a la hybris dionisíaca del individuo que, transportado por la divinidad (según Platón, Ión 534a) ha perdido la noción de tiempo y lugar, SHEPP ha estado, sigue estando, al servi­ cio de la moderación vital, encauzando sus energías crea­ doras, en una lucha que va más allá de una única expre­ sión interior: un saxo puesto al servicio de la medida del hombre negro, del que parece que las tribus no recuerdan que también Protágoras habló. No vamos a tratar aquí de su ligazón con los muslims y phanthers negro-americanos, sus poemas a Malcolm X, su Yasmina, a black woman (Byg 529304) o The cry of my people (Impulse 9231 ), su presencia en los festivales de Argel y Antibes (Byg 529351 ), su docencia en la Univer­ sidad de Massachussets, su Things have got to changa (Impulse 9212), sus declaraciones. En una entrevista de mayo de 1974 devolvla a volea con la rapidez de quien Archie Shepp, Argelia 1969. domina la cancha en la que pelea y juega: «pienso que la música es un lenguaje que comprende multitud de voca­ blos. Es como un diccionario, en vuestra lengua, por ce, un camarada de camino, al que priva de su noción de ejemplo, hay miles de expresiones y usos, y sería ridículo temporalidad y traslada a "su tiempo", a esa simultaneidad limitarse a unos de ellos so pretexto de que corresponden de Duke Ellington y A frica del Norte, de blues y free ... de a un estilo. Lo mismo pasa con nuestra cultura negra: es historia y revolución musical permanente. inmensa. En ello pensaba al tocar con los touaregs". En SHEPP aparecen "la sonoridad espesa y rotunda del El futuro es el pasado y es el ahora: ah! está el conteni­ saxofón, casi tradicional, heredada de Coleman Hawkins y do objetivo de la música de ARCHIE SHEPP, su vivencia Ben Webster; potencia irregular, zigzagueante, como la de de la realidad. Como señala Cortázar en Rayuela "el Sonny Rollins, improvisaciones liberadas de cualesquiera lenguaje quiere decir residencia en una realidad, vivencia referencias armónicas-temáticas como Coltrane, constan­ en una realidad". As! SHEPP hace de su oyente un cómpli- cia de los homenajes y las citas al repertorio ellingtonia­ no ... " (2). Lo que la música de SHEPP asume es la historia misma del jazz "la elocución, el tono, el (mal) tratamiento ( 1) Entrevista con Gerard Rouy y Patt Griffith, Jazz Magazine, de la materia sonora, el acento; es decir, los defectos de n. 222. pronunciación, la expresividad y matices emocionales de la (2) Ph. Caries y J.L. Comolli, Free Jazz, p. 358, Ed. Anagrama palabra (grito, gemido, arenga, ira, insulto, etc.): todas las 1973. cualidades de la voz humana, el phone griego (y a través CUATRO ENSAYOS SOBRE JAZZ 219 de él la totalidad del cuerpo), reaparecen en la forma de tocar de Archie SHEPP"(3). Por su parte Francis Bebey añade en su Musique de I' A frique: "he aquí una música que replantea la división hecha por los occidentales de música vocal y música ins­ trumental. En esta música, la voz y los instrumentos no podrían ser disociados: hablan el mismo lenguaje, dicen las mismas cosas, expresan los mismos sentimientos, deciden unánimemente la re-creación del universo cada vez que el pensamiento se transforma en sonidos, y articulan de la misma manera las palabras que celebran la vida" (4). La herencia de Parker, a través de Coltrane, se ha rami­ ficado en tres vertientes saxofonísticas: Pharoah Sanders, Anthony Braxton, Archie Shepp. Lo cual no quiere decir que su influencia, la de Parker-Coltrane, no sea más pro­ funda, y que no aparezca en David Murray y Sadao Wata­ nabe, en Noah Howard o Gary Bartz, etc. Pero el "bird" de Parker, el de los versos del Rubaiyat de Ornar Kayyam, versos recitados poco antes de morir, Come fil! the cup and in the fire of spring Archie Shepp con Jasper van't Hotf, Hoboes 1975. Your winter garment of Repentance fliing; The Bird of Time has but a little way To flutter and the Bird is on the Wing, es el que aparece en el Caged Bird cantado por Abbey dos ha vuelto SHEPP a modos menos troyanos, más tran­ Lincoln parafraseada por el saxo de Archie SHEPP, dos quilos, a la Attica Blues Band. En su grabación en el Palais presencias enormes en la Chapel des Lombards: des Glaces de París en octubre de 1979 SHEPP ha vuelto al ditirambo, al canto propiamente tumultuoso (Steam, The birds who live in cages never spread their wings Moon Bees, Attica Blues), en especial al final de la graba­ They sit with ruffled feathers on the tiny swings ción de la parte 1 donde todos parecen estar poseídos por And speculate the birdseed, and while away the day la divinidad platónica o por lo que sea con una energía And tuck their heads in feathers of a colourful array inmensa; ha vuelto al hipoquermo, al canto religioso de ritmo vivo (A change has come over Me, el maravilloso 1 Know why the caged bird sings a sweet and soulful song Antes del Adiós en la voz de Terri Jenaure); ha vuelto al 1 know why the caged sings when every thing seems wrong encomio, al elogio en su faceta de treno coral (Bailad for a child) o en su faceta de epinicio (Simone); ha vuelto al 1 know why the caged birg sings and flaps it's tethered wi peán, canto de guerra y de victoria (Quiet Dawn, U-jaa­ Birds were made to fly away and birds were made to sing ma); ha vuelto a la balada, al llanto al Crucificado de Joe The birds who live in caged feel the morning sun Lee Wilson, con el que ya SHEPP grabó ese formidable A Shining through the window where the captor lives by gun touch of blues (Fluid 102), que recuerda con más agresi­ And stretches forth it's body and warbles for the day vidad en el vocalista pero igual tenderness en el saxo And looks around from side to side and listens for the day. aquellas inolvidables baladas de Coltrane junto con Johny Hartman (Impulse a-40). Ha vuelto SHEPP a nuestros oídos con dos bellas obras: acompañando a Abbey Lincoln en su Painted lady De nuevo ha venido SHEPP al encuentro de su historia (Blue Marge 1003) y con una orquesta Attica Blues Big "cuando el músico se pierde en la creación continua sólo Band (Blue Marge 1001) rememorando precisamente su de su música, sé muy bien que no está escapando de antigua Attica Blues compuesta con Beaver Harris. nada. Ir a un encuentro no puede ser nunca escapar" (Cortázar). Y Archie SHEPP va al encuentro de una estruc­ Es clásica la cualidad de SHEPP de acompañar y exci­ tura mental-musical cartesiana "clara y distinta". "Je ne tar a camaradas de creación (nunca toca Siegfried Kessler suis tenu pas tant par les accords que par la totalité des piano como cuando lo hace con SHEPP).
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