DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Politics between Public and Private: Land Ownership Transfer in Socialist Beijing (1950s - 1970s) LIU, CHAOQUN How to cite: LIU, CHAOQUN (2015) Politics between Public and Private: Land Ownership Transfer in Socialist Beijing (1950s - 1970s), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11206/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Politics between Public and Private: Land Ownership Transfer in Socialist Beijing (1950s - 1970s) Chaoqun Liu Thesis submitted for the qualification of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography, Durham University June 2015 Abstract This research concerns the relations and tensions among the state as an institutional public power, the people congregating as a collective, and private individuals. It intends to investigate these relations through two land politics cases in the Socialist Beijing, set against the historical background of the city and Chinese conceptual contexts. Suggesting certain similarities to public/private demarcation, the thesis starts with a genealogy of the Chinese gong-si division, arguing the moral superiority of the abstract ideas of gong over si; it argues that changing understandings of gong/public and the intricate connections between various gong and si embodiments (i.e. state, collective, family, individual) contribute – and in some ways constitutes -- politics. Based on data acquired by archival work, in-depth interviews and literature reviews, the thesis then grounds the issue into two empirical cases: the land ownership nationalisation in the expansion of Tiananmen Square, and the struggles over property in the Bell&Drum Towers area from the 1950s to 1970s. The thesis argues that the significant power of the state, particularly the compulsory power to expropriate land, depends on moral and political authority attained by its status as a gong embodiment, is dependent on: its constant practice of constructing other bodies such as family and individual as si embodiments; constructing private property and private economy as flawed si; and also on its suppression of other public/gong entities, especially the collective and the city. However, it also argues, challenges from the private/si category and from other potential public/gong bodies always exist too. This is reflected in private people‘s strategic use of the normative gong in their daily practices related to property and in many collective practices. It is the divergence between gong and si and the simultaneous intimacy between them that generates politics. I Acknowledgement Great thanks to China Scholarship Council, without the funding of which I would not have started my PhD journey. An enormous debt of gratitude must be acknowledged to my supervisors Dr. Gordon MacLeod and Professor Lynn Staeheli. Without their guidance and advice, I would not have been able to pass the journey or complete this thesis. They have invested great amount of time, intelligence and heart in the project. I am grateful for their diligent comments with probing scepticism that stimulated my thinking and challenged me to articulate complicated ideas with greater clarity. I have been amazed by the great patience and faith that they have showed in me, even when there was little to justify. Their sincere support and thoughtful consideration helped me truly accept my own weaknesses and therefore could establish real self-confidence to be an independent researcher/person. For that I cannot thank them enough. Professor Stuart Elden also deserves a special thanks. He supervised me until August 2012 and it was under his supervision that my project took in shape. He influenced me on the selection of empirical cases and research methods, and I owe to him particularly for the academic enthusiasm that he has sparked for me. I also want to thank my examiners, Professor Ali Madanipour and Dr. Christopher Harker. They provided me insightful comments and constructive criticisms which not just have helped promote the quality of this thesis but also inspired me for further exploration in future. I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my friends Serge Arkhipenko, Alex Wang, Ruoyu Zhang and Jay Wright of Imagine Club. Our salons every Sunday recharged and regenerated me. Our common passion on thinking, art and life gave me a sense of community and their generous friendship made me feel Durham like home. I am also indebted to Li Liang, Xuejin Zhuge and Zhuangzhang Song who have greatly assisted my fieldwork in Beijing, and to Bin Li with whom I have kept long and rewarding intellectual communication. I also thank my colleagues in Geography Department, especially Jonathan Silver, Mario Berti, Rob Shaw, Iman Sadrvaghefi, II Ankit Kumar, Boris Popov, Madhu Dutta, Abi Maniven, Michael Tan, Lucy Szablewska, Hanna Ruszczyk, Andrew Telford and Lara Bezzina who have encouraged me on different stages of the process. Special thanks to my mum Zhongxia Wang, for her unconditional support in the whole process and to Ruxi Wang, for his accompany in the darkest part of this long and hard journey. III Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................... I Acknowledgement ............................................................................... II Table of Contents ................................................................................. IV List of Figures ..................................................................................... VIII List of Tables ......................................................................................... X Declaration ........................................................................................... XI Statement of copyright ..................................................................... XII Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Context .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research theme ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Situating the research in socialist Beijing ........................................................ 3 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework ........................................................ 6 2.1 Public-private and gong-si: a parallel division? .............................................. 6 2.2 Ideas of gong and si in Chinese history .......................................................... 15 2.2.1 Etymology of gong 公 and si 私 ........................................................... 15 2.2.2 Following history: constructing gong-si opposition ............................. 25 2.2.3 A revolution?: slippery boundaries between gong and si ..................... 34 2.3 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3 Methodology ........................................................................ 45 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Exploring conceptual contexts ....................................................................... 46 IV 3.2.1 History of ideas and genealogy .............................................................. 46 3.2.2 Etymology and semiotics ....................................................................... 51 3.3 Case studies .................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Case selection and the focus .................................................................. 52 3.3.2 Archival study ........................................................................................ 55 3.3.3 In-depth interviews ................................................................................ 56 3.3.4 Analysis and interpretation .................................................................... 61 3.4 Other methods and ‗spatial analysis‘ .............................................................. 63 Chapter 4 Case Study I: Spatial and Political Transformation in the Birth and Expansion of Tiananmen Square ................................ 65 4.1 Spatial characteristics of Beijing City: a city without public space? ............. 66 4.2 Pre-Tiananmen Square as a place of gong: palace square, administrative quarter and market place ...................................................................................... 73 4.2.1 A place dominated by gong functions ................................................... 74 4.2.2 Si (market & market place) as a part of gong ........................................ 79 4.3 Birth of Tiananmen Square and emergence of an integral city: foreign force, municipality,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing
    EG1402.fm Page 104 Thursday, June 21, 2007 12:59 PM Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan1 Abstract: The Hui people are a distinct ethnic group in China in terms of their diet and Islamic religion. In this paper, we examine the divergent residential and economic develop- ment of Niujie and Madian, two Hui enclaves in the city of Beijing. Our analysis is based on archival and historical materials, census data, and information collected from recent field work. We show that in addition to social perspectives, geographic factors—location relative to the northward urban expansion of Beijing, and the character of urban administrative geog- raphy in China—are important for understanding the evolution of ethnic enclaves. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, I31, J15. 3 figures, 2 tables, 60 refer- ences. INTRODUCTION esearch on ethnic enclaves has focused on their residential and economic functions and Ron the social explanations for their existence and persistence. Most studies do not address the role of geography or the evolution of ethnic enclaves, including their decline. In this paper, we examine Niujie and Madian, two Muslim Hui enclaves in Beijing, their his- tory, and recent divergent paths of development. While Niujie continues to thrive as a major residential area of the Hui people in Beijing and as a prominent supplier of Hui foods and services for the entire city, both the Islamic character and the proportion of Hui residents in Madian have declined. We argue that Madian’s location with respect to recent urban expan- sion in Beijing and the administrative geography of the area have contributed to the enclave’s decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • The Memory of Landscape in Beijing
    Montreal Architectural Review The Memory of Landscape in Beijing Hui Zou University of Florida Abstract The paper studies the memory of landscape in Beijing and its significance to communicative spaces. The research focuses on historical coincidences between Beijing and ancient Chinese capitals to reveal the historicity of landscape in Beijing. The research analyzes the polarized relationship between imperial land- scape and scholarly landscape in Chinese capitals to discover the cultural role of mnemonic landscape for the identity of a city as well as the freedom of human individuality. The paper interprets the planning of a capital as recorded in earliest Chinese literature, compares suburban landscapes and urban gardens in the capitals of the Western Han, Northern Wei, and Tang dynasties, configures the map of mnemonic land- scapes in Beijing of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and discloses the hidden landscape enclaves in modern Beijing. The paper concludes with a historical criticism regarding urbanization in contemporary China. Landscape and Peaceful Living Throughout contemporary urbanization, many rural Chinese migrate to larger cities for a better life through seeking employment at thriving construction sites. The high density of new tall buildings shrinks the existence of mnemonic landscapes, which latter are inherent to public spaces and the characteristic of a MAR Volume 1, 2014 6 Hui Zou | Montreal Architectural Review : Vol. 1, 2014 city. The theme of the Shanghai Expo in 2010 was coined as “Better City, Better Life,” which implied both the ambition and anxiety regarding urbanization. What is missing in urban society is people’s realizing that the value of a good life lies in the collective memory of historic landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Survey and Research on the Traditional Historical
    6th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2016) Research Survey and Research on the Traditional Historical Architecture in Dongcheng District of Beijing Menglin Xu Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China jiumengni @163.com Keywords: Traditional historic buildings; Current situation; Countermeasure and suggestion Abstract. Dongcheng District keeps the largest number of historic buildings, the most widely distributed and best-preserved, most feature-rich region buildings in Beijing. The existing historic buildings in Dongcheng District are an important carrier of historical and cultural in the capital, which is also the top priority of the historical and cultural protection in Beijing today. Among these existing historic buildings, there are a large number of them haven’t been included in the current system, which still have high preservation value. The department did a thoroughly research about the three cultural relics protection units and research projects census, but didn’t do a survey to the historic buildings that except the project, even didn’t think about that. Based on information collected in the first historic building survey of Dongcheng District, Beijing. Combining the analysis of historical documents in Dongcheng District, the historic district and traditional historic buildings since the Yuan, Ming, the purpose of this paper is to do an analysis and explore the traditional historic buildings conservation value and protection methods, which also provides a lot of basic information for subsequent protection research. Introduction As the world's greatest capitals, Beijing has a strict urban planning at the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. Under the design and construction of Bingzhong Liu and the others, regular chessboard layout of streets, accurate functional partition and intricate but effective water supply systems, have been the indispensable characteristics of Beijing, which also made it famous around the world and be a paragon for capital planning.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Smiling Face to the World: Beijing's English
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CHINA’S SMILING FACE TO THE WORLD: BEIJING’S ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MAGAZINES IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Leonard W. Lazarick, M.A. History Directed By: Professor James Z. Gao Department of History In the 1950s, the People’s Republic of China produced several English-language magazines to inform the outside world of the remarkable transformation of newly reunified China into a modern and communist state: People’s China, begun in January 1950; China Reconstructs, starting in January 1952; and in March 1958, Peking Review replaced People’s China. The magazines were produced by small staffs of Western- educated Chinese and a few experienced foreign journalists. The first two magazines in particular were designed to show the happy, smiling face of a new and better China to an audience of foreign sympathizers, journalists, academics and officials who had little other information about the country after most Western journalists and diplomats had been expelled. This thesis describes how the magazines were organized, discusses key staff members, and analyzes the significance of their coverage of social and cultural issues in the crucial early years of the People’s Republic. CHINA’S SMILING FACE TO THE WORLD: BEIJING’S ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MAGAZINES IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC By Leonard W. Lazarick Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2005 Advisory Committee: Professor James Z. Gao, Chair Professor Andrea Goldman Professor Lisa R.
    [Show full text]
  • Plurality in Qing Imperial Medicine: Examining Institutional Formations
    Asia Pacific Perspectives ∙ Fall/Winter 2013–14 Plurality in Qing Imperial Medicine: Examining Institutional Formations Beyond the Imperial Medical Bureau Sare Aricanli, Princeton University Abstract This article illustrates the value of using the lens of institutional history to study imperial medicine. Identifying and incorporating a range of organizations and posts into the narrative of imperial medicine in eighteenth-century China shows the breadth of medical activity during this time. The most familiar institution of imperial medicine is the Imperial Medical Bureau, and this study argues that we can greatly benefit from including the history of other formations such as the Imperial Pharmacy and the Ministry of Imperial Stables, Herds, and Carriages. Such an outlook reveals the overlapping spheres of institutions, practitioners, and medicinals between human and equine medicine, implies that ethnicity may have been a factor in the organization of medicine, and points to a wider range of medical practitioners and patients within the imperial realm. Furthermore, multiplicity did not only exist among institutions and practitioners, but also on the linguistic level, as evidenced by the divergence in the meaning of some Manchu and Chinese terminology. Finally, these pluralities suggest that an understanding of imperial medicine as being limited to the Imperial Medical Bureau greatly underestimates the diversity of institutions, posts, ethnicities, and languages within the eighteenth-century Chinese imperial medical world. Keywords: imperial medicine, Imperial Medical Bureau, Imperial Pharmacy, equine care Introduction The history of Chinese medicine has benefited greatly from narratives that rest http://www.usfca.edu/pacificrim/perspectives/ on the textual tradition. Chinese medicine is, however, reflected quite differently through the lenses of textual and institutional history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Need for Integrated Management for the Endangered Miyun Resevoir
    Quenching Beijing’s Thirst: The Need for Integrated Management for the Endangered Miyun Resevoir By Christoph Peisert and Eva Sternfeld Miyun reservoir, a large reservoir northeast of Beijing municipality, is the Chinese capital’s most important source of drinking water. For many years the Beijing municipal government has made great efforts to protect the reservoir and its catchment area. However, successful implementation has been hampered by numerous user conflicts. This paper investigates the origin and various types of conflicts, which include inter-provincial, city-county disputes, as well as conflicts between county government and local residents living in the water protection zone. The magnitude of these conflicts and continued deteriorating quality of the reservoir underline the need for integrated watershed management approaches as stipulated in the 2002 revised Water Law, and the adoption of a water economy that includes the costs for water protection and compensation for those required to carry out watershed protection activities. he large Miyun reservoir, built during the Great Natural Determinants of the Beijing Water Crisis Leap Forward period (1958-1960) in the Beijing municipality is located in the dry northeast Tnortheast of Beijing municipality, is a critical edge of the North China Plain bordering the Mongolian source of drinking water for the 14 million people living Plateau in central Hebei province. Since the last in this booming metropolis. Considering the huge administrative reforms in 1958, the Chinese capital population reliant on the catchment for drinking water, and its rural hinterland were expanded to cover a total Miyun reservoir is one of the most important water area of 16,800 square kilometers (km2) with about protection areas in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commercialization of Beijing Hutongs
    Journal of Geography and Geology; Vol. 10, No. 4; 2018 ISSN 1916-9779 E-ISSN 1916-9787 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Commercialization of Beijing Hutongs Ruoxuan Mao1 1 Beijing National Day School, Beijing, China Correspondence: Ruoxuan Mao, Beijing National Day School, Beijing, No. 66, Yuquan Road, China. Tel: 86-182- 1035-1519. E-mail: [email protected] Received: August 3, 2018 Accepted: September 10, 2018 Online Published: November 27, 2018 doi:10.5539/jgg.v10n4p39 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v10n4p39 Abstract This paper addresses the transition of Hutongs from alleys connecting the main streets to fully commercialized districts. Hutongs are narrow streets formed by rows of Siheyuans (quadrangle dwellings), a traditional type of Chinese architecture consists of four houses surrounding a courtyard. The architectural layout of Siheyuan is four houses surrounding a courtyard. There are several types of Siheyuans, including the Beijing Siheyuan. Along with the development of Beijing since 1949, numerous Siheyuans were demolished. However, since the 1980s, many Hutongs were brought under national and local protection. Some of the best preserved Hutongs, especially those in the center areas of Beijing, are now more commercialized than they were prior to the ‘80s. This paper discusses the causes as well as consequences of such commercialization. Literature concerning the Hutongs frequently discusses the Hutongs' history and the shift in their architectural design, as well as other aspects that have changed over time. By contrast, this paper discusses a special phenomenon of Hutongs in Beijing — commercialization — and focuses on the causes and results of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Art and Visual Culture in Contemporary Beijing (1978-2012)
    Infrastructures of Critique: Art and Visual Culture in Contemporary Beijing (1978-2012) by Elizabeth Chamberlin Parke A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Elizabeth Chamberlin Parke 2016 Infrastructures of Critique: Art and Visual Culture in Contemporary Beijing (1978-2012) Elizabeth Chamberlin Parke Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation is a story about relationships between artists, their work, and the physical infrastructure of Beijing. I argue that infrastructure’s utilitarianism has relegated it to a category of nothing to see, and that this tautology effectively shrouds other possible interpretations. My findings establish counter-narratives and critiques of Beijing, a city at once an immerging global capital city, and an urban space fraught with competing ways of seeing, those crafted by the state and those of artists. Statecraft in this dissertation is conceptualized as both the art of managing building projects that function to control Beijing’s public spaces, harnessing the thing-power of infrastructure, and the enforcement of everyday rituals that surround Beijinger’s interactions with the city’s infrastructure. From the spectacular architecture built to signify China’s neoliberal approaches to globalized urban spaces, to micro-modifications in how citizens sort their recycling depicted on neighborhood bulletin boards, the visuals of Chinese statecraft saturate the urban landscape of Beijing. I advocate for heterogeneous ways of seeing of infrastructure that releases its from being solely a function of statecraft, to a constitutive part of the artistic practices of: Song Dong (宋冬 b.
    [Show full text]
  • Residential Care for Elderly People in Beijing, China
    RESIDENTIAL CARE FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BEIJING, CHINA: A Study of the Relationship between Health and Place by YANG CHENG A thesis submitted to the Department of Geography in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen‘s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada April 2010 Copyright © Yang Cheng, 2010 Abstract This thesis is a study of the residential care for elderly people in Beijing, China. First, a set of statistical indicators are developed for mapping the spatial distribution of the elderly population and residential care facilities (RCFs). Secondly, in-depth, semi- structured interviews are used to understand the socio-cultural meanings of access, the decision making process in relocation, the well-being of elderly residents, as well as the challenges of residential care and social welfare reform. In total, 27 elderly residents, 16 family members, and five RCF managers were interviewed in six RCFs in Beijing. The constant comparative method is used to analyze all the transcribed interview materials. There are several major findings resulting from the research: the distribution of the elderly population and residential care resources is geographically uneven across the districts of Beijing and the supply of resources does not match the potential need. Elderly people and their family members choose residential care because of the shortage of community and home care resources and/or the advantages of residential care. The decision making process is a process of balancing geographical factors, quality of services, and financial affordability. Access to residential care is an interactive process influenced by geographical, economic, and social-cultural factors. The physical and socio-cultural environments of RCFs and individual‘s sense of place play important roles in their adaptation and well-being after the relocation from the home to a RCF.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Tourist Hotels in Beijing, China
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1991 The geography of tourist hotels in Beijing, China Hongshen Zhao Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geography Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Zhao, Hongshen, "The geography of tourist hotels in Beijing, China" (1991). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4245. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6129 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Hongshen Zhao for the Master of Arts in Geography presented October 18, 1991. Title: The Geography of Tourist Hotels in Beijing, China. APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Thomas M. Poulsen, Chair Martha A. Works This thesis, utilizing data obtained through the author's working experience and on extensive academic investigation, aims to establish and analyze the locational deficiency of some 100 foreign tourist hotels in Beijing and its origin. To do so, an optimal hotel location is first determined by analysis of social, economic, cultural and environmental features of Beijing in relation to the tourism industry. Specifically, a standard package tour program of Beijing is established and then analyzed in spatial and 2 temporal terms, the result of which is further mapped by using a weighted mean center technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating Traces of History Through Public Open Space Design in Beijing, China a Creative Project Submitted to the Graduate Sc
    CELEBRATING TRACES OF HISTORY THROUGH PUBLIC OPEN SPACE DESIGN IN BEIJING, CHINA A CREATIVE PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE BY LIN WANG CARLA CORBIN – COMMITTEE CHAIR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA MAY 2014 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the three committee members of my creative project—Ms. Carla Corbin, Mr. Robert C. Baas, and Dr. Francis Parker—for their support, patience, and guidance. Especially Ms. Corbin, my committee chair, encouraged and guided me to develop this creative project. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Geralyn Strecker for her patience and assistance in my writing process. My thanks also extended to Dr. Bo Zhang—a Chinese Professor—who helped me figure out issues between Chinese and American culture. I would also like to express my gratitude to the faculty of the College of Architecture and Planning from whom I learned so much. Finally, special thanks to my family and friends for their love and encouragement during such a long process. The project would not have been completed without all your help. TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Subproblems ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]