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INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME
AUTHOR: HIREN DAVE
DIRECTOR: LAKSH CAREER ACADEMY
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INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME
• Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is known as father of Indian Space programme. • “There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planets or manned space-flight. " "But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.” – Dr. Sarabhai • Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), a few meters from the coastline, St Mary Magdalene Church. • Space programme started here
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• Thumba centre started in 1963 by INCOSAR (Indian National Committee on Space Research)
ISRO
• ISRO was established in 1969. • HQ: Bangalore • First satellite of India : Aryabhatt (Remote sensing) in 1975
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• Second satellite : Bhaskar (Remote sensing) 1979 • First Communication satellite : Apple (Ariene Passanger Pay Load Experiment) 1981
APPLE SATELLITE ON BULLOCK CART
SPACE PORT – SRI HARIKOTA
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• Sri harikota was selected by Dr. Sarabhai for developing space port of India. • It is located as island in L. Pulicat.
Launch vehicles of india
Satellite launch vehicle
It is 4 stage vehicle : all solid fuel. It is 17 tonne vehicle which can put 40 kg satellite in orbit. It placed Rohini satellite in orbit in 1980.
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It worked upto 1983. Augmented satellite launch vehicle • It is 40 tonne weight, 5 stage rocket. All stages uses solid fuel. • It can take 150 kg satellite upto 400 km orbit. • First flight took place in 1987. Polar satellite launch vehicle • It is workhorse of ISRO. • It is 4 stage vehicle: • 1 stage uses solid fuel along with it there are 6 boosters with solid fuel. (2 air lit boosters) • 2 stage (liquid), 3 stage (solid), 4 (liquid) • It is 295 tonne vehicle. It can put 1600 kg satellite in 620 km polar orbit & 1060kg in GTO. • Its first flight took place in 1993, which was unsuccessful. 2nd flight in 1994 was successful. • Solid stage uses Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as fuel. • Liquid stage uses Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 & Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel in second stage. • In the fourth liquid stage there are 2 engines. It uses Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) & Mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON). Geo-syncronous satellite launch vehicle • It was first tested in 2001. • It is 3 stage vehicle: 1st solid with 4 liquid booster, 2nd liquid & 3rd cryogenic. • It is 414 tonne vehicle, which can take 2-2.5 tonne satellite at 36000 km • Cryogenic engine uses Hydrogen at -270C & Oxygen at -183C Gslv mark3 • It is under development. • It will be 630 tonne vehicle, which can take 4 tonne satellite in GTO. • First stage will have 2 solid engines, second liquid & third cryogenic
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• GSLV mark 3 will also be able to take upto 3 astronauts in the space. • It will be useful for Chandrayaan 2 & Human Space Flight . Capsule recovery experiment • It was undertaken in 2007. It will be useful for human space flight. • The second such exp. Will be undertaken by ISRO. It will have e-coli bacteria. It will study effects of microgravity on life, specially cell splitting & other phenomena. CHANDRAYAAN-I
• It was launched using PSLV C11. • It had 11 scientific instruments. Out of this 6 were made in India, remaining were all foreign instruments. • Moon Impact Probe was landed at Sakhleton Crater. It was painted with Indian Tricolour. • Moon Minerology Mapper was USA made instrument. It found out water particles on moon.
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MARS MISSION • It will be launched in 27 Nov 2013.
• It will be launched using PSLV XL
• It will have 300 days journey.
• HAL delivers basic satellite structure of Mars Orbiter Mission.
• The mission will study origin, evolution, climate & geology of earth.
• Primary objectives:The main objectives are to develop the technologies required for designing, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.
• Scientific objectives: Exploration of Mars surface features by studying the morphology, topography and mineralogy. Study the constituents of
Martian atmosphere including methane and CO2 using remote sensing techniques. Study the dynamics of the upper atmosphere of Mars, effects of solar wind and radiation and the escape of volatiles to outer space
• The mission would also provide multiple opportunities to observe the Martian moon Phobos and also offer an opportunity to identify and re- estimate the orbits of asteroids seen during the Martian Transfer Trajectory.
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Aditya mission
• It will be corona grapher.
• It will study outer parts of Sun.
• It will also give us in depth knowledge of Coronal Mass Ejection. ASTROSAT
• ASTROSAT is a national multiwavelength space borne astronomy observatory, which would enable simultaneous observations of the celestial bodies, cosmic sources in X-ray and UV spectral bands. The uniqueness of ASTROSAT lies in its wide spectral coverage extending over visible (3500-6000 Å), UV (1300-3000 Å), soft X and hard X ray regions (0.5-8 keV; 3-80 keV).
• It is equipped with 5 instruments out of this 3 will be developed by TIFR. The idea of this satellite was conceived in 1990s. Indian X ray Astronomy Experiment was conducted in 1996.
• India’s second mission to Mars — scheduled to be in 2020 — will involve collaboration with France and may include a lander or rover — remote controlled vehicles — which can ostensibly better analyse a planet’s surface. risat
• Radar imaging satellite was prepared by ISRO.
• It can see the earth day & night.
• It can see during clouds also.
• It uses radio waves for earth observation.
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• ISRO used Israeli satellite called RISAT 2.
• Recently the first India made satellite RISAT 1 was launched. BHUVAN
• It is known as indian answer to google earth.
• It uses Indian satellite & produces the images of the world. It is more powerful than google earth as:
• Google earth revises the pictures once every 4 years, whereas Bhuvan revises pictures every year.
• Resolution of Google earth is 200m, whereas in Bhuvan it is 10m.
• Bhuvan has special application for planning, disaster management etc.
• After bhuvan ISRO will also launch ‘Bhuvan Chandrabhoomi’. GAGAN
• GPS aided geo augmented navigation or GPS and geo-augmented navigation system (GAGAN)
• The project involves establishment of 15 Indian Reference Stations, three Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations, three Indian Mission Control Centers and installation of all associated software and communication links. GAGAN is planned to get into operation by the year 2014. It will be able to help pilots to navigate in the Indian airspace by an accuracy of 3 m. This will be helpful for landing aircraft in tough weather and terrain like Mangalore airport and Leh.
• This project will be prepared at the estimated cost of Rs. 774 crores. & it will be operational for 15 years.
• Besides helping aircraft navigation it will also help studying ionosphere.
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Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
• The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) (Hindi:भारतीय क्षेत्रीय नौवहन उपग्रह प्रणाली) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system being developed by the Indian Space Research
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Organisation (ISRO) which would be under complete control of the Indian government. The requirement of such a navigation system is driven by the fact that access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to Indian military depending on American GPS during Kargil War. The IRNSS would provide two services, with the Standard Positioning Service open for civilian use and the Restricted Service, encrypted one, for authorised users (military).
• As part of the project, ISRO opened a new satellite navigation center within the campus of ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu near Bangalore in Karnataka on 28 May 2013. A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the orbit determination of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal. INSAT
• It is Indian National Satellite. It is largest series of communication satellites across Asia.
• It is renamed as GSAT. That is Geostationery Satellite. IRS
• It is Indian Remote sensing Satellite.
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• Besides MATSAT is also Mateorological Satellite.
• It is a satellite of Remote Sensing type! It is used to study weather. It is renamed KALPANA.
GISAT
It is Geo Imaging Satellite developed by Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad.
This satellite will be launched by PSLV & kept in geo stationery orbit. It will help monitoring forest fires, disasters & border areas Ka band satellites
ISRO will enter into nextgen 6 tonne satellite.
It is looking to pack 100 beams instead of 40 presently.
ISRO may purchase such satellite from international market or make it right from scatch which may take 5 years time duration
Micro Satellite: Less than 100kg
Nano Satellite : Less than 10 kg
Pico Satellite : Less than 1.5 kg
ANUSAT was the first Indian satellite developed by University students of ANNA University.
SRMSAT: Made by students of SRM university.
YOUTHSAT: Made by students of India & Russia
JUGNU: Made by IIT students to study waterbodies.
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