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Final Version The Ecology and Conservation of Juliana’s Golden Mole (Neamblysomus julianae) by Craig Ryan Jackson Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science (Zoology) in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria. February 2007 Supervisor: Dr M.P. Robertson Co-supervisor: Prof N.C. Bennett © University of Pretoria I declare that this thesis, which I hereby submit for the degree Master of Science (Zoology) at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiary institution. Craig Ryan Jackson 21 February 2007 i The Ecology and Conservation of Juliana’s Golden Mole (Neamblysomus julianae) By Craig Ryan Jackson Supervisor: Dr M.P. Robertson Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 Co-supervisor: Prof N.C. Bennett Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 Abstract Despite an IUCN conservation status of critically endangered, Juliana’s golden mole (Neamblysomus julianae) has received no ecological research attention to date. The species urgently requires conservation attention, but a poor understanding its biology, ecology and distribution makes effective conservation planning almost impossible. In light of this, a thorough understanding of the habitat requirements for this habitat specific species was needed. Additionally, the cryptic lifestyle of Juliana’s golden mole has resulted in very few distribution records for the species. Little was known about the animals’ daily and seasonal activity patterns or movement patterns. This study revealed that Juliana’s golden mole is range restricted on account of sandy soils that have a uniform particle size distribution. This feature limits substrate compaction, making tunnelling far easier for these small mammals. In comparison to uninhabited areas, occupied habitat had greater vegetation cover provided by trees and shrubs, and this would be expected to provide a cooler and moister microenvironment. The ecological parameters associated with the species presence were then used, in addition to existing GIS data, to predict regions of potentially suitable habitat. This process revealed large potentially inhabitable areas in the northern parts of South Africa. Preliminary ground-truthing has shown the model to be relatively accurate with three potentially new populations having been identified. Contrary to what ii has been reported in the literature, Juliana’s golden mole does not appear to be strictly nocturnal. Instead, an adaptive pattern of activity was observed, governed by soil temperature. Body temperature was found to fluctuate to some degree with that of the soil temperature, but fluctuations were regulated by behavioural thermoregulation. Seasonal activity is highly correlated with rainfall. Rain moistens the soil making it significantly softer and far easier to tunnel through. Using this and other information acquired through the course of the study, the thesis culminates with an evaluation of conservation concerns and proposed conservation management actions. Keywords Juliana’s golden mole, Neamblysomus julianae, Chrysochloridae, habitat requirements, conservation planning, activity pattern, species distribution model, torpor, conservation management plan. Acknowledgements Prof Nigel Bennett has taught me so much over the past five years, and certainly played a major part in shaping my career as a biologist. Not only has he provided me with several opportunities, but he has also been a good friend throughout. Nigel has a genuine interest in his students and only gives his best in mentoring them. Dr Mark Robertson has given an immense amount of time and effort to this project, and I have learnt an incredible amount from him during the course of my MSc. Mark is a good friend and always willing to assist his students, making time to get out into the field. We have had many good times on fieldtrips and this thesis would definitely not have been the same without his professional input. Dr Sarita Maree and Kim Young are thanked for there input and comments during the planning phases of this project. To my very special girlfriend Trine, thank you for all your assistance, both in the field and with the statistical analysis in this thesis! Your love, support and contribution to this thesis have been invaluable, and I am truly grateful for that. A special thanks to my parents, who have always given their offspring only the best. Through the ups and downs of my early university years, they remained strong, although perhaps somewhat disillusioned! Thank you for everything that you have done for my siblings and me! iii This project was kindly sponsored by The Green Trust, a partnership between WWF and Nedbank (South Africa). Without their financial contribution this work would not have been possible. Foreword Prior to this project, knowledge about the biology and ecology of Juliana’s golden mole was comprised almost exclusively from anecdotal observations. The only aspects investigated rigorously were morphological and taxonomic in nature, although these were based on small sample sizes. Chapter one provides an introduction to the Chrysochloridae (golden moles) and, more specifically, Juliana’s golden mole. The three isolated populations from which the species is described are discussed. Soil and vegetation properties at each of the three populations were investigated and presented in Chapter 2. In an attempt to highlight any consistent differences between ecological variables in suitable and unsuitable habitat, sampling design employed a presence-absence approach. The findings were used to reclassify existing GIS layers in Chapter 3. Manipulating these layers produced a map indicating where potentially suitable habitat may be located in the northern parts of South Africa. Insights into daily and seasonal patterns of activity were gained in Chapter 4, and conservation recommendations are presented in the fifth and final chapter. Table of Contents Contents Page Abstract..............................................................................................................................................i Keywords ..........................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................ii Foreword.......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................vi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1.........................................................................................................................................vi List of Appendices ...........................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Ecology and Conservation of Juliana’s Golden Mole…………..1 1.1 Background and Justification..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Golden moles...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Phylogenetic relationships .................................................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Life below the soil ............................................................................................................... 3 1.1.4 Threats and Conservation Issues ....................................................................................... 3 1.2. The Juliana’s golden mole (Neamblysomus julianae).............................................................. 6 1.2.1 Threatened status and biogeography................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Biology and Ecology ........................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Habitat............................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Aims of the thesis .................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Study Areas ...................................................................................................................... 12 iv 1.3.1.1 Bronberg Ridge (BR).................................................................................................. 14 1.3.1.2 Nylsvley Nature Reserve (NNR) ................................................................................ 16 1.3.1.3 Kruger National Park (KNP) ....................................................................................... 18 1.4 References .............................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 - A Quantitative Habitat Description
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