A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, }IECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. LI.-No. 22. Vol. r $3.�U per Allu" .... [NEW SERIES.) JI NEW YOHK, NOVEMBER �9, 1884. L [POSTAGE PREPAID.) I I
Fig. I.-Details of the Apparatus. (Plan elevation, 2.-Plan of J3ucil:et and Guide (Scale Fig. 3. -Arrange.ment Track (Scale and on a scale of 1-40.) Fig. i.20,. of 1-200)
Fig. 4.-JAOQl1ELIN & OBBV;u,j'S STiAIi iXC4 VA'fO;u,,-[Seepage 339.1 © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Jtitutifit �mtri.tau. l NOVEMBER 29, 1884. l'ROPERTY IN l'ATENTS. l Iar processes ha.ve been tried in France, but only upon the There is a prejudice against patents. It may not be gene- same principle-t.hat is to say, by opera-ting upon the metal raJ; it may be only a lingering, remaining shadow of once while yet in the state of fusion. M. Clemandot, on the con �titutifit a popular notion; but it crops out occasionally in converstt-'I trary, takes steel already made, heats it simply to a cherry ESTABLISHED�mttitau. 1845. tion, in trading, in the newspaper, and even in the legisla- red, and submits it, by means of a hydraulic press, to pres· ture of the country. Rect'ntlya customer in an agricult.uBI sures of from 1,000 to 3,000 kilos, per square centimeter. MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. warehouse refused an implement and questioned the price Aftp.r having allowed the steel to cool between the two plates because it was a patented article. He said that all patented of the press, it is withdrawn with all its new qualities per PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT articles had a fictitious value attached to them. Some time fectly developed, and does not require any furtber treatment. No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. ago a New York city paper published an article arguing The result of the process is to impart to the steel a fineness against the issuiug of letters patent, 011 the ground that "it is of grain, a degree of hardness, and a notable accession of if ideas can be bought, and sold, and protected strength to withstand rupture. This alteration is most con O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. questionable in the same way ns goods and chattels;" and in relation to siderable with highly carbonated steel; and in this respect TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. the success of an invcntor said, by way of illustration, that the metal is made to resemble tempered steel, without being .. . "possibly many men had the idea in a more or less devel- in all points identical with it. The cause of the alteration One copy, one year postaj
CO T VE ART.-Large Vase In Chinese Cloisonne Enamel. .. 7424 for working st8el. This process is described by the Revue vent pipes from washha,Rin traps had been run into partitions V. DE RA I Indu8trielle as �consisting in heating the metal un til it ac- and there terminated ..' The ends of these vents had been VI. S O O Y.-The Corona,-Study of the same...... 7429 A TR N M 8018/1' quires a sufficient ductility, and then subjecting it to high roughly battered together, bt;.t were, of course, not tight, VII. NATU.RALmSTORY.-External Parasites of Domestic An!- pressure during cooling. In this way a modification of the and allowed foul ail' to eSCD.pe into the partitions. The mals.-Preventlve Measures.-Means of destr yi g -By 1l.OB- o n . structure of the metal is produced, and the material acquires whole arrangement was designed simply to deceive the Board ...... 70129 BORN properties analogous to those developed by tempering. It is of Health inspectors; and to assist in carrying out the de VIII P Y OLO Y, Col.r Impressions on . H SI G ETC.-Duration of the admitted that the compression of steel has already been prac- ception a d ummy terminal pipe, supposed to be the end of ...... 7426 Retina .. Functions the Cerebrum...... 7480 ticed in England by Whitworth; but, it is contended, merely a ventilating pipe, was fastened to tbe The dummy The Of I'oof. with a view to prevent air holes caused by the development, had no connection with any pipes inside the BIOGRAPHY.-EUGENE . .. , ...... '7428 bona fide IX. HOURDON.-Wlth portrait . ROBERT TOLLES,-By .• " 70129 of gaseolls bubbles quriug the �olidification the steel.' Simi- hOllse. Memoir of 11. Dr. GEO. E, BLAClOlAIIl., of © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC j'eitutifie �mtrielu. 337
ASPECTS OF THE PLANETS FOR DECEMBER. The right ascension of Uranus on the 1st is 12 h. 9 m.; ers in that latitude. But observers farther nortb, between SATURN his declination is 0° 16' soutb; his diameter is 3 '6'; and he the limiting parallels of 90° and 54 ° north, will be privikged the 29th, if they ch n e to be side is morning star until the 12th, and, after that time, joins the may be found in the constellation Virgo. to behold on a c on the dark b increasing company of evening stars. He stands at the head Uranus rises on the 1st a out half past 1 o'clock in tbe of the earth, the occultation of Alpba Tauri, or the fir;t tbe 31st be rises at half past 11 o'clock in of the roll during the month, for he reaches, in its passage, morning; on the magnitude star Aldebaran, tbe next best thing to tbe occu lt evening. ation lanet. the most important, epoch in his career, as far as terJ'Astrial of a p MERCURY observation is concerned. On the 12th, at 2 o'clock in the mo ning, he op osi evening star. He ea hes his greatest eastern e longation r IS III p · is r c Take Care or Fann IlllpIelllents. tion with the sun, opposite to him in the heavens, as far on the 17th at 7 o'clock in the evening, and is then 20 ° 12' Some one once drew a grapbic pic re of a mortal s When, in these short daY8, pen tu away from him as po sible. the east of the sun. He may be seen at tbat time by the naked n foe of the farmer-one who labored for his de�trllction by sun haste s to hide his red, round orb below the western eye, if the atmosphere be clear and tbe sky cloudless. His n ight as as by day, Sunday , holidays, and work horizon, tben tbis benming planet shows his radiant face great southern declination will, however, make him a d iffi well on ,,! days alike. It was " mortgage " tbat tbe writer of the n borizon, and sbines during entire nigbt, to t y mnst look a above t he e!lster tile cult object to pick up. Observers inclined r ' sketch wisely rega ded as one of tbe most active enemies to slowly descending in the west as the great day-star appears for him about the 17th, nearly a degree south of the Sllnset r he farmer's purse and peace of mind, rejoicing in tbe east. point, in tbe constellation Sagittarius, a short distance north- t . There is, however, anotber agent for evil quite as active, , Any intelligent observer can find Saturn's place in the east of the bowl of the inverted dipper. to be found on every farm. It is known as I'Ilst. And al sky, for he is nearly east of the Pleiades, and about half-way Tbe right ascension of Mercury on the 1st is 17 h. 36 m.; though it annually destroys in the aggregate vast amount between Capella on the north and Betelguese on the south. his declination is 25 ° 33' south ; bis diameter is 5'2"; and he a of property, farmers too frequently neglect to take the He shines also with serene light, entirely different from a a is in Sagitt rius. meaS\tl'es neces8ary for protection from the ravages of t is that of the twinkling stars. He rises on tbe 1st at a quarter h Mercury sets on the 1st at a quarter past 5 o'clock in tbe insidious foe, Hundreds of agriculturists are buying farm after 5 o'clock in tbe evening, and is tlie only visible planet evening; on the 31st he sets at 20 minutes past 5 o'clock. maChinery, WhICh, if properly cared for, tbe ]i'ore.�t, Forge, in the heavens till nearly midnight, when Jupiter appears MARS and Fa rm suggests, ought to last at least ten years. Most upon the scene. Tbe conditions under which Saturn may of it will be worthless in one-fifth of tbat time for lack of now be observed are very favorable, but they will not reach is evening star. His path is in close proximity to that of a little care. tbeir culmination until the oppositiou of 1885, for he will Mercury, so that the two planets are twice in conjunction A machine that is taken apart a.nd properly cared for then be farther north, and only a month past peribelion. during the month. The first conjunction oncurs on tbe 4th when not use will do good work years and years after its He will at that time be about 100,000,000 million miles at eleven o'clock in tbe evening, when Mercury is 1° 26' in connl erpart has been tbrown away by the who had the nearer the sun than at ap-b elion, and since perihelion and op south of Mars. The second conjunction occurs on the 29th lllan n habit of leaving it unpro c ed. Theu the ela s caused by position nearly coincide, about the same distance nearer t.he at midnigbt, when Mercury is 2° 25' orth of Mars. The te t d y broken machinery, loose bolts, and ro ten or twisted frames, earth. events are noteworthy simply as interesting planetary as t discovered just at tbe time when the loss of time means 'l'he telescopic Saturn is now tbe personification of grand pects, for both planet.s are too near the sun to be visibl e. danger to the crop, more than counterbalance any time, eur and SUblimity. Even in a small instrument the picture The right ascension of Mars on the 1st is 17 h. 46 m.; his declination is 24° 17' south; his diam ter is 4'2"; and he is trouble, or expellse incurred in p roperly put.ting away the is one of surpassing beauty. "I bave seen the planet single, e macbine. T e provident farmer will al ays clean and house and now I see it double," was Galileo's wondering exclama in the constellatioll Sagittarius. b w his implements as soon as th e harvest is ended. When ver tion as he turned his imperfect instru ment to the heavens in Mars sets on the 1st at half past 5 o'clock in the evening; e t e paint on an implement shows signs: of wearing off, it the dawn of tbe astronomical day. It was not till forty on tbe 31st he sets a few minutes before half past. 5 o'clock. b ought to be renewed And when tools and implements are years later that the strange appendage, sometimes visible, JUPITER . housed they shou d be placed just where they can readily be and sometimes invi>:;ible, was proved to be the rings of l is star during the mo nth, maktng his last appear found when again sought for. Satlll'n. With our filler instruments, and the flood of morning ance for t e present in that role. The interest in his move· knowledge gained from observation and research, we have h ments greatly increases fiS he draws nearer the earth. Be still to thank tbe pioneer astronomer3 for the first fruits of Chlorororlll Syncope Treated by Reversing. riseb now an hour before midnight, and when the montb this nohle science, and for a devotion to the cause which closes will make his ap earance above the eastern horizon at As a valuable hint, we note t.hat in the Briti8h Medical cost them obloquy, imprisonment, and even martyrtiom. p 90'dock. He is still in the neighborhood of Regulus, a few Journal, Dr. Albert r. Garland relates a case wherein he be A very powerful glass il;! required to bring ont the mag· degrees east. 'rhe brilliant planet and the first magnitude gan to operate on a lady, aged forty-one, for tbe removal of nificent and also the delicate aspects of the most charming afford a fineopportun ity for contrast between a planet scirrbus of the mamma. After examination of the heart, telescopic object in the heavens, as well as the brillian(:y of stat· and star. Jupiter is superb nd g ow ng and wbich was foulld n ormal, they commenced administering coloring whicb is a grand feature in tbe Saturn ian system. a a r i more so, after he appears upon tbe scene he holds tbe scepter chloroform; but the cardiac action becoming very excited, MI'. Browning. an optician, and a practical and enthusiastic of sovereignty with a power tbat the brightest star of the myriad a mi ture of cbloroform and ether was used. She was some observer, thus describes tbe coloring of the planet on one of x e bost may not dispute. Even Saturn beaming mi dl from minutes going under the influenc , but there was scarcely the exceptionally fine nights that are the delight of the tele l y any struggling, and the pulse was full, though jerky. He scopist. Tbe rings were gold in varying tints, shaded with the empyrean treads the celestial pathway with becoming had not finished the incisions round the tumor when she sud brown; the body of the planet was yellow, orange, red, pur humility in tbe presence of his more powerful brother. Ju piter is almost alone in his present position. He has left be denly became livid, and the pulseeeased. Artificial respira ple, shaded with brown; the division in the rings, pale tion was egun, the tongue drawn forward, and am rr belts near the hind him the grand galaxy of stars among which for the b strOD!1' brown; and tbe poles and na o w poles were monia ap ied to the nostrils, without avail. He im�edi pale blue. "But," s id the observer, "there is a muddiness two previous years he made his shining way, and Regulus pl a ately jumped on tbe bcd, and seizing her legs, raised the b r is bis sole bright companion. a out all terrestrial colors when compa ed with the objects s on bod , allowing tbe head to totlch the hed. In a few seconds seen in the heavens. Those colors could not be represented The right ascen ion of Jupiter the 1st is 10 h. 29 m.; y his declination is 10 28' north; his di ameter is 362"; and the color returned to the lips and the pulse to the wrist. ill all their brilliancy and purity, unless we could dip our ° he is in tbe constellation Leo. Artificial respiration was soon resumed; hot water applied pencil in a rainbow and transfer the prismatic tints to our e to the region of the beart; and she became sufficiently con· paper." Jupit r rises OIl the 1st at a few minutes after 11 o'clock f scious to speak and to swallow some brandy' and ammoniu, Saturn, now so pure in tint and tone, and so beautiful a in the evening ; on tbe 31st he rises soon a ter 9 o'clock. soon, however, relapsing, pulse and respiration ceasing again. membpr of the starry host, before many years have passed VENUS He again reversed, with the same result; but in a sbort time will change his aspect, as his rings begin to close, and as he is morning star. She is still a charming object in the east the syncope returned, and after applying tbe battery without bends his steps soutbward. He will again become the planet ern sky for two hours before sunrise, and is brilliant enough success, be again reversed, and this ti me with a satisfactory that in ancient times, on account of his dull yellow and dis to hold her p ace till it is nearly time for the sun to appeal'. result, as he enab ed, by the use of the battery and am mal hue and sluggisb motion, was held by astrologers to ex· l wItS l Though her luster is decreasing, she holds her own in tbe monia, to establish reaction. ert a malevolent influence on human affairs, and to be the presence of Jupiter, tbe two planets remaining visible after He considers his case worthy of record, as the successful source of many of the evils to which the human race is sub all the stars have dis ppeared in tbe increasing light. The termination was clearly due to reversing the body, it being ject. Chaucer embodies the belief of the day in the follow a ovember dawns were made lovely by the presence of the impossi le, pparent y, to stimulate tbe nerve centers by any ing address of the god Saturn to Venus: N b a l two bright orbs. Tbe December dawns will be equally other means; and it is a method of treatment whiciJ, he .. My dere daughter Venns, quod Saturne, thinks, is not used so oft n as it deserves to be, judging by My conr", that hath so wide for to turne, charming from their continued presence, and observers will e Hath more power than wot any man. not need to rise very early to be present at the exhibit ion. the reports of such cases, as be ollly remembers having seen Min (,he strangBI and hanging by the throte, m is The rigbt ascension of Venus on the 1st is 14 h. 11 m. ; it entioned in one instance, and it is one so easily and The mnrmnre and the churle. rel'elling. her declination is 11°9' south; her diameter is 14'2"; and quickly adopted. I do vengeance and pleine correction she is in be cons lla io V g . While dwell in the sign of the Leon. t te t n ir o ...... I n Min is the of the high haIles, Venus rises on the 1st at 4 o'clock in the mor ing; on the ruin A Great Lake East or H dson's Bay. The falliug of the tower. and of the walles 31st she rises not far from a quarter after 5 o'clock. u Upon the minonr or the carpenter. l geographical ci y 1111'. F. H. Bignal , of a Canadian so et , I slew Sampson in "haking the piler." NEPTUNE has just returned from an exploring expedition to the north n Science has changed all this. The ill-ome ed star is is evening star. After the 12th, the evening stars are in the e east of Quebec, an exp dition which left in June last, to dis raised almost to the dignity of sun. Saturn's eight satel· a preponderance, numbering on the list Mars, Mercury, Nep cover, jf possible, a great inland sea which bas for some y up lites equal the sun's famil of worlds. His rings, made tune, and Saturn, time been identified with Lake Mistassnii, just nortb of tbe e of myriad minute satellites, circling around the central orb. The right ascension of N ptune on the 1st is 3 h. 17 m. ; Provi nce of Quebec. Mr. Bignel l did not belong to the s It r n respond to the sun's family of astproid . is not imp ob his declination is 16° 23' orth; his diameter is 2'6"; and be main expedition, which was eq uipped for an eighteen months' ahle tbat, enougb of his primev l fires remain to give out is in the constellation Taurus a . stay, but he reports having navigated 120 miles on It great heat and even light to the orlds of satellites and rings that eptune sets on the 1st at half past o'c ock in s w N 5 l the lake, which be assumes to be an expan ion of Rupert River, own him t ir lord. as he moming; on the 31st he sets at half past 3 o'clock. witbout having really reached the body of the lake. He Such are some of tbe claims to notice of tbe ring-girdled says it lies from south est to ortbe t, stretching toward THE MOON. w n as planet that on tbe 12r.h reaches the goal when it is at its the Labrador coast, between low .. lying banks, and probably The D cem er moon fulls on the 2d t o'clock in the nearest point to the earth during tbe present year. e b a 2 covers as much area, at least, as Lake Superior. The exist The ri ht ascension S turn on the 1st is 5 h. 23 evening. The moon is at her neare8t point to Saturn on the g of a m.; ence of su.::h a body of water in this hitherto almost totally 3d, and to Jupiter on the 8th. She is in conjunction with lJis declination is 21041' north; his diameter is 19'4'; and he unexplored region has beret.ofore been tbe subject of maRY Venus on the morning of the 14th, at 37 minutes after 4 is in the constellation Taurus. rumors, and further autbentic reports will oe looked for o'clock. The morning star and tpe essening circlet of the Saturn rises on the 1st at a quarter after 5 O'clock in the l with great interest. moon, only a egree and a quarter arJart, will be lovely to evening; on the 31st be Rets a fe w minutes before 6 o'clock d in the morning. behold as they make their appearance on the celestial scene, An Ingenious Blacksmith. URANUS tbe picture remaining visible until it is nearly time for the is morning star. His cour£e durIng the montb is marked sun to appear. Tbe moon pays her respects to Mars on tbe Mr. Charles Dunster, a blacksmith of Leesville, Ohio, has witb an event that would be vastly more important to ter· l!lth, the day after her change, and to Mercury on the 1 9th. made a clock, mostly with blacksmitb's tools, which has ex resl rial view if it were not for bis great distance. On the On the 28th, she is in conjunction with Neptune, and on the cited considerahle comment in his neighborhood. It is 24th, at:.J o'clock the afternoon, he is in quadrature with 30 h she passes !:laturn fOl" the se o d i the l e s in t c n time w thin limits principa ly of st el, and in a glas case so tbe movement can n the sun on his wester side, half his course from conjunc of Decemher. be seen, gives the time in eleven cities, striking the houl's to oppo"itiou beiug quarters, Ilnd seven tion then completed. 0111' satellite hides no large star from the view of observ- and is feet hi,l!;b. © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 1 titufifie jmtritau. [NOVEMBER 29_ 1884- NEW SYSTEM OF VENTILATING VESSELS. machine by the treadle to which the pitman then connects; CELLAR DRAIN AND VENTILATOR. the o o The drain an d ventilating pipe, A, is sunk into the ground An improved �ystem of ventilation for marine vessels has and when wearied perat. r can rapidly disconnect the been patented by Mr. J. M. J. Barton, of 300 Pitt Street, pitman from the treadle, and join it to the lever to work by at the outside of the cellar wall through wllich it is passed, of arid conducted beneatb the cellar floor, which inclines Sy dney, Au�tralia. A series pipes extends from tbe SI'V band power. eral eompartm�nts in t.he vessel to the furnace, which is downward from the walls to a receiving basin, E, fittedwi th closed perfectly al: the bottom ; the doors are made to fitve ry The Human Faee. a perforated top, G, to pass air and t.o prevent solid matters
closely, so tbat no air can pass to the fire except tbrough the BY D. Y. CLIFF. from entering and choking up the pipe, Any water en.ter pi pes provided for that purpose. The fire in the furnace When man first detected that tbe voice, sight, hearing, ing the cellar by overflows within tbe building, or by look causes a draught, and as no air can enter except through the smell. and taste were all situated in and emanated from the age through the outer walls or through tbe cellar bottom, bead, he looked upon it, and its contours and proportions will collect in the basin and flow into tbe pipe, from where became to him comparable and beautiful ; he said, grandly, it may be pumped through a hose introduced into the bead " It is the image of God!" How much does tbe rest of the of the pipe at the outside, the cover, I, having been removed a of from the basin, H. As a material of to construct body owe to carn l passions and "pride might" ? Ad which tile to mirat ion and appreciation have surely played a large part in the pipe, earthen IS be preferred, because of its cheap our development. The intellect animul looks to the face ness and suitability. has it an idea of heauty? Do we recognize " heauty " in There are many advantages claimed for this pIau over the brute creation from long inbred asoociation, or have they themselves had a hand (or an eye) in it? The fact that it contains scarcely IJ,nything to cringe or terrify us, at first sight, would seem to prove this inbred familiarity. We find natu re to be born in and of ourselves. There are more dan gE'rs in the artiiicial p roductions of man than in the struc tures of Nat ure. The eye reacbes further than the weapon ; and it is ell.sier to fall from a window than from a tree. Some say the national face does not cbange, its apparent differences inghe the result of fashion-costume, hat, hair, etc. For my part it seems that the history of each age is painted on I.he faces of its people. Parents would seem gen erally to anticipate (or form) iu fancy the realities of their offspring-probably unknowingly. I bave on several occasions been struck hy odd faces bere and there which belonged to a past age. Some will, of course, smile at t.his. Once, e. g. , at a sham parliament in a Cheshire town, I saw an exact reproduction of the face (as generally represented) of the Georgian epoch of English history. The bigh cheeks, _ tbe ruddy skin, p ticularl the wi e low forehead with its ar y d ,' distinctive depre�sion (almost) in the middle of the forehead where the head curves downward, the broad face, the pecu liar " look," etc. The face of Charles suggests his artistic taste, his theo- D AND BARTON'S NEW SYSTEM OF VENTILATING VESSELS. I. POSZ'S CELLAR RAIN VENTILATOR. logical thoughtfulness (�o general then), and a proud indif ference to vulgar rowdyism. He was to his age what " Farm drains connected with a system of sewers ; dangerous sewer pipes, a powerful suction will be produced, and the fonl air er George " was to his, and the Prince of Wales is to his �ases are prevented from entering the hOllse, the walls of in the several parts of' tbe ship will be drawn into the fur -types tbereof-the men tbereof bearing one of its varied the building can be kept a drier condition ; non-liability nace; fresh air will naturally pass iuto the compartmen ts in educations, but the same generally under each disguise. to choking up under ordinary conditions, and especially so in through passages provided for the purpose. The inner ends would be a long subject to discu&s the features of the time of flo d, when tbe filth of sewers is forced back into of the pipes are closed by gra.tings, to prevent the entrance It s o different ages English history and speculate upon them, the connected drains and cellars, to the positive injury of of live coals. In the engraving, tbe upper figureis an en· ill and perhaps foreign to this journ al. It this feeling we health ; complete ventilation is also afforded. This plan larged cross section througb the boiler and pipes. is bave, t is recognition of a fact , that hurts our fancies to see will serve well where sewer systems are unknown, as ou This device can be applied in auy marinc vessel, but is es !l an ugly artist, handsome slave, ami sometimes tl} -wooder farms ·{)t· in small tawns aud eities. pecially adapted for steamers, as the furnace of Ihe boiler a at, tbe beautiful eyes some of our domestic animals possess. This inventiou has been patented by Mr. Michael Posz, of could be utilized ; in sailing vessels a special furnace would We find an innate pleasure in gazing on a handsome face. Shelbyville, Ind. have to be provided. The above causes, no doubt, have lent a diversity t.o the face of woman which reacts on the man. type COllrlllINATION TOOL HOLDER. HAND The favorite POWER FOR SEWING MACHINES. The main portion of the holder consists of a blade, A, and is " married up " in excess of ot hers, and effectually im The obj ct of an invention patented by Mr. Elijah Wright, a of p pressed on tbe race. To tbis we may trace, prohably, the a shank formed to fit bit brace. Upon one side the of Coldwater, Miss., is to provide a simple, efficieut, and in is a widely diverged races of men, the Mongol, tbe Negro, the blade a clamping plate, 0, attached hy rivet at one enrl ; expen8ive hand power attachment to sewing or otIler light European, etc. The transmission of tbe family likeness, the outer ends of the two pieces A and C, are formed with ' , use machines, whereby the injnrious effect.s of a cr,nt.inual of paternally and maternally, is interesting to reflect on. That eyes for the clamping screw, whicb takes a thread in the the treadle may he avoirled. The hand lever is hinged to lugs c o clamp, C. clamp is offset to form space next to the was a s andal us remark, to me, I read, J think 10 your The a of a plate attached to the sewing macbine table, and at a sbort journal, about the passing admirations of a motber being blades, that receives the screw driver, B, when closed, and distance from the pivot it has a transverse enlargement, in stamped on her children's faces. Why is not the husband, a gimlet is attached at the other side of the blade, the two which are formed three slots, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. the favorite brother, the sister, the mothel', father, etc., tools being upon the screw that passes through eyes in their From the outer end of the enlargement the handle proper of oftener reproduced, if that be the case-with the double ends. The eye of the blade, A, is grooved at each side the lever ranges forward at about an angle of forty·five chance? It is remarkable, though, that the eldest child (Fig. 2), and the tools are formed with ribs (Fig. 3) wbich degrees, and in a gentle curve, making it eltSy to grasp and seems very often to retain the strongest family likeness. fit in the grooves when the tools are either in me or turned operate. The end of the pitman, w hich usually connects with up. The blade, A. as a the But tbe strong likeness of brothers and sisters iii au argu is farmed countersink, D, below the tread e by this plan passed loosely on the round end l , is ment against it. Perhaps this is largely owing to tbeir eye. The screw driver can be readily turneddo wn for use bearing of a pivot stud, which is adapted to enter either of catching each other's expressions of countenance ; and this when the screw is loosened, and clamped again by tighten- agaiu explaining why the "younger end " often differ so decidedly from their elders-lack of association. This same thing ap plies to nations; hence the force of tbe child's re mark, "All Frenchmen seem to grin alike." A national con tortion. One would like to have seen the face of the Persians who .2 made it part of their education to " speak the truth." We could have seen itl Was the Spartan stern in aspect who lived for bis country's good ? Was Deborah a Jewess in bel' look ? Can we not read By ron's poetry in his face, and the heaviness of pondering judgment� in Hallam's? Do you doubt, as you look at Nero's face, that be could fiddle while Rome burnt? And so on; a man's mind sbines out of his countenance, the face in repose, or unanimated, is the genA rality of that individual's mind. And so we turn to look on the faces around us to-day. Are not the majority mere livers-mere nonentities ? These will not remain in history, but they will form the nati on's destiny I Our souls wen' filled with sadness when we found inanity behind a lovely face. Nature lied to usl Do the choice minority conquer the long run ? is \ . in It one long flght. " r., .. ' Jo ur. ScWnce. � , . " WRIGHT'S HAND SHINE'S COllrlllINATION TOOL HOLDER POWER FOR SEWING MACHINES. .. I .. .. . '.l' ellt oC Gl ue. of The gives the following method of test ing the screw. Th.e driver is ont of the way when n ot tbe slots; the screw-threaded portion the stun extends Tischler Zct'tung " in the A ing piece f'nd it in water, use by being between the clamp and blade. through slot. to receive the t humh nut. pin passed glue: Carefully weigh a and susp th rough tbe stud outside of tbe pitman keeps the latter in a temperature not exceeding C. (500 F. ), during" This invention has been patented by Mr. O. B. Shine, of at tOO 24 o t t vel'y Tbe e Covert, Mich. place. Tbis c ns ruc ion IS clearly indicated in hours. coloring matter is th n precipitated, and the Fig". glue swells in consequence of the so ption of water. On 2. ab r o g the glue e A substitute for ground glass is made as follows : It is evident that by f rm in transverse slots in lever removmg the from the wat r, the increase in weight GOOD provision is made for attacbing pit men of various lengths; will be found to be ill proportion to the quality. The weight Work together equal parts of white l ead and common putty hence this balld power may be connected with any ordinary of the col oring matter ean also be ascertained by w eigbing until quite soft, tben form it into a ball, and roll it (.ver tbe s of the gl ue a second time after it has been thoroughly dried. surface of the glass, and ground glass appearance is ewin� maehine by varying the location the pivot stud. a the The lever will be out of the way of the operator working the Okron. Il1du8tr. result. © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC NOVEMBER 29, 1884.] Jtitufifit �mtfitatt. 319 JACQUELIN AN CHEVR 'S STEA EXCAVATOR. excava�ing (Fig. 6). These ex?avators are dividec1 i to two I in repair, interest, etc., iuvolves an estimated expense of 90 In the accom panyl�D g engravID� gs we �Illustr ate a new type catt'gorIes � th ose that perate SIdeways, and those th�at. oper- francs. . o of excavator which has recently been experimented with at side ways and in a forward direction. The first of these, Description of Eligs. 1 and 2.-y, 25 B.P. engine for actuat· Fle rus, Belgium. iR t�e in vention of two French civil alatetllO ugh ingenious. give but tolerable results, on account of ing the buckets and car ier en gi lle for actuating the j i ? It I r ; '0, b englOce s , �e srs. acquel n & Chevre. The expe riments the manner in wll r tile bucket is attached to the chain. In and moving the apparatus forward ; A, B, C, D, E, frame � � J I I i h made wIth the prese e of a large number of engi- fact, but slight height can be operated upon under pen l- of the apparatus; W', jib ; aI, buc e attacking the earth ; It, lU ? c a a k t neers. con tractors, and U1ld r , gave so satisfactory route,· and in order full ucket on way to the hopper as, full bucket � � results ty of losing the excavated material en if, 11,2, b its ; that we are .w�rrallted �1D gIVlDg a about emptying; a4, bucket on its way downward ; E', hop- . specIal descrIp. tlOn of the apparat us. per; F', carrier; I", double chute ·, Moo, bucket guide.-Le As well known, the bucket s iu � Genie Civil. the different styles of excavators .-' ,, 0 /\::.) ... � . are riveted to the l inks of the bucket ,/ The Direction oC the Wind. chain, and consequently follow its , That the chan gi g of the direction of the wind is due to the inclination. ;' n / When the cllain approaches the " shifting or the situations of greatest heat upon the eartb is ve the f t i of ver tical (Fig. 5), the buckets are in a / substantially pro d by act that in cer a n regions the " favorable position, and are cap:lble / terrestrial surface, wbere the situati ons of t be greatest heat ,I and cold o d o o each of holding their contents; bnt, on d not al ter the irecti n in which tbey lie t the contrary, when it app oaches the other, tbe wind does not change, but always blows in tbe r Fig. 6. horizontal (Fig. the same direction from one day to another, and all the year 6), /' ,./ material tends to d rop , roullcl. This occurs in the great open spaces of the ocean, where there is no land get. h eated up the sunsh i n e of Ollt of tbem. For tbis / to by reason, dredgers and /' tbe day, and to get cool by the scattering of the bellt at h a d of excavators can perform night.. In t ose spaces, for vast brea th many h un dred� m i les, the sun shines down day after day upon tbe their full effective duty Tit ,.. . of ' surface of the sea, heati g the w ater most along the rnid only when the cbain Fig. 6. n ocean track which lies most immediately beneat h its burn approaches the verti· F'ig. 9. a cal, as in Fig. 5. For t his reason, the excavators that are ing rays as it p R�es across from east to west. This mid· tr k the su sb i most employed aud give the best results move over the nat way ac of strongest n i n e cl'Osses the w de ocean a belt or zone that s reads some way to either side of the ural ground along t.he margin of tbe cutting (Fig. 7). A as p e . bucket-frame, a i is varied by m a of qu ator Throughout this midway track the cooler and A B, whose i nclin t on e n s e it hand drifts in ro a jib, earri es at its extremity two wheels over wbich the h avier air ou e her from the n orth and f m the south, and then rises up, as it becomes heated by the bucket·chains roll. The buckets empty their contents into a cllut e, w bich carries tbem to the cars. It will be seen tbat sun, where the two currents meet. to emp loy such an excavator the natural ground must be In botb instances, however, in consequence of the spin a l van i ng wind acquires a leveled and prepared for the laying of tracks for the appara ning round of the earth, the ( c west ward as well as an equatorial drift. The air curre nt, as it tus and cars. Now it is on Iy in special cases that I.be ground o he ua i ar pe mit of h as o e ly appr ac d the midway eq tor al zone, where the onw d r s such a t ing this, and c nsequ n t of tbe lise o s regions the movement of the sea covered surface of the earth is per of tbis s rt of excavator. In a n dy giving way formed with the vast velocity of 1,000 mi les an houl', does of the earth at the edge of the d itch renders its use difficult. , o u y such not immediately acquire this full rat e of speed and lags Supposing that the gr und is nat ra ll even, apparatus back upon the ocean, so that it appears as d i ft toward the can hardly be used for a.nything else than widening- a trench 10. a r Fig. w that ba p e give j p est as well as toward the equator. On the nOl'th sid e of s already been o en d in order to the ib a roper the equator the wind blows all t he year round from the inclination. If, in fact, it be desired to attack the ground to attack a greater heigh t (as is done iupractice), we proceed s d to undermine the earth (Fig. 10), the jfb becomes in olved northeast, and on t.he south i e from the southeast, botb v in the Atlantic an d Pacific Oceans. in the latter and the !lpparatus comes to a standstil l The 'rhese steady and un l . changi ng ocean win Atropos. Carbonate soda ...... grains . . . . . 480 Yel low prussiate potash ...... grains. To the Editor of the &ie tijic American : . , ...... 480 n Sulphite soda ...... 160 grains. I send by this mail a small phial containing some fnsects . No. 2. that infest hOllses here, getting carpets anrl into under the Water...... 9 ounces. beds. will see mi l u Yfm lio s of tbem in a single bed. Will Chlorine of ammonia ...... 510 grains. you please inform whatis tbe n ame of th insect, whether I Solution of one drop of sulphuric acid in one me e I ounce water ...... , ...... 1 drop. they do any damage to the berlclothes, where they come Pyro (1 commercial ounce) ...... 437 grains. from, and how to exterminate them ? If No. 2 does not change from a purple color to a clear REAL ESTATE JOURNAL, yellow color within an hour aft l' m xing, one or two drops pel' J. B. PARKER, Publiaher. e i more of lhe sulphuric acid sol ution may be added. Nashua, N. H., Nov. 4, 1884. To prepare a developer of tbe proper strength with the f 8 above solutions for the ilevelopment o a 5 x plate which We submitted the specimens to Prof, C. V. Riley for ex has bad a drop shutter exposure take : m , a ination who writes as follows: Water ...... � drachm •• To the No. 1 solution ...... dracbm Editor of the Scientijie American : . . . . . 2% •• Also : The insects wbich yon subm i t to me, sent by .Mr. Parker, Water ...... drachms. publisher of the Real Es tate Jo urnal at Nashua, N. H. , prove . . 7 No. 2 solution ...... 1 drachm. on examination to be a species of Atrop08, but the habits of Mix the two, and develop in the usual way. The propor the species as given by Mr. Parker are certainly exceptional LALIBERTY'S DlPROVED STEAM: WHEEL. tions given will be equivalent in grains to those stated in and most interesting. Tbe habits of the family (PSOCidOl), the first formula. so f ar as known, are as follows: may be easily perceived, tbls motor may he put up to run in Mr. Newton described some interesting experim n , which Atropos divinatoriu8 Fabr. is one of tbe worst museum either direction. e t� substantiated very forcibly the value of the developer for pests, quite injurious to the more delicate parts of preserved Great speed is possible witb this m otor, and the advan instantaneous work. Two plates exposed precisely the same insects, and especially the smaller l epidoptera. It is also tages derived from applying the power at the periphel'y of ti me, on the same object, were developed side by side, one more or less injurious to old books. The eame habit is also the wheel will be apparent. wit developer prescribed in the directiAns of the posses�ed by the well known PSOCU8 dome8ticu8. An other This invention has been patented by Mr. HODler Laliberty, h tbe HS manufacturer of the plate, and the other with tbe above de species, undetermined as yet, I havc found caught in great of Blackfoot, Idaho. .,.,. veloper. With the ferr:>cyanide there was from a half numbers in bird lime used for the purpose of t rapping to a h Sir Mose. Montellore. third more detail brought ont in the shadows, and develop winged PhylloxerlJ!. Anot er sPecies of Atrop08, probauly E. Well done, Sir Moses Montefiore ! It may now be hoped ment was completed sooner than with the prescribed devel pulicariu8. has been found by Miss M. Murtfeldt, of Kirk that we h ve beard the last of the op nion that in modern oper; the negatives being more brilliant Ilnd vigorous. wood, Mo., infesting tbe egg mass of the cottony maple a i times no human life has been proved to reach 100 ye rs. Plates were shown which had been kept for 80me time, scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis). Anotber species, whicb a With the extending term of human life and the steady in which was seen the marking of the diviiling mat, and a corresponds to pulsatorills, has been found in large nu mbers im provement in human habits, life has often seemed to reacb general fogginess proceeding from tbe same cause. Mr. in preserved corn in tbe museum of the Department of Ag· 100 ye rs and more. But this has not frequently been the Newton had discovered that by adding a small qu nt ity of riculture, many of the kernels being eaten out entirely. I a a case in p�rsons whose history was so well knowu as that of bromide of sodium-half a grain to the ounce to tbe develop canllot imagine that tbe species sent by Mr. Parker can in Sir Moses Montefiore. He was born at Leghorn on October er-ali traces of fogginess and all indications of me allic sil any way injure the hedclothes, nor can I filtate, without t 24, 1784, whitber his parents had gone on business jour ver disappeared-the plates developing clear and free from knowing more of the surrou ndings, whence such numbers It ney. His birth was duly entered in the books of the Spanish such defects . . He advised the use of the above remedy come, nor suggest any morle of exterminating them otber and Portuguese synagogues in Bevis Marks. It is a grand where plates affectedas described were discovered. His than· cleanliness, and especially the riddance of any dry ani thing to live to 100 years and to still cbeerful and thankful. theory of the developer was, that when the chloride of mal or vegetable substance in the house. be It is so, in tbe first place, for tbe pleasure of rebuking 8u�h ammonia or No. 2 sohItion was mixed witb No. 1, the C. V. RILEY. skeptics as Sir George Cornewall Lewis, and in the second chloride of ammonia was decomposed, ammonia being lib Department of Agricul ture, Bureau of Entomology, for the pleasure of giving all men proof that there is nothing Cl'uted, wbich, acti ng in conjunction with the yellow prus Washiugton, Nov. 13, 1884. in physiology to make it impossi ble for them to achieve a siate of pot ash and carbonate of soda, produced an ext.remely century of honorable and agreeable existence. We do not powerful developing agent, while the chl orine liberated The American Electrical Exhibition, Boston. wish to magn ify mere longevity, or to make every man be from tbe chloride of ammonia acted or seemed to act as As will be seen by reference to our advertising cclu mn s, lieve that by any amount of thought he can necessarily at an agent to prevent the discoloration of the film, tbe date of opening thi; exhibition has been postponed one tain to it. Our study of longevity leads us to think that it Mr. W. E. Partridge showed two negatives which he had week, to Dec. 1. It is intended to make this exbibiti@n as is g ne t i l h i , developed with tbe developer, which were very clear and of e rally a cons itut ona , and often a ered tary matter. complete and comprehensive as possible in every particulllr, It is more i mportant to live well than to live long. excellent printing quality. He was mu'ch pleased with the the interest of science and education the electrical and H Nor love thy life, nor hate ; what thou livest. working of eveloper. Mr. F. C. Beach slated tbat he in in hut tbe d Live well ; how long or ahort permit Heaven." mechanical arts, and to present tberei n a comprehensive to hnd also tried the developer, with satisfactory results. It view of t.he recent great progress in practical applications It is in this spirit, and doubtle�s largely because of tbis acted very quickly, kept clear, and was of a light straw of electricity. The builrling in wh ich tbe exhihition is to Sir when first g spirit, that Moses has attaiued to bis 101st year. It should color by daylight mixed, afterward turnlO to a be held, th t of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic a e m F e a As not be forgotten th t in th last decade of it he acco plished cherry c()lor. r e ammonia was easily perceiveil, showing sociation, on Huntington Avenue, is one of the finest in no less a feat than a journey-th e third he had made-to that the action was similar to Mr. Newton's explanation. the co r unt y for It display of this kind, and the management Palestine. And it is only by so "living well " that any olle Two negatives were shown by Mr. Beach which bad had is of a character which gives every adsurance of success. is likely to attain to an enjoyable and unselfishold age. extremely sbort exposures; one was daveloped with the .,... Living well in the vulgar sense of the word is one of the formula as given, �Qd was of a dense greenish yellow .::olor, Progress oC Photography. surest ways of failing of this achievement. There are a few the other by a modfficatioll consisting of the use of a sul recent number of the Photographic News w r i i y phurons acid sulphite place of dry A contains a men wbose po e s of v tal t and whose iutegrity of tissue soda solution of pyro in had reproduction of a pbotograph of the Paris express train are so exceptiollal as to enable them to al mo�t disregard the pyro, as advised in No. 2. It a c lear, grayish wet-plate taken by an exposure of the entire plate for one three-hun laws of health; and their survival to a high age often leads appearance, and, in his opin ion, de veloped up hetter, al part an dredth of It second-a siele view, while the trilin wa� careless observers to wrong conclusions; but there is lIO· though somewhat'slower. In each case equal amount of h running at a velocity of forty-two miles per our. There is thing more certain than that for Jew or Christian-and Sir detail was brought out in the shadows. A sample of tbe a slight blurring in some of the details of the picture, but Moses shows how much there may be in common between a developer was shown, after it had been used in the develop in general i n ment of two plates and hl\d been standing for twelve hours; it looks as f the cars a d locomotive were stand good Jew and a good Christian--the great secret of longevity liherry illJrstill. is to "live soberly, riihte(\usly, and godly/'-Lancet. it waii cl�ar. but of a. color. © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Jtitufifit 342 "tutritau. AERIAL NAVIGATION. finda proof of tbis in some old mythological fables whose gramme up to that of more than a kilogram me, and reach BY VICTOR TATlN. origin is lost in the depths of time. Among the att empts ing in the latter case a spread of wi ngs of more than two The purely mechani<-al 80lution of the problem of aerial that have been made si n ce, none has given a real result, and meters. In our smalle st models the l'1Ibber spriug was navigation ha� been sough t through three means-helicop we are scarcely more advanced to·day than they were in the alw ays used, but we �aricd t h e form and relative extent of tera, or largc helices with vertical axes, im it ation of the t.he wings ad infinitum, as we d id the number and am plitude r natm:ll flightof hirds, and aeroplanes moved by helices wit b of thei strokes. We compared the advan tages and d isad hori zon l al axes. vantages accompanying the use of wings of birds 01' clieil'Op He lWoptera.-The first helicopteron that was able to sus tera, and finally w e obtained results that have never been tai n itself in the air was that of Lannoy and Bienvenu, and urpassed, nor even reached, but al ways exceedi ng a s ' by of dates hack to 1784. the epoeh at w h i ch it was presented to power lhat was out proportion to the effect obtained. We the Academ y of Sciellces. The necessary motive power was afterward tried to find as exactly as possible the value of furnished it· hy a b()w of whalebone. At that time a p racti this excessive expenditure, by constructing compressed air cal solution was far from heing reached, and the apparatus machines designed to replace the rubber. 'l'hese apparatus just mentioned a w aited i mprovement for more than three· were the largest that we experimented with, and their ex quarters of a century. It was then that an ingenious ex treme l ightness permitted us to furnish a mechan ical bird perimenter, Mr. A. Penand, h appi ly modified it by substi nearly ten times its weight in kilogrammes per second. a d t i tuting a twisted rubber th read for the spring. This appara Aftel' modifications without number, n entire or par al tus gave results so superior to those that h9d before been reconstructions, the results were so u n fortunate that we had obtained that it might almost have pa�sed fOI' a new creation . to give up the struggle, at least in this direction. Is tbat to But despite the efforts of Pen aud and a number of other in say that a mecb�nical bird is a mach ine impossible to realize? ' vest igators, it was im po�sible to devise auy practical result In no wise ; we must not conclude from our defeat that better from tlie helicC'pt eron , and the little machine became an in cannot be d on e, butwe shall not advise any one to try it with teresting plaything, aud was an. a vie w to obtaining a practical result in aeronautics. The that ' The on ly apparatus of the k ind that has since been con very complex motiollS of a bird's wing during flightare ve1'Y structed is Mr. Forlau ini's helicop leron. This experiment difficult to i mitate in mechanics, and, if nat ure has used was made upon a I i ttle larger �cale. The springs' were re them, it is bel'allse the orgnns of these an imals could not placed by a small and very light steam engine, whose boiler adapt themselves effectively to other and sim pler motions consist ed of vessel filled with wate r raised to high tem that m echanics make use of-rotary motion, for exam ple a a . perature. T e whole w eig d pounds, and rose in the wil l be thought, perhaps, that we have heen pretty bad h he 6}-'!l It, a air when the engine developed a one, fourth horse power, or mechan ic. We admit this very willingly, but at present we one h orse per 26 pouu ds. In spi te of all tbe interest tbat are con vinced by force of time and mon ey that the im itation such an experiment presents, we can not prevent ourselves of nature has no other interest than that of making us better o from remarki ng that the disp sable weight was very feeble i.-TOY HELICOPTERON. understand the means that she employs. It seems to us in- o Pig. 'in pr portion to the (·onsiderable work demanded of the en admissi ble to construct a mechanical bird in order to n avi gine. Notwithstanding the con trary opin ion of many per . gate Our a e s did not try to construct c ttme of Arclrytas of Tare ntum It is again tn Mr. Penaud the air. f tb r the lo o I o o sons, we shall demom,trate without trouble that we can, hy that we owe the first im portant results in this path-the most motive after the type of the hare r an tel pe in order to imi helix, means of a obtain much more favorable results. The arduous that w6'Conld select in order to reHch success with tate the speed of those ani mals. experiments which we take for a basi s were, Iikc t hose of apparatns hpavier than ail', and the one in which we are Aeroplanes. -By this name are designated apparatns whose Mr. G. Ti�san di er, performed with helices which, through most backward. When Penaud, through the use of twisted invention is quite recent, since the first. rational project pub- their very construction, did not lished about tiJem is due to Hen po�sess a maximum or sustaining son, and dates back to 1842 only. power. Tiley were n ot con This, moreover, is the type that structed, as in Mr, Forlanini's has al ways been reproduced apparatus, in view of a recoil of since then. The principle of about 1UO per cent. Every helix, this ap paratus consists in the in fact, should be care fully maintaining in air of a vast studied from the stand point of plalJe, to which propelling what we expect from it. in helices om i a r d So, c muu c te a api o the helic p teron, as the helix is forward motion. No one that ·at the same tillle a sustaining we know of had obtained good plane, it should be likened to a resul t s hy means of these appa snrface movi ng horizont ally, and ratus before Penaud, who again in which, consequently, the re employed twisted ru bher for set m o i s s i sistance to t on will be to the ting t llt' e small Hnd n touish ng lifting power as the si llus is to Iy simple arpamtus in motion. the cosinus of the angle formed This ingf'nious experimenter un by such plane with the horizon. fort un ately devised n othing but Shoul(\ we construet, then , a types of aeroplan es of ,s mall di like helix of snfficiently short men�ions. The disease that was and to remo e him f o us doubt pitch of wide su rface, we v r m mig t and by his h thporetirally, push- less interfered with re ing things to the extreme, Ii ft an searches. "-"'Porrr�------indefini te weight with very . A few years before his deRth a 2.-TATIN'S AEROPLANE. sli.g-ht power, and we should be Fig. he publi sh ed , in conjunclion l i mited only by passi ve resist- with one of our friends, Mr. P. ances and friction. When , on the contrary, the helix, in rubber, caused a small machine to' fly, our emulation was GRuchot, a project for'an aeroplane of large dimen�ions, hut stead of being stationary, or nearly so, is destined to bave excited, and no one perhaps was more enthusiastic than we his demise prevented its heing carried out. Tbis construc mo the axis, it c n g l e in the pursuit of definite result. a t i on in direetion of its a be iven a ong r II tion would doubtle8s have entailed qu it e a heavy expense, pitch, since it then attacks the air at angle that is so much During the course of 'our researchrs, which lasted for �eve but we believe that it would have given an It victoriou!'! proof of o the smaller in proport ion as the recoil is less. It is thus ral m nth s, we coustructed a l arge number of mpch anical th� superi ori ty of the aeroplane over all the npparatus that situated unoer as favorable circumstances as one with a very birds of all sizes and various weights, from that of half a we have described above At the epoch at w hich Penaud short pitch, w hose recoil is 100 definitely devoted himself think the detract per cen t. We to the use of the aeropl ane as or8 of th� hf.'lix have not under the most eapable mpthod of'giv stood this condition. ing practical result�, we were H,lwever thi� may be, it. seem8 still en,!!'aged in constructing ap us the he e sys to that lico pt ron parat us baseoupon the i m itation tem has indeed but lit tie future of the fligbt of hirds. Our eyes before it, because of the extreme were finally opened to the evi hghtn(lss th at i t would be neces dence, and we entered a path sary to give the immen se struc which since then we have not tures whose every part would be ceased to follow. We soon con in motion. Besid es, we may gratula ted ourself npon this ask, What velocity would we change, fl)r, from the very time obtain, since we woul d have here of our first trials, the results o nly one means to em ploy-that have been satisfact ory. of of inclining the rotary axes A small aeroplnne of about 0'7 use of t.he belices ? To make sqnare meter surface was actuat· secondary helices would evi ed by two helices that revolved dently be a com pl ication as com in opposite directions. The d pare with the nse of the aero m otor was a eompresseo air ma plaue. also would be the What ch ine analogons to a steam en relative im mobil ity of the car gine, whose boiler was replaced suspendea from the axes of two by a relatively large recept.acle helices revol ving in op site di po of 8 liters capacity. Despite the rec\.i,lDs? These questions are little weight that we could dis not as yet answered. pose of we were, nevertheless, Me chanical Birds.-The imita enableo to give the eceptacle o r ti n of nature must have always snfficient. strength to . canse it to mao as the seemed to most resist, on trial, more tban 20 at rational means of rtifiCially p t a mospheres (in. our ex erimen s solving the prohlems that sh e tbe prrssnre never exceeoed 7). bas work'ld out, and S,-EXPERIMENT AT CHALAIB-MEUDON. � herself we Fig. Its weight was only 700 © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 1titufifit NOVEMBER 29, 1884.1 !mtritau. 343 grammeH. The liltle engine, which developed a motive DINOSAURS. as regards form, with tbose of a lizard of tbe present time power of about 2 kilogrammeters per �ec"nd, weighed 300 The first naturalists who deseribed reptiles as crawling called the ignana. Since tbat epoch, and especially since a grammes. Finally, the total weight of the apparatus, animr.ls would certainly lJave modified the opinion that they few years back, our knowledge concerning the dinosaurs has mounted up on rollers. was 1'75 kilogrammes. This en- expressed had they known the strange creatures whose his peculiarly increased, and we are beginning to get a glimpse, tire affaIr (I!'ig. 2) left the earth at a velocity of 8 meter� per tory we are about to sketch. among these animals, of very different ty pes, whicb indicate secnnrl, although the resistances were al ll1o�t equal to those TlJese animals, which are designated as oruitboscelians or orders just. as distinct as are those of the pachyderms, ru dUll 1.0 the opening of tbe angle formed hy the planes above l dinosaurians, partake, by certalD characteristics of their or minants, and carnivora among mammals. ganization, of the nature of Upon the sides of the Rocky Mount ains, in the United mammals, birds, and reptiles States, we findstrata which mn be followed for several hun dred miles in extent, and which b'lve yielded for the inves properly 80 called, while at the same time exhibiting tigation of paleontologists a small marsupial, remains of characters that are proper to fishes, remains of pterodactyls, crocodiles, and tortoises, and themselves. 'fhey seem to especially an enormous quantity of bones of gigantic dino- bridge over the gap which in present nature separates the most perfect of t be reptiles, the crocodiles and the tor toises, from the lower mam· mals-t h e marsupials-a n d from such birds . as the os trich, emu, and ca"sowary. 'fhey are so far removed from the repl.iles that we have to form a distinct suhclass for tlJemequal in value to that which is admitted for reptiles of the presen t time. -'--'" The differences thnt they prescnt from our reptiles are much greater than those that we findbetwe en tortoises and Ecrpents, for example, to OOTH OF 2. -TOOTH OF Fig. i. - T Fig. Fi 5.-SKELETON OF IGUANODON. IGUANODON. g. merely cite the two extreme MEGALOSAURUS. terms of the �eries. We know the hori7.on. The experiment was performed in 1879 at. Ihe nothing of the dinosaurs except their skeleton. It is proba saul's. We have here a true bone yard in which lie buried, Chalais-Meudon l a Mi i t ry ESlablishmeut. The aeroplane, ble that if it were permitted us to know what tbeir organ i pellmell, the most curious and strallge forms of all the which was attached by a cord to the center of a circular zat.ion was. bow their cirC1llation was effected, and what animals that the ancient ages have bequeatbed to us. It is flooring, revolved around the track, rose from the ground, Iheir mode of development was, we should not hesitate to put to the ad mirable researches of Marsh and Cope that we owe and once, even. passed over the head 3). of a spectator (Fig. them into a class intermediate between that of the mammals our knowledge of a fauna that has entirely disappeared. We can only renew here the thanks that we bave already ad- and birds and that drcs ...... bl'lle, which exceed the normal r CHOLERA has prevailed in number of two. a e caudal thi' coun try in 1832, 1848-49, ones that are modifiedso as to Fig. 8.-AlIE:UCAN LANDSCAPE �llE JURASSIC WITH UPTILES AND PLAN�S OF 18.54, 1865-66, and 1873. OJ! EPOCH . . . serve as a support of the pel- lim: . PERIOD. © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 344 $titufifit 1\mtfitJu. vis, which is considerably enlarged, in order to be able to Tournay, in Belgium. is located the Bernissart coal mine. limbs and its tail. If, on the contrary, it wished to move support the usnally robust bind limbs. To judge by In order to reach the bed of coal it is necessary in that coun forward rapidly in order to escape its enemies. it placed its the gl'tat width presented by the medullary canal, tbe try to excavate the earth to a certain depth, and traverse fore limhs againRt its body, and made exclnsive use of its spinal marrow mmt uave been mucb swollen in the sacral strata wbich were deposited subsequent to the formation bind ones and of its caudal appendage. In this mode of region, and have furnished very large nerves to a limb tuat of the valuable combustible. In making researches at progression, it is clear that the smaller the fore paws are was strongly developed and moved by extremely powerful Bernissart for extracting coal, some wealden strata were the more they are hidden, and consequently the less resist muscles. encountered in a valley that dated from tbe beginning of tbe ance they offer to the movement of the animal in the water. The ribs are higuly developed, and their size shows that Cretaceous epoch, and that was afterward filled through tbe In confirmation of this, we observe that, among the forms the tllOracic region was very ample, and that consequently movements of the earth. Fishes by hundreds, crocod iles of that swim in the manner just stated, the fore limbs are so tire lungll mlH't have been large. unknown types, and gigant,ic reptiles here lay buried at a mnch tbe smaller in 'proportion as the beast is the 1lI0re As the food of the dinosaurs was very varied, the form depth of almost 1,150 feet, nearly in the spot where they aquatic. of their teeth is, as may be seen, entirely differentacc ording formerly lived. They were buried in mud, and lay pellmell "The iguanodona walked on the ground by the aid of to tue types examined. Tbe flesh eaters, such as the me along with the plants that grew upon the gronnd that they their hind legs only ; in other words, tbey were bipeds afler an galosaurus (Fig. 1), bad strong, cutting teeth, which were had trod at epoch so remote as to exceed all imaginatio.n . the manner of man and of a large number of birds. and were crenulate at the edges. Tue maxillaries, as well as the in Tbese gigantic animals tuus brought to light, thanks to not jumpers like tbe kangaroo ; moreover, tbey did not term axillaries, were armed with such teeth, and these mnst the persevering researches of De Paux and Sohier, were di rest upon the tail, but allowed it simply to drag. bave been formidable. The herbivora, snch as the iguano nosaurs belonging to the genus iguanodon. the first remains "Bnt, it will be said, just now, in speaking of aquatic 1822_ don (Fig. 2), the vectisaurus, the laosaul'lls. and tue hyp of wuich were fo und by Mantell in life, you compared tbe iguanodon with tbe crocodiles; yet silophodtln, had maxillaries that were provided witb teeth It is to tbe labors of Bonlenger a.nd Van Beneden, and the latter are not adapted for an erect attitude. What need. admirauly arranged 1'01' cutting and grinding. These teetb especial ly to those of Dollo, tbat we owe our knowledge of then, had the iguan odons of a bipedal walk if tbey bl\d became worn ont, like those of existing berbivorous mam· olle of the 8trange�t beings that ever existed in olden times. analogous habits? It appears to us, on the contrary, thut mals, and were indefinitely replaced. that is to say, as soon The discovery of the Beruissart iguanodon-an animal standing upright must bave been a great progress, and for whose entire skelet')ll is now known-has thrown an abso as oue of them was worn out, another one succeeded it. the following reason : What is not found in existing reptiles was a motion of the lutely new light upou the structnre of a whole group of "These animals, being herbivorous, had to serve as prey to jaws, as in tbe ruminants of our epoch, in order to nllow th e herbivorous dinosaurs. the carnivora of their epoch ; and, on another ha.nd, they re teeth to grind food. The size of the aperturea and channels Everything, in fact, is strange in the iguauodon (Fig. 5). tnained in the midst of marshes. Among tbe ferns hy which through which the nerves passed shows that there existed Its stature, as well as its gait, is well calculated to astonish they were surrounded they would have observed the ap soft lips and cheeks, without which the mastication of food proach of their euemies with difficnlty, or not at all ; but, would bave been entirely impossible. standing upright, they were enabled to look about them to The hadrosauri, which were herbivora, had tbeir teeth a considerable distance. Updght, too, it was in their power arranged in several rows that formed, through wear, a to seize �heir aggressor between their sbort, but powerful grinding surface in the form of a checker board. In the arms, and to hury their two enormous spurs into its body. herbivora which have been grouped under the Dame of or These spurs, it is probable, were provided with a cutting nilhopodia the intermaxillaries were not provided with edge. teeth, and the same was the case with the extremity of the "The difficult progression of tbe crocodile upon the lower jiLW, which was very likely armed dnring life with a ground has been described by all travelers, and there can be h0l'Uy beak ; by means of which thc animal cut off the buds no doubt that the long tail of this animal contributes not a and leaves tbat constituted its food. little to its awkward gait. The transformation of this cum Many dinosaurs had naked skin. In others, that are desig bersome organ out of water into a balance was, it seems to nated as tegosauri, the body was protected by bony shields s ns, !l. happy modification. and by spines. "Final1y, the bipedal walk must certainly have allowed We are acquainted with dinosaurs of all sizes, from the the iguanodon to more quickly l;egain the river or luke in gigantic atlantosaurus of the Rocky Mountains, which at which it disported tban would a quadrupedal walk that was tained a length of at least 80 feet, down to the nanosaurus, continually interfered with by numerous aquatic plants that which was scarcely as large as a cat. played, after a manuel', the role of brushwood."*-&wnce et The Recondal'y epoch, in which the dinosaurs lived, bas Na ture. justly been entitled the reign of reptiles. It was then that IMPROVED STOVE AND OTHER PIPES. th is group .reached its maximum development. The mam mals were very puny during this epoch , and were represent The pipe shown in the accompanying engraving is made ed solely hy the most inferior kinds. The dinosaurs seem oprofi!reotions1itt ingtogether by longtudinaHy ,sliding Jock to have then played upon the surface of the globe the role joints, the ends of the sectinns being formed with projections tbat the large carnivora and herbivora do now; but, while for overlapping. By this method of construction a very mamilials have always gone on improving umi! tbey already strong pipe is obtained, time and labor are economized in offered at the end of the Tertiary epoch the magnificent de putting it up, and space saved when storing 01' trans· porting it. Fig. 1 is a side view, velopment which we. nolV see, reptiles have gone on con 5 showing the lock-joint. tinuously diminishing in importance. Tbe higher animals Figs. 2 and 3 show the sections detached. Fig. 4 is a front have gradually excp.lledbeings of a less perfect organization . view, showing the transverse joints and metal catches ; aud Dating from the Triassic epoch, the dinosaurs were already Fig. 5 is a cross section_ Tbe longitndinal edges of each section are bellt to form a balf-lap folding or sliding joint, represented by f'O diverse types that it seems as if these were the descendants of animals that existed at a more remote as very clearly indicated in Fig. 5. One end of ea.ch section epocu. It was at the end of the secondary epoch that these o is cut square across, and the other end is extended, so that an imals disappeared forever without leaving any descend HIRSCHMANN'S IMPROVED STOVE AND OTHER PIPES. when two sections are united, end to end, tbis projection ants. They were unable to adapt themselves to the new will pass uoder a sheet or cast metal catch, upon the squared conditions of existence that were imposed upon tbem, and the naturalist who is acquainted witb existing reptiles only end of the adjoining section ; if considered desirable, the they died. while the mammals, on the cont1'llry, daily pro -beings which are very puny as compared with animals catches can be made ornamental. Elbows for snch a pipe ceeded more toward the highest ty pes. tbat lived in former times. may be similarly constructed, or the pipe may be fitted with The temperature was high during the Jurassic epoch, and The Beruissart igultnodon measures nearly thirty-three the common elbow. The parts are so assembled that the transverse uniform throughont the earth, as demonstrated by the exist feet from the end of the nose to the ti p of the tail, and, when joints will be in the middle of each section. The ence in the north of Europe of corals comparable with those standing upright upon its hind legs (the attitude that it as sliding longitudinal joints readily fit one within tbe otber, of the Gnl f of Mexico or the South Sea. During the upper eumed in walking), it rose to more that thirteen feet above and give the pipe increased strength, so that it. may be con Jurassic epoch (IUr country must have been cut np into the level of the gronnd. The head is relatively small and nected for a longer distance than a riveted pipe witbout the necessity of holding it to the or lagoon', marshes, and frequently inundated estuaries. These much compressed, and the Dostrils are spacious and as if ceiling elsewhere by wire. privileged localities had a richer and more varied vegetation partitioned. The temporal fossa is limited by a bony arch, This invention has been patented by F. L. Hirschmann, than tue monntainous portions. Here grew large ferns with above as well as below-a character entirely exceptional in M.D., of Norway, Micb. leathery fronds, while the declivities and uplands were existing reptiles. The extremity of the jaws mURt likely f)OV .I.�. ered with plants that approached the pandani, araucarim. have been provided with a beak designed for cutting the Training oC the Young. and cycads, and having almond-likf! seeds that formed tbe large ferns and the cycadacem that grew upon the margins of A remark made in one of the papers read before the re food of the herbivorous dinosaurs of the epoch. the lagoons and marshes into which the earth was cut up. cent Woman's Congress in Baltimore suggests an i n teresting If, through the admirable discoveries that have been made The teeth, which are cl'enulate at the edges, indicate an es argument in favor of the kindergarten. It is well known in recent years, we endeavor to bring to life again the fauna sentially herbivorous diet. and they werc replaced as soon that, in its development, eacb new born being passes through of the upper Jurassic period in tbe United States, we shall as out. 1' he neck mllst have heen very mobile. The WOI'll very much the same stages that his ancestors bave been find one that is no less rich and strange than tbat of the Old ribs, which arf! strong, indicate vast lungs. The fore limbs, through before him. Even after birth the growth of the World. Here we have, amid araucarire and cycad�, the gi sborter than the hind ones, terminate in a five fingered hand_ child's intelligence �imlllates the progress of the human race gantic stegosaurns, with a body clothed with bony plates The thumb is provided with a large spnr, which must have from the savage condition to that of civilization. It has and spines, that formed a powerful armor for it, and with been a formidable weapon. The hind limb, which is digi been shown by Preyer, and others who bave studied infllnt fore l gs much shorter than the bind ones ; the compsonotus, tigrade, is provided with but three fingers, which were pro e development, that a faculty whicb has been acquired by the with fore paws equally as well developed as the hind one� ; bably connected by a web. The pelvis more closely resem race at a late stage is late in making its appearance the and the strange flying reptiles, the pterodactyls (Fig. 3). bles that of birds tban that of existing reptiles. The tail , in a child. Now, reading and writing are arts of comparatively Among the animals found in the Rocky Mountains, �he little longer than the rest of the.body, is about sixteen feet recent achievement. Savage man could reap and sow, aud strangest beast is doubtless the brontosaurus. of whose in length. and consists of nearly fiftyvertebrm. It is much weave, .aijdbuil d houses, 10ng before he could communicate skeleton we give a restoration according to Prof. Marsh compressed laterally, like that of the crocodiles, aod mnst his thoughts to a person a� a distance by means of written (Fig. 4). This animal reached a igantic size ; living, it have served as a rapid and powerful means ()fpr opulsion. g speech. There is, then. reason to believe that a child's gene must have weighed at least thirty tonsl The head is re .. The circumstances under which the Bernissart iguano · ral intelligence would be best trained by making him skill markahly small for ·an animal of such a size. The brain, dons were found show, as MI'. Dupont has pointed out, ful in many kinds manual labor before beginning to tor which is extremely small, indicates a slow and stupid beast. that these animals must have lived in the midst of marsbes ot ture him with-letters; and the moral to be derived is, that Tue neck is long, flexible, strong, and very the legE and upon the banks of a river. It is consequently not sur mobile. primary instruction should be instruction in manual dex· are massive, alld the bones solid. Tbe animal walked after prising that they had aquatic habits. terity, and that reading and writing could be learned with the manner onr present bears, its body was entirely naked, " Grantiug that the iguanodons passed a portion of tbeir of pleasure and with ease by a child who had been fitted for its habits ore or leSE;aquat ic, and it must have freqnented existence in water, we cau imagme, by the aid of observa m taking them up by the right kind of preparation. The ar mud �IVamps pretty much as the bippopotamus does. Its tions made upon the crocodi1� ",nd amblyrrhyncu8 (a large dy gump.nt is a novel one, and it certainly seems plausible.-· food consisted of plants that grew in the water or near the marine lizard of the Galapagos ISlands), two very different Scwncf. banks. modes 0[' progression of our dinosalll' in the liquid element. Not far from the French frontier, between Mons and " Wuell:it wa il Ilwlmmllli ,lowly, 1t made use of it, four • L. D01l0. LpI Iguao<>doolide Bernissart. © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Jtitntifit NOVEMBER 29, 1884.] �tutritan. 345 The BorIng or Madne Anllnals In Timber. ent in some, it was likewise cbaracteristic of other marine in some few breweries it may be done in three successive Prof. McIntosh lately delivered a lecture on this subject animals tbat did not bore. boilings. This process takes more time, and requires greater before the International Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgb. The mecbanical tbeory, again, supposed that the animals attention , than the heating of the wllole to a eertain tem It He began by statin� that theburro willg of marine forms was perforated by means of shells or gritty particles in tbe case perature, but better results are obtailled by it. producelil a feature familiar to every zoologIst, for scarcely a dead of mollusks, of teeth in sea urchins; bristles in annelids, aud a beer richer in dextrin, wloile by the method of infusion a sbell could be dredged from the sea hed that was not per- horuy processes in certain sea acorns and gepllyreans; but beer is produced containing less dextrin but more alcohol. forated by boring sponges. In the same way the surface of tlley were left in doubt concerning tbe extensi ve and won The Bavarian winter beer contains about 4 per cent, and the the lime�tone rooks of our southern shores was riddled by derful excavations of the sponges, tbe bryozoa, and the rest summer beer 4·5 pC'r cent of alcohol, while porter contains those sp;)n�es. So far as at present known, sponges bored of the cirri pedes. Alluding to the methodB of protecting from 6 to 7 pel' cent, and ale 6 to 9 per cent of alcohol. ft only in calcareous substances, aud there was a differetlce of submarine timber from tue ravages of such animals as he had The malt used for B varian beer is obtained partly from opinion as to whether the agent in boring was the spicules been speaking of, Prof. McIntosh said different kinds of Bavaria itself and partly from Hungary, and the hops are or the soft animal jelly of the sponge. wood were mentioned as being impenetrable by such boring mostly of Bavarian growth, these being universally acknow As regarded tloehllring of the purple sea urchins in glleiss action, but so far none bad been fluccessful. There were ledged as; the best. COllsul Horstmann says that Bavaria and granite, the teeth were the main agency in the perfora- many preparations for th� treatment of the wood before im takes the lead of all nations in tlle consumption of beer, the tions. The ['TOUp of annelids included many boring and bur- mersion. Soluble bitumen, silicated lime, and various com average anllual consumption being 260 quarts per bead of rowing forms, some perforating sand and others earth ; while positions had each in turn been tried externally ; wllile siJi population, compared with 125 in England, 165 in Belgium. many bored in aluminous shale, sandstone, limestone, shells, cate of lime, creosote, and other fluids had been forced, un and 45 in the United States ; and he estimates that at MUllich and various substances. Each form, moreover, made a char- del' great pressure. illto the tissue of the woods. The experi the annual consumption reaches the enormous figureof 470 quarts for acteristic tunnel in, the rock, so that the borer could in most ments of the Dutch Commissioners, who investigated t.he each person, or about one quart and a third external pro daily. cases he determined. None, however, bored wood, and matter, had led them to the conclusion that 110 though pieces of telegraph cable had been several times sent tectioll other than metallic sheathing or the st.udding of the DECISIONS RELATING TO PATENTS. him, with accompanying annelids as the depredators, in no wood with broad headed nails would be sllccessful in re United States CIrcuit CGurt.-Eastern DistrIct been able to connect them with sisting the attacks of theEe borers, while the ollly impregna or illstance had the lecturer Michigan. the injUl"y. T here could be little doubt that those forms tion they found reliable was creosoting. PATENT PROCESS FOR MAKING BEER. performed a useful function in the disintegration of dead In conclusion, Prof. McIntosh pointed out that while the Brown, J. : shells and in corroding the 5urface of calcareous and other Dutch, French, and otber commissions had done material Where patent clearly shows and describes a machine rocks service in regard to tbe best means of protecting timber a whose use necessarily involves the production of a certain TlIe crustacean� and the mollusks were groups that were from the attacks of borers, the mbject was by no means ex process, no other person can afterward patent that proce�s. conspicuous ill tloe perfofRtion of wood and allied materials. hausted. On the contrary, it would form a fitting ob ject The firstpate ntee is entitled to his mechanism for every use Of crabs, the a form less familiar to Scot· for research at the mari ne laboratories wllich at last, he was Oheluria terebrans, of whicb it is capable, even though he did not foresee all tish zoologi&ts thau to tlopir southern colleagues, was in glad to say, were being established ou our coasts. That of tbem. xylophagous powers even more destructive than the common ceaseless boring of wood was not, however, an unmitigated An imperfect description, coupled with an incomplete Scotch boriug cmb-the gribble-its exc'lVations being con- evil. The masses of ti mber swept seaward by many foreign drawing, is illsufficient to invalidate a patent. siderably larger and more oblique. Though the gribble- rivers would prove a seriouR impediment to navigation if Business circulars which are sent only to persons engaged, lign m-must have been familiar to observers the marine borers did not slowly but surely accomplish Limnoria oru or supposed to be engaged, in the trade are not such publi from a very early period, it was firstde scribed Dr. Leach th eir dissolution. Iu the same way the relics of many a by cations as sect ion 4,886 of the law contemplates, and in only in when MI'. Robert Stevenson, the celebrated en- ship in the depths of the sea were disposed of, and even a 1811, cOlltest priority will not afford a basis for a claim of gineer, found it bun·owing most destructively in the large utilized for the increase of animal life, which was, directly of prior invention as against a patentee. beams of Memel fir supporting the temporary beacon on the or indirectly, connected with the food of fishes, and, conse The Meller & Hofmann patent, May 20, 1879, held to be Bell rock. Other logs of pine the roek were reduced at quently, with the welfare of man. The lecture was iIlus on anticipated by the Pfandler patent of July 2, rate of about an inch a year, and the house timbers were so trated by a series of spirit and dry preparations and colored 1878. milch destroyed by tbe gribble that many stood clear of the drawings. United States Circuit Court.- Soutbern District rock, supported only by the iron bolts and stanchions. It • 4 • , � or New York. attacked all kinds of submarine woods; and the late Dr. Bavarian Beer. PHELPS Coldstream, Leith, had told them that in 1825 so extensive Consul Horstmann, of Nuremberg, in a recent report, ARNOLP VB. et al. were the ravages of this creature that many of the piles of gives a very interesting account of the beer industry and 5 1871. Ashcroft rei8sued patent Ju ly 2 , Trinity Chain Pier had to b@ replaced after four years' serv- consumption of Bavaria. To persons who have traveled Wheeler, J. : ice•. and studded all over with broad headed nails from the through that beer guzzling country the statistics of the quan A claim to the process of maturing and browning coffee base to the limit of high water mark. tity of be'!r manufactured and consumed by its people can by subjecting it iu its uncured condition to the direct action Having de�crihed the structure of the gribble and its mode I hardly be crediled, but from the source the information is of steam is not infringed by the application of heat only to of boring. the lecturer said it had also acquired the habit of derived, its correctne8S cannot be denied. the coffeein that condition, even though the heat generates perforating the protecting envelopes and gutta perch a in Breweries were in existence in Bavaria previons to the steam from the moisture in the coffee. The steam cannot whic·h submarine telegraph cables were sheathed. The work founding of the ci t.y of Munich by Henry the Lion in 1158, be omitted and the process be the same. Bill dismissed. of the burrowing crabs, however, was quite overshadowed but up to the fifteenth century the principal drinks of the .4.'. by the far more serious encroach ments which the boring inhabitants were mead, a fermented mixture of water, honey, Automatic Arctic Exploration. shell fishes were capable of making iu timber and similar and various frag-rant herbs, and Bavarian wines. One of The Chicago Ourrent says : Probably the most wonderful su bstances, as well as in roeks of variouskinds. Prof. the first breweries established at Bavaria was at Weihen thing tn connection with the whole sad history of Arctic McIntosh pointed out the boring of the pbolas and date stephan in the year 1146, by the Bishop of Freising. In exploration is the recent discovery of an ice floe in the waters shells in rocks, and went on to describe the destruction 1370 there were but three breweries in Munich, which num of Davis' Strait--west of Greenland-which had drifted caused by x)'cophaga, which was to be seen in tbe deep bel', in the conrse of two centuries, had increased to tifty froll! a point in the Arctic Ocean northeast of the Lena del water off the Firth of Forth, and elsewhere in England and three. In the sixteent.h century wheat beer was introduced ta-where the crew of the Jeannette divided into three Scotland. It was, he s'tid, a little bivalve shell fish or mol- into Munich from Bohemia, and tlJreatened in the beginning parties and took to the open waters--to the southernmost lusk, intermediate in structure between the stone horing to supersede the brown beer; but the opillion soon began to point of Greenland, and lIorl,h again to Baffin'sBay. Upon pholas and the "t!'ietly wood boring teredo. There was very be held that white beer was not wholesome, and, moreover, this floe were a corpse and many ind ubitable relics of the ex t little externally in the wood attacked by this form to attract it was contended that the consumption of whea for that pedition, including an article of wearing apparel marked attention, except the presence on the surface of minute purpose would soon drain the country of that cereal, and with the name of Seaman Noros, who, it will be rememher uld be none left for other purposes. Different aperturps, which indicated the points by which the young there wo ed, in company with Seaman· Nindermann went a few miles animals had ent.ered ; but on breaking open the wood the mea,ures were taken to restrict lhe brewing of white beer, ahead of poor De Long, and lived to write the most extra adults were fou nd in 8mooLh tunnels in every fragment all of which proved failures, !lnd ev entually the Duke of ordillary experi�nce ever penned by a human hand. Had large enough to afford lodgment. Bavaria took to himself the sole right of brewing it, and thus a these two simple seamen been able to tell, in the Siberian The most conspicuous genus of wood borer, bowever, W'IS was estahlished the royal white brewery, which exists.to the toug-ue, that their comrades were only eleven miles back, the the teredo, or sh ip worm, species of which occurred in every present day. whole De Loug party would have lived to join Melville and In 1881 5,482 or ratber oceau. the tuhe of the teredo the annelid (Nereilepas) was In there were breweries in Bavaria, Danenhower. d ofteu found, and some observers maintaine that it W,lS the more than olle to every tloousand inhahitants. In Munich No w the floedi scovered by the Greenlanders has, perhaps owed up by destroyer of the teredo, but the lecturer had some hesitation the smaller breweries have beell gradually swall crossed directly over the North Pole. From the Jeannette in subscribing to that theory. The very same species of an- the larger establishments, and there are now breweries in 29 floeto tbe southern point of Greenland, in a direct line across of 364,000 of nelid occurred abundantly along with the common hermit the city, the largest them USillgabout bushels the Pole, is 3.iiO()miles, but by way of the nortloern shore crab ill the shells of the great whelk, and the association of malt, and producing about 7,000,000 gallons beer annually. 01 of Asia and Emope-past Cape Northeast, Nova Zembla, anndids with other forms in tubes or elsewhere was ex- Most of the beer produced in Bavaria is consumed in the Spitzhergen, and Iceland, and north agaiu into Baffin'sBay tremely common ; but it was not for the pu rpose of preying country i teelf, only about seven per cent being exported, the -would be a distance of at least 6,000 miles. Scientifically, on their neighhors, t.hough the bodies of their hosts W6lre in principal cities taking part in this export being Munich, the life of a movillg ice floe for so many years, and it s many cases softer than tbose of tloetered o; they were what Kulmbach, Nuremberg, and Erlangen. migration from Olleside of the world to the other, ought to zoologists called messmates-dwell ing in association with In the making of this beer two methods are in general use, furn ish suggestions and data more valuable than all the other animals. The object in life of all the species of teredo the one by a process of infusion, the other by a process of other fruits of polar research combined. Self-registering was to bore ceaselessly into timber, the tunnels in which decoction. The object of the mashing is not only to extract meteorological apparatus, and possible gauges of the miles varied from one to two feet in lenglb in the case of the com- the sugar and the dextri ll hicl! is contained in the malt, VI traveled, may in th'e future reveal to the investigators what mon teredo to fully a yard in the great teredo. but also to produce sugar and dextrin from the existing the sacrificeof thousands of lives has otherwise failed to di�- Prof. McIlltosh then gave a brief outline of the history of starch, with the help of the so called diastase of the malt cover, the teredo, which appeared to be mentioned for the first and a temperature of 1670 Fah. The process of infusioll time in the Knights of Aristophanes, and said that the and of decoction differ from eacb other in the manner in The Uheapest Antiseptic. French and Dulch suffered much more seriollsly from its which the te mperature of the mash is raised to the proper M. Pasteur an t.icipates tbat bisulphidc of carbon will be rava�es than we did. The theories that had been brought degree for producing sugar. In the first named process the come the most efficacious of all antiseptics, as it is also the in forward to explain the mode by which marine an imals per· mash is brougbt up to the proper temperature without any cheapcl;t, costing but a fraction of a penny per pound forated material so dill'erent as wood, limestone, wax, part of it reaching the boiling point. In the procpss of de large quantity. It is:,also the hest insecticide known, aud grall i te, and aluminous shale, might he ran�ed round two coction, which is the one universally practiced in Bavaria, for Lhis purpose may, perhaps, be useful to preserve wood great c�nters-the chemical and the mecllanical. The ad- the mash is brought up to the required temperature by put work in tropical counti'ies. Some idea of the use it is already vocdtes of the chemical theory seemed to take it for granted ting a part of it in the kettle and heating it to the b'liling put to may be gathered from the fact tloat over eight million that the b'lrings occurred chiefly in calcareons substances, point, and then conducting it back to the rest of the mash, pounds of the substance are used annually to check the rav and with propriety, therefore, they made their solvent an so that the whole reaches a temperature of 1250 Fah. A ages of phylloxera. Carbon bisulphide. as firstpro duced, is acid. part is then put a second t ime in the kettle and boiled, and about as foul smelling a compound as it is possible to fiml ; to That notiou, however, was unable to explaiu the per- again returned the rest of the mash, so that it reaches a but it is capable of purification till all offensive odor is re forations in media totally impervious to such action, while temperature of 1670 Fab. Tqe proper t.emperature is gelle moved, and it is sufficiently pure in smell almost to mix no trace of was found in many borers; aud rally a acid While pres- reached by .twice boiling part of the mash, although with a perfume. © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC j'ritutifir !tutritilU. ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. c procate toward and from each other, in order to ob i tain increased efficiency and simplicity, and a better semaphore signal has been patented by A working effect. Mr. William Thorn burgh of Ely ia, Ohio. With an , r freight elevator.has been patented by Mr. The Ol1.ar'gef01· In sertion under this head is One ])oliar upri�b t frame, having tubular standards, sliding rods, A fo l' eaclt insertion .. about eight words to li . Charles B. Paxton, of Vicksburg, Miss. It i� more es a line a ne and wings a lantern box and glass sides, are various , pecial ly designed for loading and nnloading boats at Adve,·t;sements must be receiveli at publication offi ce novel det"il. and com biuaLions for governing and regu asearly as T"ur'sday low sta�es of water, the construction al wing he tnOl'ning to {�pp,ar in next isme. lating the movements of railway trains at crossings, lo t IDNTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. eleva i ng chain s, to be raised and sWlmg drawbridges, block stations, etc . sta�e, with t th� required heigh t aud positio for the upper end to Catalogue of Books, 128 pages, for Engineers and Name and Address mnst accompany all letters, to n A valve gear for engines has been patented Electricians, sent or no at tention will be paid Ihereto. This is or our rest upon a dock or .hore. free. E. & F. N. Spon, f 35 Murray informat on, Itnd not for publ cation by Mr. Francis C. Simonds, of Kennebunk, Me. This Street, N. Y. i i . A process of making bread has been pa ReCerences to former art Icles or answers shonld invention covers such special construction and arrange Wanled.-Heltvy Coil Springs. M. Bel anger, Ottawa, give dal e of paper and page or numher of qnestion . tell ted "y Mr. Theophile Monterichard, of Paris, France. ment of parts that the fu ll preR"IJre of steam Will be Oanada. Inq uiries not answered Jll ·rea.onahle time should This process consists in mlxillg with the flonr to make De repeared ; correspondents wi il bear in m nd on Ihe engine at al l times, and the amount allowed to i that h h a s a Wanted. To correspond with cor ora i s some answers require not a re earch the dough waler in w ic m ll proportion of wheat - works, p t on little s . and, enter tbe cylinder will be regulated by tbe greater or same though we endeavor to r ply all. eil bas been previously boiled, then kneading and pro and cities desiring tlrst-class, and at the time low e to her by letter ess opening of tbe valves by the regulator, ae,:ordilJg or in this department, ear-it mnst tal © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Icttutfftc )tutrtclu. (NOV EMB:B:� 29f 1884. . . 307.854 . · . . . 307,9B'l . . .. 11,669 Boots or shoes, seam protector for moccasin. E. Fruit and ve/{etable drier. J. C. Gunn ...... Safe, J. R. Grove ...... Logs and planks, J. Spencer & Co ...... A...... 307,744 B. 007,741 307.959 Buck .. I Fruit. etc., drier for, J. Belcher ...... 1 Safes, perforat.ed plate for kitchen, G. W. Knapp. Mineral waters, gin,..er IIle. and analogous bever- . . . 807.838 ...... 307.952 . 11,658 Bottle for boldlng and applying blacking, etc., J. ! Fuel composition. R. M. Breinig ...... Sail , ship's, C. F. Janes ...... ages, Medie.al I,uke Mineral Water Company ...... 307,878 G...... 307,805 . 11.645 Stevens ...... 1 Furnace. See Gas furnace. Hot air furnace. Sash fastener, A. Salford...... Mowers, lawn, Blair Manufacturing Company ...... 307.990 . . . 308.037 P. & 11.665 Bottle stopper. M. Rubin ...... Fnrnace for annealing glass and treating, anneal- Saw handle clamp. A. McNiece ...... Mustard leaves for sinapisms, Rigollot Co ...... 307,825 . .. . 308,005 Boole stopper clamp, 1. B. Wollard ...... ing, and tempering metals, J. A. Tatro ...... 308.009 Scalfold clamp, H. Steinebrei ...... Needles for hand and machine sewing, J. James & . . 307,856 ...... 11,658 Box. Seo Paper box. Signal box. Furnace for the calcination of ore., ,) . Douglas. Scraper, dirt, H. O. Hooper ...... Sons...... 307,92� . . 308,013 Brake Bee Car brake. Wagon brake. J r Semaphore Signal, W. Tbornburgh ...... Oils, bnrning. llIuminatlng and lubricating, H. W. . . . . 307,973 . . . . 307.845 . . 308.016 ...... 11.636 Bread. making. T. Monterichard ...... Furnaces. Siphon tap for, J. S. Curtis ...... Sewing machine sbuttle. A. Tracy ...... Peabody & Co ...... :lO7.896 G. . Bridge. J. F. Anderson ...... Gauge. See Weatberboard gauge. Shears. machine for sharpening. C. K. Williams.3O!!.OW Paints. ready mixed. D. Wetherill & Co ...... n.mo . . . 307.960 . 308.023 Ilrldge chords and stay rods, seif-adjusting coup- Garment stand. W . H. Knapp ...... Shoe heel. adjustable. A. Weidenthal ...... Paper. wood pulp used in manufacturing. O. Baer- ...... 301.170 . 807,776 ...... 11,643 lin£\' for. W. Irelan...... Gas and electric light IIxture. combined, L. Shooting gallery. R. Locouse ...... lein...... 807,761 ...... 307.B'l9 Broom holder. H. Harger...... Stlerlnger ...... Signal. See Semaphore signal. Pins. brooches. and hat and dress ornaments. jer- . . . 307.877 . . . . 307.765 .. " ...... 308.036 . . . . " . 11,656 . eyslnger ...... & Brnsh. dampening. J. Stevens ...... Gas hurner, I. W. lI ...... Signal box, McGonegal Lake ...... sey. balr. and scarf. A. Luthy &, ('0 ...... 307,8',/3 . . . . 307.953 11.655 Button attachinl(impl ement. J. A. Smith ...... 307.99\1 Gas. electrophorus for igniting. O. W. Weiss ... . Silo press. C. W. Jelferson ...... RefrijZerators and cooling receptacles. J. Linsley .. . . . 308.029 . 307 .829 . . . 307,951 Buttonhole in India rubber goods. J. Beck . .. .. Gas furnace for melting glass. etc .. J. Anderson . Siphon. automatiC, J. P. Hyde ...... Remedy for dyspepsia and kindred stomach dis- . . 307.965 . . . 307.840 ...... 1l.6R8 Camera. Lewis & Barker...... (late. See End gate. Sliding gate. Skate. roller, G. Il. Burton ...... eases. J. G. Schumacher ...... 307.773 . . . . 308.025 . . . . 11.628 Can. See Milk can. Gate. A. King ...... Skate. roller. O. H. Wblte ...... 1 Remedy for kidney diseases. A. Bowens ...... 307.908 . . 307,754 . . 307.826 11.659 Can heading machine. J. Brakeley ...... Gelatine. fat. etc.. extraction of. C. D. Ekman .. Skate. roller. Ill. J. Worcester ...... Saddle bags and buggy cases. A. A. Melller" ...... 307.929 . . 307,975 . . . 307.958 . . . 11.633 Can holder. J. W. Edwards ...... Governor or speed regulator. R. D. Napier .... . Sleigh. J. Kinney ...... 1 Salad dressing. Horton. Cato & Co ...... 307.991 . . . . 307.835 . . 307,997 . . . . . 11.829 Can opener. C. Schwerdtfeger...... Governor. steam en£\'ine. J. L. Bogert ...... Sliding gate. J. L. Smitb ...... Salt. sea. Tidman & Son ...... H07.828 G. . · 307.970 ...... 11.664 Car and air brake coupling. combined. J. F. Grain cleaner. B. Wright ...... Smoke consuming furnace. W. Mears ...... Sauce. R. v. Briesen...... '" 307.9IJ'J . . . . . 307.742 Batchelor...... Grater. H. Bioch ...... Sod cutter. seeder. and harrow. combined, W. F. Shells for breech-loading IIrearms. paper. Union . 307.849 . . 307.!Il7 ...... 307.949 . . . 11.640 Car brake. E. W. Dwight ...... Harrow. sulky. Pack & French ...... Hubbard ...... Metallic Cartridge Company ...... 307,946 . . .. . 301.911 307.994 ...... 11.6�9 Car brake. D. Hoit ...... Harvester reel. H. J. Case ...... Soda. manufacture of bichromate of. W. Simon .. Soap. hard. N. K. Fairbank & Co...... 307.910 . 307.950 H. . . 307.930 11.685 Car coupling. P. Campbell ...... Hay carrier, C. E. Hunt et al ...... Speculum. Ehrhardt ...... Soap. laundry and toilet. Lautz Bros. & Co ...... 307,955 " 307.93� . . 301.875 . . . . 11.671 Car coupling, H. W. Johnstone ...... Hay fork and carrier. J. Farrell ...... Spinning frame. ring. W. E. Sharples ...... Stove polish. Wood Bros ...... 307.957 ...... 307,906 307.'l8O . . . . 11.657 Car coupling. W. T. Jordan ...... Hay fork. horse. �'. H. Bolte ...... Spinnln£\, frame.ri ng. M. E. Sullivan ...... Thread. linen. MarshalJ & Co ...... 307.774 . . 11.632 Car coupling. O. S. King ...... Heater. See Steam heater. Spool blanks. machine for cutting olf. Allen & Tobacco. plu£\,. Hicks & Brunhild Bros ...... 308.011 . . . 307.939 . . . 307.736 11.627 Car coupling. R. W. Thomas ...... Hoe. horse, M. Hardenbrook ...... Morrison ...... Tobacco. plug and twist. G. C. & D. Ayres ...... " ... 308.014 . 307.986 . ... 307.822 . . 11.626 (', sr coupling. Titus & Bossinger ...... HOisting and lowering gear. J. W. Porritt ...... i Spout sieve. D. B. Wei£\'htman...... Tobacco. smoking and chewing. C. II' . Allen ...... 307.824 ...... 307.813 . 11.647 Car coupling. D. Wertz ...... Hoisting machine. R. C. Smith ...... Spring. See Vehicle spring. Watch cases. composition. J. C. J)ueber ...... 307.796 . 11.666 Car door fastening, S. S. Peterson ...... Holder. See Broom holder. Can holder. Sprinkler. See Street .prinkler. Wine. champagne. T. Roederer & Co ...... '" 307.846 307.787 Car frame. iron. R. M Cusbman ...... Hook. See Chain hook. Square. combination try and bevel. H. W. Merrill Yarns and chenilles. knitting and embroidery. W. . "'" ..... " ...... 308.084 . " ...... 307.907 . . 11,651 Car. iron. J. T. Goodfellow ...... Hot air furnace. N. A. Boynton ...... Stand. See Fruit and lIower stand. Garment H. Horstmann & Sons ...... 307.900 ...... 307.789 Car. pit. r. Barker ...... Hub. vehicle. T. S. Mil ler ...... stand...... 307.886 . 307.740 G. . 307.781 A pI'inted copy Car replacer. D. A. West ...... Hydraulic elevator. C. W. Baldwin ...... Staple lock. W. Leuchten burg ...... of the specification and drawing ot . 307.935 . . . . 307.998 . .. 308.089 Car step. folding, 1. W. Fleck ...... Hydraullc elevator. J. Smith ...... Steam heater. J F. Pease ...... any patent in the foregoing' list, alRo of any patent 3O'{.837 . . 307.913 1866. this 26 Carpet cleaning meachine. A. A. Boyer ...... Ice chipping or cutting machine. N. S. Chandler Stereotype matrix and making the "arne, W. J. Issued olnce will be furnished from oHice for . . .. . 307.808 . . . . 30.7,996 ...... 308.043 Carrial'le top bow. A. C. H. Ritter ...... Ice making. D. Smith ...... Sbaw ...... cents. [n ordering please state tlle number l\ll d dute ...... & . • 861 Carrier .. See Cash carrier. Hay carrier. Twine Injector. 8. Macfarlane ...... 3011 967 Stone. machine for rab�ting. lI:rooving. or mould- of the pat.ent desired, and remit to .\ Iunn Co . .. .. _ .. . 307"764 ...... 307,865 carrier. Inkstand,L W. Heyslnger ...... ing. A. McDonald ...... Broadway, New York. We also furnish copies of patents B. . , ..... 307.870 . . . 307,916 . . SO'l.871 1866 ; Cartridge Implement. J. Riohardson.·.... Insulator. Cleveland & Kent ...... Stopper for rubber tubes. C. Richtmann ...... granted prior to but at increased cost, as th e . 308.082. 308.038 E. '" _. 307.847 Cash carrier. automatic. J. W. F1all:g...... Knife. See Pocket knife. Stove burner. 011. R. Diet,z ...... speCifications, not being printed. must he copied by . ..307,833 . _ •• L. 307.887 Chain b ook. ornamental. O. F. Beyerle ...... Lamp burner. petroleum. O. Passow ...... 307.798 Stovepipe thimble J. Wilber ...... band. 307.769 . . . 307.804 Chair. See Bookkeeper's chair. OSCillating Lamp. electric arc. E. J. Houston...... Stove. range. J. Roy ...... Cana.Han Patents . . 307,808 .. . .007.983 may now be obtained by the chair. Lamp. electric arc. A. Serraillier ...... street sprinkler. C. D. R. PerklnB ...... 307.928 307.819 . . . . _ . _ 307.811 Inventors for any of the Inventions named in the fore· Charcoal oven. J. A. Edwards ...... Lamps. cut-out for electric arc. El. Thom/!On ..... Swing, E. J. Smith ...... $40 ...... 307.931 G. . . 307.763 ...... 307.962 going list. at a cost of eacb . For full Instructions Check rower. O. J. Ensign ...... Lasting machine. Hawkes ...... Table. C. Kossbiel ...... & 361 ...... 308.018 ...... 308.003 address Munn Co., Broadway. New York. Other Churn. H. O. Turner ...... , Latch. mortise. W. G. Richards ...... 308.041 TanninI'{ hides. apparatus for. R. Spitta, Sr ...... W. . . . . 307,759 . . _ 307,898 . . . 307.799 foreign patents may also he obtained. Cill:ar lighter. electric. Glass ...... Lath. metallic. J. W. Wissinger ...... Target. H. M. Quackenbush ...... 307,901 . . . 301.836 Clamp. See Bottle stopper clamp. 'Iooring Lathe attachment. B. A. Barnes ...... Telegraph key, C. Borchers ...... � .• ...... •...... 307.841 clamp. Saw handle clamp. Sca1Told clamp. Leather. cutting and forming shanks. etc from. Telegraph. printing. G. A. Cassagnes . . " ...... 307.779 . 308.020 Clasp. See Corset clasp. S. A. Lentz ... Telepbone circuit. H. Van Hoevenbergh ...... 307.820 . . 307.800 Olay. clods. etc .. crusher for. G. S. Tilfany ...... Leather. machine for cutting shanks. etc., from, Telephone. mechanical, M. Rallliolph ...... Inside I-n.a-e, each iUlilie')'tioll centM lille...... ' ...... 307,780 --- 'a a Clay tempering wheels, driVing mechanism for, S. A. Lentz .. .. Telephonic circuits, anti-induction device for, H. Uac), l- ,u:e, ench jlllili'�l'l ioll aline...... 307,918 .. . . . 307.748 . . . . . 308,019 --- $1.UO W. Cram ...... Liniment. G. Delkman ...... Van Hoevenbergh ...... (About eight words to a line.' � ne;� �� : e�� r. Grain cleaner. a The t if i c Engravings may head adver tisements at the same rate � . . 307.934 . . 307.775 per line, lYI; mea8'uremem. the letter P"·e8s. .Adve1' g: : e � i� ;;e� c : � �r :�. ��� i� �r. : �...... 1 e�':�u:'� �� . ���. . .� .��.. .�� .�'.. . . as . . . 307.772 A. , .... 308.026 tisemems must received at publication qtflce Clutch. friction, J. M. Jones ...... �Loom�� for� weaving; � double� �� pile� �� fabrics..��: C. Coup- , Thill coupling. F. Wittich �...... � ...... �: .....�: ���� be as early . . . . . 308.015 ...... 307.747 Thursday m()'J'ninq to appear "ext issue. Colfee pot. J. Tobin ...... land ...... Tools by electricity. apparatus for operating, C. as in .. . 307.843 307.992 . ... 307.884 Colfee roaster. L. H. Clausen ...... Lubricating cuP. G. T. Shackelford ...... J. Van Depuele ...... 308.085 . . 308.045 Coffin.D. R. Gould ...... Lubricator. See Crank pin lubricator. Toy, W. Vogel...... •• .• & . 307.771 Collar and sweat, pad. combined breast, 'I.'. Board- Machinery. reversing mechanism for. C. B. COt- 1 Traction engine, N J. J E. Johnson ...... 307.U3 ...... 307.844 , man . , ...... " ...... � . . . trell ...... Trap. iiee Bee trap...... 307,177 ...... 307.981 Comb. See Curry comb. Magnet. electro. IV. A. Leg�o ...... Trowel. H. A. Peace...... so;;.021 •. . . . . 307.816 Condenser. separating. F. Sonier ...... 308,002 MalI bag. C' F. Walters ...... TruCk hook a. nd ladder. E. F. Steck ...... 308.001 . . Conveyer. R. Bln�...... 307.904 , Measure. automatic grain. F. M. Sommer ...... Tube. See Mining tube...... 307.885 . 1 _ .. _. Cooking vessel. M. H. Wallace I Measures. , tIlllying att.achllle.ut. for. J. A. McIu'C_ �ub1u.g,.manuflWtur41 of� B. Sil_ . . 3U1.9113 ...... 307.786 . : ...... 307 881 Cord or strap fastener. J. ;\1 . Saller ...... 307.306 1 tosh ...... " ...... � ...... Turbine wheeCL: B. Swartwout ...... 307.895, . ... 307.302 . . 307.798 Corset clasp. M. Adler...... Meat tenderer, E. Richmond ...... Twine carrier. H. W. & C. H. Prindle ...... 307.7ll0 . . .. . 307,853 Cottin gin: saw. Z. F. Nance ...... Mechanical m(.tor. I N. Groves ...... Umbrella frame rivets, machine for making and . . . . 307.656 307.859. 307.964 . . 807.987 Cotton press. H. O. King ...... Mechanical movement, C. H. La Due ...... Insertlnll:. D. M. Redmond ...... Couplin�. See Car coupling. Car and air brake Metals from copper matte. sepamtlng the. J. J. & Unwinding attachment for spools and bobbins. C...... 307.890 coupling. Thill c(,upling. R. Crooke ...... 308.031 E. Wi lkinson ...... 307.892 307.947 . . 307.995 Crank pin lubricator. J. H. Wilkinson ...... Milk can. J. H. Hoover ...... Valve gear. engine. F. C. Simonds ...... 308.012 . . 307.898 Crimping maChine. A. W. Thompson ...... Mill. See ROiling mill. Valve gear. steam engine. T. Barber ...... 307,861 ...... 307.750 Crucible or casting ladle. J. F. & E. G. Zimmer- Mining tube. pneumatic. Leonard & Corcoran .... Valve. piston. R. De Palacio ...... 308.028 W. . . mann ...... Mortises. tool for making lock. Drowne & Hub- Valve, piston. W. St. John ...... 308.Wl . 308.004 . .. . . 307.848 S...... Culinary vessel. E. A. Stears ...... bard ...... Vehicle spring. G. Smith ...... 308.000 . .. . 307.1l'23 . . . 307,868 A. . 307.943 Cultivator. G. J. Douglas ...... Motion. device for converting. T. S. Peck ...... Vehicle. two-wheeled. Hofmann ...... 3()7.98S . .. 307.757 Cultivator. Hani & Billington ...... Motor. See Automatic motor. Velocipede. R. C. Fletcher ...... 307,788 . Cu tivator. II. G. Messersmith ...... Mowing machine. H. L. Hopkin ...... 307.948 Wagon bodies. device for removing. W. H. I,owe. 807.864 . . 307.912 . 307.903 Cultivator and hiller combined. corn and potato, ' l(aillnll macbine. G. �' . Oass ...... Wagon brake. W. Benthin ...... 307.979 ...... 307.978 w. G. Parmelee ...... Oatmeal machine. A. Swingle ...... 307,882 Wagon toP. C. R. Parks ...... 1 ...... 307.917 .. 307.891 307.968 Curry comb, A. W. Cox ... Oil cup. automatic. J. H. Wilkinson ...... W atch case. J. Macher ...... 308.038 . .. 306.022 . . 307.925 ('urtaln IIxture. J. M. OSJ{ood...... Oscillating chair. C. Wetterhan ...... Watch. stoP. E. J. A. Dupuis ...... 307.738 . 307.381 . 307.758 Cut-olfvalve. G. W. Anderson ...... Packing. piston. Barendt & Carter ...... Water wheel governor, C. E. Gibbs ...... 307.966 307.746 arlor fountain. D. Lienhop ...... Wax. composition for sealln�. G. W. Coddington. Cutter. See Sod cutter. I. P ...... 307.899 . 8117.897 307.927 Cylinder linin�. T. Barber ...... Paper box. C. M. Arthur ...... Weatherboard gauge. Dyer & Maxey" ...... 307.876 pulp. Derrick. K. Steltemeyer ...... I Paper treating vegetable IIber for the manu- W heel. See Fifth wheel. Turbine wheel. . . . . 307.!Il2 S. . . . . 307.914. 307.915 Dlgltorlum. A. Lothhammer ...... 30;.663 I facture of. D. Aiinthorn ...... Whiffietree clip. R. ClIlrk...... 307.961 . . . . . 307.944 ...... 308.017 Ill_tilling apparatus. F. K6nlg ...... Pessary, E. F. Hofmann ...... WhiP. E. M. 'l· urner...... , ...... 307.783 . 307.933 G. A. C. 307,878 Door pull . sliding. T. Lincoln ...... Fiano music rack. A. Felldin ...... Wool drier. F. & Sargent ...... 306.040 . . . 307,830 Drawing board and T-square. C. H. Prescott..... Pipe wrench. A. Barbour ...... Drier. See �' ruit and vegetable drier. Wool Pipes. adjustable rod and box for water. gas. and ...... 307.753 dner. steam, H. E. Earle ...... DESIGNS...... 307.749 307.926 Drilling machine. E. A. Delano ...... Planing machine presser roll. W. M. Dwight ...... 307.988 I . 307.755 . . 15.5113. 15.1\34 Dynamite. J. H. Robertson ...... PlantAr check row wire, corn. A. C. Evans ...... Breastpln. T. W. Foster ...... ••...... 308,042 . 15.530. Ear,th box and dumping cart, combined, J. I. Planter, COrn, A. Runstetler Carpet. E. C. Frost ...... 15.531 . . . . . 307,851 . 307.919. 307.920 . . . . 15.54() Fahrney ...... Plow, W. J. Davidson ...... Carpet. A. L. Halliday ...... G. H. . . 307.784 _ . . . 307.756 . . . . . 15.585 15.539 Ejector and Injector, combined. Little . . .. Plow. S. B. Ezell ...... Carpet. H. Horan ...... to . _ 308.006 . " ...... 15.541. 15.542 Electric ap�aratus, automatic cut-out for, E. I Plow, J. N. Stevenson ...... Carpet. J. Lyall ...... ·307.818 . . 307.832 J5.543 Thomson ... : Plow jOinter. T. C. Belding ...... 80 Carpet. J. McMann ...... 307. 9 E. . . . 15.544. 15.845 Electric currents. npparatus for regulating and I Plow. spade wheel. 11. Skillings ...... Carpet. Poole ...... CATALOGUES fR EE TO ANY ADDRESS . 307.810 . .. . . 307.881 G. .15. 84d. 15.549 distributing. J. J. Skinner ...... Plow. su l ky. J. P. Black ...... Carpet, E. Sauer ...... 307.797 . . . . 15.5W Electric wires. underground conduit for. W. J. I Pocket attachment. safety, J. P. Preston...... Carpet. C. W. Swapp ...... 307.872 . . 307.767 . . . . 15.532 RycKman ...... Pocket knife. I. W. Heysinger ...... ®� ...... Earring. T. W. Foster ...... 307.794 .�:f��Q'-\..S Electrical connections. apparatus Portable ventilator. T. C. Perry ...... 15.529 ®. for malntaln- I Pendant. B. Dreyfus...... 307.838 . . . . 15.547 lnll:. C. W. Williams et at ...... 'Pot. See Oolfee pot. Pendulum. S. C. Sprln� ...... G>. . . ]5.527 Electricity. communicating to and from moving Press. See Balin" press. Cotton press. Printing Shatt, sleigh. J. U. Blose ...... G��� �ll . . 307.984 . 15.528 vehicles by. L. J Phelps ...... press. Silo press. Stove or range. cooklnll:. F. W. Copeland ...... 15.550 Elevator. See �' reight elevator. Hydraulic ele . Pressure regulator. automatiC. J. Collis ...... 308.1JSO Type. printing, H. H. ihorp...... 307.922 vator. Printing press. P. S. Dodge ...... FRICTION . CL ...... UTCH . . . . 908.010 307.905 Elevator attachment. G. W. Thomas ...... Pump. J. J. Bircher ...... Pulleys Cut-offC . oupling 307.985 . . . . . 307.842 I and s. Elevator safety attach ment. Phyfe & Harold ..... i Pump. G. E. Chandler ...... A JAS. & . 301.8H . . . TRADE M RKS. I HUNTER SON. North Adams. Mass. Elevator stop motion. Smith & Schwanhausser .. I Pump. IV . M. Jobnston ...... 307.954 . . . . 307.601 . . .. 307.862 Embroideries. separating. A. L. Rice ...... Pump barrel. C. E. Loth ...... Ammonia. San Francisco Ga. LIght Company ...... 11,637 . . 307 ,974 . 307.815 11.824 WATCHMAN'S IMPROVED End gate, H. W. Moore ...... Pump piston. force. S. P. S pooner ...... Boots and shoes. dress, C. H. Howard ...... Rack. See Piano mustc rack. 1 , Engine. See Traction engine. Bosom forms. K. Harvey ...... 1 650 . . 307.751 ' Excavating machine. J. '.r. Douglne ...... Radiator and stove shelf. combined. W. Llchten- WITH SAFETY LOCK ATTACHMENT. . . . Botanic fiavorer for Improving the food and health TIME .. . DETEC" 307.989 . . . . . 307.782 T. 11,629 OR Exp losive compound. J. H. Robertson ...... bergh ...... of poultry and domestic animals. Bowick .... 1875.1876. 307.867 Patented Fastener for lIexible materials. J. W. Parker.. ... Railway signal system. Hadden & Van Hoeven- 1877. 1881. 18&2...... Cartri dges adapted for breech-loadinll: firearms, 18RO, . . . . . 307.778 . . . . . 307.760 . 11.642 Faucet. W. A. Leggo ...... bergh ...... This Instrument " . Winchester Repeating Arms Company ...... A...... 307.976 307.909 is supplied with 13 Fence lOCk. Newkirk...... Railway switches. safety appliance for, B. Briody Cartridges for breech ·Ioadlng IIrearms. Winches . . - . 307.940 . . keYB. Invaluable Railways. safety driveway for . 11.641 �' ence strip. barbed. E. E. lJ awkins ...... cable. I. W. Hey- ter Repeating Arms Company ...... for aU concerns . . . . 307.766 . 308.024 ...... 11.631 Fence, wire, J. O. West ...... inger ...... Cigars. J. Fernandez ...... employing watch ...... 307.894 301.791 men. It contains Fifth wheel. G. n. young ...... Railways. electrical conductor f0r. A. M. Neeper. . . . Cigars. Cigarettes. and smoking and chewing to- . . 307. all modern . . .. 307.752 852 ...... im Fifth wbeel. wagon. J. T. Douglne ...... Range boiler. H. P. Folsom ...... bacco. G. W. Cochran & Co ...... 11.646 provements, and . 307.96' 9 . . , .... 307.821 Z. is far superior at Filter for colfee pots. E. B. & H. A. Manning .. ... Razor strop. B. Wakeman ...... Cotton goods. both brown and bleached, plain and ...... 307.869 Ol Finger rinlr. Pluce & Peterson...... Reel . See Harvester reel. . twllJed. Pepperell Mannfacturing Company. !...�t t'h :t�:iiO�� . . " .. 307.'141 11.660 Fire escape. Herrington & Hellar ...... Refrigerating cars. process of and apparatus f�r. t .. t0 11.663 . . . . 307 . . . . .889 H. Tallichet ...... �rw""; 1 l��II!�: Fire escape. D. Wilkins ...... 308.009 Cotton sheetlngs and drills. brown. Root & . . . 307.857 most complete Refrigerator. E...... 11,668 �:' Fireplaces. cooking attachment for open. J. Kat- B. Jewett ...... t: ����lgi . . Tinker...... �e'n .. . . 8117.963 !'.!',,;�,�.c�:�:�! znm ...... Rel © 1884 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 29, 1884.) NOVEMBER Ititutifit �mtritatt. 349 "THE CIVIL WAR," IN THE CENTURY. A series of graphically illustrated papers on the great battles of the Civil War, written by generals high in command upon both :J?:El.:J:CE IS sides (including Generals Including cr!l.ting, and free deliv_ A BOAT AND STATIONARY ENCINE. eryon cars or to e pre compan '8 BL.A.IS'1". x ss � Grant, Longstreet, McClel No skilled attendant required ! Safe from fireand office from any one ot our agen('leS lan, Beauregard, Hill, Pope, explosion! No expense when engine stops! or factorie5. IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED, 1,73to }2 H.P ••• H Rosecrans, Admiral Porter, ENGINE" No,No. 2, lull 1 Ii.P $1110 ilts Fewer Parts than any other Blower. -Steam In FIVE .m inutes.- . .. 125 Runs ten hours on lass than a ns of Kerosene. " full 2 H.P . 175 ROOTS, Manufacturers, and many others), is begun 3 10 See No. 3, .... P. H. & F. M. i lustrated article in this paper,G eptem er in the November number l S b 13, Illu(l.tl"ated Catalo�ue8 CONNERSVILLE, IND. 011 TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt.,22 Cortland St" Dey of THE CENTURY reeelpt of stamp. S, '" MAG B.OOOKE Selling Agts., Cortland Street,9 SHIPMAN ENGINE CO. 55 Franklinl Roston & 00., 22 St., CO., Selling Agts. Dey Street, AZINE with an article on JAS. BEGGS & 9 NE'VV YO:El.:H:.. "BULL RUN" C,'RND FOR PRICED CATALOGUa. By Gen. G. T. BEAUREGARD. ROCK BREAKERS AND ORE CRUOreSHERS. The aim is to present We manufacture and suppJy at short notice and lowest rates, Stone and Crushers con� i n HOUSE DRAINAGE AND REFUSE.- interesting personal ex �� �\� w��n!��������i1I�i�!rp�t��!.���i�� io��£i� �I!lte�� �!�:�t �e� � �;�nl�8u�;�jrh Abstract of a lecture by Vapt, Douglas Galton, C.B., on full and July 2Oth, IS80. to :VI r. S. L. Marsden All Crushers supplied by us are constructed under the treatment of tuwn, barrack, and camp refuse, and with the superintendence of Mr. Marsden, who, for the past fifteen year.8,has been connected with on the removal of excreta from houses. A valuable the manufacture of Blake Cnlshers in this country and England.lfl all ufr8., Ansollin. COIIII. MENT,paper. Contained4�1. in SCIENTIFIC r\ MreHICAN SUPPLE.. on "Recollec COPELANDFARIUn & , FOUNDRY ANI) MACHINEYo {)O., No. Price 10 cents. rro be had at this office BA{)OIS,Alr ents, lSew k. and from all newsdealers. The same number cOI:tains tions of a value to series .. a a valuable paper on the construction of priVY vaults. which the conductors of THE CENTURY be fiustratedwith three engravings. lieve to be the most important eve under BELTINO &, r The Oldest and I,al'gest ManufacturersPAC of the OrigKIinaNOl co. taken by them. In the December number is a fine portra t of General Grant, and i a SOLII> VULO..A.N'"ZTE article on n FORT DONELSON, by Gen.WALUCE. othpr kill(lM Imitations and Inferior. This number also contains a capital short E::.4. 11 :n:1eryHOSE. �he AddressOur name Is stamped ine1s. full upon all our story by Twaiil, and many other fe at standard BEIII'INC>,PA {)KING, and Mark JOHN OHEEVER, . • ures. In an early issue will appear the paper H. Treas. Ne\?V York Ee l ting and. Faeking Co JOHN D. CH�EV�R, Treas'y Del" W. " rehouse, 15 Park Row. opP. Astor House. N. Y. n Branches: 308 Chestnut Street, Phlia., lJil Lake Street, ChIcago, and 52 and fi4 Summer Street, Boston. o "SHILOH," by Gen. GRANT. Begin subscriptions with November, and get first chapters of Howells's new novel of an THE HARDEN STAR HAND GRENADE American business man. Price $4.00 a year, cents a number. THE CENTURY CO. FIRE EXTINGUISHER 35 N. Y. Puts Out Fire Instantly. See editorial n(ltice in Scn:NTIFIC AM I!:RI.. APPARATUS FOR ELECTRICAL MEAS- CAN of N ovem ber 22d, 1884. nrements.-Illustrations and description of the various Send for circulars. Address interesting apparatus for me�tsuring electricity that were shown at the Munich ExhIbition, including Wiede Harden Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher Co., mann's bifllar galvanometer; Wiedemann's galvano Wabash Ave., Chicago. meter for strong currents; Zenger's di1ferential photo 0 REARING OYSTERS.-A VALUABLE meter; Von Beetz's solenoid; apparatus for demon 1 �IW�s�\ir���\��y?�ew York. and interesting paper by J obn A. Ryder, describing the strating t.he principle of the Gramme machine; Van author's expenmf>ntsin rearing oysters on a large scale RysRelberghe's thermometrograph; Von Beetz's chro HOW TO COLOR LANTERN TRANSPA from artificially fertilized eggs ; followed by notes on nograph; and Harlacher's apparatus for studying deep pond culture, on the food of the oyster, on the oyster's ��i�:3f�' sl��I�i��i�����:�:��t���i:&��.J��§�. C IAPES' T n enemies. parasites and commensals. etc. Contained 4il: Patent Foot and ���:i��8-t;:��:bJ�.&':rii. �.e;n oi':1�¥����t�YJSCIF.:NTIFICM�!��: in SCIENTIFIC AMI�HI(,AN S[TPPL1�J\lII;NT. No. 4�2. Price To Steam Power Machi rencies. and for paintingthem. Contained in Price W cents. be had at thIs officeand from all news nery. Complete out AI\I1�RICAN �UPPLII:l\-H;NT, No. 423. Price 10 cents. 10 cents. '1'0 be had at this office and fr<>m all neW'S· dealer•. or Actua.!Work. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. 'rhe dealers. same number contains an illustrated paper on Im B fo;'W:;o"ctS �r provements in Photo-block Printing.-Another valuable I HA ITS S..A.'V BYE SENDING :L\f.1:FOR ACOPY OF OUR <> N"EY ClruularSaws, cured withSKY hIe paper on the Preparation on Lantern 'rransparenciesis H of Gold.DOll 424. W We I before buying your Christmas Pre.. ScroD} Saws,Formers, contained in SUPPE.l\l�NT,No. Chloridec alle ge investiga.- ! senta. Whether for young or old, Mortisers. Tenoners, tion.h n GRAND nothing is so sure to plea"'eas a hand- etc., etc. Machines on trial if desired.& Deecrjptive Cata Books free.10,000 TheCures. o some book, and our catalogue places loNo.gue 19 and99 PricelU Il inList 1St., Free. Rockford. W.F. .J OHN BA It IS EIS, & LESLIE E. KEELEY CO. H LI 0 A an a'most endless vaflety beforeper cent.you III M ILL. GATALOGUEY e a toi selectr from at from 30 to 50 U DWIGHT. �����b.Fn� �d���:. iE�,�1:e...w� Si}ld�f,'11.tF,"m08!� DR. KARL WEDL, PROFESSOR OF MICroscopes, r.r elescopes, and Opera Glasses, Magic I BostOll, }I"'mld RIPON CATHEDRAL. - FULL PAGE B06 s Lanterns etc. ; also Barometers1 Thennollleters, Com P Washington St,. opp . .. Old South," Ma ... Histology in the Umversity of Vienna.-Blograpbical ] passes, BatterIes, Drawing, Dramage, D��, and other llludtrationO and brief description of this ancient English sketch, accompanied with portrait. Contained in SCI- /ScientifiC[·)ai[l!'Instrnments Iet·I'). Catalog.uefree.1�1 192-pp. E T PRENTICE &SON,MfgOptlCians, l'76n'way,NY. ecclesiasticalSC PPLEMEN'I',structure. Contained in SCIENTIFIC tt���c ::n� fr�:ii�;t �ws��;l�r�� AM I�RICA:"J No. 335. Price 10 cents. To cO E Co '�k �.;;icii':J;,°T t:�':'::d"i� be had at this officeand frJm all newsdealers. TO'R RINGTO N CO NN ·:·q i3RA_;t�_.� BR�S §- MFG. �. R E: ' Book AND For Men. nQuick. ·sure, eafe. lree. CO PPE RAMATERIALS fOR METALL r ' AN D V I 0 0 R Civiale cy 160 Fulton St., New YorL S BLANKS A , IN SHEETS NMU'JiTION A sp':c,,,l." THE CAMERON STEAM PUMP. �ror A er FoT"08!l luxuriantBE.Un MUilt ohe.EI.I Whi�_XIR ro lOO After ST...&.:N'D4.:E'I.D OF �CEl��E:N'CEl. ea THE h gea � CORINTH CANAL.-A DESCRIP- • ... �fl'da��. �oOtnj��. b E!il: ��� ... .. " . BelLtatho world. 2 or 3 Pkgs do -� �. r tIon of the project or Mr. B. Gerster, enldneer in chief 30,000 IN USE. th work. Wi1I prore lt or torf"eit fl.nrK�'Sackage.. wit direct,on8 and pG8tpai!lffl.m2 �eut". Tbe expenses attending tbe procuring of patents in Before buying, see the Whitcomb Lathe and tile Web W most foreign countries having been considerably re Mass. Gharitable Mech. Bldg., TOOLster Foot CO., Wheel. made by tlle AMERICAN A'I'CII Waltham. Mas .. CATALOGUES FREE. duced, the ob�t,acleof cost is no longer in the way of B Ass'n large proportion of our inventors patenting their inven tions abroad HUNTINGTON AVE., BOSTON, MASS. AND FINE GRAY IRON ALSO ST EEL CASTINGS CANAnA .-The cost of a patent in Canada Is even TO '-=�A B LE:7 Ff\� S!E CIAL £RNS OPEN TINNING PA1 1 less tban th" cost of a United States patent. and the �DiVLiNiC01iF INE JAPi\N- former Inel,'desthe Provinces of Ontario. Quebec, New ALTHQMA�LEEHIGH AVE Ii< c..:�H��GpHILA N .Monday, � ,j AME�I' .Brunswick, .!\:ova Scotia, .British Columbia, and Mani.. Dec. 1, 1884. toba. TO CLOSE The number of our patentees who avail themselves Of the cheap and easy method now olfered for obtaining per cent more power than patents In Canada is very large, and Is steadily Increas CO., warranted. All sizes and styles, ing. Saturday, Jan'y 8, 1885. PAMESSRS. MUNNTENT & in connectiou withS. the putJ. sen o c d ta gu ENGI.A NOVELTIES OBTAIN SPACE. AMIORlCAN, �: w� F:� � � �.tJs, Nn.-The new English law, which went into SPECUL lillYSTILL lication of the SCIENTIFIC coutinue to ex- O. Uox N Elmira, N. Y. torce on Jan. 1st. enables parties to secure patents in amine Improvements, and (0 aotas Solicitors of Patents P. 1:l07'. "CHAMPION " Great Britain on very modp.rate terms. A Brltlsb pa "6-LEVAMER., " RIM NIGHT LATCHES. for Inventors. tent includes England, Scotland, '"Vales,Ireland, and the See illustration In SCI. Nov. 29, 1884. Each is packed I' f b' t SCIENTIFIC separately, with three nickel ated steele � ke\c , �and com- Int b'I s me 0 usmeS8 I ley lJa ve h a d (,nrtY'Mg,. ht ()hannel Islands. Great Britain is the acknowledged f�1��f�':t,::�rff,�, a it\'fl ��$. �;ft �n� l':,�i� years' experience, and now have 1 neq�ale fac lities for financial and commercial center of c:i. ,:,.r�:i;t o $ reg stering e � � the world. and bel' sample for $2.60. Add 10 cents for i tbe pack- the preparation of Patent Drawmgs, "peclllcatlOns, and goods are sent to every quarter of the globe. A good age. Order direct, or through anr responsible dealer. t prosecution of tions e Invention is likely to re8lize as much for the patentee m he Applica for Patents iu th ::;,� ug,�e�;} �J;;,�t�cf"Jo .�����hl;�'ra' Gnited States, Cauada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. In England as his United States patent produces for �,"aa'1o;/!s, him at hf'711e. and the small cost now MlIlm & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, renders it possible NORDENSKJOLD , S GREENL , New Catalogue of Valuable Papers for alm08t every patentee in this country to secure a pa AND EX- Copyri"M hts for Books Labels l!eissues, Assignmeuts the results • • , SCIENTrFIO tent in Great Britain. wbere bis rights pedition of 1888.-An interesting resume of and eports on Infrmgementsof Patents. All busme.ss ' treecontained� charge In AMERIOAN SUPPLEMENT,sent are as weH pro reached by Baron Nordenskjold during bis recent expe- R of to any address. CO., Y. tected as In the United states. ditlon to Greenland ; gi'Cing a description of tbe country I i u t is w t cia ca Il d p pt· '" 881 O'l'HElt s n a utr sted to hem done i h spe l re n rom MUNN Broadway,N. COl1N'!·IUES.-Patents are also obtained e a f 1gl�:! ness, on very reasonable terms. �:;e ����d ��c� ifli:t��T:JSCIEw'i!�'TIF�3s:�rcJil�:�IC AM �R C on very reasonable terms in France. Belginm, Germany :!ourney. Contained in. 1 AN SUP- A pamphletilent free of charge Oil application cou· PERFEC'l' AustrIa, RussIa, Italy. Spain (the latter includes Cuba �fli�,::��a.'Cgin4.J� $�d�'l. �O �:nts To be had th t s full De I r . 't l mining inforIIllttion about l;at�nts and how t� pro and all the other Ep\lnishColonies), Brazil, Britlsb IndIa, C)Ire them; directIous concerning I,abels, Copyrights, Australia, and the other British Colonies This is the only steam boiler ever Designs. Patents, Appeals, Reissues,Infri ngemeuts, As· NEWSPAPER FILE An experience of THIRTY-llaGHT yeara has enabled dev:lsedin strict compliance with a e e the publishers of l'HE SCIENT1FIC AM EHICAN to establish the demands of ratural laws. It signments, Rejected Cases, Hints ou the Sale of Pa mr::'i�.?s��� ���pJi�fB.��� c�:� ��':,1tI} y,;;�g��� gives complete immunity against and price redu�ed. Subscribers to the SCIEXTIFIC AM oompetent and trustworthy agencies in all the principal n tents, etc. chaPue. \Ye also send. free af a Synopsis of Foreign ERICAX and SCIIOXTIFIC AMERICAX SUPPLEMENT can be foreign countries. and It has always been their aim to �;g����s :h �:�t:u�l�ti�� a��ef!J.�� supplied for the low price of $1.50 by mall, or $1.25 at tbe have the business of tbeir clients promptly and proper posit on tbe bottom plates, alfords Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing office of this pa!!er. Heavy board .ides ; Inscription safety with high pressme, and patents in all the principal countries of the world. .. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN," in gilt. Necessary for ly done and their interests falt.hfully guarded. secures great economy. The in every one who wishes to preserve the paper. A pamphlet containing a synopsis of the patent laws n l st l: lUUNN &; CO'�6�<;fr��': � Address x� ��?l�:� :gK �::lt!O r����b l a ��et�p��!�tl!l, of aJi countries, Including the cost for each, and otbe BRANCH OlfFICE.-Cor er of F I N nmet Embo8Acd New Chromo HAND DRill IlIdden and GASKILL'S S1'EAM PUMPS, Card!!!, name in new type, an pn.:e El(>2'llnt 4S lSf'o. 1. AND bound Floral Autograph Album GA"KII.I.'S HIGH PClII PING ENGINES. Gilt with Adjultable Ohllck, St.eel Jaws. Holds DU'l'f quotations, page Illustrated Premium 1118 1·8 Inch diameter. For public water supply. Manufactured by and Price 12and Agent's Canvassing utfit » ... ,"01 82 In List O .. 'J' HE Lockport, N. 40 •• HO l,LY MFG. (;0., Y. all tor 150. SNOW & CO Meriden, Conn. ROSEWOOD BEAD & BANJ)LE, KORTING UNIVERSAL SEBASTIAN, lII AY , CO.'S. OUT GEARS, NICKEL PLATED, IMPROVE!)1160 INJECTOR w Cut • Six Dril in the head. Scr ng lathe . l Point8 FO R BOILER FEEDING. Designed for actual work ; Tim AftmIU4)jN Imu, 'l' I':I,J�PIIOin; 4)mIPjNY, DO Operated by one handle. toy. Lathes for wood or metal. 1 1 Ponnd. W. R. DRIVII:R, . • Length Foot, e W. H. FO lfBES, THII:O. N. V.A IL, Drill Presses, Chucks. Drills, W ight Preltidelnt. 'l'rrasurer. WILL LIFT HOT WATER. Dogs, and machinists' and ama Gen. Manager. .q{{ POSITIVE ACTION GUARANTEED UNDER teurs' outfits. Lathes on It Is by very far the best Hand Drill Alexander Grabam lIell's patent of March lJ/i. ALL CONDITIONS. trial.. market. Sent, by mail, on receipt owned by this company, covers every form of appara7, 1876.tus. 43..t Catalognes mailed on applica iuof including Microphones or Carbon Telephones, in which NO ADJUST MENT FOR VARYING STEAM PRESSURE. cation. WILL LIFT WATER FEET. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR. St., the voice the speaker causes electric undu ations 25 IS & ar $�.2B. correspondingof to the words Rpoken. and which articu.a- .. Cincinnati,IS7' W. Pehio.l Sold by Hardware Dealers at same s l t OFFICES AND WAREROOMS: O price. �g� a:����ts ��8�g�� b� �c�Ti��::i PhlJada.,12th & Thompson Sts' New York, Liberty Jg���;i �� ��. Boston, Oliver St. l Street. 109 t r i c a 61 �:: �S1:iif:�i�{;'e ZJ:;:�a� g:e������fn�� i� h� h�� Augusta. Ga., Fenwick nenver. Col .• Blake on final hearing in contested case, and many in San FranCisco,1026 Cal., Califor-Rt. Street. 438 cult R � junctions and finaldecrees have been obtained on them. nia Street. Chicago, Ill .• Lnke St. �PrTIONALTOOLCO.! Millers Falls Co., This coml;mny also owns and controls all the other I 204 � MANUFIICTURERS or telephoniC Inventions of Bell. Edison, Berliner, Gray, Blake. Pbelps, Watson. and others. MACHINISTS TOOLS. 74: CHAHHERS ST., i e t i VOLXEY W. MAS()N & CO., WILLIAM S PORT PA feY:��E�:s f�� �����i: j����b1�g,���PI6 ��:} �:Biem8 FRICTIOlfPULLEYS CLUTCHES and ELEVATORS, NEW VORK. can be procured airectly or through the authorized PUI,NERS A SPECIALTY. Illustrated catalogue agents of tne comnany. \'ROVIDENCE, R. � sent on application to All telepilonesobtained except f,romthis company. I. � WM. COMSTOCK, its authorized licensees. are Infringements, and theor 6 AstorT. Place, makers. sellers. and users will be proceeded against COLUMBIA BICYCLES DRAWING New York. Information furnished upon application. • Address all communications to the AND INSTRUMENTS I AMEltH)A N HEI.I, 'l'E I.IWHONE () OMI'ANY, t TRICYCLg ES.o 91) IUiU< Sneet. Hooton, IU a8 gi�i'i.� Ii��r ������J',i' �i ����� �� •• cbines. sent for stamp. 'I' IIE l'Ol'E F'G VV.A..TE�_ 5!11 WashlngtonSt.,Ill' BostoI, ('/J., Mas s. Cities, Towns, and Manufaotories Supplied by GREEN & SHAW PATENT TUBE WELL SYSTEM. o a c AND GANG trea se on improved P1wt gr pM Out.!!ts jur FriO ti Amateurs. OperaGlasses, methods. profits• .rrices TESpecRStacles. Barometers. Wm. Andrews Bro., Broadway, andgeneral yields.statistics. TH ERMOTelesMEcopes. W. II. D. & 233 N. 1. FREE. M CO., succ.essors to R. &J. Beck. VAPORATING FRUIT & Infringers of above patents will be prosecuted. Phl1a�el"hia.W�i Illustrated.EV I'rice LIst free to any address. TIw best for .Amateur, Electrician, AME"BOXRIC R."AN MAN'F'G CO. i and Work Shnp vse.g e E WAYNESBORO. FA. sIPct� �ls f,x;:t �o� �le��?�� . FOFoot 'owerOT �':e/:.� r�LA���, ��g� THES 1 Dire.. ar Saw. NA n ltA (�ANSETT A C l'i E F. Brown's Patent ©I,� CARY&. M O'efi\l� Send Stampfor Catalogue. M Pl'ovidence,Hf ('0.. oFcGY:[j£SCRIPTION � � It. I. FRICTION STE R£ NEWYORK GITY 234 �L 2�kT. EV£RY &.STEELSPRINGS. SeCLnd forUT llJustratedCH.Cata logue and Discount Sheet to .t. I; F. 1I1.0WlY, '3 Park Plae." New York. OF THlll- $ dtntifit �mtdtnu Best Boiler Feeder FOR ISS". MONITOR." in the world. per day Samp eswort $ free. AThe NEW" J. IFTING AN D NON· Greatest Range at home. J h 5 'l'he M t S l ll l'allel' l ll t he o .., iW Address STISSON Portland,Maine. os Popnll\!' t e tlfle \V l·hl. yetobtained. Does $;;. to $"0 &Co . LIFTING INJEC'l'OR. not Break under . Sudden Changes of Steam Pres.ure. A.,,, ,. I'u tent widely cit'culn led and splendidly Illustrated STANTHERMOMETERS.DARD THFRMOMETER CO., Thl8 EJECTOR O RS PEABODY, MASS. paper Is published weekly Every number contains six. FOR SALE II Y THE THAnE. teen pages of useful Information, and a large number of Water Elevators, l. Seibert linder original engravings of new inventions and discoveries. For Conveying II G' ManufacturersOil Gup of Go., repre8enting En�dDeeriDg Works, Steam )Iachinery. Water and Liquld. for IJf)colnotiv011p, New Inventions, Novelties in MechaniC'S,Manufactures, I'ntellt eUler.-, CUP!iI I.... e Chemistry. Electricity. Telegraphy. Photography, Archi. brh·utorM. et.e. J/I'�r&t"!M. the���i��e �eibe(�;:l·ti�'";le��� �O�I:d��Gutes NATHAN MANU FACTURINC COMPANY, ."" ..'-'_. and tecture. Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural Hi.tory. etc. taloJ