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Contact: 7737313911 Geography of

RAS Pre Syllabus as per RPSC, 1. Major physiographic regions and their characteristics 2. Climatic characteristics 3. Major Rivers & Lakes 4. Natural Vegetation & Soil 5. Major Crops- Wheat, Maize, Barley, Cotton, Sugarcane & Bajra 6. Major Industries. 7. Major Irrigation Projects & Water Conservation Techniques 8. Population-Growth, Density, Literacy, Sex-ratio & Major Tribes 9. Minerals- Metallic & Non-Metallic 10.Power Resources- Conventional & Non-Conventional 11. Biodiversity & its Conservation 12.Tourist Centres & Circuits

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RAS Pre Syllabus as per RPSC, Ajmer 1 Major physiographic regions and their characteristics 10 Introduction 10 Physiography of Rajasthan 16 Western Sandy Plain/Desert Plain 18 1. Sandy Arid Plain 20 Sandy Arid Plain subdivided into two parts 21 2. Semi-Arid Plain or Rajasthan Bangar 23 Semi-Arid Plain/Rajasthan Bangar subdivided into: 23 Aravalli regions 24 Aravalli hills divided into: 25 Southern Aravalli Area(from Abu to Ajmer) 25 Central Aravalli area (from Ajmer to ) 26 Northern Aravalli area (from Jaipur to Khetri) 26 Eastern Plain 27 Eastern plain subdivided into 27 Basin 27 Banas-Banganga Basin 27 Middle Mahi-Chhappan Basin 28 South-East Rajasthan Plateau 28 Vindhyan Scrap 29 Deccan Lava Plateau 29 Climatic Characteristics 29 Climate 29 Seasons of Rajasthan 31 Climatic Region 35 Koppen Classification 38 Agro-Climatic Zone(Rajasthan) 39 Major Rivers & Lakes 40 River/Drainage System 40 Rivers Draining into 42 River Draining into the 46 River of Inland Drainage 49 Lakes 50 Saline water lake 50

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Sambhar lake 51 Pachpadra lake 51 Lunkaransar lake 52 Didwana lake 52 Fresh water lake 53 Jaisamand lake() 53 Pichhola lake 54 54 Udai Sagar 54 lake 54 Bal Samanad 55 Kolayat Lake 55 Anasagar lake 55 Fai Sagar lake 55 55 56 Siliserh lake 56 Note: 56 Natural Vegetation and Soil 56 Natural Vegetation 56 Distribution of Forests 57 Types of Forest 57 Tropical Thorny Forests 57 Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests 59 Sub-Tropical Mountain/evergreen Forest 61 Importance of Forests for Rajasthan 62 There are direct and indirect advantages of forests. 62 Note: 63 Recent Scheme of Forest Department 63 Scheme (Centre) 63 Additional Information (Rajasthan) 63 Note: 64 Soil 64 Types of Soil 66 Desert Soil/sandy 66 Red-Yellow Soil 66 Laterite Soil 67 Mixed Red and Black Soil 67 Black Soil 67

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Alluvial Soil 68 Soil Problem 68 Soil Erosion 68 The problem of Soil Fertility Loss 69 Major Crops- Wheat, Maize, Barley, Cotton, Sugarcane & Bajra 70 Major Agriculture Crops: 70 Wheat 70 Maize/Macca 71 Barley( जौ ) 71 Cotton 71 Sugarcane 72 Bajra ( Pearl Millet - Pennisetum typhoides) 72 Some Other Crops(Not in Syllabus): 73 Jowar 73 Gram 73 Guar 73 Rice 73 Mustard 74 Ground Nut 74 Major Industries 75 Cotton Textile Industry 75 Rajasthan State Handloom Development Corporation(RHDC) 75 Wool Clothes Industry 76 Central Wool Development Board(Ministry of Textile, ) 76 Sugar Industry 77 Cement Industry 77 Glass Industry 78 Paper Industry 78 Silk textile Industry 79 Salt Industry 79 Sambhar Salts Limited (SSL) 80 Chemical Industry 80 Engineering Industry 80 Industrial Overview 81 Index of Industrial Production(IIP) 81 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises(MSME) 82 In the state, various policies measures to promote and support MSME enterprises are implemented are: 82 Exports 82 www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 For the development of exports, the state introducing various export promotion initiatives such as: 83 Department responsible for the Industrial development of Rajasthan 83 Department of Industries 83 Programmes/Schemes of Industrial Development 84 Bureau of Investment Promotion(BIP) 85 Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Limited(RIICO)-1969(Re-established 1980) 85 The Key progress made by RIICO 85 Innovative Schemes/Initiatives taken up by the Corporation. 86 Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation Limited(RAJSICO)-1961 87 Rajasthan Financial Corporation(RFC)-1955 87 Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor(DMIC) 89 Khadi and Village Industries (KVI) 90 Mining Sector 91 Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited(RSMML) 91 Oil and Natural Gas 91 Labour 92 Employment Department 93 Rajasthan Skill and Livelihoods Development Corporation(RSLDC) 93 Mukhya Mantri Yuva Kaushal Yojana(MMYKY) 93 Rural Non Farm Development Agency(RUDA)-1995 94 Industrial Development (Economic Survey: 2020-2021) 94 Some Important Facts: 94 Major Irrigation Project and Water Conservation Techniques 95 Project(Rajasthan Canal) 95 Bhankhra-Nangal Project 97 Beas Project 98 Chambal Project 100 Mahi Bajaj Project 101 Narmada Canal 101 Gang Canal 102 Rajiv Gandhi Sidhmukh Nohar Project 103 Bisalpur Project 103 Jhakam Project 104 Sidhmukh Project 104 Parwan Dam Project 104 Dholpur Lift Irrigation Project 105 Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project for Desert Area(RWSRPD) 105 www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Jaipur Zone 105 Kota Zone 106 Zone 106 Zone 106 Medium Irrigation Project district wise 107 Jhalawar 107 Kota 107 Pali 107 Pratapgarh 108 Tonk 108 109 Rajsamand 109 Jalore 110 Jaipur 110 Sawai Madhopur 110 111 111 Bundi 111 Udaipur 111 Baran 112 Ajmer 112 113 Karauli 113 Sirohi 113 Sikar 114 Jodhpur 114 Dungarpur 114 Dholpur 114 Bharatpur 114 Population: Growth, Density, Distribution, Sex-Ratio, Literacy & Major Tribes 115 Population(Rajasthan) 115 Density 116 Sex-ratio 117 Literacy 118 Male Literacy 119 Female Literacy 120 Rajasthan: Rural and Urban Population(2011) 121 Rural 121 Urban 121 www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Schedule Caste Population 122 Schedule Tribe Population 123 Tribe Population 123 Mines and Minerals 123 Minerals 124 Copper 124 Gold 125 Iron-Ore 126 Lead, Zinc and Silver 127 Tungsten 128 Manganese 128 Limestone 129 Beryllium 129 Mica 130 Bismuth 130 Wollastonite 131 Tin 131 Vermiculite 131 Silica Sand 132 Steatite 132 Asbestos 133 Baryte 133 Bauxite 134 China Clay 134 Dolomite 135 Feldspar 135 Fluorite 136 Gypsum 136 Graphite(Black Lead) 137 Fuller’s Earth(Multani Mitti) 137 Kyanite 137 Magnesite 138 Nickel 138 Rock Phosphate(Phosphorite) 138 Pyrite 139 Marble 139 Granite 140 Uranium 142 Energy Minerals 142

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Coal 142 Petroleum 142 Natural Gas 143 Mining Department 143 Power Resources: Conventional & Non-Conventional 143 Power Generation: 143 Installed Capacity: 143 Non-Renewable Source 144 Coal 144 Types of Coal: 144 Thermal Energy 146 Nuclear/Atomic Power/Energy resources: 147 Rajasthan Atomic Power Project (RAPP) 148 Thermal Power Station: 148 Natural Gas: 149 Renewable Source 149 SOLAR 150 Solar Power Generation 150 Development of Solar Parts and Mega Solar Power projects 150 The major field of solar energy development is: 151 Biomass Energy 152 Wind Power 152 Biodiversity & its Conservation 153 National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary and Conservation Reserve 153 National Park 153 National Park(Rajasthan = 3) 154 Ranthambore National Park, Sawai Madhopur 154 Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Bharatpur 154 Mukundara National Park, Kota 155 Wildlife Sanctuary 156 Wildlife Sanctuary(Rajasthan) 156 WS 156 Desert National Park 157 WS 157 Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary, Alwar 158 Tal Chhapar WS 159 National Chambal WS, Sawai Madhopur 159 Sita Mata WS 160 Phulwari Ki Nal WS, Udaipur 160 www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Todgarh-Raoli WS 161 Sajjangarh WS 161 Bassi WS 162 Bandh Bharatha WS 162 Bhainsrorgarh WS 162 Jaisamand WS 162 Jamwa Ramgarh WS 163 Kailadevi WS 164 Nahargarh WS 164 Ramsagar WS 164 Kaisarbagh WS 165 Ramgarh Vishdhari WS 165 Sawai Madhopur WS 165 Sawai Man Singh WS 165 Shergarh WS 165 Van Vihar WS 165 Conservation Reserve 165 Zoo in Rajasthan 167 Deer Park 167 Tourist Centres & Circuits 168 Tourism Sector 168 The Rajasthan Government took the step for the development of the tourism sector: 168 International Tourist day 169 Schemes of Rajasthan Government for the development of tourist sector: 169 Tourist Places in Rajasthan 169 Additional Information: 171 Livestock 171 Animal Breeding and Research Centre(Rajasthan) 171 Camel 172 Breeds of Camels 172 Cow 172 Breeds of Cow(https://gopalan.rajasthan.gov.in/cow-breeds.htm) 172 Buffalo 175 Breeds of Buffalo 175 Goat 175 Breeds of Goat 176 Sheep 176 Breeds of Sheep 176 www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Horse 177 Breed of Horse 177 Donkey 177 Hens 177 Mule 178 Pig 178 Animal Fairs 178 Economic Survey 2020-21 178 Livestock Census-2019 178 Major initiatives taken by Animal Husbandry Department during the year 2019-20: 179 Gopalan Department 180 20th Livestock Census-2019 180 Great Boundary Fault 183

Major physiographic regions and their characteristics

Introduction 1. Rajasthan lies in the north-western part of India and the north-eastern part of the world.

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a.

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 2. Location

a. Longitude = 69°30' to 78°17' East ; (Distance = 8°47') i. The local Time difference between the east(Dholpur) to west(Jaisalmer) part of Rajasthan is about 35 minutes 08 second due to a longitudinal difference of 8°47'.

b. Latitude = 23°3' to 30°12' North ; (Distance = 7°9')

3. Total Area of Rajasthan = 3.42 Lakh sq. Km a. The state’s total area is 10.43% of India’s total area and India’s biggest state. b. Rajasthan is equal to Germany in area, slightly larger than Japan, 5 times larger than Sri Lanka and more than 17 times larger than Israel.

4. Tropic of Cancer passes through the southern district, namely Banswara, Dungarpur of Rajasthan.

5. The total land boundary of Rajasthan = 5,920 Km www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 6. Rajasthan boundary with other states and Country a. North direction: b. North-east direction: and c. East and South-east direction: d. South and South-west direction: Gujarat

e. West direction: i. The international boundary lies between Rajasthan and Pakistan is a length of 1070 Km, known as the Redcliffe line. 1. 1070 Km = Hindumalkot(Ganganagar) to Shahgarh(Barmer)

ii. iii. Jaisalmer(464 Km) > Barmer(228 Km) > Ganganagar(210 Km) > (168 Km) are the border districts.

7. Extension a. East to West(Length) = 869 Km i. East: Village - Jagmohan ka pura, Silavat( Tehsil - Rajakhera, Dholpur) ii. West: Village - Kharanta(Tehsil - Jaisalmer, Jaisalmer)

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b.

c. North to South(Broad) = 826 Km i. North: Village - Konna(Tehsil - Ganganagar, Ganganagar) ii. South: Village - Borkund chota(Tehsil - KhushalGarh, Banaswara) d. Long - Broad = 869 - 826 Km = 43Km(Difference)

8. Districts of Rajasthan, the border with other states are a. Districts(Rajasthan) States

Barmer, Jalore, Sirohi, Udaipur, Gujarat Dungarpur, Banswara

Banswara, Pratapgarh, Madhya Pradesh Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Kota, Jhalawar, Baran, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur

Dholpur, Bharatpur Uttar Pradesh

Bharatpur, Alwar, Jaipur, Sikar, Haryana Jhunjhunu, Churu,

Hanumangarh Punjab Ganganagar

9. Physical Features www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 a. Tethys sea: i. Most of the western and north-western part of Rajasthan is the Residue of Tethys sea. ii. Over time, parts of Rajasthan got filled with alluvium deposits by the rivers descending from the Himalayas. iii. Salt lakes of the state like Sambhar, Deendwana, Pachpadra, Lunkaransar etc., are the remains of the Tethys sea.

b. Gondwanaland i. Aravallis and the Deccan plateau are part of Gondwanaland. 1. Aravallis are one of the oldest mountains in the world. 2. Aravallis acts as the major water-divide, making two divisions of the state.

c. The state’s physical features represent the cumulative effect of endogenic movements, geological structure, denudation, and drainage pattern.

d. The state’s relief comprises mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts in which materials are ranging from the oldest rocks to newer alluvium.

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Physiography of Rajasthan

1. a. The range runs across the state from the Southwest peak of Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri(Jhunjhunu) in the Northeast. b. The range divides the state into two parts, 60% in the northwest and 40% in the southeast. 2. Northwest tract a. The tract is sandy and unproductive with little water present in the soil. b. Still, it improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the . 3. South-eastern area a. Higher in elevation and more productive has a much-diversified topography. 4. South a. The hilly tract of

5. Southeast www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 a. A large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. i. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line.

6. Northeastern a. 's flat plains are part of an alluvial basin.

7. Merta City lies in the geographical centre of Rajasthan.

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Western Sandy Plain/Desert Plain

1. 2. This region covers 61.11% area and 39% of the Rajasthan population, including Bikaner, Barmer, Churu, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Nagaur, Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Pali, Sirohi, Sikar and Jhunjhunu districts. 3. The annual rainfall is 20 - 50cm, which was very low as compared to other regions. www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 4. The Dry and Semi-Arid type of climatic condition occurs in this region. 5. Before the Indra Gandhi canal, Gang canal, Jawai canal and Narmada canal, this region was not suitable for living conditions. 6. The west part of the sandy plain is known as the Thar Desert, perfectly dry and desolate with thin patches of prickly grass and other desert plants. 7. The Aravalli’s western submontane zone marks the eastern boundary of the region up to the ’s northern point. Beyond which the border is characterised by a 50cm rainfall line and Great Indian Watershed.

a. 8. The region slopes, generally, from east to west and north to south. a. The north-eastern part of the region has a general elevation of about 300meters. b. Towards the south, the height is about 150 meters, excepting the Jalore-Siwana upland, which lies above 300 metres. 9. The main river in this region is Luni which rises in the Aravalli, south-west of Ajmer and flows towards the south-west.

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 1. Sandy Arid Plain

1. 2. Sandy Arid plain situated to the west of the 25 cm isohyet line is a desert plain. 3. It encompasses Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur, and the western parts of Nagaur and Churu. 4. In some parts of Jaisalmer, Barmer and Bikaner, rocky projection intercepts with the dunes. This rocky projection consists of granite, limestone and sandstone. 5. This region also consists of shallow depressions of brackish water known as Rann.

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 Sandy Arid Plain subdivided into two parts

1. Marusthali a. This covers Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Churu, some western Nagaur and western two-thirds of Barmer and . b. The shifting sand, locally termed as "Dharians'' are present in the west, near Shagarh village, where they extend many Km and continuously change their surface. The types of dunes present in this region are:

i. Longitudinal dunes: These dunes formed parallel to the prevailing winds.

1. ii. Barchans: These are the crescent-shaped dunes.

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1. iii. Transverse Dunes: These dunes formed at a right angle to the prevailing winds.

1.

2. Dune Free Tract a. The rocky, dune free tract of Jaisalmer-Barmer-Bikaner covers nearly 65sq. Km around the Jaisalmer town, half of Pokhran tehsil, western and southern parts of Phalodi tehsil of Jodhpur district. b. The limestone and sandstone rocks exposed here belong to Jurassic and Eocene formation.

www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 2. Semi-Arid Plain or Rajasthan Bangar

Semi-Arid Plain/Rajasthan Bangar subdivided into: 1. Luni Basin a. The basin lies to the southwest of Aravallis between 25 to 50 centimetres isohyet lines. b. The Luni basin covers Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore and the western part of the Sirohi districts. c. The drainage area of the river Luni covers alluvial plains. The important tributaries of the river Luni are, Lilri, Sukari Jawai, Jojari and Bandi. These rivers are seasonal. d. Pachpadra a brackish saltwater lake present in Luni Basin.

2. region(Plain of Inland river) a. The Shekhawati covers Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Churu and the northern . b. This region has sand-dunes of medium and low height. c. There are many small rivers and nallas which disappear after flowing a short distance in the region. d. The main rivers of the regions are Mendha and Kantli. e. There are several saltwater lakes and Ranns in this area. i. Sambhar, Deedwana, Kuchaman, , Tal-Chhapar and Parihara (Churu) are the leading saltwater lakes.

3. Nagauri Upland a. The Nagauri Upland covers the area of Didwana, Nagaur and Jayal. www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 b. There are no hills in this region except tehsil Parbatsar where the mountain ranges on the southern side are the off-shoots of Aravalli hills. 4. Ghaggar Plain a. It is the northern part of the desert which extends in districts of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh. b. Ghaggar river is part of the inland drainage system of this area. c. The dry bed of the streams of Ghaggar considered being part of the Saraswati river originating from the Himalayas as described in the Puranas. d. Intensive agriculture is practised in this area due to the irrigation facility’s availability through Indira Gandhi Canal and Gang Canal.

Aravalli regions

1. 2. Aravalli range is the main and the oldest mountain in Rajasthan. 3. This range covers about 9.3% of the state. 4. The range extends 550 kilometres from Khed Brahma (Gujarat border) to Khetri in Rajasthan. a. It extends in a continuous chain from Sirohi to Khetri, but it develops in the form of small hills up to Delhi. www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 5. It mainly extends in nine districts Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and Jhunjhunu. 6. The average height of this hilly region is 930 metres.

Aravalli hills divided into:

1. Southern Aravalli Area(from Abu to Ajmer) a. It includes Sirohi, Udaipur and Rajsamand. Here the Aravallis are very complex and high.

b. Bhorat plateau is situated between Kumbhalgarh and Gogunda to the north of Udaipur. i. East-flowing rivers originate from the plateau.

c. Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau: i. The Mewar hills cover the Udaipur district's whole except these eastern tehsils(Maoli, Rajsamand and Vallabhnagar), the south-eastern margin of and parts of Gujarat state situated between Banks Plain and Abu block. ii. The westernmost ridge in east Sirohi, which has no great height, is steep and rugged, locally known as Bhakar. iii. Some of the hill spurs girdle the saucer-shaped in Udaipur basin, locally known as Girwa(girdle of hills).

d. Hill ranges i. Mewar hills & Bhorat Plateau ii. Girwa Hills iii. Merwara Hills iv. Abu block & Oria plateau

e. Peaks i. Guru Shikhar(Sirohi): 1722 m ii. Ser (Sirohi): 1597 m iii. Dilwara (Sirohi): 1442 m iv. Jarga (Udaipur): 1431 m v. Achalgarh (Sirohi): 1380 m vi. Kumbhalgarh (Rajsamand): 1224 m vii. Dhoniya(Sirohi): 1183 m viii. Hrishikesh(Sirohi): 1017 m ix. Kamalnath (Udaipur): 1001 m x. Sajjangarh (Udaipur): 938 m xi. Lilagarh: 874 m xii. Roja Bhakar(Jalore): 730 m xiii. Jharola(Jalore) www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911

2. Central Aravalli area (from Ajmer to Jaipur) a. It extends between Ajmer and Jaipur. b. There is an alternate arrangement of ranges, narrow valleys and plains in this section. c. Luni, the main river of western Rajasthan, originates from Nag Pahar lying in this section. d. Hill ranges: i. Shekhawati lower hills ii. Marwar Hills e. Peaks(Ajmer) i. Goramji: 934 m ii. Taragarh: 870 m iii. Nag Pahar: 795 m iv. Tatgarh

3. Northern Aravalli area (from Jaipur to Khetri) a. Northern Aravallis extends in the districts of Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and Jhunjhunu. b. Aravallis spread in the form of scattered and isolated hills, instead of a continuous chain. c. It includes the hills of Shekhawati, Torawati, Jaipur and Alwar. i. These hills have an elevation ranging between 450 to 700 metres. d. Hill Ranges i. Malkhet & Khetri Group of hills ii. Torawati Hills e. Peaks i. Raghunathgarh (Sikar): 1055 m ii. Kho (Jaipur): 920 m iii. Bhairach (Alwar): 792 m iv. Barwara (Jaipur): 786 m v. Babai (Jhunjhunu):780 m vi. Bilali (Alwar): 775 m vii. Manoharpura (Jaipur): 747 m viii. Bairath (Jaipur): 704 m ix. Sariska (Alwar): 677 m x. Siravas: 651 m xi. Jaigarh(Jaipur) xii. Bhangarh(Alwar)

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1. 2. The region covers 23.9% area of Rajasthan. 3. It is a river basin area. 4. It extends over the plains of Bharatpur, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Jaipur, Tonk and Bhilwara in its northern section and over the plains of fifty-six villages of Dungarpur, Banswara and Chittorgarh districts in its southern area. 5. The plain is made up of fertile alluvial soil and irrigated by several rivers. Situated between Aravallis and Hadauti plateau.

Eastern plain subdivided into

1. Chambal Basin a. The Chambal basin’s plain presents a homogeneous topography instead for hundreds of years characterised by flood plains, river bluffs, and ravines best developed in the region.

2. Banas-Banganga Basin a. The plain of Banas and its tributaries is known as the ‘Plain of Mewar’ in the south and the ‘Plain of Karauli’ in the north. b. This plain averages height between 280 to 500 metres. c. Berach, Khasi, Mansi, Morel and Banganga etc. are the main tributaries of . www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 d. The Eastern bare slopes east and north-eastwards. e. There are flat-topped isolated hills in the region.

3. Middle Mahi-Chhappan Basin a. It covers the southeastern part of Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara and Chittorgarh. b. It averages in height from 200 to 400 metres. c. -Sarada area is locally known as Chhappan and Dungarpur-Banswara area as Vagad. d. Banswara is also known as the Area of Hundred Islands due to the presence of several rivers. e. The principal tributaries of the are Som, Jakham, Kagdar, Jhamri etc. f. Bhils and Garasiyas are the local tribes who practice shifting cultivation, locally known as Walra.

South-East Rajasthan Plateau

1. 2. The south-eastern plateau of Rajasthan is popularly known as Hadauti. 3. It covers 7% area and 10% of the population of the state. 4. It spreads over Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar and the eastern part of Chittorgarh. 5. It is composed of lava mixed rocks and Vindhyan rocks. www.AswaTHinstitue.com 7737313911 CEO: Rajpurohit Anil Contact: 7737313911 6. The average height of the plateau is 500 metres above mean sea level. 7. Black and red soils found in this area. 8. Major rivers of this area are Chambal, and Kali Sindh. 9. The physiography unit of south-east Rajasthan is also known as Uparmal(high or stony Plateau). The plateau is divided into two sub-physiographic regions.

1. Vindhyan Scrap a. The scarp mainly consists of sandstone and limestone. b. It rises to an elevation ranging between 350 to 550 metres above MSL(mean sea level). c. The scarp faces south-east and eastwards continuously between Banas and Chambal rivers. d. The scarp extends northwards in Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dholpur along the Chambal river.

2. Deccan Lava Plateau a. It is a wider and raised rocky feature of south-eastern Rajasthan. b. It is composed of sandstone and limestone rocks. c. It’s eastern and southern parts are covered with lava. d. Fertile black soil found here. e. Chambal and its tributaries Kali Sindh and Parvati rivers have formed a triangular alluvial plain in Kota.

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