DOCSLIB.ORG

Digital Mapping of Habitat for Plant Communities Based on Soil Functions: a Case Study in the Virgin Forest-Steppe of Russia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Digital Mapping of Habitat for Plant Communities Based on Soil Functions: a Case Study in the Virgin Forest-Steppe of Russia Article Digital Mapping of Habitat for Plant Communities Based on Soil Functions: A Case Study in the Virgin Forest-Steppe of Russia Nikolai Lozbenev 1,* , Maria Smirnova 1,2 , Maxim Bocharnikov 2 and Daniil Kozlov 1 1 V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Pyzhyovskiy lane 7 building 2, Moscow 109017, Russia; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.K.) 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, Moscow 119234, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-909-966-96-24 Received: 14 December 2018; Accepted: 6 March 2019; Published: 9 March 2019 Abstract: The spatial structure of the habitat for plant communities based on soil functions in virgin forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland is the focus of this study. The objectives include the identification of the leading factors of soil function variety and to determine the spatial heterogeneity of the soil function. A detailed topographic survey was carried out on a key site (35 hectares), 157 soil, and 34 geobotanical descriptions were made. The main factor of soil and plant cover differentiation is the redistribution of soil moisture along the microrelief. Redistributed runoff value was modelled in SIMWE and used as a tool for spatial prediction of soils due to their role in a habitat for plant communities’ functional context. The main methods of the study are the multidimensional scaling and discriminant analysis. We model the composition of plant communities (accuracy is 95%) and Reference Soil Group (accuracy is 88%) due to different soil moisture conditions. There are two stable soil habitat types: mesophytic communities on the Phaeozems (with additional water runoff more than 80 mm) and xerophytic communities on Chernozems (additional runoff less than 55 mm). A transitional type corresponded to xero- mesophytic communities on the Phaeozems with 55–80 mm additional redistributed runoff value. With acceptable accuracy, the habitat for natural plant communities based on soil function model predicts the position of contrastingly different components of biota in relation to their soil moisture requirements within the virgin forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland. Keywords: Chernozems; Phaeozems; Central Chernozem Reserve; predictive soil mapping 1. Introduction The most important ecological function of the soil as a component of the environment is to maintain the balance and sustainability of the biosphere under the anthropogenic impact and climate change [1–3]. The direct methods for soil ecological functions evaluation are limited, that is the main cause why researchers focus on indirect indicators of the soil systems functioning: the soil properties—i.e., the chemical composition of the different soil phases [4–7], soil structure [4,8,9], etc.—and the properties of environment connected to the soil by material—energy interactions. The latter include the species composition and productivity of plant communities [10–12] and in a broader sense, serve as the basis for landscape indication when mapping hard-to-observe properties of a landscape from lightly observed factors. The soil is the habitat for the plants—the environment of root nutrition and a seed pool. The study of the soil–vegetation interactions characterizes the features of the habitat for plant soil functions [2,13,14]. Soil structure (aggregate composition and pore space), chemical composition Soil Syst. 2019, 3, 19; doi:10.3390/soilsystems3010019 www.mdpi.com/journal/soilsystems Soil Syst. 2019, 3, 19 2 of 12 (including organic carbon and nutrients concentration), and moisture characteristics are the key properties for the plant’s growth [4,9–11,15–17]. The connection between soil properties and plant parametersSoil Syst. are2018, implemented 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW in the global and regional ecological scales [18–21]. 2 of 13 Our study site is located in the virgin forest-steppe of East European plain. The climatic conditions (including organic carbon and nutrients concentration), and moisture characteristics are the key of the forest-steppe with favorable water-air and thermal regime contribute to the formation of the properties for the plant’s growth [4,9–11,15–17]. The connection between soil properties and plant mostparameters fertile soils are among implemented all the naturalin the global land and areas regional [22]. However,ecological scales the diversity [18–21]. of edaphic conditions determinesOur the study wide site variation is located of soil in the moisture virgin andforest-steppe aeration regimesof East European and, as a plain. result, The variety climatic in plant speciesconditions composition. of the forest-steppe We suppose with that favorable the soil moisturewater-air isand the thermal leading regime factor contribute controlling to the species compositionformation in of the the virgin most forest-steppe,fertile soils among as it all has the been natural qualitatively land areas shown[22]. However, [23]. the diversity of Theedaphic aim conditions of our work determines was the the digital wide variation mapping of ofsoil the moisture habitat and for aeration natural regimes plant communities’and, as a soil function,result, variety soil moisturein plant species conditions composition. and related We suppose plant speciesthat the compositionsoil moisture is in the virgin leading forest-steppe factor landscapescontrolling of V.V. species Alekhin composition Central in Chernozem the virgin forest State-steppe, Reserve as it (Kursk has been region, qualitatively Russia). shown The [23]. objectives The aim of our work was the digital mapping of the habitat for natural plant communities’ soil were to: (1) quantitatively characterize the relationship of the water regime and soil properties, function, soil moisture conditions and related plant species composition in virgin forest-steppe the compositionlandscapes of of V.V. plant Alekhin species; Cent (2)ral define Chernozem the different State Reserve habitat (Kursk types; region, (3) create Russia). and The verify objectives the habitat for a plantwere to: communities (1) quantitatively map. characterize We characterized the relation theship soil of forming the water factors regime features and soil forproperties, each section the of the regularcomposition grid withof plant resolution species; (2) 2.5 define m. The the redistributed different habitat runoff types; value (3) create was modelledand verify inthe SIMWE habitat [24]. Multidimensionalfor a plant communities scaling and map. discriminant We characterized analysis the were soil forming used to factors determine features the for relationship each section between of surfacethe runoff, regular soil grid moisture with resolution regime, 2.5 and m. The plant redi speciesstributed composition. runoff value The was main modelled hypothesis in SIMWE of our[24]. work is thatMultidimensional the plant species scaling composition and discriminant is the result analysis of a complexwere used interaction to determine in the the relationship sequence: between soil forming factorsurface (topography)—soil runoff, soil moisture forming regime, process and plant (redistribution species composition. of surface The runoff)—soil main hypothesis properties of our work (water and airis that regime)—soil the plant species function—species composition is the composition result of a complex of vegetation. interaction in the sequence: soil forming factor (topography)—soil forming process (redistribution of surface runoff)—soil properties (water 2. Materialsand air regime)—soil and Methods function—species composition of vegetation. The2. Materials study was and completedMethods on the sub-horizontal part of the interfluve and gentle slope in the southwesternThe study part of was the completed Central Russian on the sub-horizontal upland of the pa Eastrt of European the interfluve Plain and to thegentle south slope of in the the Kursk city (Figuresouthwestern1) within part theof the Streletsky Central Ru steppessian upland cluster of of the the East V.V. European Alekhin Plain Central to the Chernozemsouth of the Kursk Reserve. ◦ The averagecity (Figure annual 1) within air temperature the Streletsky of steppe study clus areater isof 5.7the V.V.C, theAlekhin amount Central of precipitation Chernozem Reserve. is 590 mm. Soil-formingThe average parent annual materials air temperature are loess-like of study loams, area underlain is 5.7°C, the with amount 8 m byof chalkprecipitation deposits. is 590 mm. Soil-forming parent materials are loess-like loams, underlain with 8 m by chalk deposits. FigureFigure 1. Study 1. Study area area (a) ( areaa) area location location (blue (blue square) square) relativelyrelatively natural natural areas areas and and large large cities, cities, (b) typical (b) typical topographytopography of central of central Russian Russian upland upland and and Central Central ChernozemsChernozems State State Reserve, Reserve, red red square—key square—key plot plot (coordinates(coordinates of the of center—51.5727N,the center—51.5727N, 36.0926E)). 36.0926E)). Soil Syst. 2019, 3, 19 3 of 12 SoilKey Syst. plot 2018, area2, x FOR is PEER about REVIEW 35 ha. Its topography was studied in detail by GNSS surveys.3 of 13 Two Stonex S9III+ GNSS receiver were used. In fixed RTK regimes the positioning accuracy of horizontal coordinatesKey isplot 8 mm,area is vertical about 35 coordinates—15 ha. Its topography mm. was studied About in 10,000 detailof by points GNSS surveys. with accurately Two Stonex defined coordinatesS9III+ GNSS and height,receiver
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soil Contamination and Human Health: a Major Challenge For
    Soil contamination and human health : A major challenge for global soil security Florence Carre, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, Martine Ramel To cite this version: Florence Carre, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, et al.. Soil con- tamination and human health : A major challenge for global soil security. Global Soil Security Sympo- sium, May 2015, College Station, United States. pp.275-295, 10.1007/978-3-319-43394-3_25. ineris- 01864711 HAL Id: ineris-01864711 https://hal-ineris.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-01864711 Submitted on 30 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Human Health as another major challenge of Global Soil Security Florence Carré, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, Martine Ramel Abstract This chapter aimed to demonstrate, by several illustrated examples, that Human Health should be considered as another major challenge of global soil security by emphasizing the fact that (a) soil contamination is a worldwide issue, estimations can be done based on local contamination but the extent and content of diffuse contamination is largely unknown; (b) although soil is able to store, filter and reduce contamination, it can also transform and make accessible soil contaminants and their metabolites, contributing then to human health impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Mapping & Spatial Analysis
    Digital Mapping & Spatial Analysis Zach Silvia Graduate Community of Learning Rachel Starry April 17, 2018 Andrew Tharler Workshop Agenda 1. Visualizing Spatial Data (Andrew) 2. Storytelling with Maps (Rachel) 3. Archaeological Application of GIS (Zach) CARTO ● Map, Interact, Analyze ● Example 1: Bryn Mawr dining options ● Example 2: Carpenter Carrel Project ● Example 3: Terracotta Altars from Morgantina Leaflet: A JavaScript Library http://leafletjs.com Storytelling with maps #1: OdysseyJS (CartoDB) Platform Germany’s way through the World Cup 2014 Tutorial Storytelling with maps #2: Story Maps (ArcGIS) Platform Indiana Limestone (example 1) Ancient Wonders (example 2) Mapping Spatial Data with ArcGIS - Mapping in GIS Basics - Archaeological Applications - Topographic Applications Mapping Spatial Data with ArcGIS What is GIS - Geographic Information System? A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into spatial data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations - helping users make smarter decisions. - ESRI GIS dictionary. - ArcGIS by ESRI - industry standard, expensive, intuitive functionality, PC - Q-GIS - open source, industry standard, less than intuitive, Mac and PC - GRASS - developed by the US military, open source - AutoDESK - counterpart to AutoCAD for topography Types of Spatial Data in ArcGIS: Basics Every feature on the planet has its own unique latitude and longitude coordinates: Houses, trees, streets, archaeological finds, you! How do we collect this information? - Remote Sensing: Aerial photography, satellite imaging, LIDAR - On-site Observation: total station data, ground penetrating radar, GPS Types of Spatial Data in ArcGIS: Basics Raster vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Loess-Derived Soil Along a Topo-Climatic Sequence in The
    European Journal of Soil Science, May 2017, 68, 270–280 doi: 10.1111/ejss.12425 Evolution of loess-derived soil along a climatic toposequence in the Qilian Mountains, NE Tibetan Plateau F. Yanga,c ,L.M.Huangb,c,D.G.Rossitera,d,F.Yanga,c,R.M.Yanga,c & G. L. Zhanga,c aState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 71 East Beijing Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210008, China, bKey Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11(A), Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China, cUniversity of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and dSchool of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA Summary Holocene loess has been recognized as the primary source of the silty topsoil in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The processes through which these uniform loess sediments develop into diverse types of soil remain unclear. In this research, we examined 23 loess-derived soil samples from the Qilian Mountains with varying amounts of pedogenic modification. Soil particle-size distribution and non-calcareous mineralogy were changed only slightly because of the weak intensity of chemical weathering. Accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and leaching of carbonate were both identified as predominant pedogenic responses to soil forming processes. Principal component analysis and structural analysis revealed the strong correlations between soil carbon (SOC and carbonate) and several soil properties related to soil functions.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil As a Huge Laboratory for Microorganisms
    Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 22 Issue 4 - September 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Mishra BB DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556205 Soil as a Huge Laboratory for Microorganisms Sachidanand B1, Mitra NG1, Vinod Kumar1, Richa Roy2 and Mishra BB3* 1Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, India 2Department of Biotechnology, TNB College, India 3Haramaya University, Ethiopia Submission: June 24, 2019; Published: September 17, 2019 *Corresponding author: Mishra BB, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Abstract Biodiversity consisting of living organisms both plants and animals, constitute an important component of soil. Soil organisms are important elements for preserved ecosystem biodiversity and services thus assess functional and structural biodiversity in arable soils is interest. One of the main threats to soil biodiversity occurred by soil environmental impacts and agricultural management. This review focuses on interactions relating how soil ecology (soil physical, chemical and biological properties) and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity in soil. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms (MOs) and soil. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by soil versus the ecological behavior of MOs, is proposed. Plant-bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health and soil fertility. Symbiotic nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria include the cyanobacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Free-livingBradyrhizobium, soil bacteria Azorhizobium, play a vital Allorhizobium, role in plant Sinorhizobium growth, usually and referred Mesorhizobium.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Holocene Climate Reconstructions for the Russian Steppe, Based on Mineralogical and Magnetic Properties of Buried Palaeosols ⁎ T
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 249 (2007) 103–127 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Late Holocene climate reconstructions for the Russian steppe, based on mineralogical and magnetic properties of buried palaeosols ⁎ T. Alekseeva a, A. Alekseev a, , B.A. Maher b, V. Demkin a a Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia b Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK Received 10 April 2005; received in revised form 29 December 2006; accepted 15 January 2007 Abstract Insights into past climate changes, and corresponding evolution of soils and the environment, can be gained by multi- disciplinary studies of palaeosols. Here, we focus on palaeosols buried beneath archaeological monuments, specifically, funerary mounds (kurgans), in the Russian steppe. The kurgans were constructed, and each of the palaeosols buried, over a range of different timesteps from the mid-Holocene to ∼ 600 years before present (yr BP). Integrated magnetic, mineralogical and pedological data were used to obtain estimates of past climate (especially precipitation) changes, through both time and space. A soil magnetism- based climofunction, derived previously from modern steppe soils and modern climate, was applied to each set of palaeosols, to obtain quantitative reconstructions of annual precipitation for the time at which the soils were buried. Independent soil property data (clay mineralogy, salt content, iron mineralogy from Mossbauer analysis, and optical and electron microscopy) were also obtained, in order to test and substantiate the magnetic inferences. The data obtained indicate that the climate of the Lower Volga steppe area has varied from the mid-Holocene onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systemic Approach for Modeling Soil Functions
    SOIL, 4, 83–92, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-83-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under SOIL the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. A systemic approach for modeling soil functions Hans-Jörg Vogel1,5, Stephan Bartke1, Katrin Daedlow2, Katharina Helming2, Ingrid Kögel-Knabner3, Birgit Lang4, Eva Rabot1, David Russell4, Bastian Stößel1, Ulrich Weller1, Martin Wiesmeier3, and Ute Wollschläger1 1Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 2Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany 3TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany 4Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Sonnenplan 7, 02826 Görlitz, Germany 5Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany Correspondence: Hans-Jörg Vogel ([email protected]) Received: 13 September 2017 – Discussion started: 4 October 2017 Revised: 2 February 2018 – Accepted: 14 February 2018 – Published: 15 March 2018 Abstract. The central importance of soil for the functioning of terrestrial systems is increasingly recognized. Critically relevant for water quality, climate control, nutrient cycling and biodiversity, soil provides more func- tions than just the basis for agricultural production. Nowadays, soil is increasingly under pressure as a limited resource for the production of food, energy and raw materials. This has led to an increasing demand for concepts assessing soil functions so that they can be adequately considered in decision-making aimed at sustainable soil management. The various soil science disciplines have progressively developed highly sophisticated methods to explore the multitude of physical, chemical and biological processes in soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Age and Pedogenic Reconstruction of a Paleo–Relict Chernozem Soil from Central Transylvanian Basin
    AGE AND PEDOGENIC RECONSTRUCTION OF A PALEO–RELICT CHERNOZEM SOIL FROM CENTRAL TRANSYLVANIAN BASIN F. PENDEA1, Z. SZÁNTÓ2, A. S. BADARAU1 and S. DEZSI1 1Babes–Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, Cluj–Napoca Clinicilor street no 5–7, 3400 Cluj–Napoca, Romania 2Institute of Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Environmental Studies, H 4001 Debrecen P.O Box 51, Hungary Abstract: The “chernozem” area of Transylvanian Lowland has been of much debate in the last two centuries. The paper presents pedological and geochronological evidence that the chernozem soils of the Central Transylvania have relict Late Glacial–Early Holocene features and at least partially must be clasiffied as paleo–relict in the sense of Reuter (2000). Key words: radiocarbon dating, pedogenic carbonates, paleo–relict features, Central Transylvania During the last century a much debated issue for Romanian pedological and botanical scientific communities was the age and origin of the Central Transylvanian Mollisol cover in conjunction with the associated forest–steppe vegetation. In this study we have found at least partial evidence that the chernozem soil cover in Central Transylvanian was a stable feature long before the ascent of human activities and that, in the Late Holocene, they have suffered a degradation process to the present state of Haplic and Luvic chernozem. The process is somewhat similar with that inferred for Central and Southern Germany, where chernozems formed in the dry steppe or forest–steppe conditions were degraded to brown earths, the resulting polygenetic cover being named Braunerde (Parabraunerde)–Tschernozem (Catt 1989). Because the nature and properties of different soil horizons can hold information with respect to the time pedogenic factor an investigation was undertaken to determine if the typical chernozem features were indeed Late Holocene (Post–Neolithic) as it has been accepted before.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Erosion. LC Science Tracer Bullet. INSTITUTION Library of Congress, Washington, D.C
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 306 075 SE 050 430 AUTHOR Buydos, John F., Comp. TITLE Soil Erosion. LC Science Tracer Bullet. INSTITUTION Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. National Referral Center for Science and Technology. REPORT NO LC-TB-88-5 PUB DATE Nov 88 NOTE llp. PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Agriculture; Citations (References); Earth Science; Educational Resources; *Indexes; Information Sources; Physical Sciences; *Reference Materials; Soil Conservation; *Soil Science A2STRACT Soil erosion is the detachment and movement of topsoil or soil material from the upper part of the soil profile. It may occur in the form of rill, gully, sheet, or wind erosion. Agents of erosion may be water, wind, glacial ice, agricultural implements, machinery, and animals. Soil conservation measures require a thorough understanding of the mechanics of erosion processes. Runoff, slope, rain, wind, plant care, and the presence or absence of conservation measures are some of the factors which influence the rate of erosion. Erosion results in a deterioration in the quality of cropping and grazing land in addition to reduced productivity and increased expenditure for fertilizers. It is essential to control erosion in order to maintain productivity of the soil, to reduce sedimentation in streams and lakes, and to prevent further damage to the land by gullies and ditches. Some common methods of checking erosion are control of overgrazing, construction of barriers, contour trenching, and afforestation. This guide offers a selected bibliography of the literature in the Library of Congress on soil erosion. Organization of listings include: basic texts, handbooks, bibliographics, government publications, conference proceedings, reviews, abstracting and indexing services, technical reports, and other selected materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Soil and Soil Functions
    IMPROVING SOIL AND SOIL FUNCTIONS BAMPA FRANCESCA AND CREAMER RACHEL (WUR) AGRIRESEARCH CONFERENCE, INNOVATING FOR THE FUTURE OF FARMING AND RURAL COMMUNITIES BRUXELLES, 3RD MAY 2018 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 635201. SOILS ARE A FINITE RESOURCE compaction loss of biodiversity salinisation loss of organic matter flooding contamination landslides erosion sealing ...FROM THREATS TO FUNCTIONS 2 www.landmark2020.eu email [email protected] twitter @Landmark2020 02/05/2018 DEMANDS ON OUR LAND How do we increase our productivity? I want to grow my milk output by 50% DEMANDS ON OUR LAND 3 www.landmark2020.eu email [email protected] twitter @Landmark2020 02/05/2018 DEMANDS ON OUR LAND We need better water regulation by our land… 4 www.landmark2020.eu email [email protected] twitter @Landmark2020 02/05/2018 DDEMANDSEMANDS ONONOUROURLANDLAND We need to protect our We need to sequester carbon resources carbon 5 www.landmark2020.eu email [email protected] twitter @Landmark2020 02/05/2018 DEMANDS ON OUR LAND We need to find a home for our waste… 6 www.landmark2020.eu email [email protected] twitter @Landmark2020 02/05/2018 DEMANDS ON OUR LAND Soil biodiversity is the driver of many processes in soils Protect the home of biodiversity Lijbert Brussaard WHAT CAN OUR LAND SUPPLY? Water Provision Primary and purification Production Carbon sequestration Nutrient Cycling Habitat for biodiversity All soils / land perform all functions …but different parts of the land(scape) are better at delivering different functions Schulte et al., 2014 More info - interactive glossary http://landmark2020.eu/landmark-glossary/ 8 www.landmark2020.eu email [email protected] twitter @Landmark2020 02/05/2018 LAND MANAGEMENT: ASSESSMENT, RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE BASE Objective: to quantify the supply of soil functions across the EU as determined by soil properties, land use and soil management practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Chernozems Kastanozems Phaeozems
    Chernozems Kastanozems Phaeozems Peter Schad Soil Science Department of Ecology Technische Universität München Steppes dry, open grasslands in the mid-latitudes seasons: - humid spring and early summer - dry late summer - cold winter occurrence: - Eurasia - North America: prairies - South America: pampas Steppe soils Chernozems: mostly in steppes Kastanozems: steppes and other types of dry vegetation Phaeozems: steppes and other types of medium-dry vegetation (till 1998: Greyzems, now merged to the Phaeozems) all steppe soils: mollic horizon Definition of the mollic horizon (1) The requirements for a mollic horizon must be met after the first 20 cm are mixed, as in ploughing 1. a soil structure sufficiently strong that the horizon is not both massive and hard or very hard when dry. Very coarse prisms (prisms larger than 30 cm in diameter) are included in the meaning of massive if there is no secondary structure within the prisms; and Definition of the mollic horizon (2) 2. both broken and crushed samples have a Munsell chroma of less than 3.5 when moist, a value darker than 3.5 when moist and 5.5 when dry (shortened); and 3. an organic carbon content of 0.6% (1% organic matter) or more throughout the thickness of the mixed horizon (shortened); and Definition of the mollic horizon (3) 4. a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50% or more on a weighted average throughout the depth of the horizon; and Definition of the mollic horizon (4) 5. the following thickness: a. 10 cm or more if resting directly on hard rock, a petrocalcic, petroduric or petrogypsic horizon, or overlying a cryic horizon; b.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmium Publications Rejected As Not Acceptable for Plants and Invertebrates
    Interim Final Eco-SSL Guidance: Cadmium Cadmium Publications Rejected as Not Acceptable for Plants and Invertebrates Published literature that reported soil toxicity to terrestrial invertebrates and plants was identified, retrieved and screened. Published literature was deemed Acceptable if it met all 11 study acceptance criteria (Fig. 3.3 in section 3 “DERIVATION OF PLANT AND SOIL INVERTEBRATE ECO-SSLs” and ATTACHMENT J in Standard Operating Procedure #1: Plant and Soil Invertebrate Literature Search and Acquisition ). Each study was further screened through nine specific study evaluation criteria (Table 3.2 Summary of Nine Study Evaluation Criteria for Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs, also in section 3 and ATTACHMENT A in Standard Operating Procedure #2: Plant and Soil Invertebrate Literature Evaluation and Data Extraction, Eco-SSL Derivation, Quality Assurance Review, and Technical Write-up.) Publications identified as Not Acceptable did not meet one or more of these criteria. All Not Acceptable publications have been assigned one or more keywords categorizing the reasons for rejection ( Table 1. Literature Rejection Categories in Standard Operating Procedure #4: Wildlife TRV Literature Review, Data Extraction and Coding). Rev (NRCC) National Research Council of Canada. 1979. Effects of Cadmium in the Canadian Environment. NRCC No.16743, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa , 148 Media Abdel-Lateif, H. M., Donker, M. H., and Van Straalen, N. M. 1998. Interaction between temperature and cadmium toxicity in the isopod Porcellio scaber. Functional Ecology 12[4], 521-527 Mix Abdul Rida, A. M. 1996. <Translated> Concentrations and growth of earthworms and plants in soils contaminated by cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc: interactions soil- earthworm.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct-To-Digital Mapping Methodology: a Hands-On Guidebook for Applying Google Earth
    Steven DeRoy / The Firelight Group / January 2016 Direct-To-Digital Mapping Methodology: A Hands-on Guidebook for Applying Google Earth Copyright © Steven DeRoy and the Firelight Group (www.thefirelightgroup.com) 1 | Page Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDE 4 PREPARE TO MAP 5 DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL GOOGLE EARTH 5 SET UP YOUR FILE FOLDERS ON YOUR COMPUTER 5 INTERVIEW ROOM SETTING 5 START THE INTERVIEW 5 INTERVIEW CHECK LIST 6 INTERVIEW KIT 6 SET UP GOOGLE EARTH 6 CHECK YOUR EQUIPMENT 6 INFORM THE PARTICIPANT AND MAKE THEM COMFORTABLE 6 BEFORE STARTING THE INTERVIEW 7 REMINDERS DURING THE INTERVIEW 7 INTERVIEW OVERVIEW 8 INTRODUCTIONS 8 MAPPING 8 INTERVIEW 8 STORAGE OF RESULTS 8 MAPPING NOTES 9 OVERVIEW OF GOOGLE EARTH 10 WHAT IS GOOGLE EARTH? 10 WHY USE GOOGLE EARTH? 10 HOW ARE GOOGLE EARTH AND MAPS DIFFERENT? 10 INTRODUCTION TO THE GOOGLE EARTH INTERFACE 11 NAVIGATING IN GOOGLE EARTH 11 SET UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT 12 THE “PLACES” PANEL 13 SET UP FOLDERS TO STORE YOUR DATA 13 ORGANIZE YOUR FOLDERS 14 UNDERSTANDING SCALE 14 Copyright © Steven DeRoy and the Firelight Group (www.thefirelightgroup.com) 2 | Page HOW TO MAP IN GOOGLE EARTH 16 WHAT TO RECORD FOR EACH SITE 16 ADDING POINTS (PLACEMARKS) 16 ADDING LINES (PATHS) 18 ADDING AREAS (POLYGONS) 19 EDITING MAPPED DATA 20 INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED WITH NO MAPPING DATA 20 OVERLAYING DATA FROM PAST STUDIES 21 CLOSING OFF THE INTERVIEW 22 SAVING KMZ FILES 22 COPY AND SAVE ALL DIGITAL AUDIO AND VIDEO FILES TO YOUR LAPTOP/COMPUTER 23 BACKUP YOUR FILES 23 USEFUL RESOURCES 24 Copyright © Steven DeRoy and the Firelight Group (www.thefirelightgroup.com) 3 | Page Acknowledgements Steven DeRoy, Director of the Firelight Group, produced this comprehensive guidebook.
    [Show full text]