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•.••-—-.,*--*,• ;r^-^?9MnnnHI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1965-68 LEO J. ROZIER, Perry ville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWTNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1966 BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence STANLEY J. GOODMAN, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris *GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville *Deceased ^SKC Volume LX April 1966 Number 3

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ART GALLERY

Published|'Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

JAMES E. MOSS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSISTANT EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quar­ terly at 119 South Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri 63501. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Kirksville, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $ 1.00 a year or $25 for an individual life member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page

MISSOURI PRESS ASSOCIATION AND THE ORIGINS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By William H. Taft 269

THE ARMY OF THE FRONTIER'S FIRST CAMPAIGN: THE CONFEDERATES WIN AT NEWTONIA. By Edwin C. Bearss 283

PERSHING'S GREAT PERSONAL TRAGEDY. By Donald Smythe 320

DOCTORS IN CONTROVERSY. By Cynthia De Haven Pitcock 336

DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF KANSAS CITY, 1864-1908. By Howard F. Sachs 350

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Stark Brothers Nurseries Co. Celebrates 150th Anniversary 361 Westminster College to Restore Historic London Church as Winston Churchill Memorial 363 N. Y. World's Fair Commission Submits Report on Missouri Pavilion. . .365 News in Brief 367 Local Historical Societies 369 Honors and Tributes 384 Gifts 386 Missouri History in Newspapers 388 Missouri Historical Data in Magazines 393 In Memoriam 395 Book Reviews 397

ON THE GREAT RIVERS 406

HANNAH COLE Back Cover

THE COVER: The Missouri Press Association will celebrate its one-hundreth anniversary beginning in May, 1966, and ending in May, 1967. The cover illustration features the Missouri Press News, official monthly magazine of the Association and the Association seal, especially designed for the centennial observation. Published in this issue of the Review on page 269 is an article on the Missouri Press Association and the founding of the State Historical Society of Missouri. THE MISSOURI PRESS ASSOCIATION AND THE ORIGINS OF THE This article is published in co­ ordination with the centennial observation of the Missouri Press STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Association, April, 1966-April, 1967. BY WILLIAM H. TAFT*

Since the arrival of the first printing press in the Missouri Territory in 1808, the newspapermen of the State have devoted much of their efforts to the promotion of Missouri's material development. They have extolled the State's economic resources, its industrial potential, its agricultural riches, and they have encouraged its educational and cultural advancement.1 Many pioneer editors and publishers quickly recognized the heavy responsibilities which rested upon their shoulders, but some did not. Joseph Charless declared in the prospectus of his St. Louis Missouri Gazette in 1808 that "the in violation of the Press is co-existent with the liberties of the people, they live or die together. ..." It was argued generally that the newspaper should "enlighten, improve, and ennoble the minds of the people . . . elevate public opinion, and infuse kind and generous feelings into the bosoms of their patrons." It should be a disseminator of truth, guardian of right and advocator of moral principles.2 From 1808 until the 1860s the State's newspaper editors strug­ gled to live up to the general concept that the newspaper should be a moral agent, a school of instruction bringing forth intelligence, freedom, and virtue in all the citizens of the State. As individuals many labored in vain. One fiery editor, Nathaniel Patten, in 1837 *Willi.am H. Taft, a native Missourian, received an A.B. degree from Westminster College, 1937; a B.J. degree, 1938, and a M.A. degree, 1939, from the University of Missouri; and a Ph.D. degree in American Culture from Western Reserve University, 1951. He has taught at Hiram College, Youngstown College, Defiance College, Memphis State College, and since 1956 at the University of Missouri, where he is now Professor of Journalism. Professor Taft is the author of Missouri Newspapers, When and Where, 1808-1963 (Columbia: State Historical Society of Mis­ souri, 1964), a bibliographical study listing some 6,000 Missouri newspapers, and Missouri News­ papers (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1964), a history of the State's newspapers since 1808. His articles on Missouri newspapers have appeared in Journalism Quarterly, Journalism Educator, Publisher's Auxiliary, and the Official Manual: State of Missouri, 1965-1966. 1William H. Taft, "Missouri Newspapers, 1808-1966," Official Manual: State of Missouri, 1965-1966, 1-32. This is a summary of highlights in Missouri journalism history, written to com­ memorate the Missouri Press Association's centennial observation. 2William H. Lyon, The Pioneer Editor in Missouri, 1808-1860 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1965). 49. 269 URI PRE ICE INC.

—. •

f^^^Bi^f MS MISSOURI PRESS ASSOCIATION OFFICES (1966) Walter Williams Hall, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia

lamented that too many editors were mercenary, they were "bought and hired like slaves to promote the purposes of a political faction." Patten deplored the concentration on politics and asked that more attention be given the "resources, capabilities, and peculiarities of the local country, to education, the fine arts, poetry, and the works of 'taste and fancy'."3 Since the beginning of journalism in Missouri, a majority of newspapermen have attempted to ennoble their profession by following high moral principles and establishing public service as a guiding criteria, but their failure to band together in their interests during the pioneer period diminished their achievements. Periodic attempts were made during the 1840s and 1850s to bring editors and publishers together to end disharmony and link them in a professional organization devoted to the best interests of all newspapermen. In 1859 a number of Missouri editors met in convention determined to establish a code of conduct which would improve the profession, but the meeting had only moderate success and that was lost in the turmoil of the Civil War.4 In 1867 Missouri newspapermen again attempted to rise above their individual prejudices and elevate their profession through cooperation and organization. In that year 38 newspaper repre­ sentatives from 31 counties gathered in St. Louis to form the first statewide press association. Originally organized as the Editors' and Publishers' Association of Missouri it is now known as the Missouri Press Association. From its inception the Missouri Press Association has been guided by its concern for the welfare of the State. In the first "official" address before the Association in 1868, Colonel C. B. Wilkinson of the St. Joseph Herald defined the exalted role of the press: "The newspaper scatters the mists of ignorance and pre­ judice by flooding the pathway of man with the sunlight of truth." In 1873 members were inspired to greater efforts on behalf of Mis­ souri by General John S. Marmaduke, then with the St. Louis Journal of Agriculture: "We conceive the mission of the press to be to elevate, not debase; to enlighten, not darken; to instruct, not deceive; to inform, not mislead; to disseminate good, not evil; to 3St. Louis Missouri Argus, May 26, 1837. 'William H. Lyon, "The First Missouri Editors' Convention, 1859," Mid-America, XLI (October, 1959), 218-222. 272 Missouri Historical Review propagate truth, not error—in general, to promote the welfare of our race and lead us on to a higher destiny. . . ."5 With a well-conceived view of their destiny, the newsmen who attended the early meetings of the Missouri Press Association were alert to the need for preserving the history of the press in Missouri. Convention programs frequently included talks on the history of the early State newspapers, the founding of the Association, and the State's pioneer newsmen. Periodic resolutions called for the publica­ tion of the group's history; however, a common complaint was the shortage of historical material and the lack of a central library where such information could be stored. This interest in their own history stimulated a desire among the members of the Association to collect and preserve the materials significant to the history of the entire State, and prompted a favor­ able response to an appeal from E. W. Stephens of the Columbia Missouri Herald calling for the organization of a state historical society. Meeting at the new Coates House in Kansas City in January 1898 the Association adopted this resolution: WHEREAS, It is the sense of the members of the Missouri Press Association here assembled that this State should have a historical society embracing the whole state, therefore be it RESOLVED, That the president of this association appoint a committee of five as an Executive Committee to prepare plans for the establishment of such a society, which shall report at the next meeting of this association.6 The Association requested President George W. Trigg of the Richmond Conservator to name Stephens as the committee chairman and suggested that the historical society be established in Columbia, thus providing it with a central location in the state. Also named to the committee were W. O. L. Jewett of the Shelbina Democrat, A. A. Lesueur of the Lexington Intelligencer, H. E. Robinson of the Maryville Republican, and P. S. Rader of the Brunswick Br tins- wicker. Stephens, Robinson, and Jewett later served as the first three presidents of the society.7 Members of the newly created committee worked for four months studying the formal organizational patterns of other state 5J. W. Barrett, compiler, History and Transactions of the Editors' and Publishers' Association of Missouri, 1867-1876 (Canton, Missouri: Canton Press Print, 1876), 73. ^Proceedings of the Missouri Press Association, Kansas City, January 20-21, 1808 (Troy, Mo.: Free Press Print, 1898), 53. W. O. L. Jewett offered the resolution and recommended its approval. 7Columbia Missouri Herald, January 28, 1898. This newspaper reported briefly in a story about the Missouri Press Association meeting that "Steps were taken looking towards the establish­ ment of a Missouri Historical Association." It is interesting that from the very beginning of the Society some newspapers have confused its exact name, causing readers to wonder if the writers meant the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis or the State Historical Society of Missouri in Columbia. COATES HOUSE KANSAS CITY (1903)

The Missouri Press Association, at a winter meeting held in the Coates House on January 20-21, 1898, adopted a resolution which provided for a committee to establish a state historical society.

historical societies and evaluating the specific needs of Missouri. They succeeded in framing a constitution and by-laws, and in a meeting at Columbia secured hearty cooperation and strong support from the University of Missouri Board of Curators. When the Press Association met again in May the committee was ready with its report. Meeting for the first time outside the State, Association members traveled to Eureka Springs, Arkansas, where, after a delay of several hours because of a railroad wash-out, they gathered at the Crescent Hotel perched high above the town with a splendid view of the surrounding Ozark mountains. Here on one of the hotel verandas on Wednesday afternoon, May 25, 1898, President Trigg called the thirty-second annual meeting of the Association to order. After speeches by W. T. Jenkins, A. A. Lesueur and Philip Gansz, Stephens reported on the progress of the State Historical Society committee, and submitted the constitution and by-laws for consideration. Stephens told the newsmen that the University of Missouri had set aside a room in Academic Hall to care for all the historical matter which the society would gather. R. M. White of the Mexico Ledger stated that President Richard H. Jesse had taken great interest in the proposed society and would lend it all the assistance in his power. The next day, May 26, the Association unanimously adopted the constitution and by-laws, and elected E. W. Stephens president and Professor Isidor Loeb of the LTniver- sity of Missouri secretary of the society.8 Thus, without fanfare or dramatic impact, the Missouri Press Association created an important public service institution that

'Proceedings of the Missouri Press Association, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, May 25-27, 18.9S (Troy, Mo.: Free Press Print, 1898), 19-20, 40-46. Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, A Semicentennial History, 18,98-1948 (Columbia: State Historical Society of Missouri, 1948), provides a detailed account of the early years. Among the various officers who have served the Society since 1898 have been dozens of Missouri editors and publishers. CRESCENT HOTEL Eureka Springs, Arkansas The Missouri Press Association organized the State Historical Society of Missouri at the Crescent Hotel during the Association's thirty-second annual meeting, May 25-27, 1898.

would greatly facilitate cultural and educational advancements in the State. However, the members of the Association failed to realize the significance of their accomplishment. Although many of the newspapers published reports concerning the Association convention, only a few printed any comments about the proposed historical society. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat, near the end of its convention account, noted in an incidental manner that "another matter of interest to Missourians was the organization today of a press historical society, with headquarters at the state university." The Columbia Missouri Herald, which might have been expected to report the affair thoroughly not only because of editor Stephens' position as president of the newly formed society, but also because this organization would have its headquarters in Columbia, noted in the fourth paragraph near the end of its convention report: The work of the committee on the State Historical Associa­ tion of Missouri was endorsed and the committee instructed to proceed at once with the organization.9 No mention of the society was made in the Joplin Globe, Troy Free Press, Boonville Missouri Democrat or Weekly Advertiser, Carrollton Democrat, Huntsville Herald, or even the Columbia Missouri Statesman, although the Statesman carried more than a half-column story, primarily on the trip there, the accommodations, and other incidental items. As to the program the Statesman reported: "Many instructive and interesting papers were read, and several entertaining speeches were made."10 The Press Association took great care in defining the objectives of the Society as the "collection, preservation, exhibition and publication of materials for the study of history, especially the history of this State and the Middle West," and the members pledged the society "cordial and hearty support." However, the newspapermen neglected to explain the purposes of the historical society to the readers of their newspapers or give it any substantial publicity. Nor did they make provisions for financial support, although they agreed to send copies of their newspapers to the 9St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 26, 1898; Columbia Missouri Herald, June 3, 1898. 10Columbia Missouri Statesman, June 3, 1898. maHl

In 1902 the State Historical Society occupied one room in Academic Hall at the University of Missouri. Miss Minnie K. Organ, shown here, was in charge of the newspaper collection.

Society to build a newspaper library. Among the rules on member­ ship was this stipulation: Every editor of a Missouri newspaper, who shall send his newspaper regularly to the Society library, shall be entitled to all the privileges of an annual member during the period that he sends his newspaper, and to a life membership after he shall have sent his paper continuously for ten years.11 During its first year of existence the Society was without funds, and the necessary expenses of postage and printing were defrayed by the University and by the president and secretary of the Society. At the third Press Association meeting held in 1898, this time in Columbia on December 8-9, the Society secretary, Professor Loeb, gave an informal report of the first few months of activity. Having sent a letter to all Missouri newspapermen soliciting their coopera- tbnjind^support, Loeb said that 171, including seven dailies, were

"Shoemaker, State Historical Society, 151-155. Missouri Press Assn. and The State Historical Society 211 regularly submitting their newspapers for filing, coming from 82 counties and the city of St. Louis. Commenting on the success of the Society, Loeb declared that "if it had been formed only for the purpose of preserving and binding volumes of the newspapers of the state—if it did that and nothing more, its organization would be justified." Speaking on the need for funds, the secretary noted the cost of binding papers and preserving documents. He also urged that a paid, full-time secretary be hired. President Stephens concur­ red, and suggested that the Society incorporate under the laws of Missouri and seek $5,000 to $10,000 from the state for its support.12 In March, 1899, the Society's articles of incorporation were certified by the Secretary of State, and the secretary of the Society drafted a bill making the Historical Society a trustee of the State. The bill was passed by the Fortieth General Assembly and approved by Governor Lon V. Stephens on May 4, 1899. During the autumn of 1900 Miss Minnie K. Organ, librarian of the University's political science library, was given charge of the Society's library and the preservation of the newspapers and an appeal was made to the Forty-first General Assembly for funds to enable the Society to realize the objects for which it had been established. The General Assembly responded with an appropriation of $4,500 for the biennial period, 1901-1902.13 Thus, the State Historical Society of Missouri was launched. Supported by members of the Missouri Press Association and beginning with a small newspaper collection the Society steadily increased its holdings, collecting and preserving materials pertain­ ing to the history of Missouri and Western America. Today the Society's newspaper library contains the largest and most complete state newspaper collection in the United States. The Society receives 57 daily and 313 weekly newspapers each week, coming from all of Missouri's 114 counties. As they are received current newspapers for the month are indexed by city and town and arranged chronologically on open shelves in the Society's Newspaper Library where they are readily available to the public. A million pages of these newspapers are microfilmed each year through the cooperation of Missouri editors and the Society. Missouri newspapers from 1808 to the present are preserved in 22,000 bound volumes and more than 12 million pages of microfilm.

^Proceedings of the Missouri Press Association, Columbia, Missouri, December 8-9, 1898 (Troy, Mo.: Free Press Print, 1899), 14. Columbia Missouri Herald, December 16, 1898. Shoemaker, State Historical Society, 150-153, lists 148 members of the Missouri Press Association for 1898. Sheomaker says (page 25) that 203 papers and periodicals were being received from 91 counties and the city of St. Louis. l3Shoemaker, State Historical Society, 27. ^•sr

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Mastheads from approximately 355 Missouri newspapers that have membership in the Missouri Press Association in 1966. Missouri Press Assn. and The State Historical Society 279

For the convenience of those who wish to use the newspapers for research purposes, card indexes for the newspaper holdings of the Society are compiled chronologically and by cities and towns. Card indexes by subject are available for the following newspapers: St. Louis: Missouri Gazette, 1808-1821, Missouri Republican, 1822- 1828, Missouri Argus (Weekly), May 1835-November 1839, Missouri Argus (Semi-Weekly), June 1837-November 1837, Missouri Argus (Daily), March 1840-December 1840; Boonville: Advertiser, 1880-1927, Eagle, 1868-1878, Missouri Register, 1840- 1845, Observer, 1844-1856, Western Emigrant, 1839-1840; Jefferson City: Inquirer, 1840-1861, Jeffersonian Republican, 1831-1844, People's Tribune, 1865-1883, Tribune (Daily), 1875-1926, Tribune (Weekly), 1884, 1888; Jackson: Missouri Herald, August 1819- August 1820, Independent Patriot, December 1820-December 1826; Liberty Tribune, April 1846-January 1869; Franklin: Missouri Intelligencer, April 1819-June 1826; Fayette: Missouri Intelligencer, June 1826-April 1830; Columbia: Missouri Intelligencer, May 1830- December 1835, Missourian, 1908-1929. In September 1964 the Society began indexing the issues of the Columbia Missouri States­ man for the following years: 1843, 1844, 1848, 1852, 1858-1871, 1873 and 1879. In fullfilling its objectives as they were defined by the members of the Missouri Press Association in 1898, the State Historical Society has gained a place of eminence. It has become the nation's largest historical society with 16,418 members. As the major research center for every aspect of the State's history the Society is a highly utilized service institution for Missouri citizens. The value of its collections far exceeds the total amount of State appro­ priations given the Society. Its reference and manuscript libraries contain the world's largest collection of Missouriana with over 360,000 volumes of books, pamphlets, magazines, newspapers and official publications, in addition to 255,000 pages of original man­ uscripts, 1,659,023 pages of microfilmed manuscripts, 150,000 State archival records, and 75,000 letters. Stressing the acquisition of contemporary source materials the Society has assembled a rich collection of original manuscripts rang­ ing from State archives to personal letters, diaries, receipts, journals, ledgers, scrapbooks, daybooks, broadsides, posters, prints, photo­ graph albums, account records and memorandum books. More than 1,500 maps are owned by the Society, ranging from early river routes, trails and roads, to modern railroad and highway routes. 280 Missouri Historical Review

Atlases, gazetteers, early guide books and statistical maps are on file, as is a complete assemblage of the State's official topographic maps. The earliest map in the collection, published in 1684, charts the Louisiana Territory claimed for France by LaSalle. The pictorial collection contains over 30,000 photographs, sketches and other representations of historic events or persons, and a special historic sites file includes photographs of over 1,500 historic places in Missouri. For genealogical research, the Society has developed one of the Midwest's largest microfilm file of United States census reports with a total of 1,726 reels covering 33 eastern and adjoining states and 117 reels of Missouri census records from 1830 to 1880. Within the library are some rare and priceless assemblages of books. The J. Christian Bay Collection of 5,200 books and docu­ ments is one of the most valuable in the field of Middle Western

MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS From every county are received currently by the Historical Society

313 Weekly 57 Daily Missouri Press Assn. and The State Historical Society 281

Americana, either publicly or privately owned. Both the Mahan Memorial Mark Twain Collection and the Eugene Field Collection are outstanding, as is the Bishop William Fletcher McMurry Collection of material relating to the Methodist Church. The Francis A. Sampson Collection of rare books and pamphlets is particularly valuable for its early official State publications. The Society's historical art collection, a valuable supplement to its printed materials, contains the major national collection of George Caleb Bingham paintings. Included are Bingham's "Order No. 11," Missouri's most famous historical painting, and thirteen of the artist's 19th century portraits and genre paintings. The Thomas Hart Benton gallery includes the Missouri artist's Year of Peril series consisting of seven World War II propaganda paintings, a companion piece, "Negro Soldier," and 50 original signed lithographs. Eighty colored engravings by Karl Bodmer depicting Western Plains Indians greatly enhance the collection.

Since 1915 the State Historical Society has been located in the University of Missouri Library building. In 1961 the Society moved into the newly constructed east wing of the Library. The entrance is at the brightly lighted doors on the left. Ken Heinen

Mi

"• -\ %«*.#%>*:.• .... 282 Missouri Historical Review

Contemporary Missouri artists are represented by the works of such well-known artists as Frank B. Nuderscher, Frederick Oakes Sylvester, William Knox and Fred Geary. Other valuable art properties are the Daniel Fitzpatrick, S. J. Ray, Bill Mauldin, and Don Hesse collections of more than 5,000 original editorial cartoons. This collection is supplemented by the Peter Mayo Editorial Cartoon Collection of over 2,000 original cartoons representing the work of famous cartoonists from the nineteenth century to the present. The founders of the State Historical Society recognized that an important contribution to Missouri's historical and cultural tradi­ tion is the publication of original material regarding the State's past, and they made the publication of such materials an objective of the Society. Since its inception the Society has produced over 100 significant volumes of historical material. Sixty volumes of the Missouri Historical Review, the Society's quarterly magazine published since 1906, constitute the world's most extensive collec­ tion of articles and documents on Missouri history. In founding the State Historical Society the members of the Missouri Press Association made a valuable contribution to the educational and cultural development of Missouri. They created a public service institution that has become a significant research center and library where the basic historical materials are collected and preserved for all who are interested in Missouri's rich history.

Forward Gears Lead To Reverses For Pair In Car St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 12, 1964 . . . Hunt and . . . Stout could not back out of the circumstances under which Des Peres police arrested them Monday. The two men were in a Volkswagon that they apparently did not know how to put in reverse. Mrs. Ray Schroder . . . said that the foreign automobile was driven over her lawn and into her flowerbed about 11:30 a.m. She asked Hunt, .... what he was doing on her lawn. He and Stout . . . said that they did not know how to back up in the car. Mrs. Schroder then called Des Peres police. The Volkswagon had been taken a half hour earlier from the parking lot. . . . The owner . . . said that he had left the keys in the car. Police arrested the two men near the automobile. . . .

The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign: The Confederates Win at Newtonia

BY EDWIN C. BEARSS

Confederate setbacks in Arkansas early in 1862 had far-reaching repercussions. Governors and congressmen from the Trans- Mississippi states alarmed by deep inroads of Union forces into Arkansas following the battle of Pea Ridge and the transfer of the Army of the West east of the Mississippi brought heavy pressure on the government to do something to check these advances. President Jefferson Davis and his advisors determined on a vigorous prosecu­ tion of the War in the West. Following the battle of the Seven Days, General Robert E. Lee reorganized the Army of Northern Virginia. Several generals, Magruder, Holmes, and Huger, had failed to measure up to Lee's standards and were transferred. One of these officers, Major General Theophilus H. Holmes, was assigned command of the Trans-Mississippi Department.1 Holmes reached Little Rock on August 12, 1862, where he estab­ lished his headquarters.2 Hard-boiled Major General Thomas C. Hindman, Holmes' predecessor, turned over to the newcomer a force of about 18,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, 54 pieces of artillery, *Edwin C. Bearss, Research Historian for the National Park Service at the Vicksburg National Military Park in Mississippi, specializes in Civil War history. He has made historical surveys for the National Park Service of the Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in southwest Missouri and the Pea Ridge National Military Park in Arkansas, and has made intensive studies of the Vicksburg, Stones River, Five Forks, and Fort Donelson campaigns. His articles on the Civil War have appeared in numerous historical journals. In recognition of his contributions he has received the Harry S. Truman Award for Meritorious Service in the Field of Civil War History. Mr. Bearss provided the maps which illustrate this article. lThe War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, 1880-1901), Series 1, Volume XIII, 860. (Cited hereafter as O. R.) Hbid., 876. 283 284 Missouri Historical Review and 7,000 or 8,000 unarmed soldiers in camps of instructions.3 Hindman was reassigned the District of Arkansas, composed of the states of Arkansas and Missouri, and the Indian Territory,4 and ordered to concentrate most of his troops near Fort Smith. As soon as he could weld these units into an effective force, Hindman was to send an expedition into Missouri. Disembarking at Fort Smith on August 24, Hindman found the situation in the region anything but reassuring. North of Fort Smith, the Confederates held the line of the Boston Mountains, while to the west the greyclads had been compelled to retire to the Arkansas River. The country north of this line "was overrun by marauding parties of jayhawkers, tories, and hostile Indians." Grim partisan warfare had taken its toll. The countryside to the Con­ federates' front "was almost wholly exhausted of subsistence and forage." When he examined his returns, Hindman found that his command consisted of about 2,500 infantry, 3,600 cavalry, and 3,000 Indians. The Indians were organized into a brigade led by hard-drinking Colonel Douglas H. Cooper. Although his artillerists had 14 guns, the small-arms carried by the soldiers "scarcely deserved the name."5 Hindman was one of the most efficient organizers in the entire Confederacy, and he soon brought order out of chaos. Columns pushed forward from Forts Gibson and Smith. The Confederates occupied a line corresponding to the north boundary of Arkansas. Colonel Charles Carroll's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, which was posted on the road from Carrollton to Springfield, held the Con­ federate right. Thirty miles to the west at Elkhorn Tavern was Brigadier General James S. Rains with Hindman's infantry and eight guns. Fifteen hundred Missouri cavalrymen led by Colonel Joseph O. Shelby were camped south of Newtonia. A brigade of mounted Texans were stationed at Elk Mills on the road to Fort Scott, Kansas. Colonel Cooper and his Indians, who guarded the Rebel left, were camped at Carey's Ferry, 12 miles west of the Texans. A network of roads afforded the Confederates an opportunity to rapidly mass their forces to meet a Union thrust. Behind the front in Missouri and Arkansas there was ample subsistence and forage to last a force twice as strong as Hindman's for 90 days. Equally important, there were good mills for grinding flour and meal.

3Thomas L. Snead, "The Conquest of Arkansas," Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C Buel, eds. (New York 1884-1888), III, 446. 40. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 877. Brigadier General Paul O. Hebert was assigned to the District of Texas, while Major General Richard Taylor was placed in command of the District of Louisiana. Hbid., 46. J THE CONFEDERATE'S CONCENTRATE Otf MTWTOMA ~\3&»TJ! S£PTeMf?ER M-38j J86£

SC.ALC 30 MILES

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BATTALION cf^i 286 Missouri Historical Review

Further activities in favor of the Union by the Pin Cherokees and John Ross' partisans would be discouraged by the presence of Lieutenant Colonel M. W. Buster's Missouri Cavalry Battalion at Tahlequah. A camp for the instruction of recruits was established at Elm Springs. About 4,000 unarmed Arkansans and Missourians were quartered there. On September 10 Hindman was called to Little Rock to confer with General Holmes. Hindman, prior to leaving for department headquarters, placed General Rains in charge of the troops. Rains was given written orders "to make no aggressive movement, but if assailed to hold the line occupied as long as practicable."6

A courier rode into the camp at Scott's Mill, Missouri, occupied by Colonel Cooper's brigade on the afternoon of September 23. (Shortly after Hindman had left the area Cooper's Indians and the Texans had taken position at Scott's Mill. Cooper, as senior officer present, had taken command of this force.) Reporting to Cooper, the messenger handed him a dispatch signed by General Rains. Cooper was to march his mixed Indian and white brigade northward by way of Pineville and join Colonel Shelby.7 Cooper moved rapidly. Calling his unit commanders together he told them to have their men ready to march by daybreak. Through­ out the remainder of the daylight hours and well into the evening the Confederates were kept busy drawing ammunition and rations and packing their wagons. Reveille sounded early on the 24th. After the greyclads had bolted their food the units were mustered and formed. At a word from Cooper the troopers swung into their saddles and the long column moved out. After two days in the saddle, Cooper's brigade reached Camp Coffee on the head of Indian Creek where Shelby's Missourians were encamped. The next morning (September 27), Cooper, as senior officer, organized and took command of a provisional division composed of his own and Shelby's brigades.8 After discussing the situation with Shelby, Cooper determined to send a combat patrol

*Ibid., 46-47. 7(). R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 297. A brigade of Missouri Cavalry consisting of Coffee's, Hays' and Shelby's regiments had been organized at Elk Creek, Missouri, on September 9 by General Hindman. Colonel Shelby had been placed in charge of the newly constituted unit. Shortly thereafter, Shelby's brigade was ordered to take position at Camp Coffee, six miles south of New- tonia. Shelby's task was to man the main line of outposts which General Hindman had established to cover his camps of instruction and magazines in northwestern Arkansas. To do this, Shelby's men were required to patrol a front extending from Cassville in the east to Neosho in the west. Shelby's troopers accordingly spent many long hours in the saddle. During one six-day period, they fought three sharp engagements with Federal horsemen. Ibid., 979. Hbid., 297, 979. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 287 to Newtonia. Colonel Trezevant C. Hawpe would be in charge of this force. In addition to his own regiment, the 31st Texas Cavalry, Hawpe would be accompanied by Major J. M. Bryan's 1st Cherokee Battalion. Leaving Camp Coffee at 11 a.m., Hawpe's column experienced no difficulty in reaching Newtonia. Hawpe, upon examining the area, notified Cooper that the town, which was an important communications center, would make a good outpost. Furthermore, the town's grist mill was in running order. Hawpe wasted little time in putting a detail to work at the mill grinding flour and corn meal for the division. While waiting for Cooper's reply Hawpe's troopers established roadblocks on the Neosho, Granby and Mount Vernon roads. Cooper, on receipt of Hawpe's report, notified him to remain at Newtonia. At the same time Cooper sent Captain Joseph Bled­ soe's two-gun Missouri Battery to Hawpe's support. Several excited civilians reached Newtonia early on the 28th. Ushered into Hawpe's command post, they told the Texan that a Union column had been spotted advancing from Sarcoxie toward Granby. Hawpe ordered a strong force of scouts to check on this report. It was after midnight when the scouts returned and announced they had seen no Yankees. Hawpe relayed this informa­ tion to Cooper's Camp Coffee headquarters.9 The Union forces were on the alert. Brigadier General Frederick Salomon knew of the arrival of Cooper's column at Camp Coffee almost as soon as Shelby's Missourians.10 Colonel William Weer, whose brigade was posted on Jenkins Creek, had sent out two patrols on the 26th.11 One of these had reconnoitered west to Sharp's Mill, the other had visited Granby. The group which had made the sweep to Granby returned with two prisoners. Reporting to Colonel Weer on their return, which was after dark, the patrol leaders told practically identical stories. Some­ thing big was in the air. Within the last 24 hours, the Confederates had radically altered their dispositions. Shelby's command had been reinforced by Colonel Cooper. According to the best information, Cooper had seven Texas Cavalry Regiments and one six-gun battery. The scouts placed the strength of the Rebel force on Indian Creek at 10,000. Weer believed this a gross exaggeration. He calculated that 4,000 would be a much more accurate figure.

Hbid., 305. wIbid., 672-673. General Salomon commanded the 1st Brigade, Army of Kansas. Leaving Fort Scott on September 13, Salomon's command, marching via Lamar and Carthage, had taken position at Sarcoxie at the beginning of the fourth week of September. nIbid., 672. Weer led the 2d Brigade, Army of Kansas. Colonel Weer's command had marched from Fort Scott at the same time as Salomon's. 288 Missouri Historical Review

Many of the Texans were said to be conscripts and likely to be indifferent soldiers. In all probability, Weer notified Salomon, the Confederates planned to seize the initiative. Rains' infantry was said to have remained in Arkansas, while Colonel Stand Watie's and Captain T. R. Livingston's commands were in the Baxter Springs area.12 Weer felt certain there had been an understanding between Cooper and Watie. The way Watie was hanging on the Federal right convinced Weer that the Confederates planned a converging attack. Weer felt certain Cooper knew the Federals' strength and position and planned to use his superior strength to overpower them. Weer determined to place his brigade in a strong defensive position. Tents would be struck and his troops posted on the south side of Jenkins Creek. Informing Salomon of this, Weer announced they should keep in constant contact, because he felt that within the next 24 hours Cooper would show his hand. So certain was Weer that the Confederates would attack that he arranged to have patrols scour the approaches to Newtonia. In case the Rebels should fall upon General Salomon's camp, Weer wished to know how he could assist. He also believed that the other Union com­ manders in southwestern Missouri should be alerted to the impend­ ing danger.13 Brigadier General James G. Blunt's people had pinpointed Watie's column as it advanced up the Neosho valley.14 Watie's Cherokees on September 25 had captured several of Blunt's Osage scouts 20 miles south of the Osage Mission. After holding the scouts several hours, the Confederates released them. The Osages wasted no time in carrying the news to Blunt's Fort Scott headquarters. According to the scouts, Watie's column planned to be at the Mission on the 26th. As they pushed forward, the Rebels made overtures to the Osages to join them in warring on the Yankees. Blunt was troubled when he learned that some of the Osages had listened to the Confederates. When he relayed this news to General Salomon on September 26, Blunt announced that Colonel William F. Cloud's brigade was taking the field. If everything went according to schedule, Cloud's

12Colonel Watie commanded the 1st Cherokee Regiment. Captain Livingston commanded a company in Watie's regiment. KIbid., 672-673. 14Blunt, who was Salomon's and Weer's immediate superior, was a typical Kansan of this period. He was born in Maine; then he had practiced medicine in Ohio, before going to Kansas. He had reached Kansas at the time that territory was the battlefield between slavery and freedom. Blunt had been one of the first to answer President Abraham Lincoln's April 1861 call for 75,000 volunteers. He had advanced rapidly, and at the age of 36 he had been made a brigadier general and assigned on May 5, 1862, to the command of the Department of Kansas. Snead, "The Con­ quest of Arkansas," Battles and Leaders, III, 447-449. The Army of the Frontier s First Campaign 289

bluecoats should reach Osage Mission at an early hour on the 27th. Salomon was to be on the alert to cut off Watie's retreat in case he fell back before Cloud's advance. Blunt suggested Salomon "scout wide and vigilant" on his right flank.15 Weer's patrols were back in camp at noon on the 27th. The one which had explored the area west of Jenkins Creek reported encoun­ tering "nothing but bushwhackers or scouts."16 The other patrol had penetrated as far as Granby. There, they found a large force of Confederates. Attacking a Rebel outpost, the Federals killed two and captured one. From the prisoner, who was dressed in a Union uniform, the bluecoats learned that the Southerners, 400 strong, had occupied the town at midnight. The Confederates had come from Neosho. More important, the prisoners stated that Rains, Shelby, and Coffee had joined forces.17 Having massed 11,000 soldiers, the Rebel leaders were said to be waiting for the Yankees to attack. When the Federals refused, the Confederate leaders had decided to take the initiative. According to the prisoner, the attack was scheduled for September 28. Colonel Weer was uncertain whether the Confederate was telling the truth. His patrol leader observed that all the roads in and around Granby were badly cut up. This was interpreted as a clear indication that the Rebels were concentrating their forces. When Weer relayed this information to General Salomon, he announced "a great military blunder will have been committed if we are forced to retreat in consequence of our scattered condition." Some point ought to be selected, he argued, and the troops concentrated. "If inattention to the warnings that have been sent lead to the sacrifice of our forces a great crime will rest upon some one's shoulders," he added. Weer would like to know what Salomon proposed to do in event no aid from the rear was forthcoming.18 General Salomon had sent a message to Brigadier General Egbert B. Brown just before midnight on the 26th, reporting that Cooper had reinforced Shelby. Brown's Missouri Militia Brigade was camped at Mount Vernon. Although his orders were "most positive not to bring on any battles . . ., but to fall back in the direction of Springfield if threatened with an attack by superior forces," Brown promised to march westward and make a diversion in

150. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 671-672. Colonel Cloud commanded the 3d Brigade, Army of Kansas. ™Ibid., 677. One bushwhacker had been wounded and his gun captured by the patrol which advanced to the west. 17Ibid., Colonel J. T. Coffee led one of the three regiments assigned to Shelby's brigade. nibid. UNION TROOPS BEGAN TO CONCENTRATE ON SEPTEMBER 28 TO MEET AN IMPENDING CONFEDERATE ATTACK

Salomon's favor. If Salomon were attacked, Brown promised to support him.19 Brown's communication reached Salomon's Sarcoxie head­ quarters soon after Weer's messenger. Replying, Salomon sent Brown a copy of Weer's September 27 dispatch. In addition, the general reported that one of his patrols had just returned from Newtonia. The Federals had discovered the Confederates (Hawpe's combat team) occupying the town. Eight thousand Rebels were said to be camped two miles south of Newtonia. To cope with this Confederate build-up, Salomon had ordered Weer's brigade to join him at Sarcoxie. Salomon hoped Brown would join him before the Confederates attacked.20 Fearful lest the Union position in southwest Missouri collapse, Major General Samuel R. Curtis decided to make some changes. Curtis telegraphed Brigadier General John M. Schofield at Spring­ field on the 27th. (At this stage of the conflict, Schofield was in charge of the District of Missouri.) Schofield was to concentrate his troops and be ready "to march in any direction."21 At the same time, Curtis forwarded through Schofield's head­ quarters a letter addressed to General Blunt. Since the District of Kansas had been assigned to the newly constituted Department of Missouri, Curtis wanted Blunt to combine his forces with those

™Ibid.f 676. ™Ibid., 676-677. 21Ibid., 673. Schofield had formally assumed command of the District of Missouri on June 4. Ibid., 417. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 291

under General Schofield. Blunt was to bring all his available troops with him. He was to obey all orders coming from Schofield's head­ quarters. The Union officers were warned to keep their troops well in hand, because they would be called on to hurl back between 30,000 and 40,000 Rebels. Blunt was cautioned to watch his security measures and keep information regarding his strength from reaching unfriendly ears. Until he joined forces with Schofield, Blunt was to continue to report to Curtis.22 Schofield acknowledged Curtis' telegram on the evening of the 27th. When he did, he announced that the general's communication to Blunt was being forwarded by express messenger. Curtis was also advised of the Confederate advance from Pineville toward New­ tonia. To counter this thrust, Schofield had issued orders to General Brown to join Salomon and Weer near Sarcoxie. A junction of these commands, Schofield reported, would give the Federals a striking force of about 6,500. Colonel James Totten's big 7,000-man division was slated to leave Springfield on the 29th. As soon as Blunt arrived, Schofield felt confident he would be strong enough to hold his "ground, if not to advance."23 The courier who carried Curtis' dispatch to General Blunt also carried a letter from Schofield. Besides notifying Blunt of the latest information regarding the Confederates' movements, Schofield told of his plans to counter this advance. Schofield wanted Blunt to rush as strong an infantry and artillery column as he could spare toward Sarcoxie. Blunt was to keep Schofield posted as to his strength and position. If the Rebels would fight, Schofield wished to engage them at the earliest opportunity. Although the Confederates might enjoy superior numbers, the Federals, Schofield commented, were much better prepared. Should Blunt determine to take the field in person, Schofield would be happy to meet him. No doubt, he added, " we can soon make rebels scarce in this part of the country."24 Schofield chose to communicate with Salomon and Weer through General Brown. Brown was to advise the leaders of the two Kansas brigades that they were now subject to Schofield's orders. The three brigades were to remain within supporting distance of one another and keep in constant communication. If one was threaten­ ed, the others were to "unite with it by the most practicable routes." If their advance positions were found untenable, they were

^Ibid., 674. The Department of Missouri with General Curtis as its commander had been constituted on September 19. Included in the department were the states of Missouri, Arkansas and Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Alton, Illinois. St. Louis would be Curtis' headquarters. Ibid., 653. ^Ibid., 675. uibid. 292 Missouri Historical Review to fall back slowly, sending information of their movements to Blunt and Schofield. If possible, the three brigades were to hold their ground and strike the foe in case the opportunity presented itself.25 By nightfall on September 28, the Union forces had carried out a partial concentration. Weer's brigade had marched from Jenkins Creek to Sarcoxie, where Weer reported to General Salomon. At the same time, Brown's brigade took position on Centre Creek, within an easy day's march of Sarcoxie.

Salomon, on the morning of the 29th, ordered out three patrols. The one of these which was from Weer's brigade visited Neosho. At Neosho the bluecoats found a small Confederate outpost and a sharp clash ensued. The Yankees scattered the Rebels, killing two, wounding several, and capturing one. Weer's patrol, following this success, returned to camp. The scouts who went to Granby saw no armed Southerners. Colonel Edward Lynde of the 9th Kansas Cavalry commanded the combat patrol ordered to Newtonia. Lynde rode out of Sarcoxie at the head of four companies of his regiment and a section of mountain howitzers, about 150 strong. Taking the Newtonia road, Lynde covered his column with a strong force of skirmishers and pushed cautiously forward. After an eight mile advance, Lynde's point was fired on by pickets from Colonel Hawpe's combat team. The Federals drove the Confederates back. They reached the edge of a prairie from which they could see Newtonia, a mile and one- fourth to their front. Here they found the Confederates in force. The Rebels were posted in and around a deserted house, and in a corn field to the Federals' left.26 Colonel Lynde quickly deployed his command. Company D was directed to watch the Confederates' movements; Lieutenant Henry H. Opdyke had his cannoneers unlimber their howitzers on the road; one company was posted in support of the guns. As soon as the trails struck the ground, the artillerists began shelling the house and corn field. Major Edwin P. Bancroft with the two remaining companies of Kansans guarded Lynde's right. After

**Ibid., 676. ™Ibid. ,286-287, 291-292; W. S. Burke, Official Military History of Kansas Regiments, Daring the War for the Suppression of the Great Rebellion (Leavenworth, 1870), 273. The four companies of the 9th Kansas Cavalry which accompanied Colonel Lynde were: D, E, F, and H. Lieutenant H. Opdyke of Company F, 9th Kansas Cavalry was in charge of the two howitzers. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 293 several shells had exploded in the corn field, the greyclads started to pull back. The Federals followed cautiously.27 At The first shot, Colonel Hawpe called for one of his runners. This man was sent galloping for Camp Coffee with a plea for reinforcements. When the rider galloped up, he found Colonel Cooper standing in front of his command post. After carefully listening to what the man had to say, Colonel Cooper ordered the "Long Roll" beaten. The troopers turned out on the double. Cooper determined to reinforce Hawpe with two regiments—the 5th Missouri and Jeans'. While Shelby and Lieutenant Colonel Beal G. Jeans were forming their units, word reached Cooper that Granby had been occupied by a detachment of Pin Indians and Federals.28 Cooper was well aware of the importance of holding the Granby lead mines. A call was sent for Colonel J. G. Stevens. The colonel was told to take his regiment, the 22d Texas Cavalry, and make a forced reconnaissance to Granby. If he outnumbered the Federals, he was to attack and recover the valuable mining area. As soon as his subordinates reported that their men were ready to march, Cooper swung into his saddle. Followed by the two Missouri cavalry regiments, Cooper headed for Newtonia. At the same time, Stevens' Texans marched for Granby.29 In the face of the Federals' advance, Colonel Hawpe recalled his outposts. The Confederates took position behind stone walls and in the stone houses of the town. Colonel Lynde halted his bluecoats about three-quarters of a mile from Newtonia. Opdyke's gunners again placed their howitzers in battery. Opening fire, the Federals were disappointed to see their projectiles fall short. Lynde, how­ ever, vetoed any farther advance as being too dangerous. He ordered his men to hold their ground, while he and his officers studied the town through their field glasses. Several small patrols were thrown forward to try to capture prisoners. Within 90 minutes these groups returned, bringing two bedraggled Confederates. Upon being questioned, the prisoners stated that Newtonia was held by 2,600 of their comrades, supported by two guns. Satisfied that he had gained all the information he could, and realizing that he was badly outnumbered, Lynde recalled his troopers. Retiring slowly, the Federals halted on the prairie north of Shoal Creek.30

270. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 292. ™Ibid., 297, 303, 305. The 5th Missouri was also known as Shelby's regiment. Colonel Jeans had assumed command of the regiment which Colonel Upton Hays had organized on September 13. Hays had been killed in a skirmish at Newtonia on that date. Ibid., 979. wibid. wibid., 292. -vy^ COLONEL LYNDE S RECONHAUSAWCE TO NEWTON/A SEPTEMBER, *Sj 186^ Colonel Cooper's column entered Newtonia shortly

SCALE after Lynde's combat patrol A™LE$ fe I I HUg had withdrawn. After dis­ cussing the situation with LEGENl> Colonel Hawpe, Cooper decid­ STREAMS ed against pursuing the tfTERniTTENT S7KEAMS Federals. Toward dusk, -PRlN&S Cooper returned to Camp ROADS Coffee. On doing so, he left • EtfCES ("KAIL) the 5th Missouri and Jeans' FOWNS regiments at Newtonia as FARM HOUSES • reinforcements for Hawpe's A A CAMPS combat team. TROOP Movene/vTS* When he reached his com­ ATTACK mand post, Cooper found a RETKEAT 4% messenger waiting for him UNION UNE OF MARCH with a dispatch from Colonel CONFEDERATE Ll*E OF MARCH Stevens. Glancing at the X X X * X CONFEOEKATE SKl*m3«£RS scrap of paper which he was handed, Cooper learned that REGIMENT Stevens' Texans had found BATTALION no Federals at Granby. A COMPANY Yankee patrol had been there

ARTILLERY earlier in the day, but had retired several hours before the arrival of the greyclads. Stevens had occupied the town and would remain there, pending additional instructions.31 The distant roar of Opdyke's mountain howitzers was audible at General Salomon's Sarcoxie headquarters. Salomon correctly guessed that Lynde's patrol had run into trouble at Newtonia. He called for Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Jacobi of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry. Jacobi was told to organize a strong combat patrol and "ascertain the whereabouts of Colonel Lynde . . ., to re-enforce him, if necessary, or to reconnoiter the position of the enemy near Newtonia, and to ascertain his strength, position, and number of artillery."32 Jacobi quickly organized his patrol. Two companies of the 9th Wisconsin (D and G) were turned out on the double. Captain

"Ibid., 297, 303. MI bid., 287, 293. 296 Missouri Historical Review

David Mefford of the 6th Kansas Cavalry reported to Jacobi with 45 troopers. A detachment of fifty mounted men from the 3d Indian Home Guards joined the colonel just as he was getting ready to take the field. By the time Jacobi was prepared to march the cannonading had ceased. General Salomon, fearing the worst, determined to give Jacobi some guns. Orders were issued for Captain Job B. Stockton to assign half his battery (the 25th Battery, Ohio Light Artillery) to the patrol. Stockton told his second in command, Lieutenant Julius L. Hadley, to limber up the left half of the battery and report to Colonel Jacobi. Within a few minutes, the artillerists had hitched up their teams. Jacobi, as soon as the three guns rumbled up, gave the word to move out. On doing so, Jacobi looked at his watch: it was 3 p.m. Covered by the cavalry, Jacobi's combat patrol marched out of Sarcoxie, taking the Newtonia road. Three miles from Sarcoxie, Jacobi encountered Colonel Lynde's detachment. After having rested his troopers north of Shoal Creek, Lynde had decided to return to camp and report what he had discovered at Newtonia to General Salomon. Lynde tersely briefed Jacobi on the day's happenings. After carefully listening to the cavalry leader, Jacobi determined that "circumstances" authorized him to push on toward Newtonia.33 When the two officers parted, the patrols went separate ways. The road which Jacobi's troops followed soon entered a "belt of timber." Since the woods might conceal a Confederate ambuscade, Jacobi used his cavalry to cover the column's flanks. The Federals pushed slowly ahead. After advancing about six miles, the blue­ coats debouched from the timber. It was getting dark when Jacobi's patrol reached the Ritchie farm three and one-half miles north of Newtonia. Not wanting to chance a night engagement with a foe which was known to be present in superior numbers, Jacobi halted his column. Before permitting his men to retire, he picketed the approaches to the farm.34 Meanwhile, Colonel Lynde had reported to General Salomon. He told the general that Jacobi planned to establish an observation post near Newtonia and wanted reinforcements. Salomon issued marching orders to Companies E and H, 9th Wisconsin. The senior officer was told to tell Jacobi that Colonel Lynde would reinforce him in the morning. He was to caution Jacobi that he was "to find zzibid., 293-294, 294-295; Burke, Military History of Kansas Regiments, 128. Companies D and G, 9th Wisconsin Infantry mustered 100 officers and men. 340. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 294. The*Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 297 out the enemy, but not to risk anything." If Jacobi discovered the Confederates in force, he was to relay immediately this information to Salomon.35 An hour before midnight, Jacobi's outpost on the Sarcoxie road challenged an approaching column. The ranking officer identified the newcomers as Companies E and H. After the reinforcements had reported to him, Jacobi allowed them to rest on their arms.36 Jacobi aroused his combat team before daybreak on Septem­ ber 30, and as soon as the men had wolfed down their rations he recalled his pickets. Dawn was starting to break when the column resumed its march toward Newtonia. The vanguard and flankers who were from the 3d Indian Home Guards had been directed to halt and await further orders in case they encountered Confederate outposts. Colonel Jacobi, desiring to get an idea of the terrain to his front, rode ahead of the point. Leaving the woods, the colonel rode out onto a prairie from which he could see Newtonia. On a ridge one mile north of the village he spotted Rebel pickets. Jacobi sent a runner with instructions for the column to halt in the timber. He wished to keep the watching Southerners from learning his strength. Accompanied by several scouts, Jacobi reconnoitered the greyclads' position and discovered that a large number of Rebels were camped in Newtonia. A strong outpost was pinpointed in a corn field one-half mile northeast of the village. Rejoining his column, Jacobi ordered Captain Mefford to take his detachment of troopers from the 6th Kansas Cavalry and cut off the Confederate pickets. Being careful not to expose themselves prematurely, the Kansans slipped through the woods which bounded the prairie on the north. The butternuts sighted the Federals before they could isolate them from their camp. At the first alarm, the pickets swung into their saddles and raced toward Newtonia. Captain Mefford, seeing that he had been discovered, shouted for his troopers to charge. Thundering out of the timber, the Yankees pursued the Rebels to within a short distance of their camp, capturing several prisoners. It was now apparent to Colonel Jacobi that a surprise attack was out of the question. He shouted for the detachment from the 3d Indian Home Guard to reinforce Mefford. At the same time, he called to Captain Gumal Hesse of the 9th Wisconsin. Hesse was to have his battalion occupy the wooded ravine north of Newtonia. Moving out of the woods on the double, the rugged footsoldiers

s*Ibid., 287. **Ibid., 294. THE BATTLE OF ^FwToK/A SePTEHBER 30,f8G* •DWKEAK TO ARRIVAL OF 34+K TFXAS

LEGEND

STRAUS *===*• Irs/rEKMlTTENT STREAKS —-».... —••• - SPKIN&S 0 ROADS TOWNS ffl HOUSES m recces CPA«^ y—x —Y— CEMETERY S3 A CAMPS A A TROOP nON/EME-NTS ATTACH ~> RETRWT <^T UNION LIWIT OF MARcrt —-* CONFEDERATE LINF OF MARCH C=l t=£> COMMANDS REGIMENT d*b BATTALION/ tib Cor-vPAK'K' cb /^RTKLERr •M- The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 299 raced ahead. Hesse's bluecoats secured the hollow and prepared to resist a counterattack. In accordance with instructions from Jacobi, Lieutenant Hadley had his gunners emplace their three 3-inch rifles on a knoll, 1,500 yards north of the village. As soon as the guns were unlimbered, they were shotted. Moments later the artillery spotters shouted that the Rebels were occuping a large stone barn at the west edge of the town. Hadley bellowed, "Fire!" The gun captains pulled the lanyards and three solid projectiles screamed toward the Con­ federate strongpoint.37 At 2 a.m. on the 30th Colonel Lynde turned out the battalion of the 9th Kansas Cavalry which had ridden with him to Newtonia on the previous day. Within the hour the officers had formed, inspected, and mustered their units. Having received verbal orders from General Salomon, Lynde prepared to return to Newtonia. It was 3 o'clock when the column rode out of its Sarcoxie camp. Three hours later, as Colonel Lynde neared Newtonia, scattered shots were heard. When Lynde reached the prairie Jacobi's combat patrol was already in contact with the foe. Reporting to Lynde, Jacobi quickly explained his dispositions. As senior officer present Lynde took command and Jacobi rejoined his infantry battalion.38 Lynde determined to extend his right. Majors Edwin P. Bancroft and James M. Pomeroy were to deploy the battalion of the 9th Kansas and Opdyke's two mountain howitzers on the right of Hadley's guns. The Kansans experienced no difficulty in gaining the desired ground, a commanding ridge. Unlimbering the "Jackass" battery, Opdyke's cannoneers hammered away at several large brick houses and a stone wall which sheltered the Confederates.39

Apparently the Newtonia Confederates had no scouts out on the night of the 29th. No reports reached the Rebel leaders that Colonel Jacobi's combat patrol was halted on the Sarcoxie road several miles from their camps. A little after daybreak Shelby's and Jeans' troopers saddled up their mounts and returned to Camp Coffee. At the same time Colonel Hawpe sent a rider to notify Colonel Cooper that "no enemy was advancing" on his post. The courier had not been gone more than 30 minutes when Captain Mefford's detachment drove in the Confederate outposts.

*Ubid., 292, 294, 295. 2*Ibid.f 292. nibid. THE CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY BOMBARDED THE FEDERALS WITH A BRISK AND WELL DIRECTED FIRE

At the first alarm a red-faced Colonel Hawpe sent a man racing for Camp Coffee with news that the Yankees had attacked. When the alarm had sounded, the greyclads turned out under arms on the double. Hawpe quickly recovered his wits. The Confederate leader knew that the stout stone fences and buildings on the Colonel H. M. Ritchie farm would make an ideal strong point.40 Colonel Ritchie, a prominent Union man of Newtonia, owned the farm abutting on the village limits on the southwest, south of the Neosho road. His house, stone barn, and feed lots adjoined the town. On the north side of Ritchie's farm there was a stone fence which extended from the house for upwards of a quarter mile along the Neosho road. His two-acre barn lot northwest of the house was also enclosed by a stone wall. The fence bounding the lot on the south and the wall flanking the Neosho road made a lane 60 feet wide and 200 yards long.41 After detailing every fifth man as a horse-holder, Hawpe dis­ mounted and posted the men of the 31st Texas Cavalry behind the stone walls. Dismounted troopers from Major Bryan's 1st Cherokee Battalion covered themselves in a thicket on the Texans' left. Captain Bledsoe's artillerists emplaced their two guns near Ritchie's barn. Hardly were the 500 Confederates in position before the Union guns roared into action. Bledsoe's battery replied at 7 a.m.42

«>Ibid., 301, 305. 41Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border, 1861-1862 (New York, 1891), 355. «0. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 301, 305. Major Bryan reported that the Federals "opened on the town with eight or nine pieces of artillery, consisting of G- and 12-pounders." According to Colonel Hawpe, "the enemy opened fire upon us from two batteries (one about 600 yards west and the other about the same distance northwest)." The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 301

Although they were outgunned by the Federals, the Rebel cannoneers registered first. Colonel Lynde watched the artillery duel closely. Seeing that the Confederates had the range, he ordered his artillerists to shift. At the time these instructions reached him, Lieutenant Hadley's Ohio gunners had fired three rounds from each of their pieces. The teams were brought up on the run, and the guns quickly limbered. Putting their teams to the trot, the artillerists moved to the right and nearer the barn where the Confederates had emplaced their guns. Here the Ohioans again threw their pieces into battery. After firing several rounds, the gunners complained that they were unable to "effect much." Hadley relayed this information to Lynde, and received permission to move his 3-inch rifles to a point 1,000 yards west of and commanding the village. Emplacing their guns on the military crest of the ridge, the Ohio artillerists reopened on the Confederates with solid shot. Bledsoe's Missourians ham­ mered back at the Yankees with a "brisk and well directed fire." Six-pounder shots came bounding along the ground toward the Federals, while 12-pounder shells burst near them with a terrific roar. This grim duel continued for about one hour. During this time, Hadley's gunners sent 75 solid projectiles crashing into the Con­ federate lines without causing Bledsoe's cannoneers to slacken their fire. Colonel Lynde was unimpressed with the effectiveness of his artillery. Although they out-gunned the Confederates five to two, the bluecoated cannoneers were unable to silence the Rebel pieces. Either forgetting or ignoring his instructions from General Salomon not to risk a battle, Colonel Lynde, his fighting blood up, called for his artillerists to advance their guns. Limbering up their pieces, Hadley's Ohioans moved down off the ridge. A hollow provided a covered approach to within 600 yards of Ritchie's barn. Here the bluecoats found a good position. Quickly placing their 3-inch rifles in battery, the gunners shotted and pointed their pieces. Since the range was so close, Hadley shouted for the gun captains to shift from shot to shell and canister. Opdyke's cannoneers employed their mountain howitzers to support the advance of Hadley's battery.43 Initially the fire of the Union artillery had little effect on the Confederates crouching behind the stone walls and posted in Ritchie's barn, but when Hadley advanced his rifles to within 600

®Ibid., 292, 295. 302 Missouri Historical Review yards and switched to shell and canister, it was a different story. Covered by the fire of the Union guns, Colonel Jacobi led his cheer­ ing infantry forward.44 * * * Following the arrival of Hawpe's first messenger with the news that no Federals were lurking in the Newtonia neighborhood, Colonel Cooper ordered Colonel A. M. Alexander's 34th Texas Cavalry to fall out ready to take the field. Cooper directed Alexan­ der to proceed to Granby and relieve the 22d Texas. As the regiment rode out of Camp Coffee, Cooper joined Alexander at the head of the column. Colonel Shelby would be in charge of Camp Coffee pending Cooper's return. About halfway between camp and Granby, Cooper and the Texans sighted smoke clouds and heard the report of artillery. Observing the direction Cooper realized that fighting had again broken out at Newtonia. He told Alexander to march to the sound of the guns. The Texans, upon reaching Newtonia, found Hawpe's combat team "hotly pressed by superior numbers of the enemy." Making a hasty estimate of the situation, Cooper told Alexander to take position on the branch below the mill. Although exposed to a "strong" small-arms and artillery fire, the troopers of the 34th Texas advanced with alacrity. Upon gain­ ing the designated position which was to the right of Hawpe's regiment, Alexander dismounted his command. By this time, a number of Jacobi's sharpshooters had occupied several stone build­ ings near the northern fringe of the village. Firing through the doors and windows of their makeshift blockhouses, the bluecoated snipers picked off Bledsoe's gunners. Cooper seeing this, told Alexander to have his men "remount and fall back to the support of Bledsoe's battery." At a word from Alexander the horse-holders dashed up with the horses and mules. Swinging into their saddles, the Texans retired. Dismounting a second time, the troopers of the 34th Texas posted themselves behind the stone wall east of Ritchie's house and to the right of the guns. Bryan's Cherokees were on their left, while Hawpe's Texans defended the stone barn and wall in front of Ritchie's house.45

Colonel Hawpe and his officers anxiously watched the Union movements while keeping a sharp lookout for reinforcements.

"Ibid., 301, 305-300. tolbid., 297, 306. THE CONFEDERATES CHARGE THE ADVANCING FEDERALS

Hawpe's troopers gripped their rifle-muskets tighter as the blueclad infantry beat its way up the ravine toward them. The colonel and his men breathed easier when Colonel Cooper reached the field with Alexander's regiment. Suddenly a young captain unknown to the troopers of the 31st Texas, but claiming to belong to Colonel Coffee's regiment dashed up. Shouting that he was an aide to Colonel Cooper, the newcomer swore at Hawpe's men and called them cowards. He ordered them to leave the shelter afforded by the wall and charge. The Texans nearest the captain obeyed him. Scram­ bling over the wall, they swept toward the oncoming Federals. Hawpe, believing that these men were acting under orders from Colonel Cooper, shouted for the rest of his regiment to charge.46 The dismounted troopers of the 31st Texas met the rugged soldiers of the 9th Wisconsin in a grim struggle several hundred yards in front of the stone wall. Repulsed, the Confederates pulled back. As they did, they were exposed to a pointblank fire from Hadley's guns. Charge after charge of canister was sent crashing into Hawpe's Texans as they retired into the village.47 As soon as the Rebels had disappeared behind the wall, Hadley gave his gun captains fresh instructions. The left piece was to hammer the wall to the left of the stone barn with solid shot. A number of Rebels (Alexander's Texas) could be seen crouching behind the wall. His two other rifles engaged Bledsoe's guns which were emplaced to the right of the barn. After about 30 minutes the

*Ibid., 297, 301, 305-306. vibid., 292, 295, 306. 304 Missouri Historical Review

Federal artillerists gained the upper hand. Bledsoe's cannoneers were forced to fall back about 300 yards. Meanwhile Colonel Lynde had determined to squeeze the Newtonia Confederates harder. Troopers of the 9th Kansas Cavalry moved up from the right. Company E rushed to bolster Mefford's mounted command on the left. The other three com­ panies massed in support of Hadley's rifles, while Opdyke's gunners emplaced their mountain howitzers alongside the Ohioans' guns. Lynde urged the artillerists to step up their rate of fire. He hoped to soften up the Confederates a little more before attempting to storm Newtonia. After about 30 minutes rapid firing Bledsoe's gun captains called that they had emptied their limbers. Bledsoe shouted for his cannoneers to withdraw their pieces. He wanted to get his men out of range of the Union sharpshooters. Retiring about 150 yards the Rebels threw their two pieces into battery on the ridge near the Newtonia-Big Spring road. Although they had no ammuniton the Rebel artillerists refused to leave the field. The sight of the guns helped buoy up the morale of the hard-pressed dismounted cavalry­ men. Not knowing that the battery was harmless Captain Mef­ ford's bluecoated troopers, who were feeling their way toward the Newtonia-Big Spring road, ceased their advance and drew back.48 Jacobi moved promptly to capitalize on the withdrawal of the Rebel guns and prepared to charge. The Wisconsin infantry fixed their bayonets and surged up the wooded ravine toward the stone wall held by Hawpe's Texans. Soon the wall was wreathed in smoke as the Rebels sent volley after volley crashing into the onrushing bluecoats. From the wall "leaped a perfect stream of fire right into the ranks" of Jacobi's infantry.49 Just as the situation seemed bleakest for the Confederates, heavy reinforcements reached Newtonia. Upon receiving news that the Yankees had attacked Hawpe's combat team, Colonel Shelby ordered the alarm sounded. The Rebel units which had remained at Camp Coffee fell out on the double. Shelby called for Lieutenant Colonels Tandy Walker of the 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles and B. Frank Gordon of the 5th Missouri, and ordered them to take their units and move to Newtonia. When the two regiments rode out of camp, Walker's Indians had the lead. As they pushed up the Big Spring-Newtonia road the officers quickened the pace several times as the tempo of the

**lbid., 295, 297. *Ibid., 292, 295, 306. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 305

firing increased. By the time Walker's Choctaws and Chickasaws swept past Bledsoe's guns the column was moving at a gallop. The artillerists cheered the Indians as they thundered by. Walker led his men through the village. As they charged into battle the Indians sang their "war-songs" and let go with fierce war-whoops. Cooper directed Walker to attack the Union infantry closing in on the wall behind which the dismounted troopers of the 31st Texas were sheltered. Despite a galling fire from both small-arms and artillery, the Indians surged forward. Colonel Gordon's Missourians came pounding up the road from Camp Coffee close behind Walker's command. Spotting Mefford's bluecoats Gordon's column veered to the right. The tide turned. Unable to hold their ground in the face of Walker's slashing counter­ attack Jacobi's infantry started to pull back. As they did, the foot- soldiers halted frequently to return the Indians' fire.50 The roar of the heavy cannonading from the Newtonia fight had been heard at Granby. Turning out his command on the double, Colonel Stevens started for the scene of action. Stevens' column approached Newtonia via the Granby road at the same time as Walker's and Gordon's regiments came in on the road from Big Spring. As he did, Stevens spotted the Union battle line. Captain John T. Crisp of Cooper's staff hailed Stevens and told him "to charge the right flank of the enemy in double-quick time." When Stevens gave the word the 22d Texas Cavalry stormed forward in column by platoons, Stevens hoped to cut off and capture the Yankee artillery.51 Except for a mistake on Colonel Gordon's part, Stevens' Texans probably would have succeeded. Colonel Gordon was not aware of Stevens' arrival, but mistook the 22d Texas for Yankee reinforce­ ments. Halting his troopers, who were moving against the Union left, Gordon prepared to engage the newcomers. Cooper seeing this, sent two of his aides by different routes to notify Gordon that the unit in question was Confederate. The delay occasioned by this mistake enabled Lynde to withdraw his outnumbered command before the jaws of Cooper's trap snapped.52 Colonel Lynde had been so intent on crushing the Newtonia Rebels that he failed to send patrols to check on the movements of

x>Ibid., 292, 295, 297-298, 306. Describing the attack, Colonel Lynde reported, "And just here permit me to say that the conduct of the infantry under these trying circumstances deserves the highest commendation, showing front against rash odds and resisting the desperate attempts of the enemy to overwhelm them." Ibid., 292-293. nibid., 304. wibid., 298, 304. STI?£AH«, T^reRruTTer/r STREAMS SPKHN/&S ROADS FE*c£SCRA(0 FEIVCG5 (STONE) BUILDIM&S TRoop MOVEMENTS ATTACH RETREAT

COrlflAWDS RE6IMENTS BATTALIONS C©rtPA*l£S ARTILtFRt

the Confederate reinforcements. He failed to pick up the arrival of Alexander's 34th Texas, and Walker's Indians, Gordon's Mis­ sourians and Stevens' Texas also reached the field undetected. Time had almost run out for the bluecoats before it dawned on Lynde that the Rebels had brought up reserves. His 500 men were all but isolated. Finally, when it was almost too late, Colonel Lynde passed the word for his men to retire. The Union cannoneers wasted little time in limbering up their guns. Covered by the soldiers of the 9th Wisconsin, the artillery started back along the Sarcoxie road. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 307

At first the officers kept their men under control and they retreated orderly, but as the head of the retreating column ap­ proached the ridge near where the timber commenced, several men shouted "Look out Rebel cavalry." Looking back toward Newtonia Colonel Lynde saw Confederates (Walker's Choctaws and Chicka- saws) "swarming from their concealed positions in the town to harass our retreat." A second column, Gordon's Missourians, came sweeping across a corn field to the right of the road. Unless checked Gordon's troopers would reach the woods ahead of the Yankees and block their line of retreat. Lieutenant Hadley did not panic easily. When he sighted the Missourians they were about 350 yards away. Fortunately for the Federals a fence separated them from the corn field. While a number of Gordon's troopers leaped off their mounts and broke down the fence, Hadley wheeled his battery into position. Unlim- bering their three 3-inch rifles on the crest of the ridge, the blue­ coats blasted the Missourians with deadly charges of canister at 250 yards. The greyclads scattered in all directions. After getting off 11 rounds of canister and two solid projectiles, Hadley shouted for his gunners to "limber up." As soon as the guns reached the woods Hadley received orders to head for Sarcoxie. Escorted by Company F, 9th Kansas Cavalry, the battery rumbled off down the road.53 Lynde took advantage of this brief respite to organize his force, preparatory to conducting a fighting retreat. Successive roadblocks would be established. Jacobi's infantrymen would take position. After firing one volley at the pursuing Rebels, they would fall back

^Ibid., 293-295; Burke, Military History of Kansas Regiments, 128, 273-274.

THE FEDERALS RETREAT FROM NEWTONIA 308 Missouri Historical Review and pass through the cavalry. Taking up a new position, the foot- soldiers would reload and wait for the troopers to discharge their pieces and in turn pass through their ranks.54 Colonel Cooper wasted little time in organizing a vigorous pursuit. Placing himself at the head of his old unit, the 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, Cooper advanced along the Sarcoxie road. Gordon's Missourians marched to the Indians' right, Stevens' Texans to their left. While the Indians attacked the Yankee rear guard the Missourians and Texans rode rapidly through the open woods.55 The Federals were unable to cope with the situation. The troopers of the 9th Kansas, being armed with revolvers and sabers, were at a disadvantage in the fighting. Just as the cavalry was taking position to cover the retirement of Jacobi's infantry, Walker's Choctaws and Chickasaws attacked. The roadblock collapsed and the Kansans scattered in all directions. Before Jacobi could deploy his footsoldiers to parry this blow the Confederates were upon him. Stevens' Texans spearheaded the onset. Within a matter of moments the Wisconsin battalion was cut to pieces. About 50 of the bluecoats were slain, another 80 saved their lives by grounding their arms. Colonel Jacobi with a few survivors of his once proud com­ mand escaped the debacle. The Union retreat which had started as a planned withdrawal turned into a rout. The Confederates hounded the Yankees for another four miles, cutting down and capturing a number of stragglers. A large number of small-arms thrown away by the fleeing Federals were picked up by the Rebels.56

Like the Camp Coffee Confederates, General Salomon heard the roar of the guns from the Newtonia fighting. At 7 a.m. the general issued orders alerting the commanders of the 1st and 2d brigades to have their men ready to march. At the same time a staff officer galloped for the camp occupied by Brown's Missouri Militia Brigade six miles east of Sarcoxie. (Brown had gone to Springfield on business, and Colonel George R. Hall, the next senior officer, had taken charge of the brigade.) The message read: "Advance immediately toward Newtonia. Heavy firing in advance." Colonel

540. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 293. &*Ibid., 297-298. nibid., 293, 298, 301, 304. THE BATTLE OF tf£WTotf»A SEPTEflBEfc 30,)8fc^ THE FEDERAL tffTKEAT

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Hall was to notify Salomon where his brigade would strike the Sarcoxie-Newtonia road.57 Salomon, observing that the distant rumble seemed to be increasing in intensity, called for Colonels William R. Judson of the 6th Kansas Cavalry and William A. Phillips of the 3d Indian Home Guards. They were told to take their regiments and "proceed to the battle-field on a trot." Salomon would follow with the infantry and artillery. The train would be left at Sarcoxie, guarded by 400 Indians and two guns of the 1st Kansas Battery. As soon as they had mustered their units, Judson and Phillips ordered "Boots and Saddles" sounded. Judson's Kansans, 300 strong, took the lead. As the cavalry rode out of their Sarcoxie camp the infantrymen had started to fall in.58 * * *

Cannonading was audible at Colonel Hall's encampment. Hall's scouts told him that the fighting was "at or near" Newtonia. Prior to Brown's departure he had shown Hall a letter from Schofield directing his subordinates not to risk defeat. Hall knew that the reports brought in by Salomon's and Weer's scouts had placed the strength of the Confederate force in the area at between 8,000 and 11,000. Moreover, by examining the returns, he knew that the total Union strength in the neighborhood was under 8,000. Since Salomon had given no indication that he planned an attack on Newtonia, Hall was deeply perplexed. About 9 o'clock the firing stopped. Shortly thereafter Salomon's aide rode into camp with the general's message for Hall to march toward Newtonia. This dispatch confused the overly cautious colonel of militia. He did not know Salomon's plan of action. When Hall asked the courier if Salomon planned to move his division from Sarcoxie to Newtonia, the aide replied he did not know. Although he was ignorant of his superior's intentions, Hall prepared to march. On leaving camp the militia brigade headed for Newtonia by way of Jollification. After an eight mile march Hall and his officers began to have second thoughts. No further mes­ sages had been received from General Salomon; they had no means of knowing the outcome of the morning's fighting. Hall was afraid that the Confederates had held their ground. If so, he had made a serious mistake in marching via Jollification. A Confederate force in Newtonia would be between his command and Salomon's.

*Ubid., 287, 289. b8Ibid., 287, 290; Burke, Military History of Kansas Regiments, 128. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 311

After discussing the situation with his principal subordinates, Hall determined to turn off the Jollification road. Moving westward along little used byways, he would endeavor to gain the Sarcoxie- Newtonia road. Hall's brigade, following a circuitous march, finally struck the Sarcoxie road about eight miles north of Newtonia. As the head of his column turned into the road the colonel looked at his watch. It was 4 p.m. Overtaking several stragglers from Salomon's division, Hall learned of Lynde's defeat. These men reported that Salomon's column, which was en route to Lynde's relief, had already passed along the road. While the colonel was questioning the men, he heard artillery fire. After listening a minute Hall's scouts pinpointed the scene of action as at or near Newtonia. Hall passed the word to move out. The brigade started for Newtonia "with all possible dispatch."59

Judson's "flying column," after an advance of about ten miles encountered Lynde's artillery and its escort—Company F, 9th Kansas Cavalry. The gunners and the troopers were retreating rapidly down the Sarcoxie road. The senior officer excitedly informed Judson that "Colonel Lynde with a part of his regiment and Captain Mefford's company of the Sixth were surrounded by the enemy." Shots and an occasional wild shout could be heard in the woods ahead. Although Phillips' Indians had lagged, Judson determined to push on and cut his way through and rescue Lynde's command. A short canter brought the Kansans to a clearing. Here they counted the bodies of ten of Jacobi's footsoldiers on the southeast side of a little field. The dead had been stripped and left lying in the sun. Three or four rail pens were hastily built and the dead soldiers placed in them to keep the hogs which had already come on the ground from mutilating their bodies. The grim Kansans pressed on. They captured a straggler, and within a few minutes additional Confederates were sighted. The Rebels drew back without firing a shot.60 As soon as his scouts sighted Colonel Judson's Kansans, Cooper sent his aides scampering in all directions with instructions for Walker, Stevens and Gordon to recall their men and return to 590. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 289-290. Two companies of the 14th Cavalry, Missouri State Militia were placed in charge of Hall's train. In case of danger the officer in charge was to retire and take position midway between Springfield and Fort Scott. wibid., 291; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 1861-62, 357. 312 Missouri Historical Review

Newtonia. No attempt was made by the Confederates to ascertain the strength of the newcomers. Cooper hastened ahead to alert the units which had remained at Newtonia to the approaching danger. Upon reaching the village Cooper learned that Colonel Shelby had sent forward from Camp Coffee two fresh units—Jeans' Missouri Cavalry Regiment and Captain Sylvanus Howell's four- gun Texas Battery. The Texans had unlimbered their pieces in the graveyard north of Newtonia. Jeans' troopers had taken position in support of the guns. Following the arrival of the reinforcements Colonel Alexander had recalled his men and redeployed them on the cannoneers' right. Hawpe's regiment and Bryan's battalion con­ tinued to hold the stone wall west of Ritchie's barn. Having been notified that the Yankees were returning, Captain Howell had his gun captains train their pieces on the Sarcoxie road. He would use his guns to retard the Union advance.61 Colonel Judson, on emerging from the woods, saw the Con­ federates (Stevens' Texans) taking position on the prairie three miles north of Newtonia. Judson shouted for his officers to deploy their companies into line of battle. Lieutenant Brainard D. Benedict brought his two mountain howitzers into battery at a "gallop.62 Almost as soon as the teams had been unhitched the Kansans began hammering the Rebel horsemen with shot and shell. After a few rounds the Confederates retired. Letting go a wild whoop, the Kansans followed. As Benedict approached the village he again had his gunners unlimber their pieces. Hardly had the Kansans begun to shell Newtonia before Captain Howell called for his gun captains to pull the lanyards. Boom! Boom! Boom! roared the Texans' guns. The Confederates employed shot and shell as they hammered away at the "Jackass" battery. Badly outgunned, the Federals quickly drew back from the northern approaches to Newtonia. As soon as he had withdrawn his regiment out of range of the Rebel artillery, Judson re-formed his men and posted them on a bluff about a mile north of the graveyard where Howell's Texans had emplaced their guns. A courier thundered off to notify General Salomon that the Confederates had been located and to ask for reinforcements.6'5 Upon the retirement of the Kansans, Stevens', Walker's and Gordon's commands were dismounted. While waiting for the Federals to make their next move, the officers permitted their men

6*0. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 298, 301, 301, 300. ^Ibid., 291, 298, 304; Burke, Military History of Kansas Regiments, 129. Colonel Stevens' Texans brought up the rear as the Confederate column retired in the face of Judson's advance. Lieutenant Colonel L. R. Jewell with three companies covered Benedict's howitzers. *Hbid. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 313 to take it easy and rest their horses and mules. Captain Bledsoe sent his limbers to Camp Coffee to be refilled with ammunition.64 Except for an occasional shot fired by the pickets all was quiet at Newtonia from 10 a.m. (when Judson disengaged his command) until 2 p.m. (when Colonel Phillips rode up at the head of his regiment). Phillips dismounted and formed his Indians alongside the Kansans on the heights north of Newtonia. Judson was delighted to learn from Phillips that Salomon would soon be on the field with the infantry and artillery.65 The day was unseasonably sultry and the sun beat down unmercifully on the sweating blueclad column as it trudged toward Newtonia. At 10 a.m. the express rider who had carried the march­ ing orders to Colonel Hall rode up. On learning that Hall was in motion, Salomon sent an experienced staff officer to consult with the militia commander to insure their movements would be coordinated. Not knowing which road the Missouri Militia had taken, the officer spent many futile hours trying to locate Hall. Shortly thereafter Salomon began to encounter stragglers from Lynde's shattered command. Captain Stockton hailed Lieutenant Hadley and told him to rejoin the battery. It was 3:30 p.m. when Salomon reached the ridge held by Judson's and Phillips' troopers. After being briefed by the two colonels Salomon made his dispositions. Since it was estimated that the Confederates had at least 7,000 men in Newtonia, Salomon cautioned his subordinates to be careful. Colonel Judson's 6th Kansas, supported by Benedict's two mountain howitzers, swung to the right along the ridge overlooking the village. The 3d Indian Home Guards shifted to the left. Phillips' dismounted Cherokees occupied the wooded hollow up which Jacobi's men had charged hours before. Nine guns (three of Stockton's and the rest manned by the cannoneers of the 1st Kansas Battery) were unlimbered on the heights. The artillerists were supported on the left by a bat­ talion of the 9th Wisconsin. Their supply of ammunition being low, the three guns which had fought under Hadley in the morning were parked behind the line. They along with the 2d Battalion, 10th Kansas constituted Salomon's reserve. Since he was out­ numbered, Salomon anxiously sat on his horse waiting for Colonel Hall's brigade.66

"0. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 304. s°Ibid., 287, 291. ^Ibid. The staff officer sent to establish contact with Colonel Hall was Captain John D. Welch of the 2d Ohio Cavalry. 314 Missouri Historical Review

As soon as they had placed their guns in battery, the Union artillerists started bombarding the town. Salomon wanted to use his artillery to keep the Confederates in check pending Hall's arrival. Employing solid shot the cannoneers pounded the Confederates. Although outgunned, Howell's Texans grimly returned the Yankees' fire. Several men and a number of horses were cut clown. Cooper knew it would be suicidal for Howell's people to remain in the graveyard. Orders were issued for the Texans to fall back and place their pieces in a less exposed position. When they did one of the crews manhandled their gun into Ritchie's stone barn. They reopened fire on the Yankees, using a window as an embrasure. Captain Stockton saw what the Confederates had done. Calling to Lieutenant Edward B. Hubbard, he told him to turn his two 3-inch rifles on the improvised blockhouse. Two shells exploded against the barn. Stockton trained his glasses on the building and saw the Texas cannoneers leap out the windows and scatter.67 Cooper determined to ascertain the Federals' strength. Bledsoe's gunners, who had returned to Newtonia after having refilled their limbers, were to report to Colonel Stevens. Stevens' and Jeans' regiments would make a forced reconnaissance of the Yankees' left. Just as the Confederates were getting ready to move out, Cooper's lookouts reported a large unidentified body of men approaching via the Pineville road. Cooper told Stevens to check and see who they were. Within a few minutes Stevens returned and reported that the approaching column was Colonel Sampson Folsom's 1st Choctaw Regiment. Folsom had spent many hours in the saddle since leaving Scott's Mill at daybreak.68 As soon as the newcomers had been identified, Jeans' and Stevens' regiments advanced to feel the Union left. The troopers of the 3d Indian Home Guard held their fire until the leading Rebel unit, Jeans', had closed to within 300 yards. A crashing volley halted the greyclads in their tracks. Jeans' Missourians blazed back. Before the 22d Texas could join in the fighting Stevens discovered a strong Union force posted to his right. Stevens, fearing a trap, shouted "Retreat!" The nine guns which Salomon had massed on the ridge shifted targets. Shot after shot rained down on the Southerners. Reaching a stone wall 200 yards north of Newtonia, Stevens' and Jeans' cavalrymen dismounted and scrambled for cover. Here they crouched in comparative safety while the Yankees' projectiles whistled overhead.69

vibid., 295, 298. **Ibid„ 298, 304. *»Ibid., 304. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 315

Meanwhile Gordon's troopers, supported by Bledsoe's two guns, had moved out the Neosho road against the 6th Kansas which was threatening the Confederate left. The Confederates drove in the Union outposts, but after Bledsoe's cannoneers had thrown a few projectiles into the Federals' main line of resistance, the Rebels pulled back.70 Cooper was shocked and dismayed to see Stevens' and Jeans' troopers retiring in disorder. Simultaneously Phillips' Pin Cherokees advanced up the hollow toward the mill. Taking shelter behind rail fences and in the plum thickets bordering the branch below the mill, Phillips' bluecoats opened a scathing fire on the sector of the Confederate line defended by Walker's Mounted Rifles. Unless they were checked, Cooper feared that the Pins and their supporting infantry would turn his right. It was at this moment that Colonel Folsom reported to Cooper's command post. Cooper told Folsom to see if he could outflank the Federals. Moving out the Gadfly road Folsom's Choctaws turned into a corn field. Because of the configuration of the ground, Fol­ som's men were able to sneak up on the hollow in which Phillips' men were posted. The first the Pins knew they were in danger of being overwhelmed was when Folsom's Choctaws let go with a whoop and opened fire. A desperate struggle between the soldiers of the 3d Indian Home Guard and Folsom's and Walker's regiments ensued. Several officers were cut down as they recklessly exposed themselves. Major John A. Foreman of the 3d Home Guard was killed, while Captain William Webber was wounded. The soldiers of the 1st Choctaw were saddened to see Captain Martin Folsom knocked from his horse. He was carried from the field, dying. General Salomon saw that Phillip's unit on his left was hotly engaged against superior numbers. He directed Captain Stockton to support the Union Indians. Stockton directed Lieutenant Hadley "to proceed with the left half of the battery to a point commanding the left of Colonel Phillips' line." At the same time Stockton called to the gunners manning the battery's right three guns. They were to wheel their pieces to the left and direct their fire at Colonel Walker's regiment. With Colonel Walker at their head, the Mounted Rifles had sortied to attack the Pins. Salomon ordered the 2d Battalion, 10th Kansas up from the reserve and to Phillips' support. The sweating Union artillerists, many of whom had stripped off their shirts, sent round after round crashing into the oncoming ™Ibid., 288, 298; Burke, Military History of Kansas Regiments, 129-130. 316 Missouri Historical Review

Choctaws and Chickasaws. There were wild cheers along the Union line as the Confederates began to falter. Phillips waved his Pins forward.71 Colonel Cooper reported: the enemy opened all his batteries, under cover of which he advanced blocks of infantry to the support of those regiments [actually only one] which had been previously sent to my right. The battle was now raging in all parts of the field. Their masses of infantry could be plainly seen advancing in perfect order, with guns and bayonets glittering in the sun. The booming of cannon, the bursting of shells, the air filled with missiles of every description, the rattling crash of small-arms, the cheering of our men, and the war-whoop of our Indian allies, all combined to render the scene both grand and terrific.72

When Cooper sighted the battalion of the 10th Kansas advanc­ ing on the double to Phillips' assistance, he sent an aide to see Captain Howell. The captain was told to rush two guns into the corn field held by Colonel Folsom's Choctaws. A runner was sent with a message for the 22d Texas to leave the shelter of the stone wall and bolster an attack by Folsom on the Union left. Since speed was essential to the success of Cooper's counterstroke, the unit commanders were urged to move rapidly. Putting their teams to the gallop, the cannoneers drove their pieces out into the field. Unlimbering their two guns, the Texans banged away at the Federals with shot and shell. Colonel Stevens massed the troopers of the 22d Texans in close support of Folsom's Choctaws and to the left of the guns. Simultaneously Lieutenant William A. Routh's section of Howell's battery had taken position at the head of the ravine which Phillips' Pins had infiltrated. The projectiles from the Texans' guns caused the Federals to pause. Seeing this, Walker and Folsom charged the Pins. After getting off a few scattered shots, the troopers of the 3d Indian Home Guards retreated. The Union artillery covered the withdrawal.73

Colonel Buster's battalion had marched from Tahlequah on September 19. The morning of the 30th found the battalion at Pineville. At dress parade on the previous evening orders had been

7iO. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 287, 288, 295, 298. ™Ibid., 298-299. ™Ibid., 294, 299. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 317 read alerting the troopers to be ready to start for Camp Coffee at sunrise. As the men were getting ready to start, a private in Captain J. H. Minhart's company had an argument with, and killed another member of the unit. Valuable time was wasted while the murderer was arrested and the officers questioned the witnesses. When the column marched, Minhart's company remained behind to bury their dead comrade. About six miles north of Pineville a courier hailed Colonel Buster and told him that a battle was raging at Newtonia. Buster was urged to get his column to the field as soon as possible. Orders were issued to stop the train. After the ordnance people had issued ammunition to the officers and men, Buster gave the command to move on. The battalion rode off at a brisk trot, while the wagons followed along at a slower pace. It was 3 p.m. when the troopers reached Camp Coffee. Here the men were permitted to rest a few minutes while they drank from the spring and loaded their small-arms. Moving off at a gallop the battalion reached Newtonia at 5 o'clock. In accordance with instructions received from one of Cooper's staff officers who met him, Buster deployed his battalion.74

Cooper, upon being notified that Buster's battalion was on the field, redeployed his command preparatory to launching an all out attack. Walker's and Folsom's Choctaws and Chickasaws, sup­ ported by the 22d Texas, were deployed to the right; Jeans' and Gordon's Missourians, and the 31st Texas held the left; Buster's battalion and the 34th Texas along with the artillery were massed in the center. With his dispositions completed Cooper passed the order to advance. At a word from their officers the Confederates swung into their saddles. The Rebels started across the prairie toward the Federals.75 General Salomon had planned to assail the Newtonia Con­ federates upon the arrival of Hall's brigade. When the Southerners moved out in full force Salomon decided he could not wait for the errant Missouri militia. Staff officers thundered off with orders for the division to fall back on Sarcoxie. The sun was dropping below the western horizon as the Federals abandoned their position on the

i*Ibid., 303. ™Ibid„ 299. 318 Missouri Historical Review ridge a mile north of Newtonia. Stockton's 25th Ohio Battery raced ahead. In accordance with instructions from the general, Stockton had his gunners place their pieces in battery where the Sarcoxie road entered the woods. Here the artillerists stood ready to cover the division's retreat.76 Captain Stockton reported:

I had scarcely got into battery when the enemy, discovering we were retreating, instantly marched out to the ground we had recently occupied and formed in line of battle. They dressed up their lines, over a mile long, but refused to advance or even come within range of my guns. The sun was now down, but the moon was giving a brilliant light, so that the rebel line was perfectly distinct, when I limbered to the rear and retired into the woods.77

Colonel Hall's brigade reached the field shortly after sunset and found Salomon's troops "retreating in great confusion." Salomon told Hall to cover his retreat. The situation was critical. Cooper's powerful battle line was sweeping across the prairie. Hall quickly threw his brigade between Salomon's troops and the oncoming- Rebels. The militia formed into line on the double near the edge of the timber. Lieutenant James Marr had the gunners of Battery F, 1st Missouri Light Artillery unlimber their six guns to cover the Sarcoxie road.78 Cooper sighted the fresh brigade filing into position. Halting his advance, he called for artillery. Hall at the same time sent orders for Marr to fire. It was now dark. The projectiles from the Union battery did little harm to the Confederates. Watching the flash of the Yankee field pieces, Cooper was able to pinpoint their position. He bellowed for Howell's Texans to throw their four pieces into bat­ tery. The Confederate guns quickly registered. Several shells det­ onated with a roar near the Missouri battery wounding one man.79 Neither belligerent wished to chance a night engagement. As soon as the last of Salomon's badly shaken troops had entered the timber Hall drew off his brigade. Simultaneously Cooper recalled his troops. Covered by Buster's battalion, the Confederates started for Newtonia where they would bivouac. Before Buster reached town a runner rode up. He told the colonel that because of the darkness one unit, Walker's Mounted Rifles, had failed to get the word. The Choctaws and Chickasaws nibid., 287, 296. nibid., 296. During the engagement, Stockton's gunners had expended 397 rounds. Stockton listed his losses as two wounded. One horse had been killed and a second wounded. nibid., 290. nibid., 290, 299. The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign 319 were wandering about the woods west of the Sarcoxie road. Buster halted his battalion while a messenger was dispatched and soon returned with Walker and his regiment.80 A number of Salomon's soldiers had panicked. Several wagons were abandoned when they careened into and were wedged against trees. A number of hours passed before the officers were able to regain control of several of the units. As the column marched rapidly toward Sarcoxie and the roar of battle faded and died, the soldiers began to calm down. By midnight Salomon's blue­ coats, after a hard 12-mile march, were back at Sarcoxie and in their camps. Colonel Hall's militiamen brought up the rear of the retreating column. Not knowing that the greyclads had decided against a pursuit, Hall's soldiers kept a sharp lookout for Confederates. None were seen and their march to Sarcoxie was devoid of excitement.81 The battle of Newtonia had ended with the Confederates vic­ torious. When they mustered their units and checked their rolls the Rebel officers found their losses totaled 78: 12 killed, 63 wounded, and 3 missing.82 Drafting his "After Action Report" Colonel Cooper observed: The engagement lasted from sunup until dark, with the exception of an interval of two hours. The enemy's force in this engagement, from the best information, derived from Federal sources, amounted to from 6,000 to 7,000 men, with eighteen pieces of cannon, while our own force did not exceed 4,000 men during any part of the day, with only six pieces of cannon.83 No report of his losses was filed by General Salomon. In his "Official Report," Salomon noted casualties in the afternoon's fighting had been slight. Colonel Lynde's combat team which had first engaged the Confederates had suffered frightful casualties. Colonel Weer reported "Four whole companies of the Ninth Wisconsin, except about 10 men, are killed, wounded, or captured, besides others of the Sixth and Ninth Kansas and Third Indian."84 nibid., 290, 299, 303. *lIbid., 290, 296. **Ibid., 301. **Ibid., 299. 84Ibid., 288. In Dyer's Compendium, total Union losses in the battle of Newtonia are placed at 245, 50 killed, 80 wounded, and 115 missing. Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (New York, 1959), II, 804. PERSHING'S GREAT PERSONAL TRAGEDY A Disastrous Mistake Wiped Out His Family, Leaving a Bitter Memory Throughout Life

BY DONALD SMYTHE*

"DEAR JULIUS: This is the most terrible trial a human being can be called upon to bear. Your letter has comforted me greatly. With love, J. J. PERSHING"1

It was September 27, 1915, when Brigadier General John J. Pershing wrote the above to Julius Penn, his former classmate at West Point and his lifelong friend. Just one month before, almost to the day, tragedy had crashed violently into his life like a thunder­ bolt, leaving him benumbed and shaken. His wife and three daughters had died in a fire which destroyed the Pershing home at the Presidio in San Francisco. Only his son was saved. The unfortunate series of events leading up to this had begun in January, 1914, when Pershing returned from the Philippines to assume command of the 8th Brigade with headquarters at the Presidio. He did not stay there long. In April trouble broke out at Tampico, Mexico, over the arrest and imprisonment of American sailors; later that month U. S. forces bombarded Vera Cruz and seized the city. War seemed imminent. With feelings running high, the people of El Paso, Texas, grew alarmed. Rumors flew about that Francisco (Pancho) Villa, that unpredictable Mexican bandit, was planning to cross the border and raid or capture the town. On April 24, 1914, Pershing and his 8th Brigade, 3,500 strong, entrained for Texas under rush orders.2 "It looked as though we were going right on into Mexico and eat them up at once without any further discussion," Pershing said

*Donald Smythe, S.J., who is writing a multi-volume biography of General Pershing, has published in the Pacific Historical Review, Nebraska History, Missouri Historical Review, Philippine Studies, New Mexico Historical Review, Montana Magazine of Western History, and other journals. During the academic year 1965-1966 he is on leave from John Carroll University to visit World War I battlefields. Hohn J. Pershing to Julius Penn, September 27, 1915, John J. Pershing Papers (Library of Congress, Washington, D. C), Box 282. I wish to thank Mr. Francis Warren Pershing, General Pershing's son, for permission to quote from the Pershing Papers. They and their box numbers will hereafter be cited thus: JJP, 282. 2Pershing to George Deshon, June 2, 1914, JJP, 64; San Francisco Examiner, April 24, 1914. 320 Courtesy Mile. Micheline Resco, Paris. General John J. Pershing and son Warren Pershing later. "We fully expected to be in the city of Mexico before we again drew rein."3 Arriving at El Paso in the middle of the night on April 27, Pershing found that the rumored attack on the city had little foundation or likelihood.4 But he remained there under orders which put him in charge of all troops in El Paso and on the Fort Bliss military reservation just outside the city; he was entrusted with the defense of the border from Columbus, New Mexico, to Sierra Blanca, Texas.5 A press report on the day after he arrived quoted him as saying that his troops were ready to take the field at five minutes notice, fully equipped for a long and severe campaign.6 (Actually this was highly unlikely. When Villa finally did strike across the border [at Columbus, New Mexico, on March 9, 1916] it took almost a week before Pershing's punitive expedition crossed into Mexico in pursuit.) Because of the uncertainty of relations with Mexico (would there be war or wouldn't there?) Pershing did not bring his family

^Pershing to Deshon, June 2, 1914, JJP, 64; March 6, 1915 JJP, 64. 4Pershine to Deshon Tune 2, 1914, JJP, 64; San Francisco Examiner, April 29, 1914. 5B?S! Gin. Taske? HiBHSS to Pershing, April 26, 1914, Tasker H. Bliss Papers (Library of Congress), Vol. 141. ^Pittsburgh Post, April 29, 1914. 322 Missouri Historical Review down to El Paso, but left them for the time being at the Presidio. There his attractive wife, Frances, took care of their four children: Helen (8), Anne (7), Francis Warren (4), and Mary Margaret (2). Only those who knew Pershing intimately can appreciate how he loved his family and how he must have missed them. According to Frank Lanckton, his orderly, "what gave the Old Man his happiest moments . . . was the presence of his family. Warren, even as a baby, became the Old Man's boon companion and they used to spend hours playing together. . . ."7 Another who knew Pershing well remarked: "In his home he threw aside all the worries and cares that fall upon a commander, and seemed to banish all thought of them while he entered into the amusement and games of the children. . . ."8 A third added: "He loved his family and did everything to make them happy. He was a family man."9 In June, 1914, Pershing obtained leave and went to Cheyenne, Wyoming, where Frances had taken the children for the summer. From there they journeyed to West Point to attend a nephew's graduation, then to New York and Washington, D. C, where Frances's father, Francis E. Warren, served on the Senate Military Affairs Committee.10 Afterwards Pershing returned to Fort Bliss, leaving Frances with her father "until the war is over if there should be war."11 The winter dragged by with Mexican-U. S. relations still uncer­ tain and Pershing separated from his family. Frances lived with the children in Cheyenne. In March, 1915, Pershing told George Deshon, a West Point classmate, that he expected a short leave that summer in which he and Frances might visit San Francisco, then "return to El Paso and settle down. . . ,"12 By the summer of 1915 plans had matured to transfer the whole family down to El Paso, as it definitely looked like the 8th Brigade would be stationed there for some time. "I'm tired of living alone," Pershing told a friend. "I'm having my quarters fixed so that my wife and children can join me."13 7Robert Ginsburgh, "Pershing as His Orderlies Know Him," The American Legion Monthly, V (October, 1928), 64. 8George MacAdam, "The Life of General Pershing," The World's Work, XXXVIII (Mav, 1919), 102. 9Letter of William H. Oury to the author, April 13, 1961. Oury was departmental quarter­ master in the Philippines under Pershing. ^Pershing to Brig. Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, May 28, 1914, JJP, 372; Army and Navy Journal, n.d., Scrapbook III, p. 17, JJP, 383. nPershing to Deshon, June 2, 1914, JJP, 64. 12Pershing to Deshon, March 6, 1915, JJP, 64. 13George MacAdam, "The Life of General Pershing," The World's Work, XXXVIII (June, 1919), 148. Pershing's Great Personal Tragedy 323

In June, 1915, Pershing again went on leave and spent July with Frances in San Francisco.14 When he returned to Fort Bliss she stayed behind to take part in the '03 class reunion of Wellesley College, her alma mater, which was meeting in San Francisco for the World's Fair. She would follow shortly after with the family, she said. "The delay will be nothing."15 At Fort Bliss everything awaited their coming. In late August Pershing wrote Frances, twitting her for not keeping in touch more. Alluding to her interest in women's rights, he said: "Suffragettes, I suppose, only write once a month to their husbands."16 She received the letter on August 26, 1915, at the Presidio, where she and the children were living. It was the last communication she ever received from him. During the night a fire broke out in the home, caused by some coals toppling over from the fireplace grate which an orderly had heaped up before Frances went to bed.17 Unfortunately, it was foggy that night at the Presidio, terribly so. The sentry did not notice that a fire had broken out in the commanding general's home, and even those whom the fire bell awakened at 4:00 A.M. said afterwards they had trouble seeing the smoke except when close to it.18 Mrs. Walter Boswell, a college chum of Frances who had served as her maid of honor when she married Pershing in 1905, was sleep­ ing in the house that night. She and her children had been invited to spend some time there as Frances's guests. Their presence was to lead to a tragic mistake which resulted in the death of Frances and three of her four children. In the wee hours of the morning Mrs. Boswell was awakened by the crackling noise of burning wood. Rousing her children, she called to Frances (no answer), and tried to reach her room, but the smoke drove her back. Retreating through a window to the porch roof, Mrs. Boswell threw her children into the arms of soldiers one floor below, then got down herself by means of a ladder. Someone then led them away to the officers' club for shelter and recovery.19 "Pershing to Capt. H. S. Howland, June 4, 1915, JJP, 98. 15Harold F. Wheeler, "The Romance of General Pershing," The Ladies Home Journal, XXXVI (July, 1919), 44. i6Sarah McCleveland to Pershing, September 6, 1916, JJP, 313. 11 San Francisco Examiner, August 28 and September 9, 1915. 18Interview with Col. Lewis Sorley, April 17, 1961; Lt. Gen. James G. Harbord, Serving with Pershing: An Address Delivered before the University Club of Port Chester, Port Chester, N. Y'., May 26, 1944 (n.p., n.d.), 6; San Francisco Examiner, August 28, 1915. 19Wheeler, "Romance of Pershing," 44; San Francisco Examiner, August 28 and 29, 1915; letter of William O. Boswell to the author, May 18, 1963; letter to the author, May 1, 1961, from one of the persons involved in rescue operations at the fire who wishe* to be left unnamed. I refer to him hereafter as "confidential source." 324 Missouri Historical Review

By this time the reveille gun had fired and a siren had awakened the post. Soon a large crowd converged on the Pershing residence, watching huge clouds of heavy smoke pouring out of it. The post fire department arrived and played streams of water on the flames. Later the fire department from the fair grounds arrived with more powerful equipment and took over.20 During this time no one made any attempt to reach Mrs. Persh­ ing and her family, lying helpless in the upstairs bedrooms. The reason for this is simple: no one thought they were there. By a tragic error someone had mistaken Mrs. Boswell and her children for Mrs. Pershing and hers when they were rescued and led away to the officers' club. In the fog, smoke, and darkness it was easy to do. Word went around the crowd that the family was safe, no one knowing that there had originally been two families in the house that night. "Thank God there's nobody left in there," said one bystander, watching the flames. "The damned old firetrap might as well burn right down." Suddenly a wave of shocked horror swept through the crowd. Someone just back from the officers' club reported that Mrs. Persh­ ing was not there, that Mrs. Boswell and her family had been the ones rescued. The crowd gasped in horrible realization: Mrs. Persh­ ing and her children must still be in the house! Immediately volunteers tried to get into the building. First Lieutenant Jonathan M. Wainwright groped his way up the porch roof to the front bedroom window. On the wet slippery roof his footing was uncertain and, when a powerful stream of water accidentally hit him, he was bowled over and knocked off the roof. Men on the ground broke his fall somewhat, but he was still con­ siderably shaken. In the meantime three men had placed a ladder against the build­ ing and climbed up to reach the back bedroom. Entering with wet handkerchiefs tied over their faces and staying close to the floor for air, they groped their way across the back bedroom until they ran into a door. It was stuck or locked. After vainly trying to open it, they were forced to crawl back to the open window for air. The smoke in the room was terrific and was beginning to weaken them. As they crawled back one of the men bumped into an uncon­ scious child lying on the floor. It was a boy. They carried him to the window and, straddling it, called to those below: "Here, take this kid!" Someone came up the ladder and took him from their arms. 20San Francisco Examiner, August 28, 1915; confidential source, May 1, 1961. Pershing s Great Personal Tragedy 325

The three men returned again for a second search of the back bedroom, but found no one else. They made a second attempt at opening the door—all in vain. The smoke finally drove them out for good.21 By this time rescuers had successfully gotten up on the front porch and into the front bedroom window, where they found Mrs. Pershing and the other three children. All were still in their beds, unconscious. The only sign of movement was Mrs. Pershing's arm which dangled over the edge of the bed, probably an involun­ tary motion caused by restlessness from the smoke.22 The rescuers carried them out through the window. People who were watching from down below recalled for years afterwards the sudden hush which came over the crowd when they saw the bodies come out.23 All five members of the Pershing family were carried to the parade grounds on which the house fronted and there given emer­ gency treatment. Every effort was made to revive them. Only the boy, Warren, responded.24 None of the victims were burned, not even a hair of their heads. Death was by suffocation. Their faces were as beautiful in death as in life; their expressions were those of a deep sleep. This fact seemed to give some consolation to Pershing when he learned it afterwards. It relieved his mind of the fear that they had suffered.25 Years later one of the men who rescued Warren was asked to give his recollections of the fire. Reluctantly he did so. His reluc­ tance stemmed from the fear that the rescue might be played up as heroic—which he felt it was not. "I do not feel that it deserves any special recognition," he said, "as my feeling about the whole episode has always been one of deep regret that owing to a misapprehension (the statement by someone that the family was not in the building) no more desperate effort was made at the time to get into the bedrooms. Perhaps Mrs. Persh­ ing could have been gotten out in time. No one at the fire felt like a hero afterwards."2* In the office of the El Paso Herald that morning two newsmen were running through telegram copy. One was Norman Walker, an Associated Press correspondent; the other was Hubert S. Hunter, news editor of the Herald. At first the story came over the wire that 21A11 quotations and incidents mentioned in the paragraphs since the last footnote are from letters of the confidential source to the author, May 1, 1961, February 8, 1963, and March 4, 1963. wEl Paso Herald, September 8, 1915. ^Confidential source, May 1, 1961. 24Wheeler, "Romance of Pershing," 44. ^El Paso Herald, September 8, 1915. ^Confidential source, May 1, 1961. The San Fra ncisco Chronicle puhlished this picture of the Pershing family on August 28, 1915. Mrs. Pershing and the three girls, from left to right, Anne, Helen and Margaret, per­ ished in the Presidio fire. Warren, extreme right, escaped death. Shown below is Gen­ San Francisco Chronicle, eral Pershin August 28, 1915

there had been a fire at the Presidio which destroyed the Pershing residence. Later the "wrap up" story came: except for Warren, the whole family had been killed. Thinking that Pershing must know the news by now and that the dispatch might have some details that he would appreciate learning, Walker phoned Fort Bliss and asked for General Persh­ ing's quarters. A voice came on and Walker, thinking he was speak- Pershing's Great Personal Tragedy 327

ing to an aide, said: "Lieutenant Collins, I have some more news on the Presidio fire." "What fire?" came back the voice. "What has happened?" Sickeningly, Walker suddenly realized two things: (1) He did not have an aide on the other end of the line, but Pershing himself. (2) The General had not yet heard the news. "What fire?" the voice repeated. Caught and unable to do anything but go on, Walker hesitatingly informed Pershing that a fire had occurred at his Presidio home and that a dispatch had come in about it. He read him the wrap up story about the death of all but Warren. "Oh, God!" exclaimed Pershing. "My God! What's that? Read that again!" Walker repeated the dispatch, then listened agonizingly as Pershing caught his breath. Like a heavy blow in the stomach the full import of the message struck home. "My God! My God! Can it be true?" Pershing sat stunned, his whole world crashing down around him. After a pause Walker apologized for his mistake in thinking he was talking to Lieutenant Collins and expressed his condolences as best he could. Just as he was about to sign off, Pershing, who had been sitting in stunned stupor at the other end of the line, spoke: "Wait a minute. Who is this? Who am I speaking to?" Walker identified himself. "Thank you, Walker," said Pershing gravely. "It was very considerate of you to phone." S. L. A. Marshall, who happened to be in the newspaper office at the time, remarked later that Pershing, even though shattered by grief, still retained enough presence of mind to say thank you for a favor.27 This is how Pershing learned the news according to S. L. A. Marshall. A different version was related by James L. Collins, Pershing's aide, who lived in the General's quarters in El Paso. Collins remembered that August 27 very well. It was usually his custom to ride with Pershing early every morning, taking a two-hour horseback tour of Fort Bliss. But that morning Pershing did not ride. He had taken a dose of castor oil and announced that he would not be going that day. Collins went out alone. After about an hour Collins saw a horseman riding towards him at a gallop. It was Pershing's orderly, who informed Collins that the General wished him to return home immediately. Collins rode 27S. L. A. Marshall in The Detroit News, January 8, 1931, and July 15, 1948; interview with Marshall, June 13, 1961. 328 Missouri Historical Review rapidly back, dismounted, and entered the house. He saw Pershing excited and distraught. "My God, Collins," were his first words. "Something terrible has happened at the Presidio! There's been a fire at the house!" According to Collins, that was all that Pershing knew at the time: that there'cl been a fire. He did not yet know of anything worse. "He did not know that any of his family had died." How Pershing received the news of the fire, Collins never discovered. He insisted, however, that the Presidio disaster came to Pershing in two stages: first the fire, then the deaths.28 Two days after the fire, at 8:30 A.M. on August 29, Pershing arrived in San Francisco. En route he had been met at Bakersfield, California, by Frank A. Helm, an old friend from the Philippine days. "He was in terrible distress," Helm recalled. "The first thing he said to me was, 'I can understand the loss of one member of the family, but not nearly all.' " According to Helm, Pershing put his arms around his neck and held him that way from Bakersfield to Oakland — almost three hundred miles. Helm became so worried about Pershing's condition that he sent word ahead to have a doctor meet the train with a sedative. "I really believe that if Warren had also been lost, Persh­ ing would have lost his mind," he said. In San Francisco Pershing went at once to the funeral parlor. He stood in front of his dead for a few moments, then asked to be left alone. His worried friends went out but kept an eye on him through the heavy drapes. They saw him get down on his knees and stay there for about ten minutes before each casket. When he came out, head bowed, he asked to go to the Presidio. Helm remonstrated, then gave in. Pershing, he knew, would never be satisfied that his family could not have been saved until he actually saw the burned house for himself.2sA At the Presidio they reconstructed the fire. The cause was the corner grate in the dining room from which live coals had rolled out onto the highly polished floor. (After the fire someone recalled that the same thing had occurred severals days before, but during the daytime and while someone was present.)286 Three or four holes were burned in the wood in front of the fireplace but, with this exception, the floor had not burned through. What had done the damage was not flame but smoke—heavy, death-bearing fumes

28Interview with Maj. Gen. James L. Collins, December 29, 1962. 28A San Francisco Chronicle, August 30, 1915; Helm to George E. Adamson, October 7, 1948 JJP, 92. 28B Henry H. Whitney to Pershing, October 9, 1915, JJP, 211. ^^i^"C

,tefe San Francisco Chronicle, August 28, 1915 Ruins of the house in which Mrs. Pershing and her children perished. The arrow points to the window of the room in which the bodies were found. which billowed forth as the fire traveled across the floor and up the stairway. Mrs. Pershing and the baby, Mary Margaret, had been in the front upstairs bedroom, Helen and Anne in an adjoining room, and Warren in a back bedroom separated from the other rooms by a bathroom. Both bathroom doors were closed, a fact which probably saved his life. As the baby had a cold, Mrs. Pershing had closed the windows in their bedroom and, apparently, in the adjoining room also where the other girls were sleeping. For ventilation she had opened the door leading to the stairs. That night the fire and smoke came up the stairs, through the open door into Mrs. Pershing's room, then into the adjoining room, asphyxiating the mother and the three girls. Mrs. Boswell, sleeping across the hall with the door closed and the windows open, escaped; so did Warren, whose room was farthest from the head of the stairs and who was protected by two closed doors and his own open window. Even so, however, smoke had blackened the ceiling of his room and the wall six inches from the top. Ironically, it was Army "spit and polish" (so characteristic of Pershing) which had been responsible for the catastrophe; the highly polished floors—recently waxed and oiled—carried the fire and smoke rapidly upstairs and killed his family in their sleep.29 29Helm to Adamson, October 7, 1948, JJP, 92; interview with Collins, December 29, 1962; letter of Collins to the author, January 16, 1963. 330 Missouri Historical Review

After visiting the house Pershing said, "I am now satisfied that nothing could have been done. They had no chance. 1 wanted to see that for myself."30 Leaving the Presidio Pershing went to the Letterman Hospital and picked up Warren who had been taken there after the fire. On the way to the Hotel Stewart he held the boy on his knee. "Have you been to the fair," he asked as they drove past the Fair Grounds? "Oh, yes," replied Warren, "Mama takes us a lot." Hearing this, Pershing became unnerved. His body began to shake so much that Frank Helm had to hold Warren for the rest of the trip.31 The funeral was later that same day, Sunday; the services were conducted by an Episcopal clergyman. Head down, Pershing emerged from the chapel wearing black civilian clothes, with Mrs. Fred Warren, his sister-in-law, on his arm. Spectators felt he was remarkably controlled; he kept his emotions well in hand. But those who were perceptive noticed the effect of the tragedy on him. "He bore himself with dignity, but he was clearly moved," said Nellie Tayloe Ross, the first woman governor of Wyoming. "I shall never forget the look of grief on his face as he came out the door."32 The bodies were shipped to Cheyenne and buried in the Warren plot in a little cemetery near where Pershing had at one time courted Frances. That same week the government announced plans to raze the Pershing house at the Presidio.33 The period immediately after the fire was a difficult one for Pershing. When a trunk was shipped to him containing some per­ sonal effects of Frances and the children, he broke down and wept.34 Friends tried to distract him from his sorrow; an overwhelming number of acquaintances wrote him letters of condolence to ease the pain. (One of the letters, interestingly, was from Francisco Villa, against whom Pershing was to lead an expedition into Mexico in less than a year.)35 But mostly he had to fight his battle alone. A year after the event he spoke feelingly to a friend of Frances about her "brightness and buoyancy and charm." He added: "The anniversary of her tragic death has just passed—August 27—and it has been so bitter— »°San Francisco Examiner, August 30, 1915; Helm to Adamson, October 7, 1948, JJP, 211. siHelm to Adamson, October 7, 1948, JJP, 211. '•^San Francisco Chronicle, August 30, 1915; interview with Maj. Gen. H. Conger Pratt, who attended the funeral, May 1, 1960; interview with Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross, May 8, 19(51. :i3Wheeler, "Romance of Pershing," 44; San Francisco Chronicle, August 29, 1915. ;!4Interview with George Eller, quoting Pershing's orderly, Frank Lanckton, December 28, 1960. •^Villa's letter is in JJP, 314. Pershing's Great Personal Tragedy 331 so difficult to get over. Now our eldest little girl's birthday, Septem­ ber 8, is approaching—she would have been 10 years old."36 To his friend, Bishop Charles H. Brent, he remarked still later: "I have been able to get so little consolation out of life since that time. About the only respite I have known is by keeping every minute occupied."37 Religion may have been a comfort for Pershing in his grief. (His father and mother, very devout Methodists, had emphasized it in his upbringing.) Almost two years after the fire, when he wrote to console George Deshon on the death of a daughter during child­ birth, he said, "It is hard at times of course to bring one's self to believe that there is any Great World Plan, but there must be a plan, else everthing would be chaotic."38 Perhaps because Wellesley College, Frances's alma mater, presented a link with the past, Pershing grew in time to have close associations with it. The Agora Society there (to which Frances had belonged) made him an honorary member; he accepted "with pride" and spoke thereafter of his "dear sisters in Agora."39 With the rest of his family gone, all of Pershing's attention and affection centered on Warren. Ernest Ginnetti, the barber at the Army-Navy Club in Washington, D. C, remembered for years the tenderness with which the general carried his son in his arms when he came to the club the first time after the fire.40 "The General really loved Warren," said George Eller, one of Pershing's chauffeurs in World War I. "It was not a fussy, showy love. It was more restrained, undemonstrative. But there was no doubt of his deep affection for the boy."41 That Warren in later life decided not to follow in his father's footsteps as a soldier was, in Eller's opinion, "one of the great disappointments of Pershing's life."42 (Warren became a broker.) Less than two years after the fire Pershing was quoted as saying, "I would rather see my son first captain of the corps of cadets [at West Point] than to see him president of the United States."43 Biographers of Pershing in later years often inquired of his friends whether he ever talked about the fire. Almost universally the answer was no. Warren, for example, said that his father never

36Pershing to Mrs. Robert H. Winn (?), n.d. (but between August 27 and September 8, 1916), JJP, 208. ^Pershing to Brent, December 5, 1916, JJP, 34. ^Pershing to Deshon, April 29, 1917, JJP, 64. 39Pershing to the President of the Agora Society, February 12, 1918, and January 15, 1919, Pershing Papers (Agora Society, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.). 40Interview with Ginnetti, May 3, 1961. -"Interview with Eller, December 28, 1960. ^Ibid. 43Ivan H. Epperson, "Missourians Abroad. No. 1. Major General John J. Pershing," Missouri Historical Review, XI (April-July, 1917), 320. 332 Missouri Historical Review once mentioned the incident afterwards. It was just something that was not talked about.44 James L. Collins recalled only once when Pershing even hinted at the Presidio disaster. It was in 1916 or 1917, during the Punitive Expedition into Mexico. He went to a movie with Pershing in Colonia Dublan and, as fate would have it, the plot was about a woman who was trapped in a fire and killed. Collins sat uncom­ fortably, knowing what must be going on in his companion's mind as they watched the screen. (The film was quite detailed regarding the flames, panic, etc.) After it was over and they were walking down the street, Pershing said simply, "Collins, do you know that Mrs. Boswell is writing stories for the movies? I hear that she's doing quite well." There was nothing more said about the matter after that.45 When Pershing wrote his autobiography in the 1930s (which was never published), he treated the fire in the briefest and most unemotional way. After stating that he had gone to the Mexican border, that war seemed imminent, and that his family had remained in San Francisco because "life seemed to be safer and better for them" there, he added the simple sentence: "But on the night of August 26, 1915, the house took fire and only our son was saved."46 That was all. A matter-of-fact statement, without details, without expression of personal feeling, almost as if he were reporting the weather. Pershing was never one to make a display of his emotions. Yet he had them; he was no inhuman automaton, no matter what others might say in future years. From time to time, like a cork bobbing to the surface, the memory of that night at the Presidio would force its way up into his consciousness and reveal to others how deeply he was really moved. Mrs. J. Borden Harriman remembered the time when Pershing visited her and seemed "all down in the mouth." When she com­ mented on his depressed look, he explained. "Today is my daugh­ ter's birthday."47 Charles G. Dawes, an old friend whom Pershing had first met while stationed at the University of Nebraska from 1891 to 1895, told of an incident which occurred in World War I. On August 31, 1917, he and Pershing were riding together in an automobile on their

44Interview with Mrs. John D. Wainwright, May 12, 1961; interview with Mr. Francis Warren Pershing, May 26, 1960. 45Interview with Collins, December 29, 1962. 46Pershing, "Autobiography," 1934-35, ch. xxi, p. 6, JJP, 379. ^Interview with Mrs. Harriman, April 18, 1961. Pershing's Great Personal Tragedy 333 way to lunch. "Neither of us was saying anything," said Dawes, "but I was thinking of my lost boy [Dawes's son had drowned in 1912] and of John's loss and looking out of the window, and he was doing the same thing on the other side of the automobile. We both turned at the same time and each was in tears. All John said was, 'Even this war can't keep it out of my mind.' "48 Mrs. Getty Stathis related another incident. An old widow who lived with her son in an unfrequented part of Virginia near Blue- mont, she met Pershing on the long horseback rides which he used to take in the 1930s through that part of the country. Her home, in fact, became a stopping off point on his rides, where he would refresh himself with her gingerbread and buttermilk. "Don't you get lonely?" Pershing asked her once, noticing that she lived virtually all by herself—and suddenly he began to talk about the Presidio fire. "He was hesitant about mentioning it," remembered Mrs. Stathis, "but I had the feeling it was something he wanted to talk about to someone. That was the only time he mentioned it and he never brought up the subject again."49 What overall effect did the fire have on Pershing? Granted that he felt it deeply and that its bitter memory remained for many years, did it have a permanent effect on his character and disposition? Was he a changed man after it? Robert H. Fletcher, who was with Pershing at the time of the fire, said that for several years afterwards he never saw him smile.50 Frank Lanckton, the orderly, noticed that Pershing's joviality, always conspicuous in his home life in the Philippines—and even in his tent on field campaigns—was missing on the Mexican border after the fire.51 A number of people remarked that, while down deep Pershing was just as warm and human as ever, his exterior bearing afterward took on a new rigidity and coldness. "Pershing was never a morose man," commented Henry J. Reilly, who served under him in the Philippines; "he was a silent man. But after the fire he was even more silent."52 Major General Leon B. Kromer, another Philippine campaigner (later Chief of Cavalry), said he never in his life saw such a change in a man as in Pershing after the Presidio tragedy. His wife noticed 48Charles G. Dawes, A Journal of the Great War (Boston, 1921), I, 22-23. 49Interview with Mrs. Stathis, May 6, 1961. 5°Letter of Mr. Fletcher to the author, May 23, 1961. 51Robert Ginsburgh, "Pershing as His Orderlies Know Him," The American Legion Monthly, V (November, 1928), 12. ^Interview with Brig. Gen. Reilly, May 26, 1960. 334 Missouri Historical Review

the change too. "Pershing withdrew more into himself," she explained. "He became more frosty on the outside. It was still true that once you got to know him he was warm and human. But he became harder to know."53 Others felt differently. "I don't think there was any great change in his character," said Dorothy Canfield Fisher, whose memory of Pershing dated back to 1891-1895 when he taught her mathematics at the University of Nebraska. "I think he was always all very much of a piece—a thoroughly trained, sound, professional military man—no more, no less."54 "Pershing's reaction," said James L. Collins, "was simply that of a normal man in such a tragedy. He took the news neither with exceptional stoicism nor exceptional emotion. It hurt him terribly at the time, as it would any man. He was utterly crushed in San Francisco. In later life it did not change his character in any radical way, i.e., any more than it would be expected to change any strong character. He felt saddened by the incident and the memory of it stayed with him, just as it would with any normal man, but no more or no less."55 There are those who say that after the loss of his family Pershing contemplated resigning from the army.56 Whether true or not, he actually did not resign and, within seven months, was busy leading ten thousand men into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. Back of his decision to stay in the army may have been the letter he received from Major General Samuel S. Sumner, one of his old commanders in the Philippines, who wrote him a few days after the fire. Speaking very frankly ("I don't believe I would write exactly like this to any one but you"), Sumner reminded Pershing of one great fact which, because his mind was confused and clouded by sorrow, he might easily overlook. Here are his words: "If you were an old man, like me, & passed beyond active serv­ ice, there would be nothing left for you but 'a waiting for the end.' But you have perhaps the important part of your life still before you. Great events are likely to take place, before you retire, & remember

53Interview with Mrs. John D. Wainwright, Gen. Kromer's first wife, May 12, 1961. r>4Dorothy Canfield Fisher to Henry Castor, July 30, 1953. I am grateful to Mr. Castor for graciously permitting me to consult this letter. 55Interview with Collins, December 29, 1962. As Collins lived closer to Pershing than any of the others whom I have quoted (he was his aide in the Philippines, in Mexico, and in France), his remarks probably come closest to the truth. He insisted that any attempt to paint Pershing as taking the news like an unfeeling robot or reacting to it in such a way that his whole character changed from hot to cold is pure fiction. 56Letter of Gerald E. Cronin to the author, November 3, 1961, quoting one of Pershing's relatives; interview with Maj. Eli R. Pershing, cousin of Gen. Pershing, May 8, 1961. Pershing's Great Personal Tragedy 335

you have only had half a chance, so far, to show your ability as a soldier. A terrible catastrophe has robbed you of your dear ones, has broken up your home, & cast you adrift on a mourning sea—but you still have your country & your profession & both may need you at any time."57 Sumner was something of a prophet. "Great events" did indeed take place, sooner perhaps than anyone expected—the Punitive Expedition in Mexico, the A.E.F. in France. Pershing was in the thick of them. As Sumner predicted so rightly, his country and his profession needed him. And when the call came, Pershing was ready.

57Sumner to Pershing, August 31, 1915, JJP, 314. I have corrected some of the punctuation and spelling.

A Simple Process Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, January 12, 1833 HAMS. — Perhaps there is no subject of equal interest among farmers, on which there is such a contrariety of opinion, as that of curing hams. Almost every farmer who is fond of good ham, or wishes to procure a good price for it, has opinions, forms, or recipes, peculiar to himself; and after all, the article is seldom procured in the country much superior in taste or flavour to that of common salt pork. The plan which I pursue is extremely simple, and, I have no hesitation in saying, produces hams equal to any thing of the kind which I have ever tasted, not excepting the celebrated hams of Virginia, of England, or the still more famous of Calabria. The hams as soon as they are separated from the body of the animal, are to be closely packed in a clean, tight, common sized barrel; and to a full barrel, add a pickle made by dissolving eight quarts of clean Liverpool salt and four ounces of salt-petre, in a sufficient quantity of rain or brook water, to cover the whole. — In this situation they are to remain until removed to the smoke house, which should be from 8 to 12 weeks. The smoking process is to be conducted altogether with the wood of the sugar maple or hickory; the former is preferred. And when sufficiently smoked, those that are intended for immediate use may be hung up in a dark garret, or if the whether [sic] be too cool, in a cellar; as freezing, particularly if often repeated, is very injurious. Those that are intended for summer use, are to be white-washed with lime, and when dry, wrapped in paper, and packed away in new dry house ashes, and then set in a cool place in the cellar. Particular care is required to prevent its being heated too much while in the smoke house, as this is very destructive to its fine flavour. DOCTORS IN

An Ethical Dispute Between

BY CYNTHIA DE HAVEN PITCOCK*

Joseph Nash McDowell

When Dr. William Beaumont and Dr. James Sykes placed an advertisement of their medical and surgical skills in the St. Louis Missouri Republican on March 19, 1839, they initiated a controversy within the St. Louis Medical Society that created ill will and dissen­ sion among its members and forced the resignation from the society of Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell, one of St. Louis' most renowned doctors. While the dispute was a simple one, its consequences were extensive. An intricate pattern of antipathy, bitterness and jealousy emerged, coloring the professional lives of those physicians who were directly involved and influencing the entire medical community of St. Louis.1 As early as 1820 a group of physicians in St. Louis met regularly at the City Hall to discuss their common problems. They exchanged professional information, established fees, struggled with periodic epidemics, and generally practiced their profession in an atmosphere of mutual respect. To the thirteen doctors who served the 2,000 residents of St. Louis in 1820, there seemed to be no need for a

*Cynthia De Haven Pitcock lives in Memphis, Tennessee, with her physician husband and their two small children. She has a B.A. from Washington University, St. Louis, and as a recipient of a Ford Foundation Grant, she earned a M.A. from Vanderbilt University and Peabody Teachers College, Nashville, Tennessee. She is a former member of the faculty at Little Rock University and a candidate for the Ph.D. degree at Washington University. She is currently engaged in writing a biography of William Beaumont. 'Records of the St. Louis Medical Society, April 12, 1839, St. Louis Medical Society Library, St. Louis, Missouri. 336 CONTROVERSY

and

William Beaumont

formal medical society. They were financially successful and enjoyed considerable stature in civic affairs.2 During the next decade St. Louis became a thriving city. By 1830 the population increased to 6,252. Four years later it reached 16,291. Along the riverfront where handsome mansions once commanded a splendid view, there appeared huge, awkward warehouses and bustling, crowded markets. There was a promise of prosperity about the city, and in its gaudy bloom and sudden wealth it attracted all manner of professional incompetents—among them were medical frauds.3 There developed in St. Louis, as elsewhere, the usual dichotomy between the patent medicine men, the nostrum peddlers who almost magically appeared in every thriving community, and the physicians whose training had been legitimate. Although the contrast in background and practice of the two groups was obvious, they were similar in certain respects—both sought to acquire a following and

2J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1883), II, 1521. Scharf quotes from the notes of William Carr Lane, M.D., that meetings were held regularly. He also lists the medical fees agreed upon. Robert E. Schlueter, M.D., "Some Medical History of St. Louis, "Saint Louis Medical Society Centennial Volume (St. Louis, 1939), 22. Among physicians who were active in civic affairs were Dr. Robert Simpson who was sheriff of St. Louis County and Dr. William Carr Lane who served as the first mayor, 1823-1829, and Dr. Lewis Field Linn who became a U.S. Senator. iThe St. Louis Directory for the Years 1840-41 (St. Louis, 1839), An introductory article describing St. Louis, population figures are as follows: 1820—2,000, 1830—6,252, 1834—16,291. The last figure includes the suburbs which the author estimated to contain 6,349 inhabitants. ifltGGOuri HcpuUlican

fT. LftVIt THVHMAY. SAT*, ISS».

r».„w>D(K7rOR1*,IA,rril,» ' 11 nifrr. hi. ^r.l.i«M«i .^rrtk— a* « afciaVlaa ftaw ""»r Nk <>•*. M M X*M *r—>, M4tr la* Ma#»M mxiraac* »WfHT MMrjart No « •• •»•*«. what* , M "»«7 a* eaa»,ilt»,l M ill neaaa aaaaaa »« proaiaalaaa '•"•>•<•• aW.raarra Muia«>« K.rr, Kaa | Mr j ,«a L.r., •_ W. !..«•. h,. ..«• T>.l. WM. BfiAl'fclONT 4- JAMES SVEKS. ,L Avnia ••VXiri l»iJliiiii" ' H bmtmmm, hope MiiafattMrNjr •nrnot u> til hr«nc»*a ol P\>y*K M4* Botfly tmo- daat i,. ikm comnaavir Dr ".yfcaa harmf bad mm h rsarnaaoa »-W wnnn m 0»T«AUiic Sraaaar, viil h» tola 10 iff** rflaa- tual rrlkW in mow af ib« riwaaaa af tka Era.. I>f S. marUfcxukdror 11M it ik NaiK • WILUASf F. D'WOLfr, ATTOB.VfcY AND CUUN8CLLUR AT LAW. ALTO*, II.MNOIS. ¥~MTlLf.fiT« hd aruiiTiaW afaetioa tattaearaa- 1* lioa of hia arofniiia; and a«a»?tafl* io tka cou.a<-T»oi» or i>«»Tt in »ll pans of ilka *TAT« of This advertisement initiated a aaaady iihrntion ran a* (•»•* la aiaaaaa aa* ra hr haadv ha hr** Iravaio aaatc iha MUtiu, ?m Al dispute within the St. Louis •*», fWllr*»JI«, Rjw.rd.tJW, Kaafcaafcia, CaHaa »|IU Ctrr.Jtia* Whitehall, Jackaaanlla, ImdhH, fa ' na. Prim, Qatar*, Waraaaj, KatoivtUa, KoaAmiU Medical Society. lUr.rJ.ia-**, NapU Oiawa, ftaamapi., *ar«, U rom BUowwanHi, Traaa. " " - — H|I«>a»«iiaa>lr (tvaa, (<>rwi'4 rlaiata i<> roaMriMial agrata. /•Vrr.««- M^ar*. tiodft#T.Oaa»aa ACo ) ,. Mr. H (J V.a Waa^r. { AJm'- Maa„. WtrtnmM •J-IIfcaij., .^ •r:id«a» A J. Diyta, taa, "~ Proto RKVBIRN, (p'«H h of Balumota, If d ) (radaataa <>/ • 'I«TIT»0H t'n.»arni». »•*!•§ uwhtad ta*rv »« u laa Pr»c tc'of Mrdinrvr, ofl*r ih. ir aa'viora ihr r,i» n..-.f St. I-KI,. and ,'• ««mi(» IB .h«

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N ft Raaith, Baltimort, ) Dr II. O. Farrir, 1 V', Btaui.ioni A Sykaa, >)(( Lou Oaa K. BajaM aVaL. ) gain prominence, and, curiously, they employed nr<>«««\ •nrt>«MM«aa•MEMr.< rf Mam •Ml Vm. ri/ih • identical methods. Physicians and frauds alike KRSKI\1 aft AOKi advertised widely. The casual reader of daily newspapers was confronted with extravagant notices for miracle remedies which promised to ..(ogniaf ai..l7'h«.r cure consumption, to reduce all "shooting pains," ::~X to prevent fevers or cure any number of other common ailments. These advertisements appear­ ed along with the notices of reputable doctors which were indistin­ guishable in the florid syntax of all advertisements. Alarmed by the unobstructed ascendency of quackery in St. Louis, the physicians of the city, numbering twenty in 1835, agreed to establish a formal medical society. Once organized, they hoped to improve medical standards by limiting membership to well qualified doctors, and by establishing a medical school in the city, thus providing St. Louis with the first medical school west of the Mississippi River. On Christmas evening, 1835, the group called its first meeting at the Masonic Hall at Third and Elm Streets.4 The meeting was a 4Rccords of the St. Louis Medical Society, December 25, 1835. Doctors in Controversy 339 brief one. A committee for composing a constitution was created, and a second meeting was scheduled. On January 7, 1836, the doctors met again at the Masonic Hall by ''early candlelight" and agreed to bind themselves by a charter which would govern their professional lives. Identifying the association as the Medical Society of Missouri, they affixed their signatures to the official record book and proceeded with an election of officers. Among the signatures of the twenty charter members was that of William Beaumont.5 A recent arrival in the city, Beaumont enjoyed a position of prominence among his colleagues. Beginning in 1825, he had conducted gastric experiments on Alexis St. Martin, a French Canadian voyageur, who had received a gunshot wound in the upper abdomen which had healed with a fistulous opening through which the organ's structure and action could be observed. Beaumont published the results of his experiments in 1833. His work was widely translated, and he was acclaimed internationally as the definitive authority in the field of digestive physiology. As an army surgeon, he was transferred to Jefferson Barracks at St. Louis in 1834, although he preferred to continue his celebrated research in the East and sought to have his orders changed.6 Beaumont's efforts to leave St. Louis were in vain, however, and at the age of fifty-one, he began his career in the city that was to be his home until the end of his life. His reception by the St. Louis physicians was cordial, and he established a highly lucrative private practice which he added to his duties as surgeon at the St. Louis Arsenal.7 He took an active part in the founding of the medical society thus allying himself with a group of colleagues who would profoundly influence his professional future. He agreed to serve as chairman of the medical society's membership committee which was to investigate and evaluate the training of all prospective members. This appointment by the newly-elected president, Dr. Bernard Farrar, gave Beaumont a position of importance in the society's drive for improved ethical standards.8

hIbid., January 7, 1836. Other signatures: Joseph Johnson, B. G. Farrar, Hardage Lane, J. J. Moorman, Y. D. Boiling, Henry King, J. Henry, J. V. Prather, C. J. Carpenter, J. C. Butler, B. B. Brown, M. Martin, J. F. Fyler, P. A. Pulte, J. W. F. Trudeau, Newton May, George Engle- mann, and C. Campbell. 6William Beaumont to Joseph Lovell, Surgeon General, October 21, 1836, Beaumont MSS., Washington University School of Medicine Library, St. Louis; Adjutant General's Office, Special Order 35, April 30, 1834, Beaumont MSS.; William Beaumont to the Honorable Lewis Cass, Secretary of War of the United|.States, February 12, 1835, Beaumont MSS. 7Joseph Lovell, Surgeon General, to William Beaumont, January 6, 1835, Beaumont MSS. 8Records of the St. Louis Medical Society, January 7, 1836. Other officers elected were: Hardage Lane, vice-president; B. B. Brown, recording secretary; J. Johnson, corresponding secretary; Y. D. Boiling, treasurer. 340 Missouri Historical Review

In their strategy to unmask and to separate themselves from quackery in St. Louis, the medical society founders attacked two of its offending manifestations—misleading advertisements and patent medicines. Fraudulent medical practitioners customarily collected a fee for routine examination of a patient and then imposed an additional charge for a mircle tonic or pills which were kept in ready supply. These creators and peddlers of patent medicines advertised their wares as a cure for a variety of ills and prescribed them indiscriminately. The medical society ruled that both practices— advertising and the dispensing of drugs—were unethical. The society's by-laws forbid members to "hold any patent or part thereof for medicines or secret remedies for disease," nor were they allowed to keep a supply of drugs in their offices.9 Under this stipulation, doctors who had acquired patents, as Dr. John Sapping­ ton had, were publicly criticized and excluded from membership in the medical society.10 The society admitted qualified pharmacists to membership, but maintained that the sale of drugs was distinct from the ethical practice of medicine. The society also included in its by-laws a specific provision against advertisements. No person . . . shall by publication in a newspaper or other­ wise announce his pretensions to superior qualifications in the ascertainment and cure of any particular disease or diseases . . . shall hereby absolutely forfeit his seat in this society upon satisfactory proof thereof and the word "expelled" be written opposite his name in the Record Book.11 The St. Louis doctors found no difficulty in agreeing to refrain from holding patents on mircle remedies and selling drugs, but the medical society's regulation against newspaper advertising caused a bitter controversy. The groundwork for the dispute was laid in the early spring of 1839 when Beaumont let it be known among his friends and cor­ respondents that he contemplated taking an associate into his private practice. After more than three years, he had built one of the largest practices in St. Louis, and he was unable to attend to the numerous house calls alone.12 He hoped to resume his research on the digestive process by which he had earned his reputation, and

Hbid. 10John Sappington held a patent for Dr. John Sappington Anti-Fever Pills which he advertised in St. Louis newspapers. See St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, May 9, 1840. Records of the St. Louis Medical Society, May 7, 1841, "Dr. M. Martin remarked: It is well known that he [Sappington] is a vender of quack pills and no evidence wanting to certify it." nRecords of the St. Louis Medical Society, January 7, 1836. 12An undated list of Beaumont's patients reveals the names of prominent families in St. Louis such as Cabanne, Darby, Cho teau, Sublette. The list is copied in the hand of an apprentice, George Johnson, who studied with Beaumont and assisted him, 1836-1839, Beaumont MSS. Doctors in Controversy 341 it was in an effort to create time for this work that he accepted applications for an assistant.13 Several young men responded eagerly to the famous doctor. One applicant in particular, Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell, came highly recommended and well-trained. McDowell, the nephew of a celebrated surgeon, Dr. Ephraim McDowell, was in his mid- thirties.14 He had been active in the founding of two medical schools and was a professor of anatomy at Cincinnati College prior to his arrival in St. Louis. He was an accomplished orator and a zealous organizer, and he came to St. Louis, he recalled later, with the intention of founding the first medical school west of the Mississippi River. He allied himself at once with the members of the medical society who shared his enthusiasm for providing medical education in St. Louis, and, in accordance with his habit of aggressive self promotion, he petitioned Beaumont for a partnership.15 Beaumont rejected McDowell's application, leaving no record of his reason, and chose instead Dr. James Sykes, a young man whose background and inexperience suited him for the role of assistant. While McDowell appeared to bear no ill will toward Beaumont because of his decision, an intense hostility developed between the two men. In his eagerness to fulfill the duties of his new position, Sykes went to work at once upon an announcement for the newspaper which would tell of his association with Beaumont. Having been admitted to membership in the medical society, Sykes considered his position in the community to be on the ascendency. He drafted the announcement in pencil and showed it hurriedly to his employer, and, while it was rather long, Beaumont found nothing objection­ able in the text.16 The announcement appeared in the Missouri Republican on March 19, precipitating a storm of controversy within the medical society. To the members it seemed to be a blatant violation of the restrictions against advertisements. Sykes' description of himself seemed pretentious: ". . . having gained much experience in Ophthalmic surgery," the advertisement proclaimed, "[Dr. Sykes]

13William Beaumont to Ramsey Crooks, January 23, 1839, Beaumont MSS. Beaumont was in correspondence with Crooks, an officer of the American Fur Company, who offered to aid in the search for Alexis St. Martin upon whom Beaumont performed his experiments in digestive physiol­ ogy prior to 1833. 14Ephraim McDowell is credited with originating and performing the surgical technique known as ovariotomy. 16Robert J. Terry, "The Origins of Missouri Medical College," and R. E. Schlueter, "Joseph Nash McDowell," Saint Louis Medical Society Centennial Volume (St. Louis, 1939). Joseph Nash McDowell to William Beaumont, March 13, 1839, Beaumont MSS. ^Records of the St. Louis Medical Society, March 15, and May 3, 1839...... v.. ngci oi mi* company having Doctor T. J. niXOR, 1 been satisfactorily seeur. d agreeable to (LATE OF FLOR1SANT.) the provisions of the charter, the company are *l¥f OUI.D mpectfeCly inform the citizen. now prepared to insure steam boat* and ves- WW ©f 8|. I.oajimnd the country generall,, eel* of fTcry description against lo** or dam- that ha has resooveri lo thia city with tha in- «f?e \>y the dxurers of the ten and iiiMnd i,a»j. trntion of reeling permanently, and praoii paliori. Thi-y will alio inmre buildings of cio% tnedierne in all id tiriuui branche*. every description, merchandise, household fur­ II* wnsjld date that he hm had great prac­ niture and property of all kind* aguinat Ion tical experience 10 cases of Midwifery, «r,d (l>a or damage h» Are. diaeases of feaaa.lt* and children, and to thraa Term* lib«rnl and all claim* for losses will d+partaaents of hia profession, will {ire Uia be f,tirl\ adjusted and promptly paid. Office, etricteat care a ad attention. No. 64, North Firit street, opposite the office He ha* resided nearly eight yeara in the o'the Missouri Insurance Company. will be able to afford effectual county, located at Flori.snt and Manchester, II. L. HOFFMAN, Prea't. •ml for tha amount of hi* experience nml ca­ WILLIAM RIXIHIW, Sec'y. relief in most of the diseases Director*. pacity, ha would refer to the individuate with 17 whjui be haa lived *o long, and to tha aucceas | J. R Stanford, Juiue* Clemen*, jr. of the Eye. . . ," he ha* uniformly met with. j Joseph Chiirlew, H. N. DHVJ., Having taken up hia abode permanently i • i Henry Chouteau, Geo. K. Budd, the city, he will be happy to wait upon those J David Coon*, Wm. Finney. The members of the med­ wh« may require hii services. I Hour* of business from 9 A. M. to 1 P. M., Office No. 32 Olive Street, in the lime buil- and from 3 to fi P. M. apr 21 ical society were sensitive to A'jiiir, with the Meaars. Spreat'a, Attorney* at | BANK or Tlir MATE Or MIM* TTlTiT law, where he may be found at all hour*, un­ OOKS of Subscription to the Capitol r-tock let* professionally engaged. any transgression beyond the B of the "Hank oj the State of M,„„tlri" 03-Familiei waited upon by the year on ! Will be continued open at the Chouteau Hoi moderate terrai. ml 2 agreeably to the provi if the seventh sec- limitations established by I tion of the charter. LAW NOTICE* j HlMill O'NFIL, their constitution, and the JAMKS B. BOWLIN &. TIIOS. B. HUDSON, I IIKNRY WALTON, Attorneys a»*l Counsellors at law. I JOHN B. HARPY } Svper'dnti. question of the ethics of news­ »T. LOUIS, MO. I JOHN O'FALLON, |KFICE on Pine Street oppo.ite the Wash- GKO. K. MMiUNNKGLE, paper advertising was an r1 ington Houae, nnd Two door* above the I St. Lou.., March US, 1837 o•ffice ;of D. Hough, Esq. July 29 | JAMIvS II. ill OK, HI. II. explosive one. An extraordi­ F. B. MURDOCH, } (FORMERLY OF KENTUCKY.) nary session was arranged for ATTORNEY AT LAW, AVING permanently located himaelfin ALTON, MAOISON CO., ILLINOIS. H the city of St. Louie, will with pleasure j attend to any call within the line of his pro- April 12 to review Sykes' LAW NOTICE, | fe«*ion, eithe: in the city or it* vicinity. He J will at nil time* be in readiness to ride to the offense. Although Beau­ •lohti H. Thoriiigtoii, 'country at the nhortest notice. Office on 2nd TTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT street, No. 01, near the Green Tree Tavern. A LAW, having located permanently in the April 7th IS37-1MW. mont's personal intervention city of St. Louis, tender* hi* professional aer- VII cs to the public. LAW iNOTICE. in the way of explanation or His office i« on Locust, between aecond and Main-streeli, being the rooms on the fir't floor T. S. NELSON, apology might have solved ef the dwelling house of Mr. Benjamin A mo*. St. Loui*, 10th June, 1836 8-tf LAW, the matter quickly and res­ ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. DR. B. B. BROWN, Tenders hi* professional services to his friends and cued his young assistant from DENTIST. the public. FFICE, No. 28 Cheanut Street, two doora IS Office is an Olive-strret, (in the snrj,e a mounting controversy, he o from the P«*st Olfice H buildina; with that of Mr. Justice Walsh. decttO ST. I,ocie, Mo. Sen..) where he shall he rendy to attend with promptitude lo any bu>>iiiess entrusted to his chose to continue the adver­ LAW MOTICK. enre. HARRIS L. &. SPF.NCER S .SPRO\T, ft^T" Conveyancing, and other IVrilingt, rxec\ded tisement. Unwilling to refrain ATTORNEYSAtCOUNSELLORS AT LAW. earr-Jvlly. St. Louis, February 10.—if FFICE, No. 32 Olive Street, between urst _ from printing the advertise­ O and Second Streets, St. Louis Mo. dec'ttl DOCTOR W 1^ITBKSELL, KSPECTFLLLY tenders his profc»si,,nHl ment and accept the reason­ €. J. Cnrpenlrr, 1TI. D. R services to the inhabitants of St. Louis I'RGEON h. THYSICIAN. will prompt­ able correction and admoni­ S ly attend to all calls pertaining to his (^jr-Office No. 166, Main Street, tienrly op­ profession. 0^7" Office, No. 01, North First posite the Museum. mar24-t f Street. St. Louie, Feb. 28. 18Mf. tion of his colleagues directed J. B. KING A R. L.DOYLE, toward his new employee, HI. BLAIK, Attorney* and Counsellor* at l.aw. ATTORNEY AM) i OUNSELI.OR AT LAW, AVINCI associated themselvc* in prac­ FFERS his professional services to the H tice, Hill attend all the Courts held in Beaumont appeared before O public. Office corner of Olive and Sec­ the city of St. Loui*. All business rounded ond streets, diagonally opposite the 'Fremont to their care will meet with prompt attention. the society at the April meet­ House. mayfV-tf Office No. 58 Main Street, between Pine and Olive Streets, and over Mes.r*. W. R. A J. T. ing prepared to defend Sykes DIE. J. V. FKATHEIC, Martin'* Clothina: Store. mar24—If FFERS his professional »ervices to the ci- , WHOLESALE Sc RETAIL PLATED SAlJ- and the advertisement.18 O tiiena of St. Louis and it* vicinity. To | DLERY, At LEATHER STORE. aenn years practice in the state of Kentucky, | THORNTON tyitltl^l.KV, he luis added two year* experieuce in the best During the weeks between •cliool* und hospitals of Kurope. Annng tin- I ATt». 76, corner nf Main and Olive Street.*^ miny late improvements in aurjjery, 4c. he AS NOW I If STORE, AND INTENDS the first appearance of claims a familiarity with H KEEPING A GENERAL ASSORT­ Lithotr.ty, MENT OK THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES: the newspaper notice and a new mode ofextiactingtlont from the urina­ Full and outside plated Stirrupa ry bladder\ without the u*e of the knife, the Solid, and plated full, and outside brass do. the extraordinary session of usual and approved operation practised in Full and outride Bridle Bitts, of every qual­ Europe. And also with ity nnd description now in use " Gig and coach harness Bitts, and har­ 17St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, Auscultation, ness mounfinga and outside pitted coach han­ dle and Nobe March 19, 1839. hj the aid of which the obscure diseases of the 18 lung* and heart can be comprehended with Plated roller, *ham roller, and tinn'd 3-8, Records of the St. Louis Medical So­ great certainty. i, 5-8, i, 7-8, 1, nnd H inch bridle buckle* ciety, April 12, 1839. His attention ha* been for years dev»*ed to Covered do. do. do. do, do. t\o. do. do. the Pathology and treatment of Chronio iii- Smooth filed roller buckle., 1, J, 7 8 and aeasei, particularly rheumatism, acrophula 1 inch—U, 1* and 2 inch flat and round leg* and those of the urinary organa. do do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Alao,—Agent for Htagnar'e Patent Tru*a Tinn'd do. do. do. do. for Hernia, or Rupture. Japann'd do. Typical advertisements and 0^-OaSce on Main-*treet, 3 doora above Tinn'd (S. Bent'*) sharp and *poon end Majwr Hopkin'a Boarding Houae, St Loui*. •naffle bridle bill*, and two-barred meu'a and notices from the front page of may 20 ladies' D bottom stirrups Trunk I>ocks and Plates a St. Louis newspaper during Lmu> JTotitc. ~ Martingale rings, 1, li. 1*, «n«J U »"• P1"' the 1830s. HE onderaigned, have aaaoclated them- ted brass, covered, ivory, and tinn'd T selres together In the practice of I>aw— Ornamenta and Spota, solid silver, plated, All baainess entrusted to them, will ba prompt­ and brass St. Louis Missouri Argus, May 2G, 1837. ly and punctually, attended to. Their office Bosses, do. do. do. do. ia on Main street, in the office heretofore occu­ Red, bl .a, yellow, strip'd, and orange won­ pied by J F Darby. JOHN V. DARBY, ted aurcingls, girth, and roller webb oct30 ALEX. HAMILTON. Cotton, No 2, M and 4 DENTISTRY. Ladies' cut-back, Colombia, race, fig and cvttina, LUBCUINO. AND •LUDINO Spanish Sad.He trees BY Red, black, yellow, graeii and white Moroc- J. H. BUFF1NGTON. Doctors in Controversy 343

April 12, the medical society appointed a committee to investigate the matter and make recommendations to the membership. Dr. Franklin Knox reported that the committee found Beaumont and Sykes to be in violation of Section 10, Article 1 of the by-laws. During the debate which followed, the two offenders waited outside the meeting room. Although he was to appear before an extra­ ordinary session for a similar violation later during the summer, Knox led the faction which demanded the immediate expulsion of Beaumont and Sykes, as provided in the regulations. He opposed any suggestion of compromise with Beaumont. The arguments flared throughout the evening. Those in favor of expulsion suc­ ceeded in calling for the adoption of the committee report. The report subsequently was tabled, however, and the chairman of the special session set another meeting on May 3.19 The following day Beaumont and Sykes called on McDowell who was the society's recording secretary and asked to read the minutes of the meeting. There had not been time to prepare the official transcript, McDowell told them, but he offered his notes taken during the debate. He also offered his confidential report of the controversy, and described the arguments in detail, recalling vividly the words of each member during the closed session. In doing so, he provided Beaumont and Sykes with an index of their friends and enemies. Prominent among their enemies, McDowell reported, were Stephen W. Adreon and E. Y. Watson. They had demanded an early vote on the report of the investigating com­ mittee. McDowell insisted that he had been so offended by their statements that he had threatened to resign from the society that very evening. He added that he had been responsible for the motion to table the report which resulted in their being retained as members of the society at least temporarily. At the end of the interview, McDowell was firmly allied with Beaumont and Sykes.20 After learning that Adreon and Watson had opposed them, Beaumont and Sykes ceased speaking to them. When any of the four doctors happened to meet in the course of their regular hospital duties, it was made clear by their silence that there was now hostility between them. Acting on the basis of McDowell's report, Beau­ mont made the conflict a personal one with the men he thought wanted him expelled from the society. During the interval between the April and May meetings, the members took positions in the opposing camps, yet as the affair was nibid. *>Ibid. From the statement by James Sykes read before the Investigating Committee, June 22, 1839. 344 Missouri Historical Review

discussed and reviewed privately, these positions altered again and again. To Beaumont and Sykes, their friends were scarcely distin­ guishable from their enemies: McDowell's index became obsolute and therefore unreliable almost at once. The tempest continued and ill will mounted among the members until at last Sykes took matters into his own hands. He arranged a meeting of the four opponents—Adreon, Watson, Beaumont and himself—to take place at the office which he shared with Beaumont. He also invited McDowell. The result of this meeting was the isolation and repudiation of McDowell. His report was made to appear false by what Watson and Adreon had to say about the affair. Whether McDowell had reported in good faith the lengthy arguments he had witnessed and was subsequently betrayed by Adreon and Watson cannot be known from the official record of the medical society, but the ambitious young physician, recently established in St. Louis and without allies upon whom he could as yet depend, suffered injury at this brief meeting in Beaumont's office from which he never recovered. If, in his sympathetic report to Beaumont and Sykes, he was seeking a second time to ally himself with the influential and famous doctor, he made a grave error in judgment. The other doctors emerged from the meeting firmly allied against McDowell, who bore the cost of the realignment for they agreed that he had misrepresented the facts.21 On the evening of May 3 the medical society solemnly convened in another extraordinary session to reconsider the conflict surround­ ing the newspaper advertisement of Beaumont and Sykes which, since April 23, had appeared on the front page of the Missouri Republican. The tension increased as McDowell rose to read his controversial minutes of the session. Beaumont's friends prepared to fix the blame for the entire affair upon McDowell. Adreon led the attack followed by Beaumont who read a long prepared statement sermonizing upon the motives of malice in McDowell's actions. Sykes then denounced McDowell and complained of the treatment he and Beaumont had received. It became apparent to the member­ ship that Beaumont, Sykes, Adreon and Watson had ended their quarrel and now constituted a powerful alliance in opposition to the recording secretary. McDowell could not endure the personal criticism and as the humiliation which he had experienced at the meeting in Beaumont's office became public, he became frantically defensive. Attempting to salvage his honor, he began a series of MTTMI TRUTH nrJMrRR««tfi> o*| \Wi Minis— TrfAtAa.1' »*••" 0i *****<••, unplwttnt Jnlityt nfany k iW, ttnnwing F in murbii, riagmnt, anMrh imp*d* lh* rlrcutnHtn nf lh« tittHut, ami Ihnt man it $uljtil in nvly one ful tin- St. Louis Missouri Argus, eatr, nttmrfy, December 16, 1837. .IMPURITY, OH I.MI'ERKWTCJIRUUfiA- TloW OK rur moon. It It true trnr/ dlamaiin innJT ti^rt hovfl H« origin in impurity nf fttW/, hut the fo-Vn? in nil Hilda, in it. 'I'lie»rffrsrea imfmritjl nf fWorWi* in fntt lhr> only illtpniH w* htvfi'fo rum: or, lit other words, our only* ohjmt to nhfniii '. ht hint •tntn ul lnoillh, |i to purify irul to k'irp . in rt • lulu of purity our 'irrul'tftnV»T Wn«w imy onn ill who an blood uat /mrff Who nver knnw nny oim in n itut') '»( rl^HK alnive medlelne.orlulnnllv utenarrd l.yii.y br hrnllli \vli<»*». hhnt'l I/VM im/uref I tl.et, Western Tl.on a\VUe«h,n| I'lillailnlplila, I»K. iiit\Ninrni',s vi;(;r.TAHf.i; UNI- Ins. sfTVettd the ittoet silt Vr.RMAf. rifJ.H, for i.nrify.r^ th» I.I'.o.l « .Mt«Mto.nri-nte.| to n\« u Knowled<]o of Ms pre rptnti'l tinrivnltf)» nnd Imvn r^nly lo II^'-.'-IDO administration. It la now o'V.'ied In Hits Hi y, •a wlm are aWnied with the same i'|*>*n-n*, « I.t. n It has l>oai known, to Im npprorintril. hi .V-w Y»-rk the mesna ofmrlnt. (have In *tv pns*#-al llit'Y "rn viilm-rl lirynml itll prices ft"-l "t»*°* nusnlrr ot handl Ills and painphleis, . ..nialnlrif, rhrllll lul.'ly ri-»|Min» llirt'u niTirot f,>r thoir oxr.lii*. vr rates ol mrsa ol almost every disease the human system • «!•• >s attlloted with, and In lh« testimony .ifwhl.li. I

.«u, 10 maker «.^rn di _ ....-• Lit it l.c uurno in mind, tunl tlit HrniuK th leltie, Immediately, •• i tuti quite rnrtaln tlity m'ver will i'illn ])o«ivC«t two Mtriiordinnry pro M.rti«> regret It. HAM'L. C. MKLI'., r Colernln townalilp, Hamilton courtly, Ohio. wliidi inulvP thrm |»vc«i lmily vnlu»hl«» Ouv OetQherlJ.ttrjj. in, that they cutiiiot po»»tl)ly injure} aiul ihv

, other i«, tin*t if tnlcm in inch tlosiu u* ah.tll iMi onTAKrTrTTnf._\nDKrhPTiov. optTutti irtM'ly upon the hcwcli, nro nlwujri fir. II. U'lleurir—AIK»MI III* let of June last I lind a most violent itttitrk oillie rlitiittiatlain.eu eevaro and ilia. •tire tu do good, reeelntf Ihct I will noon routined to my IHUI: mid In a slM»rt time havame titietty un»hle to movn my limits without Hit rnnaiant nssletnare of a miree The etrrnH- I.IVER COMPLAINT l^FECTUALLY ulliij |.ulna which i anllnred aeemed loo severe to he en CUIIKD. •Hired tuny; yet tumid •till mure to Hie horrors*?!* my Itnatlon, the dy«|»«|>«i«. In Its wotal form atitteU i*|*>n Sir.—Out of rmptot to y«»u Tor your txooU ma »• ••'- ' tomenl, raaaln*? •• hunihii Iteal litnt PUN, iiritl traptoinlly tht w*»ll hrinf of my ; lotas « | vrtn tilia aK.»—

IIOJIUI, inn .. uiii»r'»\ . a new ..mi, .u 1; ourt now lirciith MIKI walk lie woll in evrr— yuu art.'at lilnrly lo rtler to inn. 1 am, .Srtjotir'* v«-ry iruly, And greatly obliged, n-s»lJrooinoit.,N. Y. I1KNJ. liVANi

ASTIJMA ( riti:i). Thi« M*t<> oortily, tltut I huvn h« • t< (1 thnt In; could not turu in his tied without n»iil'iiirr—tin* pmn* wrn- violrnt in nil part* of hiA borlva l»t»t p-priurilly in hi* br^rl^t, hark, '< iiriiix ami not. '1 hi* |»rHon t>>uk nool\tr' metliciiiH tlrnn linnuUtir. Pill*—for iwt»| wrika ho tovk U pilli* pt r day, anil ullt u rt- tintn^ aw WO, find in (hrcc wick* In* *u» utilr lo urt out. nht] now having y«;r

Resolved that Drs. Beaumont and Sykes be respectfully requested to discontinue said advertisement.22

Beaumont had won the day. Knox found himself admonished and isolated along with McDowell. The dispute over the Beaumont and Sykes newspaper advertise­ ment faded into the record book of the medical society while the tempest about McDowell raged on. The members prepared for conflict as the time approached for the extraordinary session on

vibid., May 3, 1839. Doctors in Controversy 347

June 7 which McDowell had requested for the consideration of his case. During the month-long interval between meetings, McDowell prepared a written statement which took the form of a resolution. At the June meeting he introduced the resolution with a long preamble describing the meeting which Sykes had arranged at Beaumont's office. McDowell asserted that this had been a plot to victimize and discredit him. Beaumont and the others involved spoke against the adoption of the resolution and preamble, but it carried with only the four negative votes of Beaumont, Sykes, Adreon and Watson. The members seem to have felt a degree of sympathy for McDowell who was forced to plead his case alone. An investigating committee was appointed in response to McDowell's demands, and additional sessions were scheduled to take testimony from the parties involved. When Beaumont appeared before the committee, he declared that the entire affair wras generated by McDowell's malice toward him. He added that he and Sykes now enjoyed a firm friendship with Watson and Adreon. When Knox testified before the committee, he insisted that McDowell had been victimized by the others and that the meeting at Beaumont's office was a deliberate trick to discredit McDowell. By this time Knox's antagonism toward the Beaumont group had intensified because of an altercation with Watson, and he defended McDowell with furor.23 The committee completed its hearings in July and reported to the medical society. After considering the committee findings, the society voted on July 8 to adopt the following resolution: Resolved that it is the opinion of the Medical Society . . . that the conduct of Dr. J. N. McDowell . . . has been highly reprehensible. It is further resolved . . . that Drs. Beaumont and Sykes are . . . not guilty of any dishonorable conduct towards McDowell.24 McDowell might have borne the accusation of creating ill will with some measure of dignity, but the insinuation of dishonesty made his position in the society intolerable. He was requested to resign his office of recording secretary, and as his membership in the society was about to be discussed, he "rose and remarked that he would save the Society that trouble, and make a verbal resignation of his membership . . . and left the hall." With his only ally, Knox, finally silenced McDowell retreated alone.25

nibid., June 22, 1839. nibid., July 8, 1839. ^Ibid., July 8, 1839. McDowell's formal resignation was received and accepted by the Medical Society, October 4, 1839. 348 Missouri Historical Review

McDowell's exit may have been anticipated by the membership on that July evening. He was clearly the loser in the entire affair. His efforts to associate himself with Beaumont—first by his applica­ tion for a partnership and then by his confidential report of the March meeting—not only failed, but also earned for him the disdainful repudiation of his new colleagues. McDowell had come to St. Louis to establish a medical college, and he had attempted in vain to join those men who shared his ambition. As he strode away from the meeting he set the definite course of his future career in St. Louis. Henceforth he struggled alone, remaining deeply bitter against the medical society. Beaumont gained only momentary satisfaction in his triumph over McDowell and Knox. Knox was to have his revenge in less than a year when he took the witness stand in the course of the Darnes-Davis Case to repudiate Beaumont's professional integrity.26 Beaumont had made a lasting enemy who would bring harm to his reputation. Four years later, Beaumont felt a second blow to his professional posture when he was named with Adreon in a mal­ practice suit. When the case came to court Beaumont saw his associates from the medical society testify against him. Knox, Hardage Lane, William Carr Lane, Charles Pope, and Thomas Reyburn contradicted Beaumont's testimony in the complex battle over a diagnosis.27 Even his assistant, James Sykes, numbered among his opponents. Their partnership terminated in 1841 and their friendship disintegrated. In 1846 they went to court over disputed medical fees.28 By allowing Beaumont to push a trivial dispute to the extent that a physician was humiliated and excluded, the medical society deprived itself of the zeal for organization and administrative drive which McDowell possessed in abundance. In the spring of 1840 McDowell held his first lectures on anatomy and surgery in St. Louis, which he advertised in the newspapers of the city.29 Later that same year he was invited to establish a medical department at Kemper College.30 The medical society worked toward the founding 26Cynthia De Haven Pitcock, "The Involvement of William Beaumont, M.D., in a Medical- Legal Controversy: The Darnes-Davis Case, 1840," Missouri Historical Review, LIX (October, 19G4), 31-45. 27Mary Dugan vs. William Beaumont and Stephen Adreon, St. Louis Circuit Court, 1844; St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, III (May, 184G), 529. '^James Sykes vs. William Beaumont, St. Louis Circuit Court, April 3, 184G; St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, April 1, 1841. An announcement of the termination of the partnership of Beaumont and Sykes. Beaumont moved his office to the residence of Mrs. L. Perry, north corner of 4th and Walnut Streets. Sykes continued to occupy the office which they had shared at SlA Vine Street. 29St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, April 24, 1840. 30When Kemper College closed in 1845 McDowell's Medical Department joined the state university to become the Missouri Medical College. Doctors in Controversy 349

of its own medical department at St. Louis University and offered the Chair of Surgery to Beaumont.31 It is still debated which was the first medical school to be established west of the Mississippi, but it is clear that the medical society would have benefited from the dedication and talents of McDowell.32 Instead, he remained intense­ ly hostile toward the St. Louis physicians throughout his long career as a medical educator in the city, and he made it a policy to import his various faculties from other cities.

"William Greenleaf Eliot to William Beaumont, October 12, 1836, Beaumont MSS. Beaumont did not accept the post. 32St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, June 11, 1840: "Corner stone of the first medical edifice erected in St. Louis will be laid at 4 p.m. today at Dollar's Addition to St. Louis, and at 8 p.m. at the Baptist Church . . . Dr. J. N. McDowell will give the address. Public invited."; St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, I (March 15, 1844), 196. Faculty began instruction during the academic year of 1842-1843 in a small house on the north side of Washington Avenue, between 10th and 11th streets. In 1844 the graduating class numbered six for the Doctor of Medicine Degree.

"AS A MAN THITSKETH, SO IS HE" Forty Years of Frontier Life; Memoir of John Mason Peck [From Chapter VIII, "Early Evangelizing Efforts in the West—Recollections of Towns in Illinois and Missouri in 1818."] The writer had not been in the country one year before he had learned half a dozen lessons in frontier knowledge of great value in practical life. One branch was how Indians, hunters, surveyors and all others who had to travel over uninhabited deserts, made their camping-place and kept themselves comfortable. The first thing is to select the right place, in some hollow or ravine protected from the wind, and if possible behind some old forest giant which the winds have prostrated. And then, reader, don't build your fire against the tree, for that is the place for your head and shoulders to lie, and around which the smoke and heated air may curl. Then don't be so childish as to lie on the wet, or cold frozen earth, without a bed. Gather a quantity of grass, leaves, and small brush, and after you have cleared away the snow, and provided for protection from the wet or cold earth, you may sleep comfortably. If you have a piece of jerked venison, and a bit of pone with a cup of water, you may make out a splendid supper, provided you think so; "for as a man thinketh, so is he." ... If it rains, a very little labor, with barks or even brush, with the tops sloping downward will be no mean shelter. Keep your feet straight to the fire, but not near enough to burn your moccasins or boots, and your legs and whole body will be warm. The aphorism of the Italian physician, which he left in a sealed letter as a guide to all his former patients, when he was dead, contains excellent advice to all frontier people: " Keep your feet warm, your back straight, and your head cool, and bid defiance to the doctors." Development of the Jewish Community of Kansas City, 1864-1908

BY HOWARD F. SACHS*

Early in the year 1908, Ethel R. Feineman completed a mono­ graph reviewing the history of the Jews of Kansas City.1 Miss Feineman was no stranger to her subject. She was the daughter of Benjamin A. Feineman, who had served the Jewish community as leader of its religious, social and charitable organizations. The daughter's careful and detailed study, prepared at a time when she could consult old settlers, is an invaluable record of the begin­ nings of the Jewish community of the city. This article is derived almost entirely from her work. The occasion which probably brought forth Miss Feineman's history was the construction of a new Temple for Congregation B'nai Jehudah, at Linwood and Flora, and the prospective closing of the old Temple at 11th and Oak. The twenty-four year life span of the Oak Street Temple roughly coincides with the period of major accomplishment by the first Jewish settlers in Kansas City, and the year 1908 may be taken as the zenith of that accomplish­ ment. It is thus both convenient and meaningful to include the same period in this article. In the history of American Jewry, as in Kansas City, the era is considered the time of "German" leadership in community affairs and Reform leadership in religion. For several decades, this period has been somewhat out of fashion. It was the era of heavy immigration from Eastern Europe, which initially resulted in tension between the older "German" community and the new "Russian" communit}^ As the new immigrants and their children came to dominate American Jewish life, first in numbers and then in leader­ ship, there was a tendency to belittle or forget the achievements of the earlier period, and to remember resentments against the older

*Howard F. Sachs is a partner in the law firm of Spencer, Fane, Britt & Browne in Kansas City, Missouri, and is a former chapter chairman of the American Jewish Committee. lie is a graduate of Williams College and Harvard Law School (LL.B., 1950). He wrote an article on the post-Civil War decisions of Missouri's Federal Judge Arnold Krekel, which was published in the Kansas City Bar Journal. JE. R. Feineman, "A History of the Jews of Kansas City," a 68-page supplement to the weekly publication, The Reform Advocate (Chicago: Bloch & Newman), March 28, 1908. Standard early histories of the city, containing reference to the Jewish community, are: C W. Whitney, Kansas City, Mo., its History and its People (Chicago, 1908); W. H. Miller, History of Kansas City (Kansas City, 1881); T. S. Case, History of Kansas City, Mo. (Syracuse, 1888). Development of the Jewish Community in Kansas City 351 immigrants, who sometimes mingled condescension with their charity. Today, however, such differences within the Jewish community are rapidly disappearing, and the period before World War I may be considered without antipathy (or glorification).2 Miss Feineman's work is largely a review of "German" achieve­ ment. Of some fifty biographical sketches in her history, only five were representative of the new "Russian" immigration. It should not be imagined, however, that the 45 representatives of the older "German" community were strongly Wagnerian in character— 20 were born in America, 13 had emigrated from Germany before 1870, some individuals had come from England, France and Canada, a few were early immigrants from Poland, Bohemia and Russia, and only three were late arrivals from the unified German Empire, having emigrated in the 1880s. Miss Feineman was writing about people who generally considered themselves "old timers" in Kansas City by 1908. Going back to the beginnings of Jewish life in Kansas City is almost the same as going back to the beginnings of the town on the river. Partners by the name of Cohn & Block had one of the early trading houses on the townsite (in 1839) and were probably "the first to offer a stock of general merchandise."3 Conceivably these merchants were the first Jewish residents, who were described by Miss Feineman as "two brothers [?] of Polish descent, whose names could not be learned, [who] lived at Westport Landing, and were noted owners of slaves, until losing everything by fire, [when] they were compelled to sell out and move elsewhere." Many of the first Jewish settlers did not become firmly estab­ lished in the town, and soon moved on, but Herman Ganz made Kansas City his permanent home, beginning in May, 1856. In that period the population of the town was perhaps 1,000, and several of the pioneer leaders (Case, Coates, Swope and Van Horn) were choosing Kansas City for permanent residence. Before the Civil War, Benjamin Ganz joined his brother. Henry Miller and Louis Hammerslough completed the roster of Jewish residents who had come to stay. All four were German-born bachelors in their early twenties. During the Civil War, the Ganz brothers joined the Home Guard, to strengthen the perilous Federal position in the city. 2A general view of American Jewry during the period immediately before World War I is presented in the first chapters of Solomon Grayzel, A History of the Contemporary Jews (Philadelphia, 1960). A new ability to face the bitterness of the period is evidenced by the popularity of the classic novel by Henry Roth, Call it Sleep (New York, 1964). For a survey of American Jewry just before the Kansas City community was formed, see B. W. Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War ((Philadelphia, 1961). sMiller, History of Kansas City, 398. EARLY LEADERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT Ot

HENRY MILLER Organizer and Warden JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF Hebrew Burial Ground Association Radical Reform" Rabbi (1864) Congregation B'nai Jehudah Oak Street Temple (1883-1887)

Louis Hammerslough left Kansas City for two years in Iown

He returned m 1863 with a bnde from Baltimore, the same year that Herman Ganz brought his bride to Kansas City from ZlZphL

CivnWarlf/T*8 Chy ^ alm°St Snuffed out during the anrf A uv T PI"g transPortation facilities and the doubling and redoubling of population made the late I860* ,„ IT g period in the city's history Bv 187(1 it „ ? f exhllarating 2S 000 fi-t^ I,- i. UbTOry- By 1870 't had a population of about

5/6/

WILLIAM J. BERKOWITZ BERTHA LIEBERMAN First President First President, Kansas City Section United Jewish Charities National Council of Jewish Women (1901-1904) (1895-1900)

The first Jewish organization to appear in Kansas City was a burial society, formed in 1864. Eighteen men signed up as members of the society,6 which thereafter purchased a lot with dues collected over a period of 16 months. The first burial occurred in 1866, when a young Jewish resident of Pleasant Hill was killed in a railroad accident. About five years later, the cemetery lot was traded, and the burial society acquired land in Elmwood Cemetery, to which the graves were moved. The second Jewish organization in Kansas City was a B'nai B'rith lodge, which installed officers in 1868. The original lodge was short-lived, but another lodge formed in the same period is still in existence. Abraham Baer, organizer of the new lodge (No. 184), became its first president. 6The president of the burial society, Sigmund Benjamin, does not appear elsewhere in Miss Feineman's history. Members who remained in Kansas City include Joseph Cahn, Louis Hammer­ slough, Henrv Miller, Bruno Flersheim, Julien Haar, Joseph Lorie, A. Baer, Herman Ganz and Charles Haller. 354 Missouri Historical Review

From a religious standpoint, it is said the Jews of the city met only twice a year—on Rosh Hashonah and Yom Kippur. They held services in a store-room or small hall. In 1870 a special meeting created Congregation B'nai Jehudah, with 23 charter members. The first rabbi, M. R. Cohen, held the first congrega­ tional services at Masonic Hall, at 4th and Walnut, on Rosh Hashonah, in September, 1870. The congregation subsequently met at two locations on Main Street, and then at the Unitarian Church at 11th and Baltimore, while the first synagogue was under construction. The synagogue was a frame building on Wyandotte Street, near 6th. It was occupied in 1875, when there were about 60 members of the congre­ gation, and served the needs of the Jewish community for nine years. The first president and vice-president of Congregation B'nai Jehudah were Joseph Cahn and Louis Hammerslough. Together with B. A. Feineman, who later served as president of the congre­ gation for 17 years, these men have been described as the principal lay leaders of the Jewish community during its early decades. Succeeding Rabbi M. R. Cohen were Emanuel L. Hess, David Burgheim and Dr. A. Grossman, all in the 1870s, and Dr. Elias Eppstein (1880-1883). Rabbi Eppstein is the first rabbi pictured in Miss Feineman's history.7 None of the early rabbis are described in the history, which suggests that the congregation was having difficulty in obtaining, or keeping, qualified rabbis. There may well have been early financial difficulties, as the congregation was hardly large enough to be viable. Within a year of the creation of the religious congregation, another significant development occurred within the Jewish com­ munity—the beginning of organized charity. In this activity the women took the lead. The Hebrew Ladies' Relief Society, formed in 1871, had as officers Mrs. Cahn, Mrs. Hammerslough, Mrs. Herman Ganz and Mrs. M. R. Cohen, and thus seems to have been a "women's auxiliary" to the congregational leadership.8 After about ten years the need for charity had so increased that a Hebrew Men's Relief Society was established. As will appear, however, the proliferation of charities during the closing years of the Nineteenth Century was consistently led by the Jewish women.

7His biography appears in Miller, History of Kansas City, 766. 8Other charter members of the first Jewish charity were: Mrs. Benjamin Ganz, Mrs. Henry Cahn, Mrs. Wolf Bachrach, Mrs. Henry Miller, Mrs. Rosalie Sachs, Mrs. H. Waldauer, Mrs. A. Baer, Mrs. H. Mayer, Mrs. Louis Rothschild, Mrs. Elise Binswanger, Mrs. B. A. Feineman, Mrs. I. Bachrach and Mrs. Max Rice. PROGRESS CLUB Kansas City

The next development in Jewish communal life was at the social level. In 1881 a social club was organized by Samuel Latz, and styled the Progress Club. It is not known whether the membership was exclusively Jewish, but the ladies who wrote local histories in 1908 listed it as a Jewish organization. A substantial brick building on Quality Hill was acquired in the 1890s. It is one of the few remaining "Jewish landmarks" of the period (the Musicians' Building, 1017 Washington). Establishment of the Progress Club should probably be con­ sidered part of a pattern of ethnic cohesion, exhibited in the period by many recent immigrant groups, particularly those from Ger­ many. That social withdrawal from the general community was not intended, however, may be inferred from the fact that the founder of the club subsequently married Susie Van Horn, a cousin of Col. Robert T. Van Horn. Their son was the first Kansas Citian to attend the Hebrew Union College (the Reform Jewish rabbinical seminary). Rabbis fresh from the Hebrew Union College helped bring maturity to Congregation B'nai Jehudah in the 1880s. Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf and his brother-in-law and successor, Rabbi Henry Berkowitz, were members of the first graduating class at 356 Missouri Historical Review the seminary. Miss Feineman reports that these young rabbis initiated "radical Reform" in Kansas City (the most drastic break with traditional Jewish practices). Soon after Rabbi Krauskopf's arrival in 1883, the congregation began building its second syna­ gogue, the Temple at the southwest corner of 11th and Oak, which was dedicated with considerable ceremony the following year. In attendance was Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, perhaps the most prominent American Jewish leader of the Nineteenth Century. The Oak Street Temple was a brick structure with Moorish details, and seems architecturally related to the Catholic Cathedral, built during the same period. The Temple was a more modest structure, of course, accommodating the 150 members which the congregation had acquired by 1888. Rabbis Krauskopf and Berkowitz, and their successor, Rabbi Samuel Schulman, remained in Kansas City for four or five years each, when they were called to major congregations in the East where they became national figures in Reform Judaism.9 Beginning in 1886 the women of the Jewish community began forming societies to assist refugees from Eastern Europe, who came in an ever-increasing flow after pogroms in Russia in the early 1880s. Supplementing the existing relief societies, the women opened an Industrial School in 1886, which helped immigrant women acquire skills in garment making, for industrial use. The women then organized a Free Kindergarten, a Free Bath, a Penny Provident Fund and a Shoe Fund. By 1895 the need for sustained support for this work, and for better coordination of activities, led to the establishment of the Council of Jewish Women. Mrs. Louis S. Lieberman, Mrs. Felix V. Kander, Ida M. (Mrs. Sol.) Block and Rabbi Schulman helped organize the Council. Similar leadership then established a Night School and a religious "Mission School" for children of the new immigrants. Before the end of the century still another women's group, a Sewing Circle, was organized. All these activities were led by the Reform Jewish women. A developing division in the Jewish community was first evi­ denced by the appearance of an Orthodox women's charity in the late 1880s, which assumed the name of the original women's charity in the city, the Hebrew Ladies' Relief Society. Helen 9For biographies, see Universal Jewish Encyclopedia and Dictionary of American Biography. Descendants and close relatives of the early rabbis remained in Kansas City. A daughter of Rabbi Eppstein married Felix V. Kander, and a daughter of Rabbi Krauskopf returned to the city as the wife of Lionel Benjamin. The brother of Rabbi Berkowitz, William J. Berkowitz, and the rabbi's nephews and great-nephews have been active in communal and civic affairs—a great-nephew being Richard L. Berkley, current Republican County Chairman. Another civic leader descended from an early settler is Kenneth Krakauer, past president of the Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, whose great-grandfather, Benjamin Ganz, became a resident of the city in 1860. Development of the Jewish Community in Kansas City 357

Leavitt, a Russian-born immigrant who came to the city in 1892, became the principal leader of this activity. During the closing years of the century the Reform congregation, B'nai Jehudah, barely held its membership, while several religious societies were being organized to satisfy the requirements of the Eastern Euro­ pean immigrants who remained largely traditional in religion.10 By the year 1908 there were three Orthodox congregations in the city, Keneseth Israel, Tivares Israel and Gomel Chased. The largest of these congregations, Keneseth Israel, had over 100 members and constructed a synagogue on Locust Street, near 15th, in 1901.n The beginning of communal life among the new "Russian" immigrants was marked by the creation of a Loan Association by the Hebrew Ladies' Relief Society (in 1900), a Ladies' Zion Club (1901), a Talmud Torah school (1904), and special relief com­ mittees at the time of the Kansas City flood and the Russian pog­ roms in Odessa and Kishinev. Friction between "German" and "Russian" Jews was a well- known phenomenon of the times, but is difficult to document from Miss Feineman's history. Perhaps she fails adequately to discuss the early achievements of the new immigrants. Her comment that the members of the Progress Club represented "the more cultured strata" of Jewish society reflects a glimmer of snobbery from the older community. The old settlers feared the Jewish "image" in America was being tarnished by the arrival of a great mass of foreigners from remote and backward areas of Eastern Europe, while the new imigrants scornfully charged the "Germans" with abandoning the essentials of Judaism in accommodating themselves to the general culture.12 An example of internal bickering appears in a letter to the Kansas City Star at a critical moment of the Dreyfus Affair in France.13 On September 9, 1899, the second espionage trial of Captain Dreyfus resulted in a second conviction. The German Kaiser had just proclaimed Dreyfus' innocence (it turned out the German spy was a different man). When word of these events 10Congregational differences based on national origin were rather typical of immigrant groups. For instance, the early histories of the city refer to a German Catholic church, established after a petition by German residents. nLeaders of Congregation Keneseth Israel, whose biographies were sketched by Miss Feine­ man, were Berry Dantzig, Abraham Denebeim and A. L. Askanas. These men were also active in charity work. Mr. Askanas and Mrs. Helen Leavitt served on the Board of the United Jewish Charities, but the Hebrew Ladies' Relief Society (Orthodox) remained outside the Federation, apparently being wary of "German" domination. 12Grayzel, History of Contemporary Jews, 42-45; E. D. Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment (New York, 1964), 58-62; O. Janowsky, The American Jew (Philadelphia, 1963), 9, 301, refers to mutual "disdain" and "strong animosity" between "Russian" and "German" Jews. "Letter of Oscar Sachs, Kansas City Star, September 15, 1899. 358 Missouri Historical Review reached Kansas City through extensive, daily front-page stories, the Hebrew Ladies' Relief Society (Orthodox) adopted a resolution urging the boycott of the Paris Exposition to protest French Anti- Semitism which permeated the Dreyfus Affair. Newspaper head­ ings on September 10 read "Jewish women of Kansas City denounce the Dreyfus verdict" and asserted "They Will Boycott France." This brought forth the letter to the Star, from a member of the "German" community, warning against the assumption that the Orthodox relief society was an authorized spokesman or repre­ sentative body of the Jewish community. The writer said the society should not be confused with an older group of the same name "whose members mostly belong to the church of which Krauskopf, Berkowitz and Schulman were ministers." He objected to the proposed boycott and suggested that "intelligent and sound" Frenchmen would be able to overcome the "psychical disease" affecting that country. Rather ungallantly, the writer questioned whether many of the Orthodox ladies "earnestly contemplated a visit to the Paris Exposition," remarking that "if they stay away not much harm will be done." Despite resentments within the divided Jewish community, provision for the new immigrants commanded the attention of all. At the turn of the century the leading men of the older community assumed responsibility for the charity work and community or­ ganization previously undertaken by the Council of Jewish Women. A "Federation," the United Jewish Charities, was chartered in 1901 to coordinate the work and pool the resources of the Council, two of the relief societies, the Shoe Fund and the Sewing Circle. The elderly B. A. Feineman served a few years as the community's first Superintendent of Charities. It is said that in those early days, before the advent of professional social workers, "a group of men used to meet on Sunday mornings to receive applicants in person, and would dole out charity or refuse to assist, whatever they thought would be appropriate for that particular individual."14 During the first decade of the Twentieth Century, the Jewish community added to existing facilities by creating a Day Nursery, an Immigration Employment Bureau, a Fresh Air Fund (sponsor­ ing a camp for immigrant children), a library, dancing classes and a program of Saturday night concerts and lectures. Activities supported by the Federation were soon centralized. A settlement house known as the Educational Institute was rented in 1906.

l4Memorandum of E. B. Berkowitz, son of the first president of the Federation, July 8, 1965. Development of the Jewish Community in Kansas City 359

The settlement house was ultimately located at Admiral and Harrison, a site selected in 1908. A Jewish Hospital Association was organized in 1903, but the acquisition of sufficient funds to build a hospital was delayed until long after the period under consideration. One reason may have been the close association of several members of the Jewish community with the existing German Hospital (now Research), which made a special point of being non-sectarian and open to members of all ethnic groups. Despite the inevitable concentration of energy and resources on the continuing crisis of immigration, many Jews were active in the general community. Prior to 1908 Jewish men had been elected to county office and to the City Council, and had served on the Park Board and as directors of the Commercial Club. Contribu­ tions from Jewish organizations were noted in times of emergency, from the Chicago fire to the San Francisco earthquake.15 This review of developing charitable and religious organizations and expanding social services should include identification of certain key figures. Until her death in 1898 leadership was perhaps typified by Ida M. Block, a young and childless matron who started the Industrial School and Free Bath, and was co-founder of the Penny Provident Fund and the Council of Jewish Women. Also significant was the role of Rabbi Schulman, a native of Russia who was educated at the University of Berlin. After the death of Mrs. Block and Rabbi Schulman's call to a pulpit in New York, leader­ ship soon passed to Alfred Benjamin, a bachelor who (in Miss Feineman's opinion) had become the Jewish community's "first citizen" by 1908. He was the "originator and promoter" of the settlement house and the "first and strongest advocate" of a professional staff. At the close of the period under consideration, in 1907, the community acquired a young and aggressive Superin­ tendent of Charities in Jacob Billikopf, a Russian-born intellectual of considerable executive capacity. His selection foreshadowed an ultimate merger of the "German" and "Russian" communities. The work of Alfred Benjamin and Jacob Billikopf was made feasible by the earlier creation of the Federation, and through the efforts of William J. Berkowitz, Gustave Bernheimer and the new rabbi at B'nai Jehudah, Dr. Harry H. Mayer, who assumed his

ir>The Kansas City Jewish community does not share St. Joseph's honor, in having a congrega­ tion which contributed to the Lincoln Monument Association in 1865. Korn, American Jewry and Civil War, 215. St. Joseph was twice the size of Kansas City in 1860, and the Jewish communi­ ty of St. Joseph pre-dates that of Kansas City. 360 Missouri Historical Review pulpit in 1899 and subsequently served the congregation for almost thirty years. Rabbi Mayer's first decade at the Temple coincided with a period of significant growth. The congregation doubled in size, having nearly 300 members in 1908. Sunday School enrollment reached 150, the Temple Sisterhood was organized, and, as a major achievement, the congregation built its imposing new Temple at Linwood and Flora. With this development, Miss Feineman closed her story of a Jewish community which "from the sturdy little seed planted in rough but fertile soil . . . has grown and blossomed till it now opens to view a full blown flower of vivid color and far-reaching fragrance.'' Almost sixty years later the early development and first flowering of the Jewish community of Kansas City remains a subject for admiration.

A School for Lads and Misses Jackson, Missouri Herald, July 29, 1820 Mr. and Mrs. Flint— Respectfully inform the citizens of Jackson and vicinity, that they propose opening a SCHOOL on Monday the 7th of August, for lads and Misses. Mr. Flint will teach the higher branches, as grammar, geography, composition, and the languages, including the French language: and Mrs. Flint will teach needle-work of the various kinds, and, as the pupils advance, the rudiments of designing and painting. It is not by pretension, but by experience, unremitting assiduity and fidelity, that they hope to succeed. It is not expected that pupils much advanced will offer at present, but the established reputation of this village for salubrity, its central and relative position in regard to the adjoining populous region, and in regard to the lower and sickly country, indicate it as a proper place for a permanent classical seminary—the subscribers will use their best exertions to render it such. Lads and Misses from abroad will be received as boarders, by the subscriber or in a respectable and religious family in this place. Their morals, their habits, their comfort and general improvement will be assiduously watched. Application for admission may be made to the subscriber. TIMOTHY FLINT Jackson, July 29, 1820 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Bettman Archive

Stark Brothers Nurseries Co. Celebrates 150th Anniversary

The Stark Brothers Nurseries and budded trees, the first grafted trees Orchards Company, Louisiana, Mis­ west of the Mississippi. souri, is celebrating its 150th anni­ Today Stark trees are grown in versary in Missouri this year. In 1816 orchards in every state and on every young James Hart Stark, veteran of the continent in the world. Through the War of 1812, migrated with his wife years the Starks have constantly and infant son from Bourbon County, sought new and improved varieties of Kentucky, to Missouri. With him he apples. First prize in the 1892 Louisi­ brought the scions of apple trees in his ana apple fair, promoted by Clarence saddle bags. His father had engaged in Stark, grandson of James Stark, was the nursery business in Kentucky, and awarded to a plate of red apples with earlier his grandfather had been a five distinctive bumps on the tip, but nurseryman in Virginia. Dating from there was no name tag on the entry. 1757, the business is believed to be the At the 1893 apple fair it was dis­ oldest in the United States in continu­ covered that Jesse Hiatt, Quaker ous operation by the same family. Near farmer of Winterset, Iowa, owned the the fertile shores of the Mississippi tree producing these unusual apples. River at the site later to become Stark arranged with Hiatt to exploit Louisiana, James Stark built his home the variety on a royalty basis. He and planted his orchard of grafted and gave it the name suggested by his first

The log cabin, built by James Hart Stark and occupied by his son, William, was moved in 1951 from its original loca­ tion to the Stark Nursery Park Grounds at Louisiana, and restored.

Walker, Missouri Resources Commission 362 Missouri Historical Review comment as he tasted the apple, him world-wide recognition as the "Delicious!" Stark registered a patent "Master Plant Breeder." A large on the apple and listed it in the 1894-95 number of famous Burbank fruits and catalog. This variety revolutionized plants were purchased and introduced the entire apple industry and became by Stark Brothers. At Burbank's the prime favorite of the world. request before his death in 1926, his entire stock of 28,000 varieties of new The Starks have spent millions of plants passed to the Starks. The dollars for new fruit creations and Stark Brothers Company was chosen superior Stark record-bearing strain to continue the improvement, testing trees. They paid $5,000 for the Golden and distribution throughout the world Delicious tree which Paul Stark dis­ of Burbank's new fruits and plants. A covered near Odessa, West Virginia; special ceremony honoring Burbank $6,000 for one limb of the Starking; will be held during the 150th anni­ $4,000 for the original tree of the versary celebration. Jonared and nearly $1,000 a foot for the sport limb of the Scarlet Staymared. Experimentation goes on continu­ In recent years Stark Brothers have ously at the Stark headquarters in paid $76,000 for two new semi-dwarf, Louisiana as well as in the Company's bud-sport, record-bearing strain trees— branch nurseries throughout the United $51,000 for Starkspur Golden Delicious States. A Stark National New Fruit and $25,000 for Starkrimson Delicious. Contest at Stark Brothers Nurseries is planned for the fall of 1966. Valuable Stark Brothers inspired and en­ prizes will be offered for promising new couraged Luther Burbank to broaden fruits, ornamental trees, shrubs and plant breeding work, which won for roses.

Saddle Riders Follow Trial of Tears Kansas City Times, May 1, 1965 Cape Girardeau, Mo. (AP) — Close to 500 riders will saddle up today for a cross-country ride through the Missouri Ozarks that will take 14 week ends to complete. The horsemen will follow the "Trail of Tears," named after a forced march from Tennessee to Oklahoma in the mid-1800s by the Cherokee Indians. The riders will travel every weekend, returning home during the week, and then picking up where they stopped. The trail, which ends at the Oklahoma border, eventually will be the Ozark saddle trail. Many of the riders are members of the Ozark Horse Trails association. The "trail boss" is Richard Laird of Jackson, Mo. Today will be spent in Jackson, where the riders will take part in the town's 150th anniversary celebration. Following weekends will take them through Fredericktown, Piedmont, Van Buren, Willow Springs and McDonald County in the southwestern tip of the state. Historical Notes and Comments 363

Westminster College to Restore Historic London Church as Winston Churchill Memorial

Twenty years ago, on March 5, 1946, following year Sir Christopher Wren, before a Convocation at Westminster the great English architect, was com­ College, Fulton, Sir Winston Churchill missioned to rebuild it. Wren designed made his famous speech, "The Sinews more than 50 churches in London and of Peace," which became popularly is best known for St. Paul's Cathedral, known as the "Iron Curtain" Speech. which was also destroyed by the Great For the past five years Westminster Fire and rebuilt by him. College has been working on a project Wren completely redesigned St. to establish a commemoration to Mary Aldermanbury and supervised Churchill's speech and a memorial the rebuilding, completed in 1677. to the first Honorary Citizen of the Medieval materials from the earlier United States since Lafayette. church were used for the inner walls, Through the efforts of a distinguished with the outer shell constructed of Committee of Sponsors including the Portland stone. late President John F. Kennedy, When the church was hit by a Nazi President Lyndon B. Johnson, General incendiary bomb during the Battle of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Former Presi­ Britain, 1941, fire again gutted it. dent Harry S. Truman, Former Gover­ Only the roof, glass and interior were nor John M. Dalton, British officials destroyed, however. The wralls and and London church authorities, the supporting columns stood, symbolic of College has been successful in obtain­ the courage, endurance and leadership ing the Christopher Wren Church of with which Churchill rallied the English St. Mary Aldermanbury in London. people in this time of crisis. This Twelfth Century Church has Selection of the Church of St. Mary played a long and eventful role in the Aldermanbury was based upon archi­ history of London. St. Mary the tectural qualities and the aesthetic Virgin, Aldermanbury, was erected on possibility of an urban church comply­ a corner of the Roman Wall which ing with the semi-rural environment. protected the Old City of London at Since 1800 the churches built by Wren the juncture of Love Lane and Alder­ have been gradually disappearing and manbury Street. In this church Shake­ not one of those surviving escaped the speare worshipped as well as did his effects of World War II bombings. The fellow actors, John Heminges and remaining Wren churches are in the Henry Condell, who collected and industrial and commercial sections of edited his plays and published them as the Old City of London and are out of the famous "First Folio." Here was the place in their present locations. site of poet John Milton's second St. Mary Aldermanbury was pre­ marriage, in 1656, to Katherine sented as a gift to the Westminster Woodcock. College project by church authorities The old Church was destroyed in the in London. Dismantling began on Great London Fire of 1666, but the July 7, 1965, under the supervision of 364 Missouri Historical Review

London Architect Marshall Sisson. Sternberg, St. Louis, Westminster Col­ Each stone was carefully marked and lege Architect, was commissioned archi­ packed for shipment aboard steamers tect in charge of reconstruction. bound for the United States. Their The Memorial will include an audi­ scheduled arrival at Norfolk, Virginia, torium, museum, gallery and library was February 23 and March 7. Sisson where letters, photos, books, sculptured prepared drawings of the church as it work and other material relating to stood in London and will serve as con­ Sir Winston Churchill will be housed. sulting architect on the design of the Dedication of the completed memorial library at Westminster, the substruc­ is planned for October, 1966, with ture on which the church will be re- special observance for the 20th anni­ erected and restored. Frederick C. versary of the famous Churchill address. 4-

An Original Witness Oregon, Missouri, County Paper, April 22, 1881 Daniel Whitmer Sr., of Ray County, Missouri, is one of the original witnesses to the authenticity of the gold plates from which Jo Smith translated the Mormon bible. And now in that community where he has resided for half a century, with a reputation never excelled for honesty, truthfulness and veracity, and as the Richmond Conservator says, with the lilies of 75 years crowning him like an aureola, his pilgrimage on earth nearly ended, he comes forward publicly, over his signature, and reiterates to all the world, his former statements. Upon his solemn statement follows the endorsement, in highest terms, of his character, by 22 citizens of that county, headed by Col. A. W. Doniphan, Judge Dun and others of the most prominent citizens.

"Birds of a Feather" Weekly Platte Argus, May 12, 1855 We learn from the last Jefferson Inquirer that Parks [Park], the abolitionist editor of the defunct "Dog Star," has taken up lodgings in that office. Well, we can but use the language of the old maxim—"Birds of a feather flock together." Park says that he will return to Parkville again. Well, he has the privilege of doing so, but we will tell him in advance that the citizens will make him leave so quick that it will make his head swim. (Editor's note: George S. Park, co-editor of the Parkville Industrial Luminary and founder of Parkville, was forced out of town on threat to his life. On April 14, 1855, a mob of one hundred men marched on the plant of the Luminary, seized the press and the type and dumped both into the Missouri River. Park returned to Parkville after the war and financed the establishment of Park College in 1872.) Historical Notes and Comments 365

N.Y. World's Fair Commission Submits Report On Missouri Pavilion

The final report of the Missouri New Fair, were largely their responsibility. York World's Fair Commission regard­ In addition, they designed several of ing the Missouri Pavilion, has just been the exhibits in the Missouri Pavilion submitted by General Leif J. Sverdrup, and installed, maintained and removed chairman of the Commission. The all exhibits from the site. Pavilion, which represented Missouri Restaurant Associates in New York at the World's Fair, 1964 to 1965, was operated the Missouri Restaurant and visited by over 6,000,000 persons dur­ concession sales. Under their fine ing the two seasons it was open. management the restaurant soon be­ Returns provided an estimated net came one of the most popular snack income of approximately $61,000 for bars at the Fair. It was a financial the General Revenue of the State. success and served as an exhibit of the Often described as "dignified," the State along with the other displays in building was truly one of the finest on the Missouri building. display. The exhibits in the Pavilion General contractors for the con­ were excellent representatives of a struction, winterization, refurbishing modern growing, industrially-diversi­ and demolition of the Pavilion and fied Missouri. Members of the High­ Restaurant were Robert Glenn, Inc., way Patrol, Conservation Commission, of New York. Missouri college students and repre­ sentatives who assisted visitors were Special thanks were extended to the praised throughout for their actions exhibitors in the Missouri Pavilion. and appearance. Their participation provided the Com­ The success of the Pavilion and the mission with the funds to operate the accompanying Missouri Restaurant de­ building and their displays presented pended upon many individuals, with glimpses of the State to many viewers. special credit given to several particular Exhibitors included the City of St. persons and companies. Kivett and Louis, Hallmark Cards, Inc., Kansas City World's Fair Committee, Inc., Myers, architects of Kansas City, were McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, State noted for their dignified and functional Agencies and the University of Mis­ design of the building. Through their souri, Universal Match Corporation, tireless efforts the building was ready and the World's Fair Committee of on schedule for the opening day of the Missouri Electric Companies. Thanks Fair, April 22, 1964. The architects were also expressed to Dr. Richard S. continued to advise the Commission Brownlee and Sidney Larson, director through the demolition phase of the and art curator respectively, of the project. State Historical Society of Missouri, The Displayers, Inc., New York, and for their efforts in presenting the cul­ its able president, Belmont Corn, tural exhibits in the Pavilion. served as consultants to the Missouri Commission from May, 1962, until the Some 33 members of the Missouri conclusion of the Fair. The site selec­ Highway Patrol served tours of duty tion and coordination of all activities at the Missouri site during the 2 years in New York prior to the opening of the of the Fair. They were responsible for 366 Missouri Historical Review

the successful operation and security furbish the site in accordance with the of the Pavilion, and for greeting and Rules and Regulations of the World's assisting visitors to the site. Several Fair Corporation. Three entire exhibits glee clubs and marching bands from were retained for future use—Mc­ Missouri provided entertainment dur­ Donnell Air Craft, State Agencies, and ing each season. Three special events Universal Match. Exhibits of the cities were all well attended by Missourians of Kansas City and St. Louis, and and friends of the State—Ground Hallmark Cards, were saved in part Breaking, May 24, 1963, Missouri Day for future use. The Cultural Exhibit on June 17, 1964, and Missouri Day on and the "Spirit of St. Louis," replica August 27, 1965. of the Lindbergh plane, were returned The Commission received several to their original owners. Restaurant valid inquiries concerning the reloca­ equipment was sold to Restaurant tion of the Missouri Pavilion, but Associates. Complete files of the relocation was not economically feas­ Missouri Commission are being turned ible, and the final decision was made to over to the State Historical Society of demolish the two buildings and re­ Missouri for preservation.

Aljug of "Weather" Kansas City Times, September 2, 1965 "A jug of Kansas City weekend weather" was sent across the state yesterday by Mayor Ilus W. Davis to Mayor A. J. Cervantes of St. Louis. The five gallons of Kansas City air, Davis said, were sent because the mayor of St. Louis extolled the weather of his community Friday while maligning the weather of other areas in Missouri. He claimed the weather in St. Louis was much better than the weather in Kansas City. Davis therefore ordered the Kansas City Tourist commission to prepare a plastic container of air to mail to St. Louis as proof of the "fine weather" Kansas City enjoys. The label said: "Official sample to be enjoyed and compared with other weather in large Missouri cities; ideal for emergency use while traveling the Greater St. Louis area. "Compliments of Ilus W. Davis, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri." A postscript said "sealed and shipped in plastic container to protect from inclement and hot weather on the way and at the destination." "Refills are free" a second notation pointed out. Historical Notes and Comments 367

NEWS IN BRIEF

James L. Miller, Washington, Mis­ Affairs of the Winnebago, Omaha, souri, was recently named chairman of Santee and Ponca Tribes were under the Missouri Lewis and Clark Trail the Winnebago Agency after 1933. Committee working in cooperation The records are available for use to with the federal Lewis and Clark Trail the public at the Center from 7:45 to Commission to mark the route of the 4:15, Monday through Friday except famous 1804-1806 Expedition to the holidays. Pacific Coast. Other officers of the committee are William Clark Adreon, St. Louis, great-grandson of Captain William Clark, honorary chairman; A diorama of "The Battle of Hemp Robert A. Brown, Sr., St. Joseph, vice Bales," a Civil War military encounter chairman; and Dr. Carl H. Chapman, which took place in Lexington, Mis­ professor of Anthropology and director souri, was completed in January by Mr. of archaelogical research at the Univer­ and Mrs. David S. Haven, Manchester, sity of Missouri, Columbia, secretary. after eight months of research. The Other members of the Committee work depicts the state militia, which include State Senator John E. Downs, sympathized with the Southern cause, St. Joseph; State Representative Ker- in an attack on Union fortifications at mit Glover, Boonville; James A. Lexington. Figures are modeled in wax Kearns, Jr., St. Louis; G. Edward and hand painted. Guns and military Budde, St. Louis; Howard A. Cowden, accoutrements are made by hand to North Kansas City; and Lee C. Fine, scale with a curved mural of the Union William E. Towell and Joseph Jaeger, line in the background. First displayed Jr., all of Jefferson City. Mr. Jaeger, in the State Office Building in Jefferson executive secretary of the Inter-Agency City, the diorama will be permanently Council for Outdoor Recreation, is installed at the Civil War Battle of Missouri's representative on the federal Lexington State Park. Commission.

Recent inventories from the Federal The Jesse James Bank Museum, Records Center, 2306 East Bannister Liberty, was opened to the public on Road in Kansas City, called attention February 13, one hundred years after to approximately 990 cubic feet of the building was the scene of the first records of the United States District daylight bank robbery on February 13, Court for the District of South Dakota, 1866. Layout and furniture in the 1861-1952, deposited at the Kansas Museum are exact replicas of that in City Center in 1957; and records of the the bank 100 years ago when it was Winnebago Indian Agency, about 1861- robbed by a gang believed to be headed 1949. Materials concerning the Indian by Jesse James. The building was Agency include correspondence and restored by Jack Wymore and his subject files, and fiscal, judicial, legal, father, Harold Wymore. On display tribal operations, buildings, utilities, are original items contemporary with education, welfare, land, road and soil the James Gang era or those authen­ and moisture conservation records. tically reproduced. On February 6 368 Missouri Historical Review

Chris Jones and Allan Case, who play Extraordinary Congress Organizing the parts of Jesse and Frank James on Committee, National Archives and ABC's national television series, pre­ Records Service, Washington, D.C. viewed the Museum and visited 20408. The Congress will discuss the William Jewell College, the James overall theme "Archives for Scholar­ Home near Kearney and the Jesse ship: Encouraging Greater Ease of James grave. Access."

Miss Lena M. Sargent, formerly of The City of Florissant in Novem­ Springfield, Missouri, and now living in ber, 1965, passed a new Master Zoning Sacramento, California, celebrated her Plan which established a historic dis­ 100th birthday on February 13. She trict comprising what is known as was a member of the Missouri Press "Old Town," and a study commission Association in 1895 when that organ­ is presently interviewing firms to devel­ ization founded the State Historical op a plan of preservation and restora­ Society of Missouri at Eureka Springs, tion. The Green Line Tour, sponsored Arkansas. She is a Life Member of the by the Business and Professional Society. Miss Sargent began her news­ Women of Florissant, guides visitors paper work at the age of nine when she through both the old and the new. became a typesetter for her father's Tourists are instructed to follow the paper, the Fort Scott, Kansas, Pioneer. green line on the right side of the The family moved to Bolivar, Missouri, pavement. where she worked at the Bolivar Herald. In 1899 she worked as a printer for the Springfield Record. Later she was employed for many years at the Inland Printing Company, Springfield. She The Organizing Committee for the worked as editor and proofreader as 1966 Extraordinary Congress of the well as typesetter on the newspapers. International Council on Archives, to be held May 10-13 in Washington, D.C., has announced that it will invite a limited number of observers in addition to the official delegates. The The centennial celebration of the observers will have seats at the Con­ founding of Bland Methodist Church gress and access to the simultaneous was observed with special services, translation facilities, but they will not November 21. Bishop Eugene M. participate in the deliberations. While Frank, St. Louis, was in charge of the no registration fee will be charged, morning service. The Reverend Her­ observers will be responsible for their man A. Lehwald, district superinten­ own travel and hotel expenses. Persons dent, dedicated the memorials and wishing to attend the Extraordinary spoke at the afternoon service. The Congress should apply at once to Reverend Edwin Barnes, Poplar Bluff, Robert H. Bahmer, chairman, ICA former pastor, was the evening speaker. Historical Notes and Comments 369

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

FLORISSANT VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY RESTORES 19TH CENTURY HISTORIC MANSION

The Florissant Valley Historical carpenter and builder of the first Flor­ Society, working against almost insup­ issant church. In 1805 John Mullan­ erable obstacles to preserve and restore phy, merchant, trader and philanthro­ Taille de Noyer, Florissant manison pist, bought the plantation. Mullan­ representative of early nineteenth phy gave it in 1819 to his daughter, century country life, has enlisted com­ Jane, and her husband, Charles Cham­ munity-wide support for the project bers. There the Chambers had 17 and aroused interest in the historic children. For more than 140 years heritage of Florissant. seven generations of descendants lived In April, 1960, Society members, at Taille de Noyer, each making addi­ learning that Taille de Noyer was tions and alterations to fit their needs. scheduled for destruction, met with In 1960 Taille de Noyer was sold to the representatives from the Florissant- school district by Mrs. William Julius Ferguson School District to urge that Polk. the 23-room mansion be saved. Taille Society members were successful de Noyer, located in a grove of walnut in their pleas for preservation. In trees from which it derived its French January, 1961, the school district name, originated in the 1790s as a offered Taille de Noyer to the Society three-room log cabin. Surrounding the provided they could arrange for moving cabin was a 350-acre farm first owned the structure 200 yards from the by Yassainte Dehetre, early settler, original site. The first contractor to

Taille de Noyer One of five restored rooms of Taille de Noyer

inspect the house to estimate moving organized by members in 1962, assisted costs expressed the belief that it could with money-making affairs and a group not be moved successfully. But the of twelve women, known as the "Kit­ following March a contract was signed chen Girls," sold homemade delicacies. to move the structure at a cost exceed­ The directors and some of the members ing $10,000. After Taille de Noyer was spent many hours of manual labor on moved June 1, 1961, Society funds the mansion. All of the interior wood­ were exhausted even though a local work was painted, iron beams were construction company donated the scraped and painted, windows glazed, excavation work. Plans for the future all new lumber primed, yard cleaned, seemed far from hopeful. insulation installed and many other tasks performed by volunteer workers. But from the time of the acquisition of Taille de Noyer to the present, the Progress on restoration proceeded Society has received unparalleled sup­ at a slow pace and at times seemed port from the community in furthering almost at a standstill. At one time the project. Labor unions contributed vandals wrought almost $10,000 worth workmen and business firms donated of destruction. But gradually the nec­ material for necessary repairs. Civic essary repairs were made and at the and educational organizations, local close of 1965, almost five years after clubs, and interested citizens donated Taille de Noyer was moved, five rooms money for restoration. Business firms, of the mansion were completed and an advisory board of nine business men, opened to the public. local clubs, and numerous individuals A special preview was held Decem­ sponsored events for the benefit of the ber 11, 1965, for the descendants of Society. In 1964 shrubs and trees were John Mullanphy, another preview was planted by the Federated Garden Clubs held December 12 for members of the of Florissant as part of their three-year Society, and Taille de Noyer was project to beautify the grounds. opened formally on December 14. Society members were equally Vance Charbonnier, resident curator, active in their efforts to raise funds. conducts tours of the restored rooms, House tours, antique shows and Christ­ the Museum area in the basement mas bazaars were held annually. Silver where work is still in progress and teas, card parties, rummage sales, permits visitors to view the fifteen auctions and the sale of Society life rooms yet to be restored. Taille de memberships helped to increase the Noyer is open to the public Tuesday income. A Special Events group, through Friday, 1 to 4 p.m., Saturday Portraits of Jane and Charles Chambers are exhibited at Taille de Noyer and Sunday, noon to 5 p.m., and closed bouillon party and a tour of historic Thanksgiving, Christmas and New homes of Florissant and Ferguson. Years. Admission fees are 50 cents for Two garden parties at historic adults and 25 cents for children. Hazelwood, a Christmas bazaar, bouil­ Organized as the Florissant Histor­ lon party, house tour and a local history ical Society, July 10, 1958, the name poster contest open to elementary and was changed in 1961 to the Florissant high school students were highlights of Valley Historical Society. Since organ­ the second year. In 1960, the Society, ization the Society has engaged in using funds donated from the proceeds other successful projects. of a Florissant women's club benefit On October 19, 1958, just three party, erected redwood signs on State months after the adoption of its Highway 140 at Florissant entrances. charter, the Society formally opened a In 1962 the restoration of a log cabin at museum in a refurbished room located 1055 Washington Street, the gift of Dr. between St. Ferdinand's Shrine and and Mrs. Leo Cougot, was completed the rectory. In succeeding months with the cooperation of city officials. members sought museum items in The cabin is open free to the public on Florissant's attics, basements and Sunday during the summer months. haylofts. In April, 1959, Charles Through 1964 the Society joined Harke, museum chairman, reported in with other Florissant groups in the the first issue of the Florissant Histor­ celebration of the St. Louis Bicenten­ ical Quarterly that the museum had nial. Tours were arranged by request. received 450 items and served 2,200 The Society cooperates in other com­ visitors. In 1961 the museum was munity events. Each year a member of discontinued. Furniture and items the board of directors is represented on were stored until they could be placed the planning committee for the annual in Taille de Noyer. Valley of Flowers parade. Society members are urged to attend Memorial The Quarterly, which began publi­ Day services at Coldwater Cemetery, cation before the Society was a year sponsored by the Daughters of the old, was first edited by Marianne Pon- American Revolution. drom Bray and Ed Benton. Mrs. Elmer Ernst is the present editor. During the first year of organiza­ Other events during the first year of the tion, Society members planned the Society included a tea at Casa Alvarez, publication of a cookbook. The 229- one of the oldest homes in Florissant, page cookbook entitled A Kitchen the revival of the annual old French Tour of Old Florissant was introduced 372 Missouri Historical Review to the public on May 3, 1962, at a beams will be installed over the first cooking demonstration sponsored by floor and the upstairs flooring replaced two St. Louis business firms. by pine boards which were used in the Although only fifteen persons at­ house originally. tended the first planning meeting for the Society in May, 1958, membership Barry County growth was rapid. In a membership Historical Society drive launched in May, 1959, members were divided into four teams named Mrs. Ed Howard and Mrs. Erma Alvarez, Dunegant, Mullanphy and St. Williams had charge of the program for Ferdinand to highlight local history. the January 13 meeting at Monett. Each team was represented by a Pony Mrs. Howard spoke on the history of Express rider racing from Florissant to the hand organ and played a number of St. Joseph on progress charts. The hymns and songs on the instrument. rider was advanced three miles on the Mrs. Erma Williams presented infor­ chart for each annual membership and mation on her grandfather, Joshua 75 miles for each life membership. Thomas, an early settler of the County. First and second prizes were awarded to those who secured the most new Cass County members. Society membership totaled Historical Society 600 at the close of the contest. The Society was officially formed The Society holds regular quarterly December 5 at the American Legion meetings. Only two persons have Hall in Harrisonville. Quarterly meet­ served as president during the past ings will be held in various towns and eight years—Mrs. Leslie Davison and communities throughout the year. Herbert Wilmes, who served as temp­ The following officers were elected: orary chairman after organization and Mrs. Oren Webster, Harrisonville, who now serves as president. president; Mrs. M. L. Whitlow, The Florissant Valley Historical Pleasant Hill, first vice president; Don Society through numerous community Osborn, Independence, second vice activities, has achieved success in the president; Mrs. J. T. Buckner, Plea­ preservation of a historic mansion and sant Hill, recording secretary; Mrs. Y. the establishment of a museum and has Q. Mouse, Archie, corresponding secre­ helped to make the City of Florissant tary; and Herbert E. Gray, Peculiar, aware and proud of its history. treasurer. Audrain County Historical Society Camden County The Society sponsored two concerts Historical Society by the Kansas City Philharmonic H. Dwight Weaver spoke on caves Orchestra, February 17, at Presser at the November 11 meeting of the Hall on the old Hardin College campus, Society in the Camden County Court­ Mexico. The Kansas City Philhar­ house, Camdenton. A minute of silent monic, whose visit was underwritten by prayer was observed for members of the the Missouri State Council on the Arts, armed forces. Former Congressman presented a children's concert in the Morgan Moulder spoke on the building afternoon and an evening concert. of Bagnell Dam and changing of the The Board and Advisory Commit­ county seat from Linn Creek to Cam­ tee decided to proceed with major denton at the December 9 meeting of repairs to the Museum building. Steel the Society in the Courthouse. Historical Notes and Comments 313

Members and guests at the January Lee E. Oberholtz, Independence, 13 meeting heard Mrs. Nelle Moulder, had charge of the program on "Waltus County School Superintendent, give L. Watkins, Clay County's Pioneer the history of Ha Ha Tonka, a region Industrialist," at the January 27 famous for its caves, springs, sinks and meeting in the Clay County Historical historic castle ruins. At the close of the Museum. Material on Watkins Mill talk Gomer Richards showed colored was given to those in attendance. slides of Ha Ha Tonka Castle. Mementoes of the Watkins family were displayed in the Museum show Chariton County windows during February. Also ex­ Historical Society hibited at the Museum in February Judge Jordan R. Bentley spoke on was the art work of David Bevins, a "Happenings in Chariton County member of the Association. during the Civil War Years, 1861- The February 24 program, devoted 1865," at the annual meeting, Novem­ to the Liberty Bank robbery of Feb­ ber 21, at Dulany Library, Salisbury. ruary 13, 1866, attributed to the Jesse A report of recent gifts to the Society James gang, was given by Jack Wy­ included portraits of General Sterling more. Price, given by the grand niece of Price, Evalyn Price Allin Wilfley, Civil War Round formerly of Chariton County; and a Table of the Ozarks hand-hammered iron kettle from By request, Dr. Thomas R. Beve- Boone's Lick, north of Glasgow. ridge, professor of Geology and Geo­ The Committee charged with the logical Engineering at the University preparation of an apartment for a of Missouri, Rolla Campus, repeated resident caretaker at the Society the talk entitled "Bands and Bugles of Museum, reported at the January 16 the Civil War," which he presented to meeting that work was nearly com­ the Round Table, April 10, 1963, on plete. James E. Moss, assistant to the December 8 at the special Christmas director of the State Historical Society party for ladies and other guests. of Missouri, talked on local historical Officers for 1966 are Dan Howard, museums. president; J. H. Karchmer, first vice president; Milton Kirby, second vice Clay County president; Robert Heyder, secretary; Museum Association Parker Moon, treasurer; and Dr. B. B. Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Barrett were Lightfoot, historian. leaders of the program on pioneer An Indian-Mormon attack upon a families of the Gladstone area at the California-bound wagon train was the November 18 meeting in the Commun­ subject of Dr. Warren J. Jennings talk, ity Center Building, Gladstone. Mem­ "The Mountain Meadows Massacre: bers brought photographs and items of Southwestern Utah, 1857," at the historic interest for display. Color January 12 meeting at Ramada Inn, slides of some of the remaining land­ Springfield. Dr. Jennings is an assis­ marks of the area were shown. tant professor of History at South­ Mrs. Sam Roberson, Kearney, west Missouri State College, Spring­ presented a program on pioneer child­ field. ren's playthings and displayed her Dr. Edwin C. McReynolds, former collection of toys and dolls at the professor of History at the University December 16 meeting at the Clay of Oklahoma, Norman, and now a County Historical Museum, Liberty. faculty member at Cottey College, 374 Missouri Historical Review

Nevada, Missouri, spoke on "Seminole have been published in the Journal of Indians in the Civil War," at the the Illinois Historical Society and the February 9 meeting. Dr. McReynolds Missouri Historical Review. is the author of published histories of Missouri and Oklahoma. Florissant Heritage Foundation A group of Florissant citizens have The Civil War Round recently organized the Foundation for Table of Kansas City the preservation and restoration of Dr. William E. Parrish, chairman of historic sites and objects of the com­ the Department of History, West­ munity. The Foundation will encour­ minster College, Fulton, spoke to the age and stimulate private owners to group on "The Confederacy in Mis­ appreciate and preserve their historic souri" at the November 23 meeting at treasures, provide consultation and Hotel Bellerive. Dr. Parrish is the assistance to governmental agencies in author of David Rice Atchison of Mis­ historic conservation, and establish an souri: Border Politician (1961) and educational program for both youth Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and and adults. The Foundation is an the Union, 1861-1865 (1963). He is the auxiliary member of the State Histori­ contributor of numerous articles to the cal Society. Missouri Historical Review. Dr. Norman A. Graebner, Univer­ Friends of Florida sity of Illinois, spoke on "Diplomacy The first board of directors meeting and Foreign Policy During the Civil was held January 4 at the home of Mr. r W ar," at the January 25 meeting. and Mrs. L. R. Janes. Directors dis­ Dr. Graebner, a leading scholar in cussed plans for the year. Tentative American diplomatic history, is the opening date for the handcraft shop is author of The Enduring Lincoln and May 1. Empire on the Pacific. Friends of Old Civil War Round St. Ferdinand, Florissant Table of St. Louis The by-laws of the Friends of Old The program for the November 22 St. Ferdinand have recently been meeting at Le Chateau, St. Louis, amended to make the group an auxil­ featured a panel discussion of the sub­ iary member of the State Historical ject, "Longstreet—Right or Wrong Society. The Friends of Old St. Ferdi­ at Gettysburg?" Ray Eilers acted as nand was incorporated in 1958 for the moderator with Bob Huffstot, Bob sole purpose of preserving St. Ferdi­ Lauenstein, Don Schomburg and John nand's Shrine, believed to be the oldest Margreiter serving on the panel. Catholic Church between the Mississ­ Individual members also participated ippi River and the Rocky Mountains. in the discussion. No longer used as a church it is being Dr. Jasper W. Cross, professor of preserved as a historic shrine. History at St. Louis University, spoke on "Divided Loyalties in Southern Illinois during the Civil War," at the Gentry County Historical Society January 26 meeting. Dr. Cross, a Some 50 persons attended the fifth generation Southern Illinoisan, January 9 meeting at the Berlin Bap­ has studied at Southern Illinois Univer­ tist Church near King City. Robert sity, the University of Missouri and Birbeck had charge of the program on the University of Illinois. His articles early pioneer families. Scoutmaster Historical Notes and Comments 375

R. E. Clay, assisted by three boy has served as president since the organ­ scouts, reported on the marking of ization of the Society 11 years ago. Jefferson Trail in the area. Other officers are Earle S. Teegarden, Sr., first vice president; Harry Cole, Greene County Historical Society second vice president; and Leo Hopper, At the October 28 meeting in the secretary-treasurer. Springfield Art Museum, Dr. H. Lee The group discussed the care and Hoover, Society president, outlined marking of cemeteries in Livingston seven important objectives for the County and voted to increase dues future. They were: (1) develop the from 50 cents to $1 a year. photographic and film collection of the The Society has paid in full $500 Society, properly catalogued (2) mark voted for the Livingston County by conventional roadside markers and Memorial Library. bronze plaques important sites, roads, trails and buildings (3) build up a Hickory County Historical Society meaningful personal information and Roland Pangborn, University of biographical file (4) increase member­ Missouri Archaeological Society, show­ ship with a broad geographical distri­ ed slides and spoke on various archaeo­ bution throughout the county (5) logical projects throughout the State, continue the Used Book Sale as an at the January 18 meeting in the court­ important annual fund-raising project house, Hermitage. (6) record oral local and regional his­ Mrs. Mary Sue Goans, Weaubleau, tory and program material and (7) presented a quilt to the Society. The complete the Greene County cemetery quilt, approximately 117 years old, was census. made by Mrs. Goan's mother. A copy Virginia Lee Gleason, Jean West­ of the rosters of Hermitage A.F. & A.M. moreland and Nadine Lee, staff mem­ Lodge was presented by L. A. Pitts for bers of the Public Libraries of Spring­ display in the museum. Other gifts field and Greene County, presented a included a history of the Bethany program on "The Story: As History Christian Church in St. Clair County, and Art Form," at the December 9 given by Eugene Harryman, and a meeting of the Society. copy of the April 8, 1926 Weaubleau Dr. Charles F. Bassett, professor Watchman, from Charles Lee Hemphill. of Geology, Drury College, Springfield, spoke on the history of the Edward M. Shepard Geology and Mineral Museum Historical Association of at the January 27 meeting at Pearson Greater St. Louis Hall, Drury College. College President Founded by members of the history and Mrs. Ernest S. Brandenburg departments of Washington Univer­ greeted members and friends of the sity and St. Louis University as a Society at a Reception Coffee at their forum for research papers, the Society home following the meeting. marked its 30th anniversary with a social hour and meeting, January 14, Grand River Valley in the Women's Building at Washing­ Historical Society ton University. Ralph Bieber, a found­ Mrs. Kathryn Racine was elected ing member of the Society and a retired president of the Society at the January faculty member of Washington Univer­ 14 meeting at the home of Mr. and Mrs. sity, was honored at the event. John George Somerville, Chillicothe. Mrs. Grotpeter presented an illustrated Racine succeeds George Somerville who lecture on Africa. 376 Missouri Historical Review

Officers of the Association for 1965- on loan from area residents; six were in 1966 are Jack C. Langleben, St. Louis, permanent exhibit cases. To carry out president; Mrs. Ralph Bieber, Univer­ the Christmas theme the parlor mantel sity City, first vice president; Mrs. H. was strung with popcorn and hung E. Hiemenz, St. Louis, second vice with stockings; a Christmas tree in an president; Mrs. Miriam K. Brown, upstairs room was decorated with St. Louis, recording secretary; Miss candles, old fashioned clip holders and Katherine Saroghan, University City, star and bell tin ornaments. Beneath corresponding secretary; and Miss were old-fashioned toys. Clara Mutschnick, St. Louis, treasurer. Miss Cammie Johnston received the Society's annual award for historic Independence Historical Society preservation in 1965 for her home at Donald E. Benton, secretary of the 305 South Pleasant Street, Indepen­ Society, showed color slides and lec­ dence. The house, built in 1850, by tured on the historic Philadelphia John Overfelt, was purchased by Miss properties, November 24, at the Inde­ Johnston's grandfather, Courtney pendence Breakfast Sertoma Club. Campbell, in 1866. No structural The program, "Our American Her­ changes have been made in the Gothic- itage," was sponsored by the Society. style home except for the addition of a At a luncheon meeting of the Society in bathroom, a basement and a furnace. Kansas City on November 26, future A cannon ball from the first battle of goals and objectives were discussed, Independence is lodged in the north including a project to mark Indepen­ wall. dence springs. Jewish Historical Association Jackson County Historical Society of Greater St. Louis An open house on December 12, The Association held a general meet­ 1965, at the 1859 Jackson County ing, December 2, at the Jewish Com­ Historical Society Jail Museum was munity Centers Association in St. the Society's Christmas gift to the Louis County. Donald Makovsky, community and also launched the his­ chairman of the Historical Collections toric art exhibit on display during Committee announced that the Asso­ December and January. Some 500 ciation was to receive all of the records persons attended the open house. of the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Twenty-four art items displayed were St. Louis which had been organized in

Miss Virginia Jennings, chairman of the Jackson County Historical Society art exhibit, and a group of school children admire an old- fashioned Christmas tree which centered the tea table at the Society's open house. In the back­ ground is a painting by Kitt Sapp entitled, "Caroling the Trumans," on loan from the Harry S. Truman Library. Historical Notes and Comments 377

1842 and which officially ended its treasurer, announced that the Society, work in 1964. Joseph Movshin, former founded in 1961, now has a membership vice president of the Society, officially of 700. presented the records to the Associa­ tion and Herbert F. Lewis, past presi­ Lafayette County dent of the Society, gave a brief sum­ Historical Society mary of the Society's history and Leslie H. Bell spoke on "Who Was purposes. Guest speaker was Burton Who in Lafayette County," at the C. Bernard, an attorney of Granite October 10 meeting in the Baptist City, Illinois, who spoke on the career Educational Building, Lexington. The of Supreme Court Justice Louis D. talk was illustrated with slides of Brandeis in St. Louis during the late historic buildings and men connected 1870s. with the early growth and history of Mrs. Brenda Gieseker of the library the County. staff, St. Louis University, and former­ ly associated with the Missouri Histor­ Lawrence County ical Society of St. Louis, has been Historical Society employed to organize and catalogue much of the material that is now de­ Plans for the coming year were posited in the archives of the Asso­ discussed at the January 17 meeting ciation. in the Lawrence County Library, Mount Vernon. It was decided to Kingdom of Callaway change the time of meeting from Mon­ Historical Society day evenings to Sunday afternoons. Mrs. Thomas W. Botts, Columbia, The following officers were elected: talked on genealogy, with emphasis on Eugene H. Carl, Mount Vernon, presi­ Boone and Callaway counties families, dent; Walter Whinrey, Halltown, at the November 15 meeting of the first vice president; Ross Cameron, Society in the Callaway Electric Mount Vernon, second vice president; Cooperative Building, near Fulton. Harlan R. Stark, Aurora, correspond­ ing secretary; and Fred G. Mieswinkel, Mount Vernon, secretary-treasurer. Kirkwood Historical Society Mrs. Glennon J. Walsh, alderman for Crestwood, Mrs. William A. McDon­ Lewis County Historical Society nell, member of the St. Louis County Paul Sellers presented a program on Historic Buildings Commission, and "Fairs of the County," at the January William B. Lane, architect, discussed 14 meeting at Canton School. He the history and plans for the restoration exhibited a copy of the catalogue of the of the old Sappington home in Crest- Monticello Fair, dated 1907. Pearl wood at the annual meeting of the Plank related information from an old Society, December 14 at Kirkwood scrapbook which gave the minutes of City Hall. The December issue of the an organizational meeting of the Lewis Kirkwood Historical Review presented a County Agriculture and Mechanics preview and selections from A History Fair, June 20, 1866. Members voted to of Kirkwood, Missouri, by June Wilkin­ sponsor a second annual historical son Dahl, published by the Society. exhibit to be held in LaGrange this Officers re-elected were William Bodley fall. Officers of the Society are Russell Lane, president; Oscar H. Jekel, vice Burk, Canton, president; Mrs. Ruth president; and Nancy Frazer Meyer, Leach, Maywood, first vice president; secretary. Mrs. Virginia H. Impey, Paul Sellers, Lewistown, second vice 378 Missouri Historical Review president; Mrs. Thelma Brinkley, many articles had been donated to the LaGrange, secretary; and Elizabeth Mercer County Library for the history Pollock, LaGrange, treasurer. room. She showed pictures and post­ cards of early Mercer County scenes. McDonald County Luther Yates, membership chair­ Historical Society man, reported at the January 10 meet­ Members and friends of the Society ing that a total of 87 members had attended the February 6 meeting in enrolled in the Society. A report that the Anderson Armory. After a short some 75 cemeteries and family burial business meeting and an election of the grounds had been located in the Board of Directors, David Hyde, county was given by Joe Linn, chair­ historian of the Pea Ridge National man of the cemetery committee. The Military Park, gave an illustrated talk committee has completed the recording on the Battle of Pea Ridge. and tabulating of all marked graves in 22 of the cemeteries. Elford Horn, Maries County Historical Society rural schools committee chairman, displayed records from the Brantley At the January 20 meeting in the School dating back to 1870; Mrs. Joe Methodist Parish Hall, Vienna, Dr. Linn showed mementoes of early Dee F. Greene, Department of Anthro­ Mercer County activities; and Mrs. pology, University of Missouri, Colum­ Frank Lowry sent early pictures of bia, discussed the techniques of explor­ East Pine School and pupils. Guy ing Indian burial grounds and places of Earl Evoritt and Marvin McKern historical significance. The Society recently located and marked the site Museum, containing over a thousand of the birthplace of Calamity Jane. articles on display, was open for visitors following the meeting. Society members are compiling al­ Missouri Historical Society bums of old newspaper clippings and Members attended an open house photographs. and preview of a new exhibit, "Earl}- Advertising Art," at the Jefferson Mercer County Historical Society Memorial, St. Louis, on November 19. The Society was organized October George L. Stemmler, Jr., a trustee, 28 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Joe D. gave an illustrated talk on advertising Linn, Princeton, with 47 charter art of the past. The collection of color­ members. Officers elected at the No­ ful posters, trading cards, cigar box vember 8 meeting were Mrs. Joe D. labels, counter cards and souvenirs Linn, president; Ray Barnett, vice from 1870 to 1910, displayed at Wil­ president; Mrs. Hall Hart, secretary; liams gallery, was open to the public and Ben Hyde, treasurer. The Soc­ from November 20 through January iety is gathering material for a history 15. An illustrated story of the exhibit room to be located in the new Mercer appeared in the St. Louis Post Dispatch, County Library now under construc­ November 14. tion. The money for the library was William J. Petersen, superintendent provided in the will of the late Frank and editor of the State Historical Lowry. Society ol Iowa and associate professor At the Society meeting, November at the State University of Iowa, Iowa 29, in East Pine Community Center City, discussed steamboating on the near Princeton, members heard reports Mississippi River from 1823 to 1963, from the chairmen of various commit­ at the January 28 meeting in Stein­ tees. Mrs. Frank Lowry reported that berg Hall, Washington University, St. Historical Notes and Comments 379

Louis. Petersen has lectured in Ameri­ Library, elected the following new can History at Washington University officers: Dr. William Hayes, Rolla, and has written extensively on the president; Ford Hughes, St. James, Mississippi River and its tributaries. vice president; Mrs. W. W. Snelson, The speech, illustrated with color Rolla, recording secretary; Mrs. Leola slides, opened the Society's 1966 lecture F. Millar, Rolla, corporate secretary; series. and Mrs. Sophie Martin, Rolla, trea­ surer. Dr. William C. Hayes, chairman Morgan County Historical Society of the Sites Committee, reported that a Mrs. Carl Siegel, Florence, talked on bronze plaque had been acquired for the history of Florence and displayed placement on the E. W. Bishop Memor­ tile made at the Hummel pottery fact­ ial Marker at the new post office, ory in Florence at the November 22 former Bishop home site. meeting of the Society in the courtesy Bound volumes of the Rolla Daily room, Bank of Versailles. D. K. News, issues of the Rolla Herald and Hunter, chairman of the real estate two St. James newspapers, property of committee, reported on the visit of a the Society, are now being stored at group of members to the Martin the Rolla Public Library. Hotel, Versailles, to consider its use as a museum for the Society. Mrs. Rus­ Phoebe Apperson Hearst sell Ferrin gave the history of the Memorial Association Hopewell church. During the social The third annual meeting of the hour old songs were sung and Thanks­ Association was held December 3 in giving reminiscences presented. the home of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Earney, St. Clair. Trustees elected for Pettis County Historical Society three-year terms were Mrs. Earney and Officers of the Society re-elected at a Mrs. Vonnie Eastham, author, lecturer January 14 board meeting at the Farm and biographer of Chico, California. and Home Building, Sedalia, were An Arbor Day program will be held at James T. Denny, president; Dr. J. C. the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memor­ Alexander, first vice president; P. ial Park. Cecil Owen, second vice president; W. A. McVey, third vice president; Mrs. Pike County Historical Society Vivian E. Warren, secretary; Miss Ninety members and guests attended Karen Steele, assistant secretary; H. the January 27 dinner meeting in the W. Mason, treasurer; Mrs. Henry Presbyterian Church at Louisiana. Salveter, assistant treasurer; and Dr. Milo L. Pearson, Jr., Pleasant Hill, T. J. Norris, ex officio. Reports were Illinois, spoke on the early days in given by chairmen of committees. Lincoln's career when he was a fre­ B. B. Ihrig, historian, stated he had quent visitor to Pittsfield and Pike several stories on the history of schools, County, Illinois. Mr. Pearson is one of which was Striped College. Mrs. president of the Pike County (Illinois) T. H. Yount gave a talk on the re­ Historical Society, a student of Lincoln arranging of the museum cases which and a collector of Lincolniana. He was she and Dr. C. F. Scotten had been accompanied to the meeting by Warren working on for the past year. Winston, past president of the Pike County (Illinois) Historical Society. Phelps County Historical Society The following officers were elected Members at the annual meeting, for 1966: Miss Cecile Thompson, December 9, at the Rolla Public Frankford, president; Mrs. W. B. 380 Missouri Historical Review

Middleton, Bowling Green, Mrs. the Society, was dedicated at a special Champ Grimes, Eolia, and Mrs. service, December 11, at the Hardin Charles G. Buffum, Jr., Louisiana, Central High School Auditorium. Miss vice presidents; Miss Rose Crank, Louise Darneal, Richmond, presented Annada, secretary; and Robert Henry, a brief history of early families that Bowling Green, treasurer. settled the area, with emphasis on the Vanderpool Family. Senator William Pony Express B. Waters, Liberty, delivered the Historical Association address. The Hardin marker was pre­ The Association has recently become sented to Mayor Roy Blankenship by a corporation member of the National State Representative W. Roy Groce, Trust for Historic Preservation, an president of the Society. Several organization chartered by an Act of descendants of early Ray County Congress "to facilitate public participa­ families were present at the dedication. tion in preservation of sites, buildings, To acquaint the present generation and objects of national significance or with past history and events of the interest." Plans are being developed area, the Society maintains a display for the construction of replicas of the case of early documents, pictures, and offices of the Pony Express and the articles in the courthouse lobby. Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, The Society, under the supervision originally located in Patee House, St. of the secretary, Mrs. Earl Kincaid, is Joseph. Any information or material engaged in a county cemetery survey which would assist in research on this project. The compiled records are restoration would be welcomed by the being filed in the office of the Ray Association. County Recorder of Deeds. The following officers were elected at the December 5 meeting: Glenn Shannon County Setzer, president; Lee Starnes, execu­ Historical Society tive director; Ben Crowley, first vice Hand-written accounts of conditions president; D. V. Frame, second vice in early-day lumbering camps in the president; Larry Foutch, treasurer; area were recorded by Oscar Harper, Mrs. Lee Starnes, recording secretary; Birch Tree, and recently given to the Clyde Weeks, corresponding secretary; Society for preservation. Harper, as a Devaine Chesnut, parliamentarian; young man, worked for 5 years as a Sara Katherine France, historian; and timekeeper for the Missouri Lumber & Mrs. H. S. Jones, sergeant-at-arms. Mining Company at West Eminence.

Ray County Historical Society Shelby County Historical Society Forty-seven members enjoyed the Talks on the Civil War were pre­ annual historic tour sponsored by the sented at the annual dinner meeting of Society, August 8, which included a the Society, October 28, at the Metho­ tour to Arrow Rock. dist Church, Clarence. Mrs. Vera The year's activities culminated with Yancey spoke on "Guerrilla Warfare the erection of a historical marker at in Shelby County"; other talks were Hardin, recognizing the area as the given by Mrs. C. R. Byland on "Rail­ location of the first permanent settle­ roads in the Civil War," and by Mrs. ment in the County. The marker, Weldon Peoples on "Centralia Mas­ which was purchased and erected by sacre and Guerrilla Warfare." Harry the Hardin Building and Loan Asso­ Libby, Jr., read a letter postmarked ciation, the Hardin State Bank, and Paris, Missouri, September 20, 1864, Historical Notes and Comments 381 and addressed to Mrs. Nancy E. 27 at Memorial Hall, Blanchette Park, Cristein, Clarence, Missouri. The writ­ St. Charles. Mrs. Albert Kister served er was killed a few days later in the as general chairman for the event. Centralia Massacre. A number of Civil The women dressed in gingham and War items were displayed. Roy Neff bonnets and the men in country style. reported on the Shelby County cem­ A potluck dinner was served at tables etery survey recently completed. decorated with wooden antiques sup­ Approximately 12,000 indexed cards on plied by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Guinn. burials are now filed in the Shelby Choral selections were presented by a County Courthouse. The museum at group of some 50 eighth grade students. the courthouse was visited by 145 Mrs. Howard Roberts, chairman of the persons on Old Settlers Day. antique show, reported on plans for the Mrs. Howard Platz spoke on Indian event to be held April 1-3 at Memorial history in Missouri at the January 27 Hall. Mayor Henry Vogt presented meeting in the Shelby County Court­ the Society with an 1861 map drawn house, Shelbyville. Harry Libby re­ on linen of the old St. Charles Cemetery ported on the marker to be erected at (now Oak Grove). Oak Dale, site of the first county court. Roy Neff and Miss Gladys St. Clair County Powers told of the progress of the Historical Society county cemetery survey. Miss Kath­ At the January 18 meeting in the arine Drain, president, conducted the courthouse, Osceola, members elected business meeting. New yearbooks James D. Attebery, president; Morran were distributed. Members displayed Harris, first vice president; Walter family heirlooms and after the meeting Seigismund, second vice president; toured the Society's museum. Wilbur Zink, third vice president; Mrs. Violet V. Sitton, secretary; and John St. Charles County E. L. Mills, treasurer. The group Historical Society discussed the possible relocation of the grave of John Smarr, first sheriff of The Society now has five zithers in St. Clair County, 1841. Wilbur Zink, its Museum collection. One of the Appleton City, spoke on the Younger zithers was manufactured by Franz Family of St. Clair County and showed Schwarzer in Washington, Missouri. photographs (one original of Cole A recent outstanding addition to the Younger), and copies of letters and archives of the Society is a rare collec­ newspaper clippings pertaining to the tion of historical pictures and films Youngers. donated by Miss Laura Hoehn, St. Charles, in memory of her brother, John P. Hoehn, a photographer. St. Joseph Historical Society Items include reproductions of pic­ The January 10 meeting at the Pony tures taken by R. Goebel, early St. Express Museum featured a round Charles photographer, of St. Charles table discussion on Jesse James. A scenes. Articles about the zithers and number of persons whose families had photographs were written by Mrs. known "Mr. Howard," alias Jesse Edna M. Olson, archivist of the Soc­ James, told interesting stories that iety, and published in the St. Charles were preserved on a tape recording. Journal, September 30 and October 21, 1965. St. Louis Westerners The annual "Howdy Neighbor" John C. Abbot, librarian at Southern party of the Society was held January Illinois University, Carbondale, spoke 382 Missouri Historical Review on "Colorado River Programs," at the president of the Bates County Histor­ January 21 meeting at Garavelli's ical Society, was also a special guest Restaurant, St. Louis. at the meeting. The February 18 program, "Maxi- The board of directors met, following milian-Bodmer Collection—Travels in the general meeting, and re-elected the Interior of North America in Years Joe C. Kraft, chairman. The board 1832-1834," was presented by Louis M. appointed Chester Rowton, manager Nourse, librarian at the St. Louis of the Museum, and J. P. Brophy, Public Library. chairman of the restoration committee. On March 18, Irwin Pizer, medical A post-type, open-flame gas lamp to librarian at the State University of be installed in the Society's office on New York, Syracuse, addressed the the Museum property was recently group on "Medicine in the Old West." donated to the Museum by Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Mendenhall, Nevada. The St. Mary's Pioneer Society's membership in the American Historical Society Association of Museums has been pro­ vided by Mr. and Mrs. Harold Gray, Mrs. William L. Antoine, Indepen­ Washington, D. C. dence, was recently appointed chair­ The organization is to be congratu­ man to reactivate the Society. After lated upon its publication of the first several meetings with discussion for edition of the Society newsletter, action, plans are to establish a perman­ "The Bushwhacker." It is edited by ent historical exhibit in the baptistry the Publicity Committee, Patrick room of the St. Mary's Catholic Brophy, chairman. Church, Independence. The Church was built in 1864-1865 on the site of an older church, erected in 1845. The Washington Historical Society Society has records of the Parish dating The following items were recent back to the 1820s. During the building gifts to the Society from Mrs. Helen of an addition to the church several Owens Davis, great granddaughter of historical articles were found in an Lucinda and William G. Owens, attic room including a large wooden founders of Washington, Missouri: an Mission Cross dated September 29, oil painting of James W. Owens, Sr., 1867, and later, September, 1880. son of the founders, supposedly painted by George Caleb Bingham; the original Vernon County Historical Society document, in James W. Owens' hand­ writing, freeing the slaves in Missouri; John Pickett was elected president and a banner made by Emily Foss of the Society at its regular meeting, Owens when the GAR post was named January 9, in the Farm and Home in honor of her husband, Judge James Community Room, Nevada. Other W. Owens. officers are Chester Rowton, vice presi­ dent; Mrs. Roy Hill, recording secre­ tary; Patrick T. Brophy, corresponding Weston Historical Museum secretary; and James H. Denman, A total of some 8,000 persons visited treasurer. James D. Attebery, Osceola, the Museum in 1965 including a president of the St. Clair County Hist­ number of foreign visitors. orical Society, spoke to the group on The old dry-laid rock wall in front of early Osage Valley history and dis­ the Museum building collapsed the played numerous maps showing histor­ past fall due to the heavy rains and was ical sites. Wilbur Hastin, Butler, replaced with a concrete, steel rein- Historical Notes and Comments 383 forced wall. Some of the walk in front secretary; Miss Dorothy Standlee, of the building was also destroyed and Hollister, treasurer; and Elmo Ingen- a new walk was laid with old bricks. thron, Kirbyville, historian. The an­ nual fall meeting was held October 2 White River Valley in Fellowship Hall, Williams Chapel, Historical Society School of the Ozarks. Steve Miller, Officers of the Society for 1965-1966 artist in residence and curator of the are Dr. 0. Myking Mehus, Branson, Museum at the College, spoke on the president; Mrs. Kenneth D. Ford, manner and findings of his research in Hollister, first vice president; Albert D. painting the mural which depicts the Cummings, Branson, second vice presi- earliest inhabitants of the White River dent; Miss Belle Mosley, Branson, Valley.

Missouriopolis St. Louis Enquirer, July 19, 1820 The Convention have decided that the permanent seat of government, after the year 1826, shall be on the Missouri river, and at or near the mouth of the Osage: for the present it remains at St. Louis. The mouth of the Osage, or its immediate neighborhood, is doubtless the spot to which the general interest points as the most proper for the capital of the State. It is precisely in the centre of the line north and south, & only a few miles east of the centre on the line east and west. But as the Mississippi bends out to the east below St. Louis, and in consequence includes more ground than a straight course would give, it is evident that there is as much territory east of a line drawn through the mouth of the Osage as there is on the west of it. The country about this position is eminently rich and beautiful, and enjoys the characteristic salubrity of the Missouri climate. It is fortunate for the State of Missouri that so fine a position for her Capital as the confluence of the Osage and Missouri rivers presents, should correspond so precisely with the centre of territory and the general interests of the population. The union of such rare advantages is a guarantee for the wealth & splendor, as well as for the permanency, of the future capital of the State. Mr. M'Ferron [sic] proposed in convention that the name of Missouriopolis should be bestowed on the new capital. We are free to declare that we are entirely in favor of that name. It is new, and belongs to no other place. It is appropriate, and signifies what it is, to wit, the City of Missouri. . . . Missouriopolis, for the capital of Missouri, combines these advantages. It is a compound of the Indian name of the State and of the Greek word for city. Men of letters throughout Europe & America, on hearing it pronounced, will know what is spoken of, and where it is.—Letters started from London, Paris or Boston, will arrive at their destination without mistakes, and without the circumlocution of a tedious address; without making a pilgrimage to forty places of the like names or having a treatise of geography written on their backs to keep them in the right road. 384 Missouri Historical Review

HONORS AND TRIBUTES

J. H. Wolpers Portrait First National Bank Building, St. Presented to M. U. Louis. Mr. Hickok is president of the Civic Center Redevelopment Corpora­ A portrait of John H. Wolpers, tion and board chairman of the First president of the University of Missouri Board of Curators at the time of his National Bank in St. Louis. Silver death in 1951, was presented to the bowls were presented to Mr. and Mrs. University by his widow, Mrs. Hattie Hickok by Richard H. Amberg, pub­ Wolpers, Poplar Bluff. Chancellor lisher of the Globe-Democrat. John W. Schwada accepted the por­ trait in a ceremony at Wolpers Hall, Five Members Elected December 12. The painting will hang To Missouri Academy of Squires in the lounge of Wolpers Hall, a women's residence hall named for Five new members were received into Wolpers. the Missouri Academy of Squires at a December 13 luncheon at the Bogey Golf Club in St. Louis County. Those 10 St. Louisans Named elected for the honor were Howard Women of Achievement Adams, Blue Springs, for his efforts in Ten outstanding women of the St. behalf of cultural and historical pro­ Louis area were chosen as Women of jects in his county and state; Lester E. Achievement for 1965 and honored at Cox, Springfield, for civic leadership a traditional luncheon for their friends and service as a member of the Univer­ and associates, sponsored by the sity Board of Curators and as first St. Louis Globe-Democrat, January 17, chairman of the Commerce and Indus­ at the Chase-Park Plaza Hotel. Those trial Development Commission; Mrs. honored were Mrs. William A. Mc­ Holton R. Price, Jr., Ladue, for service Donnell for heritage enrichment; Mrs. to the Girl Scouts and for work in W. Maclean Johnson for concern for behalf of civic causes in St. Louis; youth; Mrs. Harry E. Wuertenbaecher Homer Wadsworth, Kansas City, for for civic responsibility; Mrs. Leigh his leadership in many civic activities Gerdine for fine arts; Dr. Felicia Koch including head of the Association of for good citizen; Miss Adeline Ruenzi Trusts and Foundations; and Wil­ for lifetime of work with the blind; Mrs. liam B. Massey, Bonne Terre, for his Ruth McCormick for social con­ influence as head of the Scottish Rite of sciousness; Mrs. Frankie Freeman for Freemasonry in Missouri for 25 years, public affiairs; Mrs. Jane Kuhn Pel- as a businessman and as a leader of ton for community service; and Mrs. patriotic and civic campaigns. Gustav F. Goetsch for state beauti- fication. Senator Kinney Honored At Testimonial Dinner Man of the Year Award Honors Missouri's U.S. Senators, Stuart St. Louis Civic Leader Symington and Edward V. Long, The St. Louis Globe-Democrat Man of Congressmen Richard H. Ichord and the Year Award for 1965 was presented Paul C. Jones were among the many to James Parker Hickok, December 27, officials who paid tribute at a tes­ before several hundred persons in the timonial dinner, November 22, in Historical Notes and Comments 385

Jefferson City, honoring 90-year-old delivered the main address at the Senator Michael Kinney. Kinney has dinner, proceeds from which were used served in the Missouri Senate since for the establishment of a political 1913, representing St. Louis' Fifth science scholarship in Kinney's name at District. Governor Warren E. Hearnes the University of Missouri.

Medicinal Food Facts and Remedies In Grandma's Day, compiled by the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society, (1961) pp. 33-34. Spinach has a direct effect on complaints of the kidneys. . . . Asparagus purifies the blood. Celery acts admirably upon the nervous system, and is cure for rheumatism and neuralgia. Tomatoes act upon the liver. . . . Lettuce and cucumbers are cooling in their effect upon the system. . . . Onions, garlic, leeks, chives, and shallots, all of which are similar, possess medical virtues of marked character, stimulating the circulatory system, and the consequent increase of the saliva and the gastric juice promoting digestion. Red onions are an excellent dirrectic [sic], and the white ones are recommended raw as a remedy for insomnia. They are tonic, nutritious. A soup made of onions is regarded by the French as an excellent restoration of debility of the digestive organs. Each vegetable possesses its special mission of cure, every housekeeper should adopt a vegetable dietas. It will prove a great advantage to the health of the family.

Calamity Jane Day St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 5, 1965 PRINCETON, Mo., Oct. 4 (AP)—Three persons suffered gunpowder burns and a fourth was injured in a mock hanging in Saturday's celebration of Calamity Jane day. Calamity Jane, notorious in the old West, was born in Princeton in 1852, and Saturday's show was the fourth one staged by the town to publicize that fact. Elgin Ellsworth and Mr. Bess Wileman, Princeton, and Miss Andrea Kuhns, Kansas City, were treated at a hospital for gunpowder burns suffered when blank cartridges were fired in a fake bank robbery and a chase by a posse. Miles Grisamore of Princeton suffered minor arm injuries in the "hanging." He had been convicted of bank robbery in a mock trial. A rope broke on the make- believe gallows and he fell 10 feet. 3S6 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS SQUIRE H. ANDERSON, Kansas City, donor: Letter: Stephen W. Thompson to Mr. S. H. Anderson, March 28, 1918.

MR. AND MRS. ROYAL D. M. BAUER, Columbia, donor: Books, almanacs (1872, 1875 & 1886) and map of Colorado.

MRS. WILLIAM BRADSHAW, Columbia, donor: University of Missouri Studies: A Survey of the Resident Game and Furbearers of Missouri, by Rudolf Bennitt and Werner 0. Nagel; and The Black River Studies, by John L. Funk, Edward M. Lowry, Mercer H. Patriarche, Robert G. Martin, Robert S. Campbell and Timothy R. O'Connell, Jr. Pamphlet: Research Notes, The Research Center in Entrepreneurial History, A Personal Appraisal, by Lewis E. Atherton. Historical Annual, National Guard and Naval Militia of the State of Missouri, 1939. Annual Report of Missouri State Board of Horticulture, 1907 and 1909.

MRS. O. H. (ADRIENNE) CHRISTOPHER, Kansas City, donor: Manuscripts: "Story of Daniel Yoacham: Westport Pioneer Innkeeper," by Adrienne Christopher, typescript and research notes. "Story of the ' Yocum Dollar'," by H. C. Smith. "William F. P. May," by Adrienne Christopher, typescript and research notes.

VIRGINIA L. COCHRANE, Kansas City, donor: Material on Modern Woodmen of America, Dunksburg, Missouri, Camp No. 6697, 1900-1950: Account, receipt, order and pass report books; minutes; metals; application blanks; correspondence; and official stamp. Poll Books of Blackwater, Pettis County, 1918 & 1948.

JAMES T. DENNY, President, Pettis County Historical Society, Sedalia, donor: Plat of Pettis County Museum with Case Numerals and Titles.

MRS. DONALD BEN EHRLICH, Independence, donor: Photographs: Buildings, students and various activities at the Marmaduke Military Academy, Sweet Springs, 1891-1893. Letters, photographs, and copy of the original muster roll and miscellaneous material: Company I, 5th Missouri Volunteers, Spanish American War (George H. English's Company).

TONY FUSCO, St. Louis, donor: Periodicals: Orientor, February, 1966, published by the United States Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, St. Louis; The Barracks Guard, April, June, and July, 1965, containing historical series on Jefferson Barracks; and The Jay-Bee, July 1, July 29, and August 12, 1965, published by Veterans Administration Hospital, Jefferson Barracks.

MRS. ISABEL S. GIULVEZAN, Affton, donor: Tombstone Inscriptions, Franklin and St. Louis Counties. Historical Notes and Comments 387

RALPH GREGORY, Florida, donor. Typescript: "Tavern Cave," located near St. Albans, compiled by Ralph Gregory.

FRED L. HARRIMAN, St. Louis, donor: Passenger list of Company F., Horse Battalion, 110th Ammunition Train, 35th Division, 1917-1919.

W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville, donor: Book: Proceedings in Congress Upon Acceptance of Statues of Thomas H. Benton & Francis P. Blair. . . .

MRS. T. H. HOPPER, Higbee, donor: Burial List of Burton Family Cemetery, southeast of Higbee.

MARY E. HULSHOF, Ste. Genevieve, donor: Miscellaneous material on Ste. Genevieve: brochures, picture post cards and drawings.

MRS. CHARLES JAMESON, JR., Keyport, New Jersey, donor: Thesis: "A Survey of Speech Activities at Pertle Springs From 1886 to 1926," by Mrs. Jameson.

MRS. JOHN KUZMIC, Kansas City, donor: School and Cemetery Records of Blackwater Township, Saline County: Fair Play School and Belwood, Clark, Cunningham, Finley, Green, Hans- braugh, Heath Creek, Hill, Hunt, Hurt, LaGore, Mt. Moriah, Dan Witcher and Raf Witcher Cemeteries.

FENN A. LEAMING, Mansfield, Louisiana, donor: Civil War enrollment broadside. Enrolling officer, Rush G. Leaming, Cass County, 1866. MRS. E. LEE MILLER, Kansas City, donor: Book: R. C. Smith, A.M., Smith's Atlas Designed to Accompany the Geography, c 1840s. Magazines: Cosmopolitan Art Journal, December, 1857; and Frank Leslie's Illustrated Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition, 1876. Newspapers: Kansas City Times, November 11, 1918 and September 10, 1901; and New York Herald, April 15, 1865.

PAUL M. ROBINETT, Mountain Grove, donor: Manuscript: "Education in Mountain Grove, Mo., 1835-1913," by Paul M. Robinett. MRS. ALVIN E. RUDDICK, Fort Scott, Kansas, donor: Civil War Memoir of the Holland Company Home Guards and "Phelps" Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Infantry by R. P. Matthews.

DR. JOHN WILLS, Lewistown, donor: Booklet: "Outline of Early History, Lewis County, Mo., 1800-1900," by Dr. John Wills. 388 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Camdenton The Reveille December 24, 1965 & January 21, 1966—"Historical Corner" series featured effects of the construction of Lake Ozark and Bagnell Dam and Ha Ha Tonka Castle.

Clinton Eye December 2, 1965—"The Civil War—Henry County," by Haysler A. Poague.

Columbia Daily Tribune November 26, December 17, 27, 1965 and January 5, 12 & 19, 1966—A series of reminiscences about the Central Missouri area during the 1850s by the late Benjamin Franklin Blanton, former editor of the Paris Monroe County Appeal.

Columbia Missourian December 3, 1965—A short history of Battle Williams Chapel in Columbia. December 5—A picture story by Barry Fitzgerald, "Historic [George Jewell] Family Cemetery," near Columbia. December 12, 19 & 26—A series on Missouri politics by Heath Meriwether.

Eldon Advertiser November 4, 1965—A history, "Water Still Flowing as Aurora Springs Park Marks 85th Year." November 25—A short history of the Green Ridge Baptist Church.

Jackson Journal November 3, 1965—"Burfordville," Part III, written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. November 10—"The Snider Mill and Bridge on Whitewater [near Burford­ ville]," Part I, was written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. November 17—K. J. H. Cochran related the history of the William C. "Sander Place," near Burfordville. November 24—"A Thanksgiving Dinner," 1903, in the Franz Tiedemann- H. H. Mueller Home, Jackson, edited and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. December 1-29—A weekly series of stories regarding the celebration of Christ­ mas in Southeast Missouri, by K. J. H. Cochran. January 5 & 12, 1966—A series on the Cape Girardeau County Courthouse in Jackson, by K. J. H. Cochran. January 19—"The Fur Trading Post Continues in Jackson and Cape Girardeau County, 1966," a history, by K. J. H. Cochran. Historical Notes and Comments 389

January 26—"The [Jackie] Ware Log Cabin [near Jackson]," by K. J. H. Cochran.

Jefferson City Sunday News and Tribune November 7, 14, 21, 28, December 5 & 12, 1965—A historical series compiled by the Cole County Historical Society and the research librarians at Cole County- Jefferson City Public Library. January 9, 1966—A history of the Missouri State Penitentiary for Men, Jefferson City, by Don Keough. January 23—"Lincoln Ufniversity, Jefferson City] Founded to Augment Emancipation," by Juan V. Hovey.

Kansas City Star November 20, 1965—A history, "Coates Opera House [in Kansas City] Outpost of Theater," by John Edward Hicks. November 25—A story of the John Hicklin family and log cabin home near Greenwood, "From Ox Carts to Space Craft, a Cabin Survives," by Aline Van Hoy. January 12, 1966—"Last Vestige of Vast Track on Block," a biography of the John Hardin Field family and a short history of the Field home near Mexico. January 22—A short history of St. Paul's Episcopal Church of Kansas City.

Kansas City Times December 9, 1965—"Gravestones Mark Travail of Pioneers," by James J. Fisher, an illustrated story of the King Burying Ground in Kansas City. January 25, 1966—"Missouri Remembers Her Famous General [John J. Pershing]," by Frank W. Rucker.

Linn Osage County Observer November 4, 1965-January 27, 1966—"History of Osage County," a weekly series by Hallie Mantle.

Marshall jDaiJy Democrat-News November 2, 1965—"History of Saline County Osteopaths," by Dr. C. F. Warren. November 3—"Optometry History In Saline County," by Dr. R. L. Searfoss, Marshall. November 3, December 13, 18, 23, 24, 27, 28 and January 13—Histories of Saline County churches. November 6, 9, December 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 27 and January 20 & 29— Histories of Saline County cemeteries. November 13, 15 & 20—A series on early mills of Saline County. November 27—A reprint, the pioneer story of Patsy Cox Gregg, written by Mrs. Edith S. Burris, San Antonio, Texas, was read by Mrs. Lester Alexander at the November 26 meeting of the U. S. Daughters of 1812, Brigadier-General Thomas A. Smith Chapter, at the home of Mrs. M. F. Clyde, Marshall. November 27—" An Account of States' Rights Meeting Held Here Feb. 1, 1861." 390 Missouri Historical Review

November 27, 29, December 3 & 4—A series on Salt Springs history by A. H. Orr. December 6—A history of Marshall Daily Democrat News, by Jeani Gaddy. December 7—"Two Marshall Men Vividly Recall Pearl Harbor 24 Years Ago Today." December 13—"Three Books of Pioneer Author Have Settings In Arrow Rock," by Dr. Thomas B. Hall. January 8, 1966—An illustrated article, "Map of Jesse James Country, 1847-1882." January 10—"Union Report of 1861 Battle of Lexington That Was Won by South," a reprint from the Richmond (Virginia) News Leader of October 7, 1961. January 19—"First Homeopath Came To Saline County In 1871," compiled by Dr. G. C. Emmerson, Marshall. January 31—"First Masonic Lodge In Saline Was Chartered at Arrow Rock," by Walter C. Borchers.

New London Ralls County Record November 4, 1965—"A History of 'The Ralls County Record' [1865-1965]," compiled by John P. Fisher, Jr.

Salem News January 3, 10, 17 & 24, 1966—"History of Dent County," reprinted from Goodspeed's history of the County, 1889.

Sedalia Democrat January 23, 1966—"City Battled Warrensburg In 1871 for CMSC [Central Missouri State College] Site."

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald November 10, 1965—Four Civil War articles: "Guerilla Warfare In Shelby County," by Mrs. Vera Yancey; "Railroads in the Civil War," by Mrs. C. R. Byland; "Centralia Massacre and Guerilla Warfare," by Mrs. Weldon Peoples; and a Civil War letter. November 10—A list of cemetery locations in Jackson Township, Shelby County, compiled by R. T. Neff.

St. Charles Journal September 2, 1965—A history, "Naming St. Charles Streets," by Edna McElhiney Olson. October 7—A history of the Carl D. Linnemann family and a description of the 1859 family home in St. Charles were written by Edna McElhiney Olson. November 4—"St. Charles in 1800," by Edna McElhiney Olson. November 11—A history, "Borromeo Cemetery [in St. Charles]," by Edna McElhiney Olson.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat November 1, 1965—"Globe 50 Years Ago Printed Plan for Riverfront Arch." November 7—The Ulysses S. Grant cabin, near St. Louis, as it looked in the 1870s. Historical Notes and Comments 391

November 14—"Early St. Louis Ornamental Ironwork," written by Sue Ann Wood and photographed by Paul Ockrassa. November 14—A brief history and picture of St. Louis' Missouri Baptist Hospital in 1904. November 14—"Washington University [St. Louis] Tries for Greatness," written by David Brown and photographed by Herb Weitman. November 21—A short illustrated story described Twelfth Street, St. Louis, in the early 1900s. December 4-5—A short history of the Pilgrim Congregational Church, Union Boulevard, St. Louis. December 5—An illustration and the story of the Veiled Prophet Ball, 1921. December 12—A picture recalled the St. Louis intersection of Fourth & Market Streets, 90 years ago, and the 1876 Grand Tower Block Building con­ structed by Dr. J. H. McLean was noted in an accompanying article. December 19—Three old photographs by Emil Boehl illustrated St. Louis in the winter of 1891. December 25-26—A history, "Four Webster [Groves] Churches [First Con­ gregational, Presbyterian, Emmanuel Episcopal and First Baptist] to Celebrate Centennial," by Sue Ann Wood. January 23, 1966—Short illustrated biographies of Bryan and John Mul­ lanphy and a history of the 1867 Mullanphy Emigrant Home. January 28—The 100-year history of St. Louis baseball and Busch Stadium, "Old Stadium Is Rich in Memories," by Jack Herman. January 30—"Looking Backward at Third Street in 1872."

St. Louis Post-Dispatch November 7, 1965—A brief story of "The Spanish Pavilion" at the New York World's Fair, 1964-1965, given to the city of St. Louis for relocation, was written by Clarence E. Olson and photographed by Paul Berg. November 7—"A Dream That Came True [St. Louis Gateway Arch]," by Robert E. Hannon and Arthur Witman. November 14—A review of Thomas F. Hornbein's new book, Everest: The West Ridge, by Tom Yarbrough. November 14—"[Sculpture] Figures in Forest Park," by Herb Weitman. November 28—An editorial by Frank Peters, "The Old Post Office and the Arch." November 28—A review of Berl Katz's book, Saint Louis Cable Railways, by Wayne Leeman. November 28—"The Mystery of the Big Wheel [the world's largest ferris wheel at the St. Louis World's Fair, 1904]," by Dickson Terry. December 12—"St. Louis: The Harmonies That Time Makes," a complete magazine section on St. Louis architecture, by Ernest Kirschten, with photos by Clarence John Laughlin, Scott C. Dine and David Gulick. December 14—"Sad End of a St. Louis Landmark [Arcade Building, the first trolley car shopping center in the Midwest]," by Theodore C. Link. December 15—An article by Jack Rice, "The Fiery Spirit of the Smoke- Eater," told some of the history of the St. Louis Volunteer Fire Department, 1820-1850, as it was related by Anthony Lampe in a recent doctoral dissertation at St. Louis University. 392 Missouri Historical Review

January 9, 1966—A history of St. Louis mail carrier service, by William F. Woo. January 13—A colored picture feature of J. K. Ralston's painting, "Into the Unknown," is Lewis and Clark meeting with the Shoshones in Montana. The oil is one of several works commissioned for the Museum of Westward Expansion under construction beneath the Gateway Arch on the St. Louis riverfront. January 14—A colored picture featured Mayor William J. Scherer, Ste. Genevieve, and his hobby of painting the community's historical buildings with wood blocks. January 22—" Novinger, Mo., Operation Closes, Ending [Coal] Mining Era in Adair County." January 23—"Story Behind the [Ellis] Wainwright Building [St. Louis)," by William F. Woo. January 25—The story of President and Mrs. Grover Cleveland's visit to St. Louis in 1887 by Dickson Terry. January 26—Color reproductions of buildings, "Jefferson Barracks Park."

Tarkio Avalanche November 4-December 9, December 23, 1965-January 27, 1966—A series on early Atchison County by Dick Altman.

Union Franklin County Tribune December 1, 1965—Historical, centennial edition.

Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal December 7, 1965—Historical, centennial edition.

Washington Missourian October 14, 1965-January 27, 1966—A series on the history of the Washington Missourian by Ralph Gregory.

Double Entendre Columbia Missouri Statesman. May 19, 1865 The ticket which drew the Pattee [Patee) House at St. Joseph, happened to be among those not sold. Whereupon some one, with a villainous double entendre in his words, suggests that John Pattee [Patee]" knows how to keep a hotel." (Editor's note: John Patee, who erected the building for use as a hotel in the 1850's at a cost of $130,000 exclusive of furnishing, attempted to dispose of it bv raffle, but drew it himself. Patee House served as the headquarters of Russell, Majors and Waddell, the overland freighting company which launched the Pony Express in 1860 and as headquarters of the U. S. Provost Marshall during the Civil War. In 1963 Patee House was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior.) Historical Notes and Comments 393

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES

The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1965: "Fort Smith Serves General McCulloch as a Supply Depot," by Edwin C. Bearss. American Scene Magazine [Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art], Volume VI, No. 4: "Santa Fe Trade." Great Plains Journal, Fall, 1965: "Early American Exploration and the Cis- Rocky Mountain Desert, 1803-1823," by G. Malcolm Lewis. History News, August, 1965: "The Jackson County Historical Society." Jackson County Historical Society Journal, December, 1965: "Beaten Biscuits— Almost a Lost Art," by Martha Basye Ingram; "Story of the Chevis-Samuel Tavern, Now in Missouri Town—1855," by John K. Samuel; "The Shawhan Distillery," by Mildred L. Shawhan; "Signing of the Indian Treaty At Fort Osage," by Fred L. Lee; "A Panoramic View of the 'Lost Townships,' [Grand View]," Part II, by Mrs. Greenberry Ragan. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Bulletin, December, 1965: "A Short Sketch of My Experiences During the First Stages of the Civil War," by R. C. Carter; and " Horsedrawn Vehicles in Fulton," by J. B. Dunham. Museum Graphic [St. Joseph Museum) Winter, 1966: "Major F. W. Smith, Co-founder of the City of St. Joseph, Missouri," by Roy E. Coy. Nemoscope, Fall, 1965: "The Founding and Early Growth of Greentop, Schuyler County, Missouri, 1857-1915," by Bonnie Skinner Mitch. Time, February 4, 1966: "[University of) Missouri's Upward Reach." Trail Guide [Kansas City Westerners] June, 1965: "The Life of Isaac McCoy," by Robert M. Drury. , September, 1965: "Lieutenant Frank D. Baldwin and the Indian Territory Expedition of 1874," by Daniel D. Holt. Westerners, New York Posse Brand Book, Volume 12, Number 4: "A New [William Henry] Ashley Document," by Dale L. Morgan. The Westport Historical Quarterly, November, 1965: "Daniel Yoacham, Pioneer Innkeeper of Westport," by Adrienne Christopher; " Recollections of Susannah Yoacham Dillon"; "A Pioneer Remembers," by Edmund R. Lee; "A Battle of Westport Letter". White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Summer, 1965: "Civil War—Guerrillas, Jayhawkers, Bushwhackers," from Elmo Ingenthron manuscript; "First Schools," by Mary Scott Hair; "The Mincy Meteorite"; "The Centennial," by F. J. Woods, Sr., "The Land of the Big Red Apple," by Roy E. Stout; "My Fourth of July, 1899," by Jessie E. Yarnell Cox; "Goblers Knob and Happy Hollow," by Jessie E. Yarnell Cox; "Douglas County's First Capitol," by J. E. Curry; "Souder Cemetery Records," by Ruby M. Robins; "Minutes of the Mincy Valley Baptist Church of Christ, 1871-1885," copied by Eva B. Bruner from the original minute book owned by Vineta Halsey; "The Taney County Instituters," by Jessie E. Yarnell Cox. 394 Missouri Historical Review

Fall, 1965: "Pathways of the Press [history of early newspapers in southwest Missouri]," by Elmo Ingenthron; "The Good Old Days," by F. J. Woods, Sr.; "Pioneer Days in Taney County," by Jewell Ross Melius; "The [Samuel] Johnson Family, Pioneers in Ozark County Before the Civil War," by Ruby M. Robins; "The Ozark Bluff Dwellers," by Steve Miller; "The Headless Cobbler of Smallett Cave: The Origin and Growth of a Douglas County, Missouri, Legend," by Darrell Haden; "My True Story of a Bank Robbery [Centralia Bank Robbery]," by F. J. Woods, Sr.; "Minutes of the Mincy Valley Baptist Church of Christ, 1871-1885," by Eva B. Bruner. Woman's .Day, February, 1966: "The Girl [Yinnie Ream] Who Sculptured Lincoln," by Gordon Langley Hall.

*

Prices of Commodities in 1824 An Illustrated History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1876), by Walter Bickford Davis and Daniel S. Durrie. Page 87. While political affairs engrossed the attention of a few politicians [in 1824], the great body of Missourians were more profitably engaged in preparing for the rising greatness of the State. Every laborer in the rural districts (and indeed all was rural then), was striving to add his mite to the general improvement and productiveness of the country; and it is wonderful what a beneficial and happy effect the general action in one direction produced at that time. Good wheat was plentiful at fifty cents per bushel; corn, twenty cents; potatoes, the same price; flour, $1.50 per cwt.; corn meal, half that price; pork, $1.50 cwt.; beef at the same price; cows at from eight to twelve dollars, and good working oxen at from thirty to forty dollars per pair. . . .

Bee Hive Proves Honey of Problem St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 1, 1965. A Kirkwood policeman was the only casualty Wednesday night when a swarm of bees got loose in the 10000 block of Big Bend boulevard. Patrolman Quay Thomas set up road blocks around the bee hive that had fallen from a truck belonging to ... a bee farm owner. He told drivers to roll up their windows before they passed. " I never got such co-operation from drivers before," he said. It took about an hour to round up the bees and Patrolman Thomas decided he'd better follow the truck. On the way a bee blew from the truck, went up the officer's sleeve and stung him. Historical Notes and Comments 395

IN MEMORIAM

GEORGE WESLEY SOMERVILLE in Education, B.A. and M.A. degrees George Wesley Somerville, trustee at the University of Missouri. He and former vice president of the State taught at the Moberly High School, Historical Society of Missouri, died at 1914-1917; was principal at Cleveland the Chillicothe Hospital, January 30. High School, Cleveland, Oklahoma, Born January 31, 1890, Mr. Somerville 1917-1918, and the Lexington High began teaching school at the age of 16. School, 1918-1919; and was superin­ He later served as principal or super­ tendent of Lexington Public Schools intendent of schools at Ravanna, from 1919 to 1960. He was active in Pickering, Clearmont, Jamesport and civic affairs, a past president of the Hopkins. He became a representative Central Missouri District Teachers of the Scott, Foresman & Company, Association and a member of the school textbook publishers, 1921-1957. executive committee of the Missouri A veteran of World War I, Mr. Somer­ State Teachers Association, and a ville was active in political and civic life member of the Missouri Association affairs. He was a founder of the Grand of School Administrators. River Valley Historical Society and He is survived by his wife, Mazo Museum where he served as president Cross Bell, and a daughter, Mrs. from 1954 to 1965. He helped organize Stewart Tatum, of Joplin. the Chillicothe Federal Savings and Loan Association and the Chillicothe JOSEPH C. CALDWELL State Bank and was a member of the Joseph C. Caldwell, former county board of directors and president of extension agent, died at the Boone both organizations. Somerville was County Hospital, Columbia, January also an active member of the A.F. & 18. Mr. Caldwell was born September A.M. Masonic Lodge of Jamesport, the 27, 1895, at Marble Hill, Missouri. A Rotary Club, the city's Park & Airport veteran of World War I, he received a Board, and the Presbyterian Church. B.S. degree in Agriculture from the He is survived by his wife, Elsie Mae University of Missouri in 1924 and an Smith Somerville; two sons, State M.S. degree in 1962. He was appointed Senator Ronald L. Somerville, Chilli­ state director of Christian Rural cothe, and Goerge Wesley Somerville, Overseas Program in 1950 and state Jr., El Paso, Texas; and a daughter, director for United States Savings Mrs. Harry Zimmerman, Sauquoit, Bonds for Agriculture in 1951. In 1957 New York. Mr. Caldwell became supervisor of foreign agriculture trainees in the LESLIE H. BELL University of Missouri, College of Leslie H. Bell, active member of the Agriculture, Columbia, and served as State Historical Society, a founder and campus coordinator of the India pro­ past president of the Lafayette County gram at the University, 1962-1965. He Historical Society, and vice president is survived by his wife, Mrs. Dorothy J. of the Anderson House and Lexington Caldwell, Columbia; one son, Joseph J. Battlefield Foundation Board, died Caldwell, Benton; and four daughters, January 4 at the Lexington Memorial Mrs. W. W. Pope, Pico Rivera, Cali­ Hospital. Born at Stoutsville, Decem­ fornia, Mrs. William E. Rau, Pretoria, ber 30, 1891, Mr. Bell received his B.S. South Africa, Mrs. Donald Webb, 396 Missouri Historical Review

Plattsburg, Missouri, and Mrs. James MORMAN, DAVID A., El Paso, Texas: T. Seabaugh, Mill City, Oregon. July 26, 1910-June 21, 1965.

ALLSUP, HOWARD, Shawnee Mission, MORSE, SAIDEE B., Hillsboro: April Kansas: December 6, 1899-September 8, 1890-December 12, 1964. 16, 1964. NUTTER, FRANK C, Kansas City: ANDERSON, LOLA, Bolivar: May 11, January 6, 1888-October 7, 1965. 1894-October 21, 1965. OSBORN, MITCHELL K., Kansas City: AUGHINBAUGH, GEORGE T., Kansas August 24, 1893-December 23, 1965. City: August 29, 1880-October 19, 1965. ROLAND, MRS. ALMA FRANCES, BOOKER, ZENO, Dunnellon, Florida: Hannibal: March 15, 1885-December January 14, 1899-September 26, 1964. 1, 1965. DEARING, FRANK W., Columbia: January 9, 1883-April 18, 1965. SMITH, EDGAR K., Owensville: Octo­ ber 12, 1894-Deccmber 21, 1964. DOWNS, MILEY E., St. Charles: October 2, 1898-January 4, 1966. STOKES, MRS. ROY M., Maiden: September 11, 1889-April 10, 1965. EL WANC, MRS. W. W., Webster Groves: July 5, 1886-June 5, 1964. STRODE, MRS. GEORGE K., Los GREEN, MRS. MARY FITZGERALD, Angeles, California: September 4, 1900- Independence: November 14, 1919- Dccember 12, 1964. November 26, 1964. TAGGART, HAROLD F., San Mateo, HALL, ANDY, JR., M.D., University California: April 2, 1893-June 9, 1965. City: April 14, 1898-August 24, 1965. TISLER, C. C, Ottawa, Illinois: May HEER, DORSEY B.., Springfield: 4, 1904-April 5, 1965. November 29, 1902-June 26, 1964. TWYMAN, A. B., Dallas, Texas: HOPKINS, FRANCIS CLAY, D.O., September 13, 1887-September 20, Hannibal: October 10, 1892-August 14, 1964. 1965.

JONES, MRS. ELMER ()., Kirksville: WALLACE, MAUDE ORITA, Mexico: June 24, 1881-August 9, 1965. October 7, 1875-November 30, 1965.

LONG, WILLIAM B., Rich Hill: July WALLEN, MRS. ROY, New Franklin: 15, 1896-August 26, 1965. April 15, 1881-November 28, 1965.

MAGUIRE, WILLIAM C, New York, WILLIAMSON, MRS. CARL, Jefferson New York: August 16, 1886-September City: February 8, 1904-October 23, 28, 1965. 1965. MARSHALL, MRS. W. B., Marshall: WRIGHT, CAPTAIN DONALD T., St. September 6, 1885-October 10, 1965. Louis: January 6, 1894-November 25, MCELROY, RUTH, Kansas City: 1965. December 4, 1892-October 19, 1964. ZELLARS, THEODORE MILTON, St. MILLER, M. F., Columbia: July 7, Joseph: August 17, 1885-August 25, 1875-December 12, 1965, 1965. Historical Notes and Comments 397

BOOK REVIEWS The French In The Mississippi Valley. Edited by John Francis McDermott (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965). 247 pp. Index, illustrations. $6.75. To celebrate the bicentennial of the founding of St. Louis, Missouri, an unusual gathering of scholars took place at Edwards- ville, Illinois, under the chairmanship of John Francis McDermott. As a result fourteen papers presented to that conference are here published which truly contribute to the history of the French in the Mississippi Valley. Three of the papers deal with St. Louis, and two others closely relate to that city. The editor, McDermott, opens the volume with a paper on Pierre Laclede, the founder of St. Louis, in which he refutes many legends and fictions that have grown up concerning Laclede's background. Then McDermott proceeds to give the facts. McDermott, himself a descendant of one of the founders of St. Louis, has been engaged in writing and will soon publish a full length biography of Laclede. The well known architectural historian Charles E. Peterson studies the "Houses of French St. Louis," and Dorothy Holland writes genealogies of "St. Louis Families from the French West Indies" in the 1790's and later, the author herself being a descendant of a French family from Santo Domingo. Poet Charles Guenther presents a hitherto unreported French poet in early 19th century St. Louis. Father Joseph P. Donnelly, the eminent Jesuit historian, adds to our knowledge of Father Pierre Gibault, particularly of his activities during the early years of the American Revolution. Frederick E. Voelker has drawn from his vast knowledge of the mountain fur men, for whom St. Louis was so long the center, to write on the "French Mountain Men of the Early Far West" who were either St. Louisans or worked for St. Louis merchants in the fur trade. Principally interested in Lower Louisiana, another architectural historian Samuel Wilson, Jr. has written about colonial fortifications and military architecture, listing and describing forts erected and used during the French period. He also describes the work of several French engineers, profusely illustrating his contribution. Professor Jack D. L. Holmes writes of several French engineers in Spanish Louisiana. He draws on his work in the Spanish archives and his recent studies discussing the work chiefly of Gilberto Guillemard, 398 Missouri Historical Review

Juan Maria Perchet, Victor Collot (without discussing the work of Warin), and Nicolas de Finiels, who was sent to carry out some work as a result of Collot's reports, and follows these studies with some notes on several other engineers who served in Louisiana. Professor Pierre H. Boulle writes on "French Reactions to the Revolution of 1768" in which he has utilized a number of projets and documents in the French archives. It would have been well had he used a recent doctoral dissertation which was partially based on transcripts from the French and Spanish archives in the reviewer's possession. The above essays constitute the first 157 pages of the volume. The remainder of the volume contains some of the most interesting materials concerning the French in the Mississippi Valley and form a miscellany. Joseph Ewan writes of "French Naturalists in the Mississippi Valley," among whom may be mentioned Andre and Francois-Andre Michaux, father and son, and Charles Alexandre Lesueur. Ewan certainly has enhanced our knowledge of the French activities in the Mississippi Valley byr his well written summary of the researches and writings of the widespread and not well known work of French naturalists in the Mississippi Valley. Professor Richebourg Gaillard McWilliams, noted for his work on Penicaut and Iberville, has tackled the fantastic tale of Mathieu Sagean who claimed to have discovered a marvelous kingdom beyond the Rockies and which was believed for some time; indeed many officials "teetered between faith and doubt in Sagean's story." Herein is given a documented account. The final three contributions in this volume are of special interest to students and scholars interested in the French in the Mississippi Valley and may be classified as bibliographical aids, for they describe important manuscript resources available for the history of the French in the Mississippi Valley. Father Noel Baillargeon describes letters in the magnificent manuscript collec­ tions in the Seminaire du Quebec and Laval University, concerning the missions in the Mississippi Valley dating from 1698, chiefly letters of missionaries. James M. Babcock describes the resources in Detroit for the History of the French in the Mississippi Valley principally in that warehouse of local historical materials, the Burton Collection now in the Detroit Public Library. This is most important to the scholar, especially since to the reviewer's knowl­ edge there is no printed calendar or guide to the thousands of manuscripts in the Burton Collection, and no one is better qualified to discuss them than Babcock, chief of the Burton Collection. Historical Notes and Comments 399

Finally, Winston De Ville formerly Chief of the Special Collec­ tions of the Mobile Public Library writes of Manuscript Sources in Louisiana for the History of the French in the Mississippi Valley. Herein he discusses the notarial records of Louisiana, Cabildo records, Church records and others. He gives a very useful table locating notarial records. The local records of Louisiana, though of extreme importance to historians and others interested in Mississippi Valley history, are badly kept and hard to use. Mr. De Ville has given us a guide to locate them. Mr. De Ville, unfortunately and perforcely, is very brief but attempts to deal with Louisiana and Mobile documentary and manuscript repositories. In doing so he has rendered a distinct service and, wherever possible, lists the indexes and guides available. These last bibliographical essays again stress the importance of local depositories of manuscript sources for the French activities in the Mississippi Valley. This reviewer would wish that another centenary celebration be held which would produce an additional group of "introductions" to other manuscript repositories (and there are many) in the Mississippi Valley. San Diego State College A. P. Nasatir

General Henry Atkinson: A Western Military Career. By Roger L. Nichols (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965). 243 pp. Index, bibliography, illustrations. $5.95. Henry Atkinson pursued a routine and unexciting military career of 34 years duration, from 1808 to 1842. Chance kept him out of combat in the War of 1812, in the Seminole conflicts in Florida, and in all but one of the skirmishes the Army fought with the Indians on the Mississippi and Missouri River frontiers during the 1820s and 1830s. Only once, at the Battle of Bad Axe with Black Hawk in 1832, did he direct troops on the battlefield. His was instead the essentially dull role of military administra­ tion—managing geographical commands, laying out forts and roads, and distributing troops and supplies to the proper places in times of Indian disturbance. Atkinson is chiefly recalled as commander of the ill-fated Yellowstone Expedition of 1819, which was supposed to bring security to the Upper Missouri fur traders but got no farther than Council Bluffs; as commander of the military forces in the mis­ managed Black Hawk War of 1832; and as principal architect of the 400 Missouri Historical Review

chain of forts that confronted the "Permanent Indian Frontier" in the two decades before the Mexican War doomed that concept forever. Less well remembered but perhaps equally significant were his achievements in preventing Indian warfare; unlike some better known subordinates, he preferred to exhaust the possibilities of diplomacy before resorting to arms. Professor Nichols faced large obstacles in undertaking a portray­ al of Atkinson. Besides dealing with the colorless life of a colorless man, he found no collection of Atkinson papers that might have given a personal dimension to the image that emerges from the official correspondence. Recognizing this limitation, Nichols set as his objective not a biography of Atkinson but a history of his mil­ itary career that would be "interesting and helpful in reaching an understanding of American expansion and 'growing pains' as the Republic reached and crossed the Mississippi River during the first half of the nineteenth century." Probing deeply in primary sources, he has produced a study that is scholarly and competent and fully achieves the objective. Curiously, Professor Nichols observes in his introduction that in recent years historical thought has assigned the II.S. Army perhaps more credit than it deserves as an agent of westward expansion. His study of Atkinson, he hopes, will place the Army's role in proper perspective. The thirteen chapters that follow, setting forth some rather significant military contributions to the westward move­ ment, seem to weaken the force of his conviction. He is in fact to be commended for a well-researched volume that reinforces the growing- awareness of the Army's importance in the advance of the frontier.

National Park Service Robert M. Utley Washington, B.C. Chief Historian

Indians and Archaeology of Missouri. By Carl H. and Eleanor F. Chapman (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1964). 161 pp. Not indexed, illustrations. $1.00. Thirty years ago this past fall the reviewer and Carl Chapman, both freshmen at the University of Missouri, became friends because of mutual amateur interest in the archaeology of Missouri. Both were members of the newly formed Missouri Archaeological Society, both were student contributors to the fledgling Missouri Archaeol­ ogist, and Carl Chapman was just starting his career toward becom­ ing a distinguished American archaeologist. Historical Notes and Comments 401

In 1935 almost nothing was known concerning the prehistoric and historic Indians who had lived within the area of Missouri. Very few scholarly studies had been made and the scientific excava­ tion of Indian sites in the state was just beginning. Most of the information on the actual first settlers of Missouri was based on conjecture or the wildest sort of speculative myth. Only two things concerning the Indian were really known: He had left behind him massive evidence of long occupation of our state, and he was gone. In the intervening thirty years, knowledge of the prehistoric and historic Indians of Missouri, based on scientific archaeological methods and historical research, has become almost exact. Hun­ dreds of archaeological sites: mounds, villages, middens, camps, and caves have been recorded and excavated. Thousands of Indian artifacts have been examined and classified, and while the story is still not complete the pieces of one of the most fascinating puzzles of our state have been largely put together. The man primarily responsible for this truly productive scientific effort is Dr. Carl Haley Chapman now Professor of Anthropology and the Director of American Archaeology at the university. Indians and Archaeology of Missouri is Dr. Chapman's contribu­ tion to the lay student, the amateur collector, and the average citizen who is interested in the Indians who once lived in Missouri. Published as a handbook by the College of Arts and Science of the university, written in clear and non-technical language, its informa­ tion is simply indispensable. Armed with the book, any person who can read is able to understand and see the many Indian cultures which developed within our state from as long ago as 8000 years before the birth of Christ. In this fascinating handbook the average reader may study the record of the first men who came into Missouri about the time the great glaciers receded some 10,000 years ago. These men hunted the mammoth and mastodon and left their distinctive spear points behind them. Then follows in sequence the first cave dwellers, the pottery makers, the men who introduced the bow and arrow, the different people who built the many ceremonial and burial mounds, and so on down the course of prehistory until the French explorers met the Osage and Missouri Indians in the 18th century. With this handbook the layman can identify "who made this and who made that" as he examines the stone and pottery artifacts found in thousands of local Missouri collections. For the beginning or advanced Indian relic collector the book is an excellent guide, and 402 Missouri Historical Review

for students of any age, or at any level, it will serve as an informa­ tive text. Among the best aspects of Indians and Archaeology of Missouri are the extensive and finely done drawings contributed by Mrs. Carl Chapman. Eleanor Chapman's skill in illustrating Indian artifacts is unexcelled in the field of American archaeology, and every person who owns a spear, an arrow point, or a stone axe, will be thrilled when he sees his possession reproduced by drawing in the handbook. Carl and Eleanor Chapman have made many other major contributions in the field of scholarly archaeology, but unlike most professional archaeologists they have made available in this hand­ book the complicated facts of their science in a form that all may understand. Every person interested in the Indians of Missouri, those shadowlike, long gone people, must own this handbook. In the case of the reviewer he is proud that he knew Carl Chapman when—and has been privileged, in the past thirty years, to watch the prehistory of his state grow from legend to a valuable and well developed science as a result of the Chapmans' work. State Historical Society of Missouri Richard S. Brownlee

Iron Horses of the Santa Fe Trail. By E. Dale Worley (Dallas: Southwest Railroad Historical Society, 1965). 608 pp. Not indexed. $20.00.

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad directly linked the nation from Chicago to the Pacific Coast and to the Gulf of Mexico, all the way over its own rails. Beginning with a seven-mile spur in Kansas, the railroad grew and prospered until today it ranks 64th in asset size of all American corporations. Its first steam locomotive was a second-hand 4-4-0, coal-burner purchased in 1869, and proudly named the Cyrus K. Holliday. Soon the company was building locomotives of its own as well as stepping up purchases to keep pace with the growing industry. Progressing with a willingness to experiment on new ideas, the Santa Fe took a step toward a new locomotive era in 1939 when it established the first diesel locomotive shop owned and operated by an American railway. This book is intended as a definitive work to "detail in fact, photo and drawing every unit of motive power—steam locomotive, steam car, gas-electric motor car and diesel-electric unit—owned and/or operated by the Santa Fe from its inception to date of publication." To perform this task the author has included numer- Historical Notes and Comments 403 ous charts covering details on some 5,000 locomotives. Many of these facts were previously unpublished. Divided into special sections on steam power, motor car and diesel power, the book includes information about the acquisition of steam power, extended locomotive runs, the engines that did not progress beyond the planning stage and those retired from the field on special displays; lists of steam locomotives with engine numbers, builder's number, year built, the builder, general remarks of each, the number of locomotives operating per year and distances of locomotive runs; and charts of performance and expenditures, average weights and costs of locomotives. Some 22 pages deal with the history of the railway, one chapter with steam power operation, maintenance and repair of locomotives and other chapters with types of locomo­ tives, their particular characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and a brief history of each. Included are maps, engineer drawings and 128 pages of diagrams giving statistics on each class of locomo­ tive for the period 1898-1963. Nearly 1,200 photographs, most of them excellent reproductions, illustrate approximately every class of Santa Fe locomotives. Iron Horses of the Santa Fe Trail contains a wealth of material for a student doing research in railroad history and is a must for collec­ tors of railroad memorabilia and persons interested and familiar with railroad locomotives. The book was written especially with these readers in mind. It is hardly the work for average readers who lack the technical understanding of railroad motive power or for those who prefer a general comprehensive coverage of the Santa Fe Railroad, its history and its operation. Though this work is undocumented, from the enormous amount of well organized facts and details presented it is apparent that the author has searched diligently through available sources. A bibliog­ raphy, footnotes and index would have been most helpful. The illustrations are carefully credited and each contain an informa­ tive caption. The author, E. Dale Worley, has had first-hand association with the railroad. Beginning his career in railroading after graduation from high school, Worley served as a conductor on the Plains Division of the Santa Fe. His father was a locomotive engineer. The author spent 10 years compiling the facts and information before beginning to write the manuscript for this book. His research took him to Santa Fe's Topeka, Kansas, headquarters, to the David Goodyear Collection and the Baldwin Locomotive Works in the DeGolyer Foundation Library, Dallas, Texas, as well as to numer- 404 Missouri Historical Review ous individual collectors of Santa Fe motive power. Though this is not the first book on Santa Fe Railway motive power—Sylvan R. Wood published such a book in 1939 before the end of the steam era that was dated by the diesel era—Worley did not rely upon the earlier work but went back to the original sources for a more complete, first-hand account. This is the first of a series of books about railroads of the South­ west to be published by the Southwest Railroad Historical Society, an organization dedicated to the preservation of rail transportation history.

State Historical Society of Missouri Mary K. Da ins

The Old Cathedral. By Gregory M. Franzwa (Archdiocese of St. Louis, 1965). 106 pp. Indexed. $1.00. The soft-bound booklet is not a thumbnail sketch of the Old Cathedral to be used for quick reference by the tourist. In this work, Mr. Franzwa gives perspective in depth to the inanimate stone structure towering on the St. Louis riverfront with a skillful abbreviated chronicling of events which precede and antedate the founding of St. Louis. The undocumented work is based on sound historical fact obviously derived from a wide selection of primary source material. Mr. Franzwa pays tribute to the French Catholic explorers in the Mississippi Valley and to the zealous Jesuit mis­ sionaries of the Illinois Country. He describes the paucity of spiritual guidance on the Missouri frontier and effectively traces the growth of St. Louis Catholicism under three flags. The full text of Bishop Joseph Rosati's report to Pope Gregory XVI after the dedication of the St. Louis Cathedral, October 26, 1834, is included. Bishop Rosati gave a detailed description of the structure and said that Catholics and Protestants alike participated in the dedication ceremonies. At their own suggestion three com­ panies of St. Louis militia, commanded by Protestant captains, were present. A military band from Jefferson Barracks furnished music for the occasion. Ceremonies opened with the pealing of three ponderous bells, cast in Europe. At once the artillery responded and "the military band joined its melodious notes to the majestic sound of bells and the thunder of guns." Bishop Rosati wanted to build a church that would stand for centuries and he wanted to pa\T for it as it was erected. But he found his finances in rugged shape at the close of the building period. Historical Notes and Comments 405

The total completed costs were $63,360.85. The author credits Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick, Rosati's successor, with placing the Catholic Church in St. Louis on a sound financial looting. Through periods of glory, decline and revival the Old Cathedral has endured for more than a century. From 1826 until 1843 the territory administered by the Diocese of St. Louis encompassed nearly half of America. From this Diocese Father Pierre Jean De Smet and others penetrated the uncharted wilderness as mis­ sionaries to the Indians of the West. On July 20, 1847, the Diocese was named the first Archdiocese west of the Mississippi River. Upon the request of Bishop Rosati, Pope Greogory XVI granted to the Cathedral in 1841 the indulgences formerly accorded only to the seven basilicas of Rome. But by 1860, the Cathedral, hemmed in by commercial buildings, was well into the period of decline as a parish. The present era of renewal is described in the latter half of the volume. Integrated physically, if not legally, in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Area, the Old Cathedral is the only building to be saved in the 82-acre main tract comprising the Area. The structure once again reveals its original symmetry and beauty. To Monseigneur James E. Holflich, pastor of the church, was given the task in 1959 of supervising the complete rehabilitation. Photographs and text describing the restoration work provide important records for the present and future. In 1961 Pope John XXIII conferred basilican status upon the Cathedral. Previously known as the Church of St. Louis IX, King of France, the official name is now the Basilica of St. Louis, the King. Only sixteen other American churches have attained basilican status. Mr. Franzwa includes color reproductions of a portrait of Joseph Cardinal Ritter, Archbishop of St. Louis, and the seal of his Cardinalature; the painting of St. Louis, the King, Louis IX of France, presented to Bishop William Louis Du Bourg by Louis XVIII; and the papal decree designating basilican status, with the basilican symbols—conopoeum and tintinnabulum. The work is dedicated to the St. Louisans of todays who have brought about a rebirth of the former spirit of St. Louis. Mr. Franzwa concludes that "as long as the great arch stands, they will not be forgotten." State Historical Society of Missouri Dorothy J. Caldwell TRANSPORTATION ON THE GREAT RIVERS

Pioneer Missouri's population growth and economic stability depended greatly upon her early forms of transportation. The first settlements were made along rivers and streams denoting waterways as important avenues of transportation. By 1820 the area was populous enough to demand statehood, St. Louis was a thriving city and the Northwestern fur trading enterprise was successfully launched, but the steamboat, so important in a later transportation era, was still a rarity. Pioneer Missourians depended upon more primitive forms of water transportation. One early type of river craft, the bull boat, made of buffalo hides sewed together and stretched over a framework of poles, was used on the Missouri River and plains rivers where timber was scarce. Propelled by poles or paddles, fur traders transported their pelts and equipment in it. Carrying capacity was limited, however, because it sat low in the water, leaked rapidly and water logged easily. At night bull boats were dried by the fire or propped over the voyager as a tent to be dried by the wind. Early travelers in the Missouri Territory also used the dug-out canoe, or pirogue as the French called it, as a simple means of transportation. Constructed by hollowing out a tree log, canoes could be paddled against the current and were light enough to be carried across the portages. Limited in space, they were open to weather and easily capsized in rough water. Canoes, enlarged by using logs with planks between were forerunners of flatboats, mackinaws, and rafts. These crafts, propelled by poles, oars or rudders and sometimes sails, transported produce down river but seldom traveled against the current. Many immigrants loaded their belongings on flatboats and floated down the Ohio River toward their destination in Missouri. Keelboats, as their name implies, were built upon a keel which extended along the entire bottom of the vessel and had sides of planks laid over supporting ribs. These long narrow boats of light draft, intended for shallow water, were especially useful on the upper Missouri River. A wider, heavier craft of the same type of construction was called a barge. Keelboats and barges usually contained a cabin or cargo box. The most important boats on Missouri's rivers before the steamboat, keelboats carried a large cargo and could be moved against the current. They were propelled by poles placed on the river bottom and pushed by a number of men walking from prow to stern. Often supplemented with a mast and sail for broad straight waterways, the boat could be steered with a long oar and was directed by a captain or helmsman who, stationed on the roof of the cabin, could see far ahead. When a river such as the Mississippi was too deep for setting poles, or the bottom too soft, a cordelle or towline was used. With one end of the line fastened to the top of the mast the other was pulled by crew members who walked along the shore. If the shore was unsuitable for cordelling, boatmen proceeded upstream in skiffs, anchored to a snag or tree and drew the keelboat forward with towlines. This method of propulsion was called warping. When the water was high the boat could be propelled among the trees near the shore by grabbing overhanging branches—a process called bushwhacking. Sketched by Paul Rockwood Charles Trefts Photo Missouri River Flatboats and Mackinaws

WTith many perils and obstacles facing early river travel—rapids and falls, continually shifting sand bars and islands, whirlpools, floating debris, snags, storms, ice and the menace of Indians and bandits—the life of a boatman was rarely uneventful. Familiar to Missourians in their scarlet shirts, blue jackets, linsey-woolsey trousers, leather caps and moccasins, river hands were recruited from a distinct class of brawny, aggressive, rugged men, proud of their physical prowess. They labored hard but spent long, leisurely hours gambling, wrestling, singing, dancing, drinking and telling tales. Despite its hazards, river transportation proved profitable. Rates were high but cargo was never hard to find. Passenger fares depended on boat types, speed and accommodations supplied. St. Louis became the center of riverboat traffic. Boats departed from the Western outpost carrying a variety of cargoes and arti­ sans who performed their trade from the river crafts. The boats displayed flags indicating their types of ware and service and could be hailed by a dweller on the bank. Upon approaching a riverside plantation or hamlet, the boatmen blasted on a tin horn to announce their arrival. Theatrical troupes and wax-figure exhibits traveling on early river crafts supplied the Missouri frontier with unusual entertainment. Even after the coming of the steamboat, keelboats, barges and flatboats continued to be used for many years. Demands for boating increased rapidly enough to use all types of crafts. Heavy, bulky shipments of lead, grain and iron ore utilized barges and flatboats. Keelboats were used on the swift shallow tribu­ taries above the heads of steamboat navigation until the coming of the railroads. Had it not been for Missouri's navigable streams and rivers and these primitive water crafts, frontier settlement would have been seriously handicapped and economic livelihood impaired. The romance of riverboat life and adventure added a colorful chapter to Missouri's early history. Missouri Women

Massie— In History Missouri Commerce

Hannah Cole Hannah Cole, courageous pioneer mother of Missouri, built the first cabin at the present site of Boonville. In January, 1810, Hannah, with her 9 children, and her brother-in-law and sister, Stephen and Phoebe Cole, with their 5 children, crossed the Missouri River in a pirogue, swimming their horses alongside. Prevented by the ice-packed, swiftly flowing river from returning for provisions left on the opposite shore, for 11 days the party subsisted on acorns, slippery elm bark and one wild turkey. A month before this perilous journey, Hannah's husband, William Temple Cole, was brutally murdered at Skull (Big Bone) Lick, northwest of present Mexico, Missouri, while pursuing Indians who had stolen horses from Loutre Island settlers in what is now Montgo­ mery County, Missouri. The Cole families emigrated to Loutre Island in 1807. Hannah and her sister, Phoebe, were the daughters of Agnes and Halbert Allison of Wythe County, Virginia. In 1784 Hannah married William Temple Cole, native of North Carolina. The Cole families were the first settlers south of the Missouri River in Central Missouri. Hannah built her cabin on the present site of St. Joseph's Hospital in Boonville and Stephen settled one and one-half miles farther east. The next year 10 other families joined the Cole settlement. When troubles arose culminating in the War of 1812 the Coles and their neighbors built a fort at Stephen Cole's cabin. Seeking a more advantageous location after several Indian atrocities, a larger fort was built in 1814 at Hannah's cabin. No more trouble occurred, but Hannah later claimed $165 for property loss from Indian depredations. Hannah's fort became a community center. In 1815, Luke Williams, Baptist minister, held services there. The territorial legislature selected her fort as the seat of justice for Cooper County and the first court was held there, July 8, 1816. Hannah was the original owner of the site of Boonville, pre­ empting 160 acres which she later sold for $100. In 1816, she, with her sons, operated a ferry over the Missouri River. It was related that Daniel Boone, cousin of William Temple Cole, rested at Han­ nah's cabin on his last hunting trip through Missouri. In 1825 Hannah built a cabin on preempted land located 15 miles south of Boonville and there, with her faithful slave, Lucy, she lived until her death in 1843. She was buried in Briscoe Cemetery, 12 miles south of Boonville. Cole County was named for her husband. Monuments to her memory stand at her grave and on the grounds of Boonville High School. The Boonville chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution is named for her.