The Control of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration in Normal Man
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Differential Control of Dntp Biosynthesis and Genome Integrity
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Diferential control of dNTP biosynthesis and genome integrity maintenance by the dUTPase Received: 6 November 2015 Accepted: 12 June 2017 superfamily enzymes Published online: 20 July 2017 Rita Hirmondo1, Anna Lopata1, Eva Viola Suranyi1,2, Beata G. Vertessy1,2 & Judit Toth1 dUTPase superfamily enzymes generate dUMP, the obligate precursor for de novo dTTP biosynthesis, from either dUTP (monofunctional dUTPase, Dut) or dCTP (bifunctional dCTP deaminase/dUTPase, Dcd:dut). In addition, the elimination of dUTP by these enzymes prevents harmful uracil incorporation into DNA. These two benefcial outcomes have been thought to be related. Here we determined the relationship between dTTP biosynthesis (dTTP/dCTP balance) and the prevention of DNA uracilation in a mycobacterial model that encodes both the Dut and Dcd:dut enzymes, and has no other ways to produce dUMP. We show that, in dut mutant mycobacteria, the dTTP/dCTP balance remained unchanged, but the uracil content of DNA increased in parallel with the in vitro activity-loss of Dut accompanied with a considerable increase in the mutation rate. Conversely, dcd:dut inactivation resulted in perturbed dTTP/dCTP balance and two-fold increased mutation rate, but did not increase the uracil content of DNA. Thus, unexpectedly, the regulation of dNTP balance and the prevention of DNA uracilation are decoupled and separately brought about by the Dcd:dut and Dut enzymes, respectively. Available evidence suggests that the discovered functional separation is conserved in humans and other organisms. Proper control of the intracellular concentration of deoxyribonucleoside-5-triphosphates (dNTPs), the building blocks of DNA, is critically important for efcient and high-fdelity DNA replication and genomic stability1, 2. -
Origin Sites of Calcium Release and Calcium Oscillations in Frog Sympathetic Neurons
The Journal of Neuroscience, December, 15, 2000, 20(24):9059–9070 Origin Sites of Calcium Release and Calcium Oscillations in Frog Sympathetic Neurons Stefan I. McDonough, Zolta´ n Cseresnye´ s, and Martin F. Schneider Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 In many neurons, Ca 2ϩ signaling depends on efflux of Ca 2ϩ from levels within the cell body could increase or decrease indepen- intracellular stores into the cytoplasm via caffeine-sensitive ryan- dently of neighboring regions, suggesting independent action of odine receptors (RyRs) of the endoplasmic reticulum. We have spatially separate Ca 2ϩ stores. Confocal imaging of fluorescent used high-speed confocal microscopy to image depolarization- analogs of ryanodine and thapsigargin, and of MitoTracker, and caffeine-evoked increases in cytoplasmic Ca 2ϩ levels in showed potential structural correlates to the patterns of Ca 2ϩ individual cultured frog sympathetic neurons. Although caffeine- release and propagation. High densities of RyRs were found in a evoked Ca 2ϩ wave fronts propagated throughout the cell, in ring around the cell periphery, mitochondria in a broader ring just most cells the initial Ca 2ϩ release was from one or more discrete inside the RyRs, and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2ϩ ATPase sites that were several micrometers wide and located at the cell pumps in hot spots at the cell edge. Discrete sites at the cell edge, even in Ca 2ϩ-free external solution. During cell-wide cy- edge primed to release Ca 2ϩ from intracellular stores might toplasmic [Ca 2ϩ] oscillations triggered by continual caffeine ap- preferentially convert Ca 2ϩ influx through a local area of plasma plication, the initial Ca 2ϩ release that began each Ca 2ϩ peak membrane into a cell-wide Ca 2ϩ increase. -
Note on the Interpretation of Clearance Methods in the Diseased Kidney
NOTE ON THE INTERPRETATION OF CLEARANCE METHODS IN THE DISEASED KIDNEY Homer W. Smith J Clin Invest. 1941;20(6):631-635. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101256. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/101256/pdf NOTE ON THE INTERPRETATION OF CLEARANCE METHODS IN THE DISEASED KIDNEY By HOMER W. SMITH (From the Department of Physiology, New York University CoUlege of Medicine, New York City) (Received for publication June 16, 1941) In interpreting the results obtained by clear- but only by investigation; but since by definition they are ance methods in the diseased kidney, the physio- unable to excrete diodrast they do not contribute to CD or TmD. logical limitations of these methods must be kept All renal parenchyma which normally lacks excretory clearly in mind. Since there has been no oppor- function, or which has lost its excretory function, will be tunity to discuss these limitations generally, it designated as inert tissue. This would include capsular has seemed desirable to emphasize certain more and connective tissue, impotent nephrons as defined above, important points in this note. injured nephrons which permit the back-diffusion of inulin and other constituents of the tubular urine, nephrons which The four methods to be considered here are are obstructed by casts or disconnected from collecting the inulin clearance (CIN), the plasma diodrast ducts so that urine formation is impossible, and fibrotic clearance (CD), the maximal rate of tubular ex- glomeruli and tubular fragments generally. cretion of diodrast (TmD) and the maximal rate of tubular reabsorption of glucose (TmG), all Total renal function and function in four methods being based on overall measure- individual nephrons ments made on the two kidneys by the collection Recognizing that there are two million-odd of bladder urine (4, 10, 12). -
Natural Products As Lead Compounds for Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT) Inhibitors
Reviews Natural Products as Lead Compounds for Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT) Inhibitors Author ABSTRACT Wolfgang Blaschek Glucose homeostasis is maintained by antagonistic hormones such as insulin and glucagon as well as by regulation of glu- Affiliation cose absorption, gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis and mobiliza- Formerly: Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceu- tion of glycogen, glucose consumption in all tissues and glo- tical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, merular filtration, and reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Germany Glucose enters or leaves cells mainly with the help of two membrane integrated transporters belonging either to the Key words family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) or to the Malus domestica, Rosaceae, Phlorizin, flavonoids, family of sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). The intesti- ‑ SGLT inhibitors, gliflozins, diabetes nal glucose absorption by endothelial cells is managed by SGLT1, the transfer from them to the blood by GLUT2. In the received February 9, 2017 kidney SGLT2 and SGLT1 are responsible for reabsorption of revised March 3, 2017 filtered glucose from the primary urine, and GLUT2 and accepted March 6, 2017 GLUT1 enable the transport of glucose from epithelial cells Bibliography back into the blood stream. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-106050 The flavonoid phlorizin was isolated from the bark of apple Published online April 10, 2017 | Planta Med 2017; 83: 985– trees and shown to cause glucosuria. Phlorizin is an inhibitor 993 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York | of SGLT1 and SGLT2. With phlorizin as lead compound, specif- ISSN 0032‑0943 ic inhibitors of SGLT2 were developed in the last decade and some of them have been approved for treatment mainly of Correspondence type 2 diabetes. -
Myricetin Antagonizes Semen-Derived Enhancer of Viral Infection (SEVI
Ren et al. Retrovirology (2018) 15:49 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-018-0432-3 Retrovirology RESEARCH Open Access Myricetin antagonizes semen‑derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI) formation and infuences its infection‑enhancing activity Ruxia Ren1,2†, Shuwen Yin1†, Baolong Lai2, Lingzhen Ma1, Jiayong Wen1, Xuanxuan Zhang1, Fangyuan Lai1, Shuwen Liu1* and Lin Li1* Abstract Background: Semen is a critical vector for human immunodefciency virus (HIV) sexual transmission and harbors seminal amyloid fbrils that can markedly enhance HIV infection. Semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI) is one of the best-characterized seminal amyloid fbrils. Due to their highly cationic properties, SEVI fbrils can capture HIV virions, increase viral attachment to target cells, and augment viral fusion. Some studies have reported that myri- cetin antagonizes amyloid β-protein (Aβ) formation; myricetin also displays strong anti-HIV activity in vitro. Results: Here, we report that myricetin inhibits the formation of SEVI fbrils by binding to the amyloidogenic region of the SEVI precursor peptide (PAP248–286) and disrupting PAP248–286 oligomerization. In addition, myricetin was found to remodel preformed SEVI fbrils and to infuence the activity of SEVI in promoting HIV-1 infection. Moreover, myricetin showed synergistic efects against HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral drugs in semen. Conclusions: Incorporation of myricetin into a combination bifunctional microbicide with both anti-SEVI and anti- HIV activities is a highly promising approach to preventing sexual transmission of HIV. Keywords: HIV, Myricetin, Amyloid fbrils, SEVI, Synergistic antiviral efects Background in vivo because they facilitate virus attachment and inter- Since the frst cases of acquired immune defciency nalization into cells [4]. -
Defective Galactose Oxidation in a Patient with Glycogen Storage Disease and Fanconi Syndrome
Pediatr. Res. 17: 157-161 (1983) Defective Galactose Oxidation in a Patient with Glycogen Storage Disease and Fanconi Syndrome M. BRIVET,"" N. MOATTI, A. CORRIAT, A. LEMONNIER, AND M. ODIEVRE Laboratoire Central de Biochimie du Centre Hospitalier de Bichre, 94270 Kremlin-Bicetre, France [M. B., A. C.]; Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de I'Universite Paris-Sud, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France [N. M., A. L.]; and Faculte de Midecine de I'Universiti Paris-Sud et Unite de Recherches d'Hepatologie Infantile, INSERM U 56, 94270 Kremlin-Bicetre. France [M. 0.1 Summary The patient's diet was supplemented with 25-OH-cholecalci- ferol, phosphorus, calcium, and bicarbonate. With this treatment, Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in a child with atypical the serum phosphate concentration increased, but remained be- glycogen storage disease and Fanconi syndrome. Massive gluco- tween 0.8 and 1.0 mmole/liter, whereas the plasma carbon dioxide suria, partial resistance to glucagon and abnormal responses to level returned to normal (18-22 mmole/liter). Rickets was only carbohydrate loads, mainly in the form of major impairment of partially controlled. galactose utilization were found, as reported in previous cases. Increased blood lactate to pyruvate ratios, observed in a few cases of idiopathic Fanconi syndrome, were not present. [l-14ClGalac- METHODS tose oxidation was normal in erythrocytes, but reduced in fresh All studies of the patient and of the subjects who served as minced liver tissue, despite normal activities of hepatic galactoki- controls were undertaken after obtaining parental or personal nase, uridyltransferase, and UDP-glucose 4epirnerase in hornog- consent. enates of frozen liver. -
Comparative Analysis of High-Throughput Assays of Family-1 Plant Glycosyltransferases
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Comparative Analysis of High-Throughput Assays of Family-1 Plant Glycosyltransferases Kate McGraphery and Wilfried Schwab * Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8161-712-912; Fax: +49-8161-712-950 Received: 27 January 2020; Accepted: 21 March 2020; Published: 23 March 2020 Abstract: The ability of glycosyltransferases (GTs) to reduce volatility, increase solubility, and thus alter the bioavailability of small molecules through glycosylation has attracted immense attention in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical industries. The lack of GTs known and the scarcity of high-throughput (HTP) available methods, hinders the extrapolation of further novel applications. In this study, the applicability of new GT-assays suitable for HTP screening was tested and compared with regard to harmlessness, robustness, cost-effectiveness and reproducibility. The UDP-Glo GT-assay, Phosphate GT Activity assay, pH-sensitive GT-assay, and UDP2-TR-FRET assay were applied and tailored to plant UDP GTs (UGTs). Vitis vinifera (UGT72B27) GT was subjected to glycosylation reaction with various phenolics. Substrate screening and kinetic parameters were evaluated. The pH-sensitive assay and the UDP2-TR-FRET assay were incomparable and unsuitable for HTP plant GT-1 family UGT screening. Furthermore, the UDP-Glo GT-assay and the Phosphate GT Activity assay yielded closely similar and reproducible KM, vmax, and kcat values. Therefore, with the easy experimental set-up and rapid readout, the two assays are suitable for HTP screening and quantitative kinetic analysis of plant UGTs. This research sheds light on new and emerging HTP assays, which will allow for analysis of novel family-1 plant GTs and will uncover further applications. -
Caffeine and Caffeic Acid Inhibit Growth and Modify Estrogen Receptor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor Levels in Human Breast Cancer Ann H
Published OnlineFirst February 17, 2015; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1748 Cancer Therapy: Clinical Clinical Cancer Research Caffeine and Caffeic Acid Inhibit Growth and Modify Estrogen Receptor and Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Levels in Human Breast Cancer Ann H. Rosendahl1, Claire M. Perks2, Li Zeng2, Andrea Markkula1, Maria Simonsson1, Carsten Rose3, Christian Ingvar4, Jeff M.P. Holly2, and Helena Jernstrom€ 1 Abstract Purpose: Epidemiologic studies indicate that dietary factors, 0.018), compared with patients with low consumption (1 cup/ such as coffee, may influence breast cancer and modulate hor- day). Moderate to high consumption was associated with lower þ mone receptor status. The purpose of this translational study was risk for breast cancer events in tamoxifen-treated patients with ER to investigate how coffee may affect breast cancer growth in tumors (adjusted HR, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.97). þ relation to estrogen receptor-a (ER) status. Caffeine and caffeic acid suppressed the growth of ER (P 0.01) À Experimental Design: The influence of coffee consumption on and ER (P 0.03) cells. Caffeine significantly reduced ER and þ patient and tumor characteristics and disease-free survival was cyclin D1 abundance in ER cells. Caffeine also reduced the assessed in a population-based cohort of 1,090 patients with insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGFIR) and pAkt levels in þ À invasive primary breast cancer in Sweden. Cellular and molecular both ER and ER cells. Together, these effects resulted in impaired effects by the coffee constituents caffeine and caffeic acid were cell-cycle progression and enhanced cell death. -
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Sedative
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Sedative Chemical Dosage (+)-BORNYL-ISOVALERATE -- (-)-DICENTRINE LD50=187 1,8-CINEOLE -- 2-METHYLBUT-3-ENE-2-OL -- 6-GINGEROL -- 6-SHOGAOL -- ACYLSPINOSIN -- ADENOSINE -- AKUAMMIDINE -- ALPHA-PINENE -- ALPHA-TERPINEOL -- AMYL-BUTYRATE -- AMYLASE -- ANEMONIN -- ANGELIC-ACID -- ANGELICIN ED=20-80 ANISATIN 0.03 mg/kg ANNOMONTINE -- APIGENIN 30-100 mg/kg ARECOLINE 1 mg/kg ASARONE -- ASCARIDOLE -- ATHEROSPERMINE -- BAICALIN -- BALDRINAL -- BENZALDEHYDE -- BENZYL-ALCOHOL -- Chemical Dosage BERBERASTINE -- BERBERINE -- BERGENIN -- BETA-AMYRIN-PALMITATE -- BETA-EUDESMOL -- BETA-PHENYLETHANOL -- BETA-RESERCYCLIC-ACID -- BORNEOL -- BORNYL-ACETATE -- BOSWELLIC-ACID 20-55 mg/kg ipr rat BRAHMINOSIDE -- BRAHMOSIDE -- BULBOCAPNINE -- BUTYL-PHTHALIDE -- CAFFEIC-ACID 500 mg CANNABIDIOLIC-ACID -- CANNABINOL ED=200 CARPACIN -- CARVONE -- CARYOPHYLLENE -- CHELIDONINE -- CHIKUSETSUSAPONIN -- CINNAMALDEHYDE -- CITRAL ED 1-32 mg/kg CITRAL 1 mg/kg CITRONELLAL ED=1 mg/kg CITRONELLOL -- 2 Chemical Dosage CODEINE -- COLUBRIN -- COLUBRINOSIDE -- CORYDINE -- CORYNANTHEINE -- COUMARIN -- CRYOGENINE -- CRYPTOCARYALACTONE 250 mg/kg CUMINALDEHYDE -- CUSSONOSIDE-A -- CYCLOSTACHINE-A -- DAIGREMONTIANIN -- DELTA-9-THC 10 mg/orl/man/day DESERPIDINE -- DESMETHOXYANGONIN 200 mg/kg ipr DIAZEPAM 40-200 ug/lg/3-4x/day DICENTRINE LD50=187 DIDROVALTRATUM -- DIHYDROKAWAIN -- DIHYDROMETHYSTICIN 60 mg/kg ipr DIHYDROVALTRATE -- DILLAPIOL ED50=1.57 DIMETHOXYALLYLBENZENE -- DIMETHYLVINYLCARBINOL -- DIPENTENE -
Dmd.117.077586.Full.Pdf
DMD Fast Forward. Published on November 21, 2017 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077586 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD # 77586 Discovery and Validation of Pyridoxic Acid and Homovanillic Acid as Novel Endogenous Plasma Biomarkers of Organic Anion Transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3 in Cynomolgus Monkeys Downloaded from dmd.aspetjournals.org Hong Shen, David M. Nelson, Regina V. Oliveira, Yueping Zhang, Colleen A. Mcnaney, Xiaomei Gu, Weiqi Chen, Ching Su, Michael D. Reily, Petia A. Shipkova, Jinping Gan, Yurong Lai, Punit Marathe, and W. Griffith Humphreys at ASPET Journals on September 29, 2021 Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., Y.Z., X.G., W.C., J.G., Y.L., P.M., W.G.H.), Discovery Toxicology (D.N., C.A.M., M.D.R.), Bioanalytical Research (R.O., P.A.S.), and Discovery Pharmaceutics (C.S.), Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States 1 DMD Fast Forward. Published on November 21, 2017 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077586 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD # 77586 Running title: Identification of functional plasma markers of OAT1 and OAT3 in vivo Address correspondence to: Dr. Hong Shen Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (MAP) Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (PCO) Downloaded from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS) Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000 Telephone: (609) 252-4509 dmd.aspetjournals.org Facsimile: (609) 252-6802 E-mail: [email protected] at ASPET Journals on September 29, 2021 Number of text pages: 29 Number of tables: 3 Number of figures: 6 Number of references: 39 Number of words: Abstract: 249 Introduction: 794 Discussion: 1832 Abbreviations: Ae, amount of unchanged drug recovered in the urine; AUC, area under the plasma concentration-time curve; CCK-8, cholecystokinin octapeptide; CE, collision energy; CLNR, 2 DMD Fast Forward. -
The Role of a Key Amino Acid Position in Species- Specific Proteinaceous Dutpase Inhibition
Article The Role of a Key Amino Acid Position in Species- Specific Proteinaceous dUTPase Inhibition András Benedek 1,2,*, Fanni Temesváry-Kis 1, Tamjidmaa Khatanbaatar 1, Ibolya Leveles 1,2, Éva Viola Surányi 1,2, Judit Eszter Szabó 1,2, Lívius Wunderlich 1 and Beáta G. Vértessy 1,2,* 1 Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H -1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary; [email protected] (F.T-K.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (L.W.) 2 Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary; [email protected] (I.L.); [email protected] (É.V.S.); [email protected] (J.E.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (B.G.V.) Received: 14 May 2019; Accepted: 27 May 2019; Published: 6 June 2019 Abstract: Protein inhibitors of key DNA repair enzymes play an important role in deciphering physiological pathways responsible for genome integrity, and may also be exploited in biomedical research. The staphylococcal repressor StlSaPIbov1 protein was described to be an efficient inhibitor of dUTPase homologues showing a certain degree of species-specificity. In order to provide insight into the inhibition mechanism, in the present study we investigated the interaction of StlSaPIbov1 and Escherichia coli dUTPase. Although we observed a strong interaction of these proteins, unexpectedly the E. coli dUTPase was not inhibited. Seeking a structural explanation for this phenomenon, we identified a key amino acid position where specific mutations sensitized E. -
Objectives Anti-Hyperglycemic Therapeutics
9/22/2015 Some Newer Non-Insulin Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes:Present and future Faculty/presenter disclosure Speaker’s name: Dr. Robert G. Josse SGLT2 Inhibitors Grants/research support: Astra Zeneca, BMS, Boehringer Dopamine D2 Receptor Agonist Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, NovoNordisk, Roche, Bile acid sequestrant sanofi, Consulting Fees: Astra Zeneca, BMS, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Dr Robert G Josse Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism Speakers bureau: Janssen, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Merck, St. Michael’s Hospital Professor of Medicine Stocks and Shares:None University of Toronto 100-year History of Objectives Anti-hyperglycemic Therapeutics 14 Discuss the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitor 12 Bromocriptine-QR dopamine D2 receptor agonists and bile acid sequestrants Bile acid sequestrant in the management of type 2 diabetes Number of 10 DPP-4 inhibitor classes of GLP-1 receptor agonist Amylinomimetic anti- 8 Glinide Basal insulin analogue Identify the benefits and risks of the newer non-insulin hyperglycemic Thiazolidinedione agents 6 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor treatment options Phenformin Human Rapid-acting insulin analogue 4 Sulphonylurea insulin Metformin Intermediate-acting insulin Phenformin Describe the potential uses of these therapies in the 2 withdrawn Soluble insulin treatment of type 2 diabetes 0 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year UGDP, DCCT and UKPDS studies. Buse, JB © 1 9/22/2015 Renal handling of glucose Collecting (180 L/day) Glomerulus duct (1000 mg/L) Proximal =180 g/day Distal tubule S1 tubule Glucose ~90% filtration SGLT2 Inhibitors ~10% S3 Glucose reabsorption Loop No/minimal of Henle glucose excretion S1 segment of proximal tubule S3 segment of proximal tubule - ~90% glucose reabsorbed - ~10% glucose reabsorbed - Facilitated by SGLT2 - Facilitated by SGLT1 SGLT = Sodium-dependent glucose transporter Adapted from: 1.