THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK ENGINEERING GUIDELINES FOR FIXED, MOBILE AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS

EDITED BY JYRKI T. J. PENTTINEN

The Telecommunications Handbook

The Telecommunications Handbook

Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems

Edited by

JYRKI T. J. PENTTINEN This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The telecommunications handbook : engineering guidelines for fixed, mobile, and satellite systems / edited by: Jyrki T.J. Penttinen. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Telecommunication–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Penttinen, Jyrki T. J., editor. TK5101.T35533 2015 621.384–dc23 2014022270

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119944881

Set in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

1 2015 Contents

Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Abbreviations xxix List of Contributors xlv

1 Introduction 1 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 1.1 General 1 1.2 Short History of Telecommunications 2 1.2.1 The Beginning 2 1.2.2 Analog Telephony Era 4 1.2.3 Wireless Era 4 1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 1.3.1 Current Information Sources 5 1.3.2 Telecommunications Market 6 1.3.3 Effect of Video Services 9 1.3.4 Network Scalability 11 1.3.5 How to Handle Increased Smartphone Signaling 13 1.3.6 Effects of Online Video 14 1.4 The Focus of the Book 15 1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16 References 20

2 Standardization and Regulation 23 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 2.2.1 ITU 23 2.2.2 ETSI 25 2.2.3 IEEE 28 2.2.4 IETF 28 2.2.5 CEPT 29 2.2.6 T1 30 2.2.7 ANSI 30 2.2.8 ARIB 31 2.2.9 TTC 31 2.2.10 3GPP 33 2.2.11 3GPP2 35 2.2.12 Broadcast Standardization 37 vi Contents

2.3 Industry Forums 38 2.3.1 GSM Association 38 2.3.2 UMTS Forum 40 2.3.3 WiMAX Forum 41 2.3.4 BMCO Forum and Open IPTV Forum 41 2.3.5 Global Mobile Suppliers Association 42 2.3.6 CDMA Development Group 42 2.3.7 Other Standardization Bodies 43 2.4 Other Entities 44 2.4.1 UNDP 44 2.4.2 IADB 45 2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 2.5.1 WRC 45 2.6 National Regulators 46 2.7 Guideline for Finding and Interpreting Standards 47 References 47

3 Telecommunications Principles 49 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Terminology and Planning Principles 49 3.2.1 Decibel 50 3.2.2 Erlang 52 3.2.3 Noise and Interferences 56 3.2.4 Other Typical Telecommunications Units 57 3.3 Evolution 58 3.3.1 Mobile Networks 58 3.3.2 Mobile Data 60 3.3.3 Demand for Multimedia 62 3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 3.4.1 ITU Regions and Principles 64 3.4.2 Regional Aspects 64 3.5 Physical Aspects 64 3.5.1 Radio Interface and Radio Links 64 3.5.2 Electrical Wires 65 3.5.3 Copper Lines 65 3.5.4 Fiber Optics 69 References 71

4 Protocols 73 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 OSI 74 4.2.1 General 74 4.2.2 Physical Layer (1) 78 4.2.3 Data Link Layer (2) 78 4.2.4 Network Layer (3) 79 Contents vii

4.2.5 Transport Layer (4) 79 4.2.6 Session Layer (5) 80 4.2.7 Presentation Layer (6) 80 4.2.8 Application Layer (7) 80 4.2.9 Practice 81 4.3 Fixed Networks 82 4.3.1 SS7 82 4.3.2 SIGTRAN 83 4.4 Mobile Networks 89 4.4.1 SCCP 89 4.4.2 BSSAP 89 4.4.3 MAP 90 4.4.4 TCAP 90 4.4.5 LAPD/LAPDm 90 4.5 Data Networks 90 4.5.1 TCP/IP 90 4.5.2 UDP 91 4.6 Error Recovery 93 4.6.1 Message 93 4.6.2 Error Correction Methods 94 4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 4.7.1 LAPB 97 4.7.2 LAPD 97 4.7.3 LAPF 97 4.7.4 LAPM 98 4.8 Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 References 99

5 Connectivity and Payment 101 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 5.1 Connectivity 101 5.2 Definitions 101 5.3 IP Connectivity 102 5.3.1 Multilink Dial-Up 102 5.3.2 ISDN 103 5.3.3 Leased Lines 103 5.3.4 E1/T1 103 5.3.5 Cable Modem 104 5.3.6 DSL 104 5.3.7 Power-Line Connectivity 104 5.3.8 ATM 104 5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 5.4.1 USB 105 5.4.2 USB Development 105 5.4.3 General Principles of USB 106 5.4.4 Physical Aspect of USB 107 5.4.5 Cable Length 109 viii Contents

5.4.6 Power 109 5.4.7 Serial Port 114 5.5 Radio Connectivity in the Near Field 114 5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 5.6.1 General 115 5.6.2 Readers and Tags 116 5.6.3 Architecture 117 5.6.4 Standardization 118 5.6.5 Products and Use Cases 119 5.7 Secure Payment 120 5.7.1 Softcard 120 5.7.2 Background to Secure Payment Standardization 121 5.7.3 Functionality of Secure Payment 121 5.7.4 EMV 123 5.7.5 Practical Solutions 123 5.7.6 Other Payment Solutions 123 5.8 Bluetooth 125 5.8.1 General 125 5.8.2 Bluetooth RF 126 5.8.3 Bluetooth Profiles 126 5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 5.9.1 T and M Rating 129 5.9.2 HAC Compatibility Aspects 130 5.9.3 TTY/TDD Compatibility 131 5.10 Other Connectivity Technologies 131 5.10.1 G.V2A 131 5.10.2 MirrorLink 132 References 132

6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Network Topologies 135 6.2.1 Point-to-Point 136 6.2.2 Bus 136 6.2.3 Star 137 6.2.4 Ring 137 6.3 Redundancy 138 6.4 Telephone Network 139 6.5 User Devices 140 6.5.1 Telephones 140 6.5.2 Data Equipment 142 6.6 Plain Old Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 6.6.1 General 145 6.6.2 Numbering of Telephony Networks 146 6.6.3 The Principle of Telephone Networks 146 Contents ix

6.6.4 Billing Principles 146 6.6.5 Comparison of Current VoIP Solutions 147 6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 149 6.7.1 Standardization of ISDN 149 6.7.2 Principles of ISDN 149 6.7.3 ISDN Reference Model 150 6.7.4 ISDN Signaling 151 6.7.5 ISDN Services 151 6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 6.8.1 IN Principles 153 6.8.2 IN Elements 153 6.8.3 IN Applications 154 6.9 SIP 155 6.9.1 Background 155 6.9.2 Functionality of SIP 155 6.9.3 SIP Elements 158 6.9.4 Protocol Stack for Internet Multimedia 158 6.9.5 Initiation of Call 158 6.10 Telephony Solutions for Companies 159 6.10.1 Centrex 159 6.11 Transport 161 6.12 Cloud Computing 161 6.12.1 General 161 6.12.2 Principles 162 6.12.3 Benefits 163 References 163

7 Data Networks 165 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and Ilkka Keisala 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 IPv4 165 7.2.1 General 167 7.2.2 IPv4 Addresses 168 7.2.3 Notation of the Address 169 7.3 IPv6 169 7.3.1 Principles 170 7.3.2 IPv6 Address 170 7.4 Routing 172 7.5 ATM 174 7.6 Frame Relay 176 7.6.1 Definitions 176 7.6.2 Functionality 176 7.7 LAN and MAN 177 7.7.1 IEEE 802.1 (Bridging) 177 7.7.2 IEEE 802.2 (LLC) 177 7.7.3 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 177 7.7.4 IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) 181 x Contents

7.7.5 IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) 181 7.7.6 IEEE 802.6 (MAN) 182 7.7.7 IEEE 802.7 (Broadband LAN via Coaxial) 182 7.7.8 IEEE 802.8 (Fiber Optic TAG) 182 7.7.9 IEEE 802.9 (ISLAN) 182 7.7.10 IEEE 802.10 (Interoperable LAN Security) 183 7.7.11 IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) 183 7.7.12 IEEE 802.12 (100BaseVG) 184 7.7.13 IEEE 802.13 (Unused) 184 7.7.14 IEEE 802.14 (Cable Modems) 184 7.7.15 IEEE 802.15 (Wireless PAN) 184 7.7.16 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 186 7.7.17 IEEE 802.17 (Resilient Packet Ring) 187 7.7.18 IEEE 802.18 (Radio Regulatory TAG) 187 7.7.19 IEEE 802.19 (Coexistence TAG) 187 7.7.20 IEEE 802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access) 187 7.7.21 IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handoff) 188 7.7.22 IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network) 188 7.7.23 IEEE 802.23 (Emergency Services Working Group) 188 7.7.24 IEEE 802.24 (Smart Grid TAG) 188 7.7.25 IEEE 802.25 (Omni-Range Area Network) 188 7.8 Wi-Fi 189 7.8.1 Standardization 189 7.8.2 Wi-Fi Authentication and Accounting 191 7.8.3 Wi-Fi Offloading 195 7.8.4 Wi-Fi Roaming 198 7.9 Inter-Operator Networks 202 7.9.1 Introduction 202 7.9.2 Overview 202 7.9.3 Different Solutions 203 References 204

8 Telecommunications Network Services and Applications 207 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Voice 207 8.3 Messaging 208 8.4 Audio and Video 210 8.4.1 Streaming 210 8.5 Health Care 212 8.6 Education 212 8.7 CSTA 213 8.8 Advanced Telecommunications Functionalities 214 8.8.1 Email 214 8.8.2 Videoconferencing 216 8.8.3 Telecommuting 217 8.8.4 Advanced Applications 217 Contents xi

8.9 Business Exchange 218 8.10 Public IP Network Develops to NGN 218 8.10.1 IMS Architecture 219 8.10.2 SIP 221 8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 8.11.1 VoIP as a Solution for Fixed Communications Networks 223 8.11.2 Residential Areas 223 8.11.3 Business Environment 224 8.12 Mobile Services 224 8.12.1 Mobile Exchange 226 8.12.2 The CAPEX and OPEX of Mobile Exchange 234 8.12.3 Deployment of the Mobile Exchange 236 References 236

9 Transmission Networks 237 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Juha Kallio 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Physical Transmission Systems 237 9.3 Coding Techniques 238 9.3.1 Unipolar Format 239 9.3.2 Bipolar Format 240 9.3.3 Modified AMI Codes 240 9.3.4 Delta Modulation 241 9.4 PCM 241 9.4.1 Principles 241 9.5 Coding Techniques 243 9.6 PDH 245 9.7 SDH 245 9.8 WDM 246 9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 9.10 IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 9.10.1 IMS Architecture 250 9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 9.11.1 Ethernet Transport 257 9.12 Cloud Computing and Transport 257 References 259

10 Modulation and Demodulation 261 Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 General 261 10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 10.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 262 10.3.2 Frequency Modulation 262 10.3.3 Phase Modulation 263 10.4 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 264 10.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 265 xii Contents

10.4.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 266 10.4.3 Combinations of ASK and PSK 267 10.4.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268 10.4.5 Modulation from a Mathematical Perspective 269 10.4.6 Pulse Shaping and Power Spectral Density of Modulated Signals 269 10.4.7 Typical Transmitter- and Receiver-Side Signal Processing 271 10.4.8 Digital Modulation Schemes Used in Practical Systems 274 10.4.9 Multiplexing, Multiple Access and Duplexing 276 10.4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 277 References 280

11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Development of GSM 281 11.3 Specification of GSM 285 11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 11.4.1 General 286 11.4.2 Area Specifications 287 11.4.3 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 288 11.4.4 Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) 291 11.4.5 Operations Subsystem 293 11.5 Functionality of GSM 294 11.5.1 Frequencies 294 11.5.2 Channels 296 11.5.3 Traffic Channels 297 11.5.4 Control Channels 297 11.5.5 Multiframes 300 11.5.6 Channel Configurations 302 11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 11.6.1 Subscriber Numbering 303 11.6.2 Mobile Numbers 306 11.6.3 Network Numbering 307 11.6.4 Other Numbers 308 11.7 GSM Data 308 11.7.1 Principles 308 11.7.2 The Network Architecture 310 11.7.3 GPRS Interfaces 314 11.7.4 Special GSM Solutions 315 11.7.5 Machine-to-Machine Communications 315 11.7.6 Energy Saving Functionalities 316 11.7.7 Smartphone Signaling Optimization 316 11.8 Dual Half Rate 317 11.8.1 The Functionality and Usability of OSC 318 11.8.2 Effect of OSC on Capacity 319 11.8.3 OSC Radio Performance Analysis 327 Contents xiii

11.8.4 OSC Radio Performance Model 331 11.8.5 Complete OSC Model 337 11.9 DFCA 341 11.9.1 Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation Principle 341 11.9.2 Joint OSC and DFCA Performance 342 11.10 EDGE 349 11.10.1 Technical Features 350 11.10.2 GERAN-Architecture 350 11.10.3 The Functioning of the EDGE 352 11.10.4 Channel Coding 352 11.10.5 Multifunctioning 353 11.11 DLDC 354 11.11.1 Installation Aspects 354 11.11.2 Time Slot Allocation 355 11.11.3 Feature Functionality 355 11.11.4 Case Study of DLDC Performance 358 11.11.5 Test Cases and Results 360 11.11.6 Analysis 366 11.12 EDGE2 366 References 367

12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371 Patrick Marsch, Michał Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczał and Rybakowski Marcin 12.1 Network Architecture 371 12.1.1 Node B – Base Station 372 12.1.2 Radio Network Controller 373 12.1.3 UTRAN Interfaces 375 12.2 Physical Layer Aspects 376 12.2.1 Spreading and Scrambling 376 12.2.2 Channel Estimation 378 12.2.3 Equalization 379 12.2.4 Power Control 380 12.2.5 Data Transmission in WCDMA and HSPA 381 12.2.6 Overview on Transport Channels and Physical Channels 386 12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 12.3.1 Cell Search Procedure 391 12.3.2 Synchronization 392 12.3.3 Cell Update 393 12.3.4 Paging 395 12.3.5 Call Setup 395 12.3.6 Scheduling 396 12.3.7 Handover and Soft Handover 400 12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution since Release 5 402 12.4.1 Multicarrier 402 12.4.2 MIMO 406 12.4.3 Multiflow 407