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Salt on the Ohio Valley Frontier, 1770-1820 Author(S): John A

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Salt on the Ohio Valley Frontier, 1770-1820 Author(S): John A Salt on the Ohio Valley Frontier, 1770-1820 Author(s): John A. Jakle Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Dec., 1969), pp. 687- 709 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of American Geographers Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2561834 Accessed: 24-08-2015 17:36 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and Association of American Geographers are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Association of American Geographers. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.163.2.206 on Mon, 24 Aug 2015 17:36:05 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SALT ON THE OHIO VALLEY FRONTIER, 1770-1820' JOHNA. JAKLE Universityof Illinois, Urbana ABSTRACT. Salt, available at natural springs, seasonally attracted great herds of bison which throughyears of repetitiousmovement carved an extensivesystem of buffalo traces: avenues used by Anglo-Americansin settlingportions of the Ohio Valley. Frontier settlementconcentrated in areas of salt availability as the vital dietary element proved necessaryto sustain livestockand to prepare meats, thus providing the frontierfarmer with an exportcommodity. Salt was used as a medium of exchange enabling merchants to pursue a diversifiedcommerce centered in urban places; indeed, the salt trade, more than any other commercialactivity, sustained the Valley's early urban structure. FREDERICK JACKSONTURNER formu- whichpatterns of sequent occupance emerged. lated the initial generalizationsrelating Turner wrote:5 salt to the Ohio Valley's frontierexperience.2 Standat CumberlandGap andwatch the procession In his epic paper, Turnertheorized that a gen- of civilizationmarching single file the buffalo eral lack of salt retardedwestward migration; followingthe trails to saltsprings, the Indian, the he wrote: "The early settlerswere tied to the furtrader and hunter,the cattle-raiser, the pioneer coast by the need of salt, withoutwhich they farmer-andthe frontier has passedby. could not preservetheir meats or live in com- Historians have been hesitant to follow fort."3Conversely, he noted that salt availa- Turner'slead in furtheringthe investigationof bilitystimulated frontier expansion:4 salt and its influence on frontiersettlement Whendiscovery was made of the salt springs of the and economy. Local historiansand antiquar- Kanawhaand the Holston,and Kentucky,and ians have detailed pioneer salt productionin centralNew York,the West began to be freed certain highly restrictedlocalities; however, fromdependence on thecoast. It was partof the treatmentof the has re- effectof findingthese salt springsthat enabled larger region been settlementto crossthe mountains. strictedto individualarticles by Akeley,Clark, and Lippincott,supplemented only by several Finally,he noted thatthe buffalopaths which unpublishedmasters' theses.6 Readily embrac connected the larger salines funneledthe ini- tial American migrationinto specific settle- 5Turner, op. cit., footnote2, p. 12. ment areas providing the frameworkupon "Works on local salt productioninclude: B. W. Hager, "The Whites of Clay County As Salt Acceptedfor publication May 23, 1968. Makers,"Register of the KentuckyState Historical Society,Vol. 50 (1952), pp. 242-48; W. P. Jillson, Big Bone Lick (Louisville, Kentucky: Standard 1'This paper presentsthe basic themesfrom the PrintingCo., 1936); R. E. McDowell,"Bullitt's Lick: author'sdissertation, Salt and the Initial Settlement the RelatedSalt Worksand Settlements,"Filson Club of the Ohio Valley (unpublishedPh.D. dissertation, HistoryQuarterly, Vol. 30 (1956), pp. 240-69; J.F. Indiana University,1967). The author wishes to Smith,"The Salt MakingIndustry of Clay County," thankProfessors 0. P. Starkey,D. Carmony,N. J. G. Filson Club HistoryQuarterly, Vol. 2 (1927), pp. Pounds,T. D. Clark, and W. Zelinskyfor theiren- 134-40; M. Threlkel,"Mann's Lick," Filson Club couragementand timelysuggestions at variousstages HistoryQuarterly, Vol. 2 (1927), pp. 169-76; and R. of the project. R. White,"The Salt Industryof Clay County,Ken- tucky,"Register of the KentuckyState HistoricalSo- 2 F. J. Turner,"The Significanceof the Frontier ciety,Vol. 50 (1952), pp. 237-41. Regional cover- in American History,"Proceedings of the State His- age is offeredby: A. P. Akeley,"Salt and the Early torical Society of Wisconsin,Vol. 41 (1893); re- Settlers,"Pennsylvania History, Vol. 12 (1945), pp. printedin The FrontierIn AmericanHistory (New 170-73; T. D. Clark,"Salt, A Factorin the Settlement York: Holt, Rinehart,and Winston,1962), p. 17. of Kentucky,"Filson Club HistoryQuarterly, Vol. 12 3 Turner,op. cit.,footnote 2, p. 17. (1938), pp. 42-52; I. Lippincott,"Early Salt Trade 4 Turnerop. cit.,footnote 2, p. 18. in the Ohio Valley,"Journal of PoliticalEconomics, 687 This content downloaded from 128.163.2.206 on Mon, 24 Aug 2015 17:36:05 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 688 JOHN A. JAKLE December ing Turner's generalizationsconcerning pio- factorof settlementon the Americanfrontier neer salt economy,these studies have tended has been largelyignored althoughShaler and to emphasize the Valley's mid-nineteenthcen- Rostlund have investigatedthe bison's pene- turycommercial salt industryby focusingon trationinto the easternwoodlands, a penetra- the evolution of modern production tech- tion in which salt played an importantrole niques. Thus Turner's overview of salt's im- Zelinsky has mapped the salt-derivedplace- portanceon the frontierstands unassailed. name,"lick," in his generalstudy of the generic The failure to pursue salt as a theme of parts of place-names.10 settlementhistory stems partially from the In light of past endeavor, this paper is of- generallack of materialsdescriptive of frontier fered as a re-evaluationof the Ohio Valley's settlementpatterns. Although manuscript ma- frontiersalt thesis. It will proceed from a terials are available, little has been done to descriptionof the Valley's salt resourceto con- evaluate their content. In addition, few ar- siderationof the derived buffalo-tracesystem chaeological surveyshave been made to sup- and its impact on Americansettlement. The plementthe historicalrecord; indeed, only for managementof the Valley's salt resourcewill Pennsylvania,where two surveyshave been then be related to the growthof towns and completed,does a reliable record of the num- cities forthe salt trade,as it fosteredcommer- ber, composition,and distributionof pioneer cial enterprise,and alteredthe region'soriginal settlementsexist.7 Lacking even for frontier settlementfabric. As such, the paper will re- Pennsylvania, however, are maps detailing ject certain of Turner'swidely held generali- basic transportationfacilities such as trail, zations regardingsalt and settlement,accept road, and river routes along which initial others with varyingdegrees of qualification, settlementaccrued. Even though such con- and suggest futureresearch direction. siderationsare essentiallyencyclopedic in na- ture, they are prerequisiteto continued con- THE SALT LICKS sideration of salt and the other natural re- Salt was readilyavailable in the Ohio Valley sourcesimportant during the frontierperiod. at what the early hunterscalled "salt licks." Here geographers can contribute greatly. Imlay, a geographerof the early Trans-Appa- Concerned with pioneer settlementin diverse lachian West, wrote:1" areas of the world, American geographers seem well equipped to furtherdescribe and A salt springis called a "Lick," fromthe earth about thembeing furrowedout in a most curious analyze past pioneerconditions here at home.8 mannerby the buffaloand deer, which lick the Indeed, historicalgeographers have taken no- earthon accountof the saline particleswith which tice in their journals of the comprehensive it is impregnated. frontierliterature produced by historiansand Commonly,a lick was an actual springwhere have related much of their own research di- saliferouswaters evaporated on reaching the rectlyto that literature.9However, salt as a surfaceto precipitatedeposits of sodium chlo- ride. Yet the physicalappearance of the vari- Vol. 20 (1912), pp. 1029-52. Theses include: M. ous springs differedaccording to the micro- R. Hoge, "Salt on the Frontier"(unpublished M.A. thesis,University of Pittsburgh,1931); and M. W. environmentsinvolved; thus, descriptionsof Mosby,"Salt Industryin the Kanawha Valley" (un- publishedM.A. thesis,University of Kentucky,1950). FrontierHistory," Annals, Associationof American 7W. A. Hunter,Forts on the PennsylvaniaFron- Geographers,Vol. 50 (1960), pp. 62-74. tier, 1753-1758 (Harrisburg,Pennsylvania: Penn- 10N. S. Shaler,"The Age of the Bison in the Ohio sylvaniaHistorical and Museum Commission,1960); Valley," KentuckyGeological Survey,Memoire, Vol. and T. L. Montgomery,Report to the Commissionto 1 (1876); E. Rostlund,"The GeographicRange of the Locate the Sites of the FrontierForts of Pennsyl- HistoricBison in the Southeast,"Annals, Association vania (Harrisburg,Pennsylvania: W. S. Ray, 1916). of AmericanGeographers, Vol.
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