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40 Years of Nordic Collaboration in Plant Genetic Resources 40 Years of Nordic Collaboration in Plant Genetic Resources © 2019 by NordGen and the authors listed Cover image by Lukas Bieri/Pixabay Design by Christina Kjellstrand Printed by Rosendahls, Denmark ISBN: 978-91-981510-9-1 40 Years of Nordic Collaboration in Plant Genetic Resources Flemming Yndgaard and Svein Øivind Solberg (eds) Published 2019 by Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Alnarp, Sweden Prologue Lise Lykke Steffensen, It is said that a picture can say more than a thousand words. The old image above, with Executive Manager, colored glass bottles and delicate sealed test tubes sure does. Inside these containers, NordGen genetic diversity is stored in the shape of landrace wheat, wrinkly peas and patterned beans. Each seed has its own history, its own traits – its own superpowers. It is beautiful. But then again, genetic diversity has always been special and fascinating. Once you have worked within genetic resources, you most likely become a lifelong ambassador of this field. Like the authors contributing to this book. Genetic diversity in the crops we cultivate for food and feed is essential for our livelihood. It is the basic of new developments and innovation in horticulture and agriculture and today also important for life science and biotechnology. But modern agriculture, urbani- zation, climate change and altered land use are some of the factors leading to the urgent decline in genetic diversity. In the best of worlds, we could reverse this trend by preserving plant varieties in the wild, in situ. But the reality is another and without ex situ conservation of plant varieties in genebanks we know that even more diversity would be lost. The gene- banks of the world carry a heavy responsibility. Fortunately, the Nordic countries have taken this responsibility seriously. In 1978, when the decision to form the Nordic Genebank was taken by the Nordic Agri- cultural Ministers, it was taken in a time, where the threats of declining biodiversity and climate change were not as obvious as they are today. But the need to conserve and docu- ment the genetic heritage were present and the importance of having national genebanks high on the agenda. In this setting and with the support of five countries and numerous 4 "Inside these containers, genetic diversity is stored in the shape of landrace wheat, wrinkly peas and patterned beans. Each seed has its own history, its own traits – its own superpowers." hardworking state officials, the Nordic Genebank was born in 1979. Seeds were collected and donated, personnel employed, and routines were set. The Nordic Genebank has since then been the national and Nordic genebank for Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. A collaboration model that create Nordic added value, works well for the Nordic countries and is truly unique in its set up. Today, much of the routines have changed as we have gained more knowledge on conservation and new techniques has been introduced to get more information on the germplasm. The focus on obtaining donations and collecting genetic diversity has diverted to long-term conservation and utilization. The seeds that were once stored in green glass bottles are today stored in sealed and moist proof trifoil packages. Today, we can genotype, use spectroscopy and video microscopes. But the seeds still contain the same essence, an important part of biodiversity that enables us to develop crops that give higher yields that can feed a growing population, plant varieties with more relevant traits and plants that can withstand drought and extreme weather events that comes with cli- mate change. The diversity that each seed in the Nordic seed collection is part of, can lead to advantages for the Nordic agriculture today and in the future. Not too long ago, the partnership between private and public actors within pre-breeding (the PPP-project) found that one of the landraces stored in NordGen carried rust resist- ance in its genes. A great finding as rust is among the diseases that we can expect more of as the climate changes. Another example of how the Nordic seed collection is used today is when large companies use old carrot varieties to produce natural colorants. Further, a recent research project showed that a changed diet with old varieties of cabbage could lead to Danish taxpayers saving millions on lower health costs. Many more solutions are found and in use, while others are still hidden in the 33 000 seed samples that constitutes the Nordic seed collection. Who knows what the future holds and what needs we'll have in another four decades? In other words, these seeds are invaluable. Today, the Nordic Genebank is part of NordGen (Nordic Genetic Resource Center) that was formed in 2008. Today, we are both a genebank and a knowledge center for genetic resources for plants, farm animals and forests. Today, we continue the journey that the Nordic Genebank embarked on more than 40 years ago. These 40 years have led to change. Thanks to the people working here, the politicians taking brave decisions and government officials and the continuous support from the Nordic Council of Ministers, we have together built a foundation for the future. A future where we can hope to tackle the challenges threatening us with the help of the resources given to us by farmers, collectors, research and breeders and not least from nature. Colored glass bottles and delicate sealed test tubes filled with the colors and shapes of genetic diversity. The picture above is a historic testimony. So is this book. It is not the complete narration of the first 40 years of the Nordic Genebank. But it gives glimpses of different time periods and relevant events. It gives you insights in the 40 years of Nordic collaboration within plant genetic resources. I hope you enjoy reading it. 5 Authors Åsmund Asdal: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Roland von Bothmer: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden Guro Brodal: Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Ås, Norway Ulrika Carlson-Nilsson: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Axel Diederichsen: Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Dag T.F. Endresen: University of Oslo, Norway, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-5497 Johannes M.M. Engels: Former ECPGR Secretariat and AEGIS Coordinator, now Honorary Research Fellow Bioversity International Annette Hägnefelt: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Mohammad El-Khalifeh: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Helmut Knüpffer: Former Genebank Department, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Germany Igor G. Loskutov: N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and St. Petersburg State University, Russia Udda Lundqvist: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Eivind Meen: Kimen Seed Laboratory, Ås, Norway Anders Nilsson: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden Anna Palmé: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Svein Øivind Solberg: Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, campus Blæstad, Hamar, Norway Jan Svensson: Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden Peter M.A. Tigerstedt: professor emeritus in plant breeding at Helsingfors University Jens Weibull: Jordbruksverket, Jönköping, Sweden Flemming Yndgaard: Former employee at the Nordic Genebank, Genarp, Sweden 6 Contents Prologue ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Authors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Contents ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Editors' Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Part I · Crop Conservation 11 1. Why Conserve the Diversity of Cultivated Plants: the Impact from Vavilov . 12 2. Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources in the Nordic Region – in the Past and in the Future ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Part II · International Work 35 3. NGB/NordGen and the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources, ECPGR ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 4. The Collaboration of NGB with IPK Gatersleben in the Frame of ECPGR in the Early 1980s ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 5. NGB and Collaboration with the Baltic States and Russia (VIR) ����������������������������������53 Part III · Two Special Collections at NGB/NordGen 59 6. The International Hordeum and Triticeae Project – 40 Years of Collaboration with Plant Genetic Resources in Focus ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������60 7. The Swedish Barley Mutant Collection ����������������������������������������������������������������������������72 Part IV · At Svalbard 81 8 . The Story Behind the First Safety Backup of Seeds in Permafrost at Svalbard ��������82 9 . The Ongoing 100-Years Trial in Permafrost ��������������������������������������������������������������������87 10. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault – Operated by NordGen ��������������������������������������������92
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